Table of contents

The Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto organized the Animal Science and Technology Conference Series (ANSTC 2019) on 6-8 August 2019 in Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia. The ANSTC 2019 aims to exchange knowledge and research finding among academicians, researchers, profesionals, policy makers, and postgraduate students.

The countries in the tropics have a variety of local animals playing an important role and being extensive industry prospects. The ANSTC 2019 seeks to raise the question on how to develop animal industries for sustainable rural and environmental development facing the era of Industry 4.0. The right perspective on challenges and opportunities have been discussed under the themes: 1) General animal production and husbandries (ruminants and non-ruminants), 2) Post-harvest handling and processing of meat, milk, eggs, wools, and by-products, 3) Emerging and prospective animals, 4) Animal biotechnology, 5) Animal health, diseases, and welfare/ethics, 6) Edu-tourism and ecotourism involving animals, 7) Feeds, feeding, and animal nutrition, 8) Animal physiology, reproduction, and breeding/genetics, 9) Halal aspects of animal products, 10) Environmental issues of animal farming, and 11) Other aspects related to animal science and technology.

ANSTC 2019 was attended by 125 participants, and a total of 83 papers were presented and discussed. The papers were authored by researchers from Australia, Timor Leste, Malaysia, The Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. All papers have been scrutinized by a panel of reviewers who provide critical comments and corrections, and thereafter contributed to the improvement of the quality of the papers. Based on the reviewer's reports, 72 papers were selected and eligible to be published in the proceeding and 11 papers were assigned for further submission to the Journal of Animal Production, the scientific journal accredited by DGHE of Indonesia (S2).

We sincerely express our gratitude to the international/national advisory committee, presenters, organizing committee members, session chairs, the Dean and all members of the Faculty of Animal Science Jenderal Soedirman University, student volunteers, participants, contributors and all the members ANSTC 2019. Last but not the least, we are thankful to IOP JPCS for producing the proceeding.

Chairman of the ANSTC 2019:

Assoc. Prof Juni Sumarmono

The Editors:

Zainal Mohd Jelan

Budi Guntoro

Maria Cyntia Oliveros

Mulyoto Pangestu

Ismoyowati

Robbi Rahim

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) (ISSN: 1755-1315) have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceeding Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceeding journal published by IOP Publishing

This study aims to find out how much rainwater is able to be accommodated during one rainy season period and its utilization in horticulture plants and forage feed from the integration results through drip irrigation systems. The method of shelter that is by utilizing the cage roof of cattle that is accommodated in plastic tarps and the use of rainwater through drip irrigation on plants using a modified bottle of mineral water with an additional hose. The results obtained are the amount of rainwater that can be accommodated during one rainy season period which is an average of 32 m³ while the utilization with the drip irrigation system to meet the water needs of chili horticulture plants on average is 6 m³, cucumber is 7.2 m³ and forage grass feed mulato at 12m³ for one harvest period, with chili production of 1.2 tons / ha, cucumber at 1.6 tons / ha and production of fresh material grass mulato material at 2.4 ± 0.13 tons / ha, dry material production 0.81 ± 0.02 tons / ha, ratio of stems and leaves 61.26 : 38.74%. The conclusion of this study is that rainwater harvesting uses the cage roof method and its utilization through drip irrigation systems is able to supply the water needs of horticulture plants so as to have an impact on farmers' incomes while meeting the forage needs of livestock dry material production.

The availability of abundant cattle waste in a village is an important factor for implementing organic paddy farming practice. The utilization of cattle waste in SRI practice, biogas and worm cultivation increase farmers' income but this issue is not informed well to farmes because traditionally agricultural extention agent focused on delivering cropping techniques than economic advantages. The objective of this study is to assess farmers' response to the possibility of inserting the information about the economic benefits of integrating SRI, biogas, and worm cultivation in the SRI extension program, The respondents were conventional farmers in Boyolali District and using added value and farmers' response concept. There are three activities in this research namely obtaining added value throughout biogas value chain, presenting the added value to farmers, and receiving farmers' response. The results shows in three parts of biogas value chain increase farmers' economic benefits from 974.000 IDR/year to 5.18 million IDR/year. Conventional farmers give high positive response to the integration of implementing SRI and following biogas project and receiving added value from installing biogas digester. However, farmers give low response to cultivate worm due to unstable demand and its price volatilization.

The study aimed to identify and analyse the effect of government program on beef development. The participants of the research were 50 farmers of beef farming in two farmers group in Kabupaten Banjarnegara, Central Java. A series of direct observation combined with semi-structured interviews and workshops have been carried out to capture the everyday activity of the beef farming and to highlight the potential driven factors affecting the performance of the farming. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the farming activities, the resources affected and affecting the grant, and pressures which drove farmers to get the government grant. Then, a qualitative model was drawn using Vensim® software. Lastly, a stock and flow dynamic modelling was performed using iThink® software. The model showed several common systems loops as the findings. One of the highlighted was the double effect of government grant to the systems performance. Initial design of the government program was to increase the sufficiency of national beef stock by importing cattle. However, model showed that it also had unintended consequences to increase farmers' expectation to get easy instant cash.

Most dairy farmers in Banyumas Regency are work in groups because their milk product should be sold in the group to the cooperative. The top-down formation made the members of the dairy farmer group less involved in the motivation to the group. This study aims to analyze the relationship among the long-standing leadership and the motivating ability to the organizational commitment of members of the dairy farmers group in Banyumas Regency. This study used survey methods. The sampling area has been done by purposive sampling method by selecting Pekuncen and Cilongok districts, where a lot of dairy farmers are there. The sample of the group has been determined by the census method as many as 11 groups, 124 farmers. The respondents have been selected by random sampling method, as many as 50% of the total group members or 62 farmers. The data has been analyzed using Spearman's Rank correlation then performed descriptively. The results showed that the leader of the dairy farmers group had long-standing leadership and they had a good motivating ability. The member had a high organizational commitment to the groups. Eventually, the length of leadership and the motivating ability had a fairly strong relationship with the organizational commitment of group members with correlation coefficients of 0.574 and 0.544.

This study aims to get a deeper explanation of vertical integration in the broiler industry in Indonesia. The data used is secondary data on case decisions number 02 / KPPU-I / 2016. KomisiPengawasPersaingan Usaha (KPPU) Republik Indonesia has issued a decision about the alleged violation of article 11 of Act Number 5 of 1999 related to the regulation of broiler production in Indonesia. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive method. The results obtained are (1) there are 20 large companies that are directly related to the broiler trade industry, (2) broiler industry products are DOC, feed, vitamins and drugs, raw materials for poultry feed and carcasses, (3) the business category in the broiler trade industry is integrated business, semi-integration business and non-integrated businesses. Integration business consists of vertical integration and horizontal integration. Vertical integration is a business that has a series of production processes from upstream to downstream. Semi-integration business is a business that only has more than one production line but does not control the business from upstream to downstream. Non-integration business is a business that only has one production process. Integration business has a dominant market share and can influence the price maker. It was suggested that the Government monitor more closely the large companies that carry out integration so as not to collude and form a monopoly market.

Intellectual capital is the farmers' intangible asset related to human, relational and structural capital. Human capital is in the form of knowledge and skills; relational capital is the ability to interact with markets, consumers, and others; while structural capital is the ability to develop innovations and to manage the household organizations. This research aims at identifying the farmers' intellectual capital of Kebumen Ongole grade cattle related to the livestock productions and analyzing the factors strengthening the farmers' intellectual capital. The survey was conducted on 147 farmers of Kebumen Ongole grade cattle through a multistage sampling method. The obtained data were then analyzed using the descriptive statistical and spearman ranking correlation test. The results showed that the farmers have already had adequate intellectual capital with the score of 116.92. The farmers' ability related to information access and education are important factors to strengthen the farmers' intellectual capital (P<0.01). The farmers' ability to access information and education are considered essential in order to strengthen the farmers' intellectual capital.

The aim of the study was to identify non-genetic factors that influence milk production in dairy cows at the National Center Breeding for Dairy Cattle and Forage (BBPTU HPT) of Baturraden. The data examined were 1821 production records from 699 dairy cows that had completed 1-6 lactation. Non-genetic factors studied were season, lactation period, number of lactation days and age at calving. The effect of non-genetic factors is analyzed by multiple regression. The results showed that number of days milked had highly significant effect (P <0.01) and the age at calving had significant effect (P <0.10) on milk production. It is concluded that the number of days milked and age of animals at calving are important factors which need to be included in genetic analysis of milk production to avoid misleading conclusion when evaluating animals.

This study aims to determine oocysts excretion and hematological profile in coccidiosis rabbits given a combination of herbal extract II. Hematological profiles observed were red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), granulocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). This study used 40 rabbit coccidiosis material with ± 3 months age of ± 650 g weight, a combination of herbal extracts consisting of banana stem extract (BSE), papaya seeds (PSE) and garlic (GE), a set of tools and materials for rabbit maintenance and a set of hematological examination tools. The research method was carried out experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The analysis used variance analysis followed by Honest Real Difference (HRD). The combination of herbal extract II consists of BSE: 40 mg; PSE: 20 mg; GE: 40 mg. Rabbits were divided into 8 treatments with 5 replications, namely giving a combination of herbal extracts 0 mg (D0), 10 mg (D1), 20 mg (D2), 40 mg (D3), 80 (D4) mg, 100 mg (D5) and the comparison are used herbal extract I (consist of BSE: 33 mg; PSE: 2 mg; GE: 65 mg) as much as 100 mg (D6) and Aquaprime® (D7). Blood collection is carried out through the heart on the 14th day after treatment. The combination of herbal extract II had a very significant effect on oocysts excretion, but did not have a significant effect on all hematology parameters. Hence, a combination of herbal extracts can be used as an alternative to reduce the number of oocysts in rabbits coccidiosis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the combination of curcuma meal with maggot of insect larvae of Hermetia illucens on accumulative weight gain in native chicken. Methods: This study used 60 starter chickens, which were divided into two groups of 30 chickens as control group (P1) and the other one (P2) that received a supplement of combination of curcuma meals of 350gr/100 kg ration and maggot BSF of 150gr/100 kg ration which was maintained for fourth weeks. The ration was distributed ad libitum. Final weight gain was measured at the end of the study at the fourth week. The data obtained were analyzed by using t-test. The results indicated that the average body weight of experimental chicken P2 was 214 gr significantly higher (P <0.01) than in group P1 was 243 gr. This results show that maggot meal of H. illucens has an important nutrient content and has a positive effect when combining with curcuma meal which is able to increase consumption palatability which has a direct effect on local chicken weight gain. Conclusion: The combination between BSF maggot and curcuma meals supplementation could be applied to local chickens in supporting organic livestock production.

Nutritional status (protein and energy) during early life has important effect on milk yield of dairy cows. Feed quantity and quality is often influenced by season representing the fluctuation of water supply which is essential for plants including forage. The aim of the present study was to analyse the effect of year and season of birth on first-lactation milk yield of Holstein Friesian cows. The data included 1005 records of first-lactation daily recorded milk yield available in National Breeding Centre for Dairy Cows and Forages of Baturraden (the so-called BBPTUHPT Baturraden) database. The milk yield was recorded within the years of 2004 to 2014. Milk yield data were adjusted to 305 standard days of milking using multiplicative-local correction factor. Animals' date of birth was grouped divided into years and months of birth. Months of birth were assigned into: (1) traditional-two season categorization (wet and dry), (2) extended-categorization of three seasons (wet, wet-dry and dry), (3) extended-categorization of four seasons (wet, wet-dry, dry and dry-wet). The effect of date of birth factor on first-lactation milk yield was tested using likelihood ratio test of full and reduced model. The result showed that both years and months of birth have significant effect on first-lactation milk yield, regardless of the season categorization. It is therefore concluded that season plays important role to consider in dairy cattle management and has to be included in genetic analysis to remove non-genetic effect which regards to first-lactation milk yield.

Research on the efficiency of egg's supply chain focused on various markets is expected to provide input to maintain the existence of small scale layers' farming. This study aim is to analyze the efficiency of supply chain of small-scale layers' farming. This research is conducted in April-October 2017 in Blitar Regency, in East Java; Sidrap Regency, in South Sulawesi; and Kabupaten 50 Kota, in Payakumbuh City and Pariaman Regency, in West Sumatra. The number of respondents used are 139 people consisting of officers in related institutions, poultry shop entrepreneurs, traders, breeders association farmers, supermarket managers, hotels, restaurants and caterings. The data collected is analyzed using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The results concludes that traders naturally seek efficient supply chains so that their business can be endured. Factors that influence supply chain efficiency are share farmer, profit and marketing cost ratio, and number of actors involved. The higher the farmer share, and the profit-to-cost ratio, and the fewer marketing channel in a supply chain, the more efficient the supply chain system. Large capital farmers are advised to be able to shorten the supply chain by marketing directly to consumers such as hotels, supermarkets, restaurants, hospitals and caterings. The egg supply chain can also utilize the Indonesian Farmer Shop (TTI) developed by the Ministry of Agriculture so that it can increase farmer's income and stabilize prices.

A study on duck production systems was conducted in Banten Province, Indonesia. The objective of the study was to assess the economic contribution of duck production systems for smallholders' livelihood. Four duck production systems were distinguished in the research area; a fully yarded-small scale system (DPS 1), a fully yarded-large scale system (DPS 2), a combination of yarded and scavenging system (DPS 3) and a combination of herded, scavenging and yarded system (DPS 4). Primary data was gathered from 43 respondents using a questionnaire. The economic parameter such as costs, benefits, gross margin and income contribution from each duck production system were calculated. Data were analyzed using the Kruskall-Wallis test. From the result, the highest family labor time was in DPS 4 (7.0±0.48 hours/hh/day) and the lowest was in DPS 2 (2.0 ± 1.00 hours/hh/day). Compared to other systems, DPS 2 had the highest labor cost (14,400 ± 4,800 (thousand IDR/year)) and gross margin (131,875.65 ± 28,152.85 (thousand IDR/year)). In Banten Province, duck production systems contributed to smallholders' livelihoods. In some cases, it only gave a small contribution (DPS 3) or even negative contribution (DPS 1) to the households' income. In other cases, it resulted in good output (DPS 2 and DPS 4).

Meugang is a tradition for Aceh society referred to meat consumption prior to Islamic religious festivities. During that festivity, the demand for cattle and meat increased significantly and affected meat market profile in Aceh province. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of meugang festivity celebrations on live cattle traders that in the local name is mugee and meat traders and also for the market profile. In total, 40 traders were involved in this study for collecting data through interview and direct field observation. Market profile was analyzed using descriptive analysis, and different income was analyzed using factorial 2x2 test continued with DMRT analysis. The results indicated that profit received by mugee and meat traders at the meugang festivity was significantly higher (P<0.05) than profit at the normal market situation. The average of profit gained by the mugee and meat traders during meugang festivity and the normal situation was 1.234.583 vs. 925.833 IDR/day/head and 627.416 vs. 330.556 IDR/day/head, respectively. The value of return cost ratio and benefit-cost ratio, indicating that either live cattle or meat trading activities were significantly benefitted. The profit obtained by mugee is higher than meat traders at each market situation, and meugang festivity has an impact on profit for live cattle and meat traders in North Aceh Regency.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of Intellectual Capital in developing livestock and animal specialties companies' performance. Intellectual capital is measured using VAIC. In VAIC, intellectual component consists of human capital, structural capital, and capital employed. Panel data regression model analysis is used in this study. The samples for this study is agricultural production companies which are specialties in production-livestock and animal. The samples are taken from companies that operated in ASEAN countries namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam during 2008-2018. The final sample used in this study consists of a total of 136 observations. The results showed that only one components of intellectual capital, which is human capital have positive effect in developing livestock and animal specialties companies' performance. This result indicates that human capital can generate better performance for the companies. Meanwhile, structural capital has a negative effect on livestock and animal specialties companies' performance and capital employed has no effect on livestock and animal specialties companies' performance. The overall result implies that companies should utilize and maintain intellectual capital, mainly human capital to maximize their performance.

Essential amino acid methionine is a methyl donor which involved in protein and fat metabolism; thus, it holds an important role in the synthesis of albumen and egg yolk precursors. This research aimed to observe the effect of methionine on the weight of egg and its components and to prove if egg weight (EW) could be used to predict the albumen weight (AW) and yolk weight (YW). In total, 225 quails were allotted into three treatments and five replicates each with fifteen individuals. The treatments were basal diet (T0), basal diet with methionine supplementationat 0.6 (T1) and 1.2 g/kg (T2). ANOVA was conducted to test the effect of treatments. Simple linear regressions were built to predict AW and YW based on EW. Cross validation procedure was applied to test the predictability of the models. Quails in T2 and T1 produced heavier eggs (9.29±0.52 and 9.04±0.76 g) compared to T0 (8.77±0.55 g). The AW follow similar trends which were 5.37±0.38, 5.53±0.54, 5.75±0.44 g for T2, T1 and T0, respectively. The YW slightly differ where T1 had higher weight (2.64±0.30 g) followed by T2 (2.62±0.27 g) and T0 (2.50±0.32 g). Pearson's correlation between EW and AW were between 69-87%whereas for EW and YW were between 61-71%. Simple linear regression predicting AW and YW from EW had accuracies between 94.3-96.2% and92.7-94.3%, respectively. Thus, methionine supplementation had significant effect on egg and egg components weights. Linear regression can be utilized to predict AW and YW based on EW with high accuracy.

The Belgian Blue (BB) is a breed of cattle characterized by double muscling. Introduction of Belgian Blue cattle to Indonesian is to increase beef production. A preliminary study was done to compare birth weight and body measurements of purebred BB calves to F1 BB x Friesian Holstein (FH) calves. A total of 10 purebred BB calves and 20 F-1 BB x FH calves were used in this study. Results showed that birth weight and chest girth were significantly affected by genotype of calves (P<0.05). The purebreds had higher birth weight and chest girth (P<0.05). The birth weight were 54.82 kg and 42.86 kg for purebreds and crossbreds, respectively. The body height were 75.30 cm and 76.35 cm for purebreds and crossbreds, respectively. The body length were 66.96 cm and 66.33 cm for purebreds and crossbreds, respectively. The chest girth were 88.46 cm and 81.15 cm for purebreds and crossbreds, respectively. This study was a preliminary information used for recommendation in developing BB cattle.

Betaine as metabolic enhancer is proven to improve eggs production in poultry. The consistency of the improvement, however, is not yet explored. This study aimed to explore the consistency of quails' egg production under the influence of betaine supplementation utilizing intraclass correlation approach. In total 225 quails were used and allotted into three treatment groups: T0 (control), T1 (control + 0.06% betaine) and T2 (control + 0.12% betaine). Each treatment was replicated five times with 15 quails each. Egg production data was collected for 2 clutches (2 × 28 days) started after egg production reached 50%. The data was split and averaged into eight consecutive weeks. Linear model resulted in significant difference of egg production mean among treatments which were 66.08±18.39%, 70.55±15.11% and 75.46±14.88% for T0, T1 and T2 respectively (P<0.01).Intraclass correlation within each treatment was used as the measure of egg production consistency. Every replicate was recorded ineight consecutive weeks during the experiment. Results showed that T2 has the highest intraclass correlation (0.88), followed by T1 (0.86) and T0 (0.79). Our findings confirmed that betaine supplementation improve quails' egg production. We further discover that the improvement obtained during experimental period due to betaine supplementation was more consistent compared to the quails without supplementation.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the administration time of liquid fermeherbafit used in drinking water on blood hematological profiles and lymphoid organ of broiler chickens. 1,000 heads of broiler chicks 1-14 days old with prelium treatment, and 14 - 34 day-old as research treatment. Fed by BR 1 and BR2 feed of CP production. Fermeherbafit material consists of: 100% Curcuma domestica (turmeric), 100% Curcuma Xanthorrhiza R (Curcuma), 25% Allium sativum L (garlic), 50% Morinda citrifolia (Noni), 10% Moringa oleifera (Moringa leaf), 10% sugar, 8% (w/v) Probiotic LAB (Lactic acid bacteria). used complete random design (RAL), with 4 treatments with 50 chickens each of 5 replicates, the liquid Fermeherbafit as much as 4% (v/w) of the feed given to the four groups: R0 = as control, R1 = daily, R2 = every two days; R3 = every Monday and Thursday. The results of Blood haematological profiles and the lymphoid organ of broiler chickens showed no significance differences (P > 0.05). The average of blood haematological profileis leukocytes were 8,830±2.01 until 8.70 ± 1.87 (x 10³/μl); Monocytes of 4.60 ± 1.82 to 7.00 ± 2.45%; Lymphocytes of 53.00 ± 11.92 to 57.20 ± 9.73%; Hb of 6.36 ± 0.37 to 7.38 ± 0.40 G/dL; Fabricius of 0.81 ± 0.06 to 1.00 ± 0.12%; Lymph of 0.12 ± 0.03 to 0.24 ± 0.16%; Thymus of 0.17 ± 0.05 to 0.20±0.05. it can be concluded that liquid fermeherbafit through drinking water at exact time daily, every two days and every Mondays-Thursdays are reviewed in the results of blood haematological profiles as well as Lymphoid organ of broiler chickens.

The aim of this research was to understand the effect of liquid probiotic supplementation in drink water on blood cholesterol (HDL, LDL, Triglyceride) level, hemaglobin level (Hb), plasma hematocrit level and total of plasma protein (TPP) of quails. Prohibition of antibiotics in poultry, resulting in increased probiotic offers on the market. Each probiotic has an advantage in increasing productivity and immunity of quails. The research was conducted as an experimental research and used completely randomized design. Four treatments were done in this research, which was control (drink water without probiotic), drink water added by probiotics A (containing Lactobacillus sp., Rhodopseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp., Saccarhomyches sp.), probiotic B (containing Bacillus careus, Azotobacterpaspalii, Bacillus laterosporu, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus licheniformes, Bacillus pumilusCorynebacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescensSarcinalutea Staphylococcus epidermis Staphylococcus thermophyllus Lactobacillus sp. Saccharomyces cerevisceae and Phicia anomola) and probiotic C (containing Lactobacillus casei, Saccharomyces cerevisceae, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Molases, water). The obtained all data were then analyzed by analysis of variance and if the result showed a significant effect, further analysis will be done by honestly significant difference test. The analysis of variance showed that variety of fluid probiotic supplementation in drink water showed had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the on blood cholesterol, HDL level, LDL level, triglyceride, but had significant effect (P<0.05) on Hb, plasma hematocrit and TPP level. The research concluded that liquid probiotics supplementation in drink water will increase immune response but not able to reduce blood cholesterol of quails.

This research was aimed to determine the potential breeding dans of cattle at different age based on body weight (BW), chest circumference (CC) and body condition score (BCS) of 440 cattle from 29 breeding groups in Urut Sewu which included Mirit subdistrict, Ambal, Bulus pesantren, Klirong, Petanahan, and Puring subdistrict. The study applied a survey method allocating two age groups: U1 = 18 – 24 months and U2 = >24 – 36 months. The observed variables were BW, CC and BCS. The collected data were subject to an Independent sample test (t-test). The result showed a highly significant difference (P<0.01) between U1 and U2. The average BW, CC, and BCS of Kebumen "Peranakan Ongole" (PO) cattle in U1 were 306.04 ± 67.86 kg, 153.99 ± 11.74 cm and 3.18 ± 0.41, respectively, and in U2 were 368.00 ± 97.79 kg, 163.10 ± 14.38 cm and 3.48 ± 0.58, respectively. The body condition score of Kebumen PO cattle was higher than in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI); therefore, PO cattle had an improved grade as potential germ plasm of indigenous cattle in Indonesia.

The aim of this study was to study the effect of giving different levels of energy feed on the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone during estrus and on the 14th day after mating on thin-tail ewes. The material used in this study was 15 head of thin-tail ewes aged between 2.50-3.00 years had a normal estrus cycle and had once lambing. All ewes were randomly placed into three types of treatment of energy feed with different levels, namely: non-flushing 1.01Mcal / kg ME (f0), flushing 2.13Mcal / kg ME (f1) and flushing 2,31Mcal / kg ME (f2). Each treatment was repeated 5 times. The general linear model of SPSS was used to analyze variables measured. The results showed that the average estrogen concentration in thin-tailed ewes during estrus in the flushing group (f1 and f2) was higher than non-flushing (f0). The average progesterone concentration in the thin-tailed ewes on the 14th day after mating in the flushing group (f1 and f2) was higher respectively than the non-flushing group (f0). The increase in feed energy given to thin-tailed ewes in flushing, during estrus increases estrogen concentration and on the 14th day after mating, increase progesterone concentration.

The survey method was conducted to investigate the population performance of the Saburai goat breeding area in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province. The population performance was evaluated based on natural increase (NI) and the ability of the region to supply Saburai breeds and based on net replacement rate (NRR). Direct observations were made since the Saburai goat was designated as the Lampung Province's local genetic resource based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 359 / Kpts / PK.040 / 6/2015 until 2018. The result showed that the population of Saburai goat in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were 1,469, 2,369, 2,860, and 3,293 tails, respectively. The average length of use of male and female goats was 4.44 ± 0.20 and 5,033 ± 0.21 years, respectively. The highest needs of replacement stock was in 2018 (5.40% for males and 5.47% for females). The average percentage of births of male kid was 9.72 ± 6.57% and female kid was 19.72, ± 5.18%. The NI value for male goat was 9.25% ± 6.23% and for female goat was 19.13 ± 4.22%. The highest NRR value for male goat occurred in 2015 (1028.21%) and for female goat in 2016 (528.34%). It could be concluded that the population performance of the Saburai goat from 2015 to 2018 was in a good category and was able to provide replacement stock from its own territory.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of local feeds supplementation and anthelmintic injection on calf birth weight, daily weight gain of Bali cattle calves and cows, and fecal egg count. The study was followed a Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The experimental diets were T0 ; control diet (legumes without local feed concentrates), T1 ; T0 + local feed concentrates, T2 ; T1 + anthelmintic. The results of this study indicate that both averages birth weight and body weight gain were increased (P<0.05) by local feed concentrates and anthelmintic (T2) were 14.1±0.822kg, 16.82±0.602kg, respectively. In addition, the average fecal eggs count was lower in T2 (25±2.236 egg/g) followed by T1 (64.2±2.490 egg/g) but higher in T0 (68.4±2.702 egg/g). Therefore, it can be concluded that supplementation of local feed concentrates and anthelmintic increased birth weight and body weight gain and at the same time reduced worm egg of Bali cattle calves and cows.

The aim of the this study was to determine the level of adoption of a range of standard biosecurity practices in beef cattle farmers in Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi. Data were collected from 45 beef cattle farmers through observation and in-depth interview by using questionnaire. There was 26 questions which consisted of biosecurity practices: sanitation, isolation and traffic control. Data were analyzed descriptively using mean and percentage. The results showed that a level of partial adoption of biosecurity had been achieved by the beef cattle farmers. The implication is that beef cattle farmers could be motivated to enhance their level of biosecurity practices.

Semen quality is an important factor influencing the success of a cattle breeding program, therefore an effort to continuously evaluate semen quality is needed. Indonesia has Bali cattle; it is indigenous, tropically adapted, robust, and has high fertility. Bali cattle need to be developed into meat producer by selecting best traits from bulls and disseminate their sperm through artificial insemination program. To obtain the desired improvement, semen quality became one of the keys to ensure. This study aimed to determine the factor (s) affecting fresh semen quality of Bali cattle bull. In total, 742 ejaculates were collected from nine bulls in 2016-2017 over a 12-month period. Semen was collected twice a week, followed with semen quality evaluation as semen volume (ml), sperm concentration (x10⁶/ml), sperm motility (%), and pH. A linear model was built to obtain the significant fixed factor of season and/or age affecting sperm quality followed by mixed model procedure including individual bulls as random effect to estimate the variance components. The result showed that season didn't give any effect (p>0.05) in all fresh semen quality observed, while there was a significant effect of age (p<0.05) on volume, sperm concentration and pH. There is no interaction (p>0.05) between season and age in this study. The variance component of individual bulls contributed 71.15, 67.92, 48.22, and 11.76% of the total variance of semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and pH respectively. This study shows that there is a wide variation of semen quality resulted due to the variation between individual of the Bali cattle bull, which mirroring the diverse of Bali cattle genetic. In bull's selection as semen source, careful selection and the application of genetic standard need to be concerned.

Acceptance and level of preference for sheep meat is influenced by the physical quality of the meat. This study aimed to know the effect of the use of animal oil saponification (lemuru fish oil: LFO) and vegetable oil (palm oil: PO) which was added to the ration on the physical quality of sheep meat. Twelve male local sheep were randomly divided into 3 ration treatments; P0: control ration (40% king grass : 60% concentrate), P1: 40% king grass + 57% concentrated + 3% saponified LFO and P2: 40% grass king + 57% concentrate + 3% saponified PO. Each treatment consisted of 3 replications. The observed variables were physical quality of meat (pH, cooking losses, tenderness, collagen). The data obtained were analyzed by variance analysis and real difference test between treatments. The results showed that the use of LFO and PO was not significant effect (P>0.05) on the physical quality of meat (pH, cooking losses, tenderness, collagen). It can be concluded that the use of animal and vegetable oil saponification cannot improve the physical quality of sheep meat.

This study aims to identify the quantitative characteristics of local chickens and examine the presence of polymorphisms based on the nucleotide sequences of ACTA-1 genes. The material used is a local chicken consisting of 25 Pelung and 25 Native chickens. The quantitative data uses t test. Identification ACTA-1 gene polymorphism is carried out by PCR method and Sequencing of PCR product. The quantitative characters, of male Pelung and Native chickens significantly different, involving the length of tarsometatarsus, tarsometatarsus circumference, comb height and body weight. Meanwhile, female Pelung and Native chickens show significant differences in femur length, tibia length, tarsometatarsus length, tarsometatarsus circumference, third finger length, wing length, comb height and body weight. The sequencing result indicates the presence of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) among them c.584 T > G, c.585 T> A, and c.657 T> C. Furthermore, in the base c.657 T> C the heterozygosity value of 0.18. Based on correlation value at c. 585 T>A shows that AA genotype has a significant effect on body weight (P<0.05). Therefore, the ACTA-1 gene is an important marker, which can be used to improve the economic characteristics found in local chickens.

The purpose of this experimental was to determine the effect of giving complete feed containing silage of banana stems with different levels of feed conversion, efficiency of ration usage, production costs and profits from fattening Bali cattle farmers pattern. Experimental animals employed in this research were 12 heads of growing male Bali cattle of 1 to 1.5 years old with the body weight ranging from 111 to136 kg, with an average of 120.79 kg and coefficient variation (CV) 5.23%, were employed. The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications: T₀: local feeds (commonly used by farmers) + 1 kg complete feed without banana stem silage, T₁: (commonly used by farmers) + 1 kg complete feed containing 10% silage of banana stems, T₂: (commonly used by farmers) + 1 kg complete feed containing 20% banana stem silage, T₃: (commonly used by farmers) + 1 kg of complete feed containing 30% silage of banana stems. Data collected was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the effect of treatments was not significantly (P>0.05) on feed conversion, efficiency of ration usage, and profits from, but significantly (P<0.05) to production costs fattening Bali cattle farmers pattern. The conclusion of this study is the provision of complete feed containing silage of banana stems with different levels giving the same effect between treatments on feed conversion, efficiency of ration use and profits, but it has an influence on the production costs of fattening Bali cattle farmers pattern.

The aim of this research is to estimate the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics. The cross between the Magelang duck male and the Tegal female is called Maggal (F1). The research material are 319 ducks consisted of Magelang and Tegal ducks with 10 males and 70 females each, also the cross result of 239 Maggal ducks. Research method is experiment. The variable measured was the morphometric characteristics (body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght) of the duck aged at 6 months. The heterosis value is obtained by comparing the ability of the cross with the parent. This research has shown heterosis in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, shank length, pubis length, and neck lenght of 6 month old Gallang and Maggal duck were 0.03; 0.01; 0.06; 0.02; -0,05; 0.01; and 0.03. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the heterosis value of Magelang and Tegal crossed ducks morphometrics characteristics were relatively low. The positive heterosis value in body weight, body length, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, pubis length, and neck lenght, while shank length negative.

Sabu and Semau chickens are originated from Sabu and Semau islands, East Nusa Tenggara. The aim of this study was to analyze the phenotypic and genetic of growth characteristics of Sabu and Semau chickens which were conserved ex-situ. Four mating groups as treatments and each using 4 males and 24 females, produced 144 chicks as research material. Mating was by artificial insemination. Observations include data on body weight from the age of 0 - 12 weeks. Nested design analysis were used to obtain the variance components used to estimate the heritability. Heritability was estimated based on male, female, and total variance. The results showed that the body weight resulting from the interse mating (SS) was better than other crosses. The estimation of heritability based on male variance (h²_S), SS, MM, and SM showed positive values, while MS are more negative, except 8 weeks of age. Likewise based on females (h²_D) and the total variance (h²_S+D). Heritability estimates of body weight were low to hight (-2.31 to 2.33) due to small data or sample size. It can be concluded that Sabu and Semau chickens can be conserved ex-situ.

The appearance of sheep Compass Agrinak (CA) with pastura care management such as the habits of farmers in Indramayu district shows that CA sheep can adapt well. The research method used in the research is social and technical approaches. One of the indicator can be seen from the birth weight of lambs from cross-breeding between local ewe and CA buck. Birth weight of lambs from crosses is relatively higher than local lambs, which is 3.08 vs 2.5 kg for females and 3.50 vs 3.04 for males. Some problems that require more careful observation where CA sheep die because of "consumed" plastic that may still have left in them as food leftovers consumed by humans wrapped in plastic bags, so that when eating the leaves "eaten" also the plastic wrap that blocks the system digestion and breathing which eventually die. Technology guidance on the preparation of sheep feed from rice (straw) by-products has been carried out at the Bogor experimental station as well as making good and true block minerals and sheep cultivation.

This study aimed to estimate phenotypic and genetic correlations of growth traits as selection criteria in Bali cattle test center populations at Pulukan Breeding Center Denpasar, Bali. In total 160 records were obtained from calves which born between 2013 until 2016. Data collected were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), yearling weight (YW), mature weight (MW) and pedigree. Data were then standardized to weaning weight at 205 days (WW₂₀₅), yearling weight at 365 days (YW₃₆₅) and mature weight at 730 days (MW₇₃₀). The data obtained were then analyzed using univariate and bivariate animal models with Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) method. Heritability values (h²) were 0.43 ± 0.12, 0.22 ± 0.12, 0.39 ± 0.15, 0.63 ± 0.18 for BW, WW₂₀₅, YW₃₆₅ and MW₇₃₀ respectively. Phenotypic correlations among variables were vary from low to medium; which were 0.16 for BW - WW₂₀₅, 0.11 for BW - YW₃₆₅, 0.34 for BW - MW₇₃₀, 0.61 for WW₂₀₅ - YW₃₆₅, 0.25 for WW₂₀₅ - MW₇₃₀ and 0.31 for YW₃₆₅ x MW₇₃₀. However, the genetic correlation among growth traits were considerably high: BW - WW₂₀₅ 0.53, BW - YW₃₆₅ 0.76, BW - MW₇₃₀ 0.47, WW₂₀₅ - YW₃₆₅ 0.70, WW₂₀₅ - MW₇₃₀ 0.48, YW₃₆₅ - MW₇₃₀ 0.64. Heritability of Bali cattle growth traits are categorized as moderate to high, thus selection on these traits are potential to obtain genetic improvement in the population. Phenotypic correlations among traits were considerably low, whereas the genetic correlations spanned between medium to high. These findings implied that other than genetic, improving the farm environment and management could also affect the growth performance of Bali cattle.

The objective of this cohort retrospective study was to determine the association be between the influence of feeding patterns with health disorders in the transition period and dentifying potential economic losses in KPBS Pangalengan area. Data from 2065 calving event and incidence of hypocalcemia, retensio placenta, displasia abomasum, ketosis, mastitis, metritis and lameness from January 2017 until December 2018, from 3 groups of feeding patterns, pattern I (concentrate, Penissetum purpureun, tofu/cassava by product), Pattern II (Concentrate, rice straw, cassava by product and pattern III (concentrate, wild grass). Analysis and significances using Relative Risk (RR) and Chi square. The result of analysis, the pattern I had greater risk of hypocalcemia (RR 1.923, 95% CI 1.438-2.571, P 0.0001) and displasia abomasum(RR 4,962, 95% CI 1,813-19,645, P 0.0001) than pattern III and pattern II had and greater risk of retensio placenta (RR 11,014 95%CI 4,898-24,767, P 0.0001), metritis (RR 2,415 95% CI 1,626-3,399 P 0.0001) and mastitis (RR 6,697 95% CI 5,023-8,929, P 0.0001) than pattern III. Pattern I and II had greater risk of experiencing hipocalsemia, retensio secunndinae, displasia abomasum, ketosis, mastitis, metritis and lameness than pattern III. The conclusion of analysis there is a significant (P<0.05) relationship or influnce between the pattern of feeding in transitiom period and pattern III is the best in reducing incidence of periparturient diseases. Diseases that arise implicates the economic loss due to health problems in the transition period is calculated from the cost of veterinarians, Labor (producer Labor), milk loss, discarded milk, culling cost, death, extended days open.

This study was to evaluate the conception rate of yearling dairy heifer at PT. Ultra Peternakan Bandung Regency following artificial insemination with PGF2α-induced estrus. A total of 100 heifer records selected randomly from 700 heifers based on body weight (>300 kg) and has normal reproduction were used for this study. Non estrus animal during one day observation was then injected with PGF2α for estrus induction. The animal showing estrus within 11 days observation post PGF2α injection, was inseminated, nevertheless was reinjected for second PGF2α, and the estrus animal was inseminated according to the standard procedure. The results showed that following first PGF2α injection, 50 heifers showed estrus, while 50 non-estrus others were re-injected PGF2α. All 50 animals showed estrus following second PGF2α injection within 11 days thereafter. Body weight was divided into 3 groups, Low (<341 kg), Medium (341-355 kg), and High (>355 kg). There were significant difference (P<0.05) for Service per Conception, S/C (1.94±0.86, 1.60±0.74 and 1.78±0.87), and Conception Rate, CR (39%, 54% and 50%), respectively for Low, Medium and High body weight of yearling heifer. It was concluded that yearling dairy heifers were possible to breed and result pregnancy when reached body weight more than 300 kg.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the conception rate of 11-months old dairy heifer following artificial insemination with natural estrus or treated with PGF2α at PT. Ultra Peternakan Bandung Selatan. A case study was applied in this study involving all data of 700 records for date of birth, body weight and reproduction status. Sample was selected according the complete records with criteria of age was 11±3 months, body weight >300kg, having normal reproduction organs detected by rectal palpation. The results showed that from observation of selected 300 samples out of 700 heifers, 25 heifers of them were natural estrus (Control), 50 estrus after single PGF2α injection (PG), 95 following single PGF2α and left to normal estrus after 21 days (PG-N), 50 after double PGF2α (2PG), and the rest of 80 heifers showed estrus following double PGF2α – Natural estrus (2PG-N) with the conception rate (CR) of 17/25(68%), 44/50(88%), 42/50(84%), for the respective groups. None of heifers in PG-N and 2PG-N groups became pregnant after first insemination. The body weight (BW) was classified into Low (336-347kg), Medium (348-359kg) and High (360-372kg). The total conception rate was 34%. The CR for Low, Medium and High BW were 41%, 32% and 31%, respectively. The conclusion, the 11-months old heifer was possible to become normal pregnant following insemination without and with PGF2α injection when reached body weight over 300 kg. To ensure the higher number animal exhibiting estrus, double PGF2α injections should be applied.

This study aims at knowing the effect of using raw material combination (cow milk and colostrum) in making kefir on texture profile and sensory characteristics. This study used 6 combinations of treatment; P1 = 100 % cow milk; P2 = 80 % cow milk + 20 % colostrum; P3 = 60 % cow milk + 20 % colostrum; P4 = 40 % cow milk + 60 % colostrum; P5 = 20 % cow milk + 80 % colostrum and P6 = 100 % colostrum. The result shows that hardness and cohesiveness were not influenced by the combination of raw material, gumminess however was influenced by the combination of raw material (p<0.05). The mean of gumminess of kefir was 1.76±1.16 to 4.86 ±0.77 G. The sensory characteristics i.e. flavour, colour, texture, and overall preference were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the combination of raw material (cow milk and colostrum) used. The score of flavour was 2.47 – 3.10 (less fresh-more acidic); Aroma was 2.43 – 3.20 (acidic but not fresh– rather sour). Colour was 1.3 – 4.93 (white– yellow), texture was 1.80 – 4.73 (smooth- rather rough). Score given by the panellists was 3.20 with scoring criteria "like". The mean score of "like" was 3.20 (like) - 4.20 (rather like).

Sexually mature Indonesian native hens (Sentul hens) were housed singly in laying cages and artificially inseminated with combination of three different levels of diluted pooled semen (50 million sperm/0.05 ml; 100 million sperm/0.1 ml; and 150 million sperm/0.15 ml) and at either of three different intervals (every 3, 6 and 9 days). The results show that the sperm number and Insemination intervals had no significant interaction (P>0.05) on % fertility and hatchability. The best fertility around 90 %; P<0.05 was obtained by inseminating interval 6 days with sperm number 100 million/0.1 ml of diluted semen.

The research was aimed to determine the effect of the addition of Azolla sp. on physiological conditions, the kinetics of temperature, and the quality of compost which includes carbon content, and compost organic matter. The method used was experimental with A Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were three treatments that were the addition of Azolla sp. 0% (P0), 10% (P1), and 20% (P2). Each treatment was repeated 6 times, so that the number of experimental unit was 18 mounds of compost. Variables measured were temperature kinetics, levels of organic carbon and compost organic matter. Observations of temperature were carried out on days 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 at 01.30 – 02.30 pm. The carbon content and compost organic matter of the final compost product were analyzed in the laboratory. Data on the kinetics of temperature were analyzed using Repeated Measure Analysis of variance (RMA), while those of the levels of organic carbon and organic matter compost were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the variance analysis showed a significant interaction (P < 0.05) between the treatment and the days of observation on the kinetics of temperature. The highest temperature kinetics observed for P2 and P1 were achieved on day 4 (54.00˚C and 50.50˚C, respectively), while the highest temperature for P0 was achieved on day 8 (50.33˚C). The temperature of P0, P1 and P2 ranged 27.17-50.33˚C; 28.17-50.50˚C and 30.00-54.00˚C, respectively. Least Significance Different (LSD) results showed significant variations in temperature kinetics. Enrichment of compost with Azolla sp had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the levels of organic carbon and compost organic matter.

This research aimed to investigaton on the level of supplementation of dwarf elephant grass that was introduced ex-limestone mining open area as to substitute indigenous forage for goat feed in limestone mountain.The method used in vivo experimental research was conducted in a completely randomized design. Sixteen local male goats in a limestone mountain weighed 24.8 kg ± 1.66 were allotted to four treatments with different level of dwarf elephant grass to subtitute indigenous forage 0, 25. 50 and 75%each with four replicates. The measured parameters were feed intake and body weight gain. The research was conducted in a limestone mountain in Gombong, Central Java Indonesia.The result showed that substituting indigenous forage with dwarf elephant grass up to 75% produced non-significantly different (P>0.05) feed intake and body weight gain of goats. The research concluded that dwarf elephant grass can to subtitute indigenous forage for goat feed, however it is recommended to substitute indigenous forage with up to 25% dwarf elephant grass to obtain an optimal weight gain to goats in limestone mountain.

The purpose of this study was to measure the adaptability and productivity of local dairy cows in Banyumas district. About 29 lactation dairy cows from two groups of dairy farmers in the Baturraden and Sumbang sub-districts of Banyumas district were used in this study. To find out the adaptability is done by measuring the rectal temperature and the frequency of respiration at 06.00 am, 10.00 am and 14.00 am. Milk productivity was measured by measuring milk every day. Measurement of all parameters was carried out for one month. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P> 0.5) between the two sub-districts for all variables, namely: rectal temperature, respiratory frequency, HTC Benezra and Rhoad, and daily milk production. It can be concluded that the adaptability of local Holstein – Frisiendairy cows in Banyumas district is good, while milk production is moderate.

Molasses can be a source of quick energy and an excellent source of minerals for farm animals and even chickens. Molasses can also be a key ingredient for cost effective management of feeds. The purpose of this research was to study the impact of adding different levels of sugar beet molasses to feed on performance of broilers chickens. Used 112 of commercial broiler (Ross 308) l-day-old chicks were weighed in gram live weight ranged between 50-57g and subsequently placed in the treatment groups in such a way that the mean weights differed as little as possible, chicks divided into four groups replicates of 7 chicks each and reared on deep litter in open housing system. Four replicates were designed to each dietary treatment. at 15-days-old chicks, the unsexed broiler chickens were randomly allotted to four groups of 7 birds each. The four diets consisted of Group (A) as a control diet containing no Molasses, Group (B) was 5 %, Group (C) 7.5 % and Group (D)10%. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. There were no significant differences at all level (P>0.05) of adding beet molasses as source of energy among four experimental groups for the parameter studied: body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion, also there is no mortality however, Use of beet molasses in broiler diets reduced feed cost and feeding of 7.5 % beet molasses decreased cost of feed per kg versus control and increase profitability.

Nowadays, livestock has made clear changes in industrial and semi-industrial production organizations or smart farming. The adoption of livestock technology is extremely important to enhance the quality and quantity of livestock products. Besides, technology may help farmers to increase their profit and protect the health of costumer and environment. Advanced technologies in smart farming were widely applied by livestock farmers such as data management, Internet of Things technology, precision farming, agriculture drones, and so forth. Those technologies may make a great livestock system like closed livestock production from breeding to processing and consumption. Moreover, when using smart farming techniques, farmers can better monitor or observe the need for individual animals and adjust their nutrition correspondingly, thereby preventing diseases and improving herb health. There are many benefits from adopting smart farming and also have some obstacles that farmers have to face when they would like to access to smart farming. This paper also gives extensions and innovations for small farmers that can be utilized to facilitate the processing of smart farming implementation.

Time lapse incubator now became a new technology for clinical In Vitro Fertilization. This incubator allows embryo observation continuously and periodically without taking the embryo out from the incubator. The nature function of time lapse incubator requires continuous incubation without taking out the embryo from the incubator, means there is no change over media during incubation. In the other hand most culture media that available in the market distinguish between cleavage and blastocyst stage embryo. This known as sequential media. This experiment compared the use of continuous and sequential media during in vitro embryo culture using time lapse incubator. One cell mouse embryo derived from F1 (C57BL/J MARP x CBA/MARP) were used in this experiment. Embryos were culture for 5 days until they reach blastocyst stage. The continuous media (Global Media, Life Global) was used to culture media from day 1 till day 5, while sequential media were divided into two parts. Cleavage media (SIVF-Cleavage, Cook Medical, Brisbane) was used from day 1 till day 3, and Blastocyst media (SIVF-Blastocyst, Cook Medical, Brisbane) was used from day 3 till day 5. Control embryos were cultured in sequential media (SIVF- Cleavage and SIVF-Blastocyst, Cook Medical) in bench top incubator (MINC, Cook, Brisbane). A total of 320 one cell embryos were used in this experiment. Embryo development was evaluated by the number of embryo developed into blastocyst.

Livestock sector contributes to the increase of global warming through gas released from enteric fermentation and manure management. National estimation still uses a manual calculation. The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from livestock sector by using ALU tool version 6.0.1, in West Java Province in year 2016 as the case study. The emission were calculated by using Tier-1 and Tier-2 methodologies. Data used were livestock population and emission factors (EF) of CH₄ and N₂O of any livestock. The results showed that emission from enteric fermentation was 94.754 Gg CH₄/year or 2,368.850 Gg CO₂e/year with the highest emission from sheep (50.194 Gg CH₄/year or 1,254.850 Gg CO₂/year). While emission of CH₄ from manure was 6,767 Gg CH₄/year or 169,175 Gg CO2e/year with the highest emission from dairy cattle (2,870 Gg CH4/year or 71,750 Gg CO₂e/year) and direct N₂O emission from manure was 0.366 Gg N₂O/year or 109.138 Gg CO₂e/year with the highest emission from sheep (0.189 Gg N₂O/year or 56.212 Gg CO₂e/year). As a conclusion, total emission from the livestock sector in West Java Province was 2,647.163 Gg CO₂e/year with the largest emission was from enteric fermentation (2,368.850 Gg CO₂e/year). This study suggests that ALU tool is applicable to estimate GHG emission for Livestock in Indonesia with limited data available.

This study aimed to determine the chemical content of cookies with the addition of chicken feet flour and chicken neck bones flour of these cookies. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment given is T0 (wheat flour); T1 (wheat flour + feet flour); and T2 (flour + neck bone flour). Variables measured include water, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, calcium, and phosphos. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis followed by the Smallest Significant Difference Test (LSD). The results of the variance analysis showed that the addition of chicken feet flour and neck bones flour had a significant effect (P <0.05) on ash content; fat; protein; carbohydrate; calcium and phosphor.

Jengkol (Archidendron jiringa) peel is a by-product that has not been utilized optimally. Some research reported that jengkol peel had potency as a source of fiber and bioactive compound (saponins and tannins) for ruminant. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of jengkol peel powder supplementation on total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and protozoa population on in vitro ruminal fermentation. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three treatments (2%, 4%, 6% DM) and four replications. The variables observed included total VFA production and protozoa population. Data were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the differences among treatments means were examined by Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that increasing supplementation of jengkol peel powder increased total VFA production (P<0.01) but did not affect protozoa population (P>0.05). It is concluded that supplementation of jengkol (A. jiringa) peel powder until 6% DM potentially improved rumen fermentation.

The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of four different energy level in the ration into the calpain activity of Jawarandu does. The research was done during 5 months in the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman. The research material used was 16 heads of the Jawarandu doe with the aged 2.5−3 years. All the animals were randomly assigned to the ration treatment which forms four the different energy levels (82.26% TDN, 85, 87.93, dan 90.74% TDN). The replication of each treatment was four times. Variable measured was a calpain activity on the muscle of Longissimus dorsi. General linear model (GLM) of the SPSS was used to analysis variable measured. Energy content 1.63McalME/heads/day and 1.92McalME/heads/day as well as 1.73McalME/heads/day and 2.06McalME/heads/day were increased of the μ-calpain and m-calpain activities at the Longissimus dorsi muscle, respectively. However, there was decreased of the calpastatin activity at the Longissimus dorsi muscle. Different energy content of the ration increased the μ-calpain and m-calpain activities at the Longissimus dorsi muscle and of those decreased calpastatin activity.

This study conducted to characterization amino acids of the antioxidant bioactive peptides from Indonesian endogenous meats among them "ongole cross breed" beef, "Kacang" goat meat, "Mojosari" duck meat and native chicken meat. The research was conducted in the Lamongan district of East Java. The method was laboratory exploration. The variables observed included antioxidant activity, crude protein and amino acids profile with LC-MS/MS. The results of studies appears there are variation in antioxidant activity of various endogenous meats in Indonesia. The highest crude protein was obtained native chicken meat 23.88 ±0.65%. Futhermore the highest antioxidant activity was obtained "Kacang" goat meat 12.085±0.22 %. The amino acids profile also exhibit diversity with each other. Amino acids obtained are distributed evenly to the types of essential and non essential amino acids. Ongole cross breed beef content a better amino acids profile than others. The beef appears to have higher contents of leucine, lysine and arginine of essential category.

The aim of this research was to build artificial neural networks model to predict crude protein and crude fiber content from physical properties of feedstuffs. The 91 data were obtained from https://repository.ipb.ac.id using keywords, e.g., sifat fisik and pakan. To reduce the dimensional of the data had been transformed. The independent variables consist of specific gravity (SG), bulk density (BD), compacted bulk density (CBD) and angle of repose (AoR). The dependent variable was crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF). Artificial neural networks (ANN) model built by R programing language 3.6.0 using library R-base and neuralnet. The correlation and accuracy used to compare predicted and actual. ANN model of crude fiber has an accuracy of 75.08% and Pearson's signification correlation (0.7529; P <0.01). ANN model of crude fiber has an accuracy of 75.08% and Pearson's signification correlation (0.7529; P <0.01). The artificial neural networks model generally can perform better to predict crude protein and crude fiber from physical properties of feedstuffs.

Subclinical mastitis in Ettawa crosbreeds (PE) is an inflammatory disease that no clinical symptoms, but there is an increase the number of somatic cells and causes decrease milk production which economically detrimental. The aim of these study was to isolation of bacteria that causing subclinical mastitis in PE goats and their susceptibility with antimicrobial. A total of 37 PE goats from 5 farms in Kulonprogo were tested by California Mastitis Test (CMT). PE goats were said subclinical mastitis if the CMT test positive (++) or (++). Isolation and identification bacteria from PE goat subclinical mastitis by bacteriological analytical manual. Coagulase test with tube coagulation and antimicroba susceptibility with agar diffusion. Subclinical mastitis in PE goats at Kulonprogo farm is 10/37 (27%) which caused by S. intermedius positive coagulase 4/4 (100%), S. aureus negative coagulase 7/10 (70%), S. aureus positive coagulase 3/10 (30%), and E. coli 1/10 (10%). S. intermedius positive coagulase was resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole 2/4 (50%) respectively. S. aureus negative coagulase was resistant to ampicillin 2/7 (28.6%), penicillin 1/7 (14.3%), and sulfamethoxazole 1/7 (14.3%). S. aureus positive coagulase was resistant to ampicillin 1/3 (33.3%), penicillin 3/3 (100%), sulfametoxazole 2/3 (66.7%), and tetracycline group 1/3 (33.3%). Subclinical mastitis PE goats in Kulonprogo was caused by S. intermedius positive coagulase and S. aureus negative coagulase which resistant to penicillin and sulfamethoxazole.

Tradidional-market waste liquid organic fertilizers can be used to fertilize setaria grass (Setaria splendida Stapf). This research was conducted to get information concerning the best dosage of liquid organic fertilizer utilization. An experimental method using Completely Randomized Design was applied in this study. The treatments were: 6 (six) doses of mixtures of the liquid organic fertilizer : water, of the ratios of 0:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5, volume by volume, each of which was repeated 4 times. The land area used was 2 m x 1.5 m per plot (experimental unit). The variables measured were the dry matter (DM) concentration, DM production, crude protein (CP), crude fat (CFt), and crude fiber (CFb) contents. The data used were the results of the harvest at second defoliation. The results of the study showed that the doses of water in the fertilizer did not indicate any significant differences on all variables being studied. On the basis of the results, it is suggested that the addition of water into the fertilizer can be applied up to 5 folds the volume of the organic liquid fertilizer in the agronomy management of Setaria grass.

The aimed of this research to examine the effect of the concentrate to forage ratio of complete feed silage on crude protein, crude fiber, TDN and fat consumptions. Five types of the ensilage of complete feed treatments consisted of T₁ = concentrate 26% + A + Napier grass 70%, T₂ = concentrate 36% + A + Napier grass 60%, T₃ = concentrate 46% + A + Napier grass 50%, T₄ = concentrate 56% + A + Napier grass 40% and T₅ = concentrate 66% + A + Napier grass 30%, that is A = (molasses 1,5% + urea 0,5% + salt 0,5% + mineral mix 1,5%). Twenty of local male sheep with a body weight 12.5 – 22.5 kg divided into 4 blocks were used in this experiment. The parameters measured were the consumptions of crude protein, crude fiber, TDN and fat. The results showed that treatment had highly significant effect (P <0.01) on consumptions of crude protein, crude fiber, and TDN, but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on fat consumption. The conclusion of this study that the P3 treatment is the best concentrate to forage ratio of complete feed silage for fattening because it has the highest consumptions of crude protein 131.01 ± 4.05, crude fiber 103.06 ± 3.33, TDN 655.80 ± 18.74 and fat 55.84 ± 1.83 gram/day/head.

Developing the livestock sector in Kediri, East Java Province requires an investigation on the social capital of beef cattle farmers to observe the actual condition and the strategies. The research is aimed to describe the social capital that includes the kinship, behaviours, norms and interactions and to analyze the correlation between social capital and economic income of beef cattle farming in Kediri Regency. The study was conducted from January to June 2018, collecting data from a survey and questionnaire. A multistage sampling method was applied to collect 150 farmers in eight sub-districts in Kediri. Data were subject to descriptive analysis. The result showed that the social capital of beef cattle farmers in Kediri is at the medium level as observed from the farmers' ability to collaborate in achieving group objectives. The average annual income of beef cattle farmers in Kediri was IDR 2.700.000. The result showed a significant correlation (0,426) between the social capital and the income of beef cattle farmers in Kediri. It indicated that the higher the social capital, the higher the income. Some efforts to increase social capitals included a social gathering and farmers upskill through intensive training on technology mastery.

Study was held at Banyuwangi Regency, East Java of Indonesia. The research aimed to investigate financial performance of the broiler duck farming based on farm-scales. 10 respondents who joining in farmer group were obtained by multistage sampling method that categorized into three farm-scales namely, small-scale (having 200-1,266 birds, n = 6), medium-scale (controlling 1,266-2,533 birds, n = 2) and large-scale: rearing more than 2,533 birds, n = 2). Data were collected during one year with six production periods. Analysis data involved profit, break-even point (BEP), R/C ratio, and rentability. Results discovered that the third production period for the large-scale achieved the best profit of IDR 6,681/bird. It was IDR 22,809 of production cost that composed by 60.53% of concentrate feed cost and 27.51% of DOD; and IDR 28,923 of revenue with consisting of 99.01% from the selling of live broiler duck and 0.99% from others (feed bags, excreta and cardboard). This farm also exhibited the efficient venture on the basis of IDR 21,797 of price BEP; 1.40 of R/C ratio; and 36.45% of rentability.

Independent farmers principally provide all production inputs from their own capital and can liberally conveytheir products on the market. From the problems found in the real life, thus the purposes of this study are: 1) to assess the resources that can be accessed by independent broiler breeders, 2) to find the strength of independent broiler breeders' resources that support business development.A total of 144 independent pattern broiler breeders are still running their livestock businesses in Malang Regency. Data were analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Model) with SmartPLS 2.0 application. The results showed that: 1) independent broiler breeders have access to financial resources, technological resources, physical resources, economic resources, environmental resources, and social resources; and 2) financial, technological, physical, economic, environmental and social resources affect farmer human resources by 82.7%, while financial, technological, physical, economic, environmental, social, and HR resources have an influence on the development of chicken farming broiler at 16.3%. Economic resources have a direct and significant negative effect on the development of independent pattern broiler farming.

As a highly perishable product, sales and marketing are very important for fresh milk produced by dairy farmers. This paper aimed to analyze the sales and marketing of fresh milk done by smallholder dairy farmers in West Java. Data used in this paper is a part of the IndoDairy Smallholder Household Survey (ISHS) data collected during August–September 2017, covering 600 smallholder dairy farm households in Bandung, Garut, Cianjur, and Bogor Regencies. Descriptive statistic analysis using tabulation was employed to process the data. Almost all the dairy farmers sold fresh milk, except one in Bogor who sold milk in the form of processed milk. Almost all farmers (98 percent) sold their fresh milk to dairy cooperatives, showing dairy farmers' strong dependency on the dairy cooperatives. The price of fresh milk received by the farmers ranged from Rp4,794/L (Bogor Regency) to Rp4,212/L(Cianjur Regency), giving an average of Rp4,459/L. Due to the strong dependency on the dairy cooperatives, it is important to strengthen dairy cooperatives' management capacities to help dairy farmers improve their milk quality, and hence prices, as well as dairy farmers' welfare.

The study aimed to analyze the potentials of Positive Deviance (PD) approach in addressing the problems of Peranakan Etawa (PE) goat farm. By using a qualitative approach, this research was conducted in the Kaligesing Sub-district, Purworejo Regency, Central Java. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and observation. Participants were determined purposively, which include elements of smallholder farmers and the other stakeholders such as extension worker and the staffs of Agency of Agriculture Livestock Marine and Fisheries of Purworejo Regency. The results showed that the PD approach has a possibility to be applied in driving behavioral change that leads to the livestock management as agribusiness practices. It is powered by a situation where the livestock problem was not solely in the form of technical barriers. The existence of PD and the support of local leaders such as village heads as well as the commitment of small farmers themselves are necessary in order to successfully imply the agribusiness practices.

Excellent performance of bull as sperm producer was needed to maintain and increase the high pregnancy cows rate.The study aimed to determine the effect of mineral-vitamin combining [MVC] and herbs supplementing [HS]on feed intake, feed efficiency, average daily gain[ADG], linear body, semen quality and B/C ratio of OngoleCrossbred bull. Eight animals [aged 3 to 5 years] within initial weight 505.2 ± 70.5 kg were examined. They were grouped in two feed regimes, firstly, the basal diet was given with the inclusion of Vitamin A, E and Zinc-minerals [P1] and secondly, were basal diet plus herbs supplementation [P2]. The basal diet consisted of elephant grass, gliricidia, and commercial concentrates. Feeding was assigned to dry matter[DM] of 3% of body weight [BW] to meet the balance nutrient intake. The experimental which conducted as long as three months, was designed in two treatments and four replicates. Data analysed by using the T-test. There was no significant different between P1 and P2 in the results on feed intake, efficiency, ADG, and linear body. However, the sperm concentration of P1 [1,366.7 ± 768.9 million/ml] was higher[P<0.05] than those of P2 [873,3 ± 488.7 million/ml]. Meanwhile, the sperm viability of P1[90.4 ± 8.5%] was also higher than that of P2 [78.7 ± 16.2%]. Both P1 and P2 were recommended for being usedcommercially [due to requirement of Indonesia National Standard/SNI 4869-1:2017], but the P1 was the efficient one in regards of the B/C ratios.

This study aims to determine the effect of formaldehyde-protected soybean groat on the consumption and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein in Bligon Goat. The study used 15 head male Bligon Goats with an average body weight of 20 kg with 3 treatments and 5 groups arranged in a randomized block design (RBD). The diet consists of elephant grass (EG), basal concentrate (BC), soybean groat (SG) and soybean groat protected (SGP). Treatments include P0 = 30% EG + 70% BC, P1 = 30% EG+ 60% BC+ 10% SG and P2 = 30% EG + 60% BC + 10% SGP. The results showed that the consumption of dry matter and organic matter not significant, but highly significant on crude protein consumption. Consumption of crude protein in the treatment without the addition of soybean groat showed lower results than consumption of crude protein in feed containing soybean groat. Digestion of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein were not influenced by differences in feed treatment in Bligon Goats. Concluded that supplementation of soybean groats protected or not in the diet can increase the consumption of crude protein and produce the same consumption on parameters of dry matter and organic materials intake. Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein have the same digestibility of feed Bligon Goat.

The aim of this study is to examine the interaction between the meal protein source with the protein-energy synchronization index (PES) in the dairy ration on the profile of branched chain volatile fatty acids (BCVFA). The study was carried out in vitro, using factorial completely randomized design (CRD-Factorial). The first factor was 2 types of meal protein source (soybean meal and coconut meal) and the second factor was 3 levels of PES index (0.5, 0.6, and 0.7), there were 6 treatment combinations, each treatment was repeated 4 times. The results of the study showed that the interaction between the meal protein source and the PES index was not significantly affected (P> 0.05) on the levels of iso butyrate, isovalerate and valerate. The study concluded that the low PES index ration (0.5) produced a decent BCVFA profile using coconut or soybean meal.

The research aims to study the use of functional feed additive probiotic and phytogenic in rations on the performance of local duck.The study used 80heads local duck 8-16 weeks old grower phase. The study was conducted byexperimental method, using acompletely randomized design with 4 treatments of rations and 4 replications(5 ducks/pen).The with 4 treatment rations:R1 (basal diet/control), R2 (basal diet+ phytogenic0.4%); R3 (basal diet + probiotic 10⁸ CFU); R4 (basal diet + phytogenic0.4% + probiotic 10⁸ CFU).The observed variableswere:feed consumption, body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion, and mortality.Data was analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance then continued with Duncan test.The results showed that the use of functional feed additive probiotic and phytogenic gave a positive response to the performance of local duck grower phase. The use of functional feed additive probiotic and phytogenic in ration significantly affect (P<0,05) feed consumption, body weight gain, final body weight and ration conversion, but no significant affect on ration mortality. It was concluded that the use of functional feed additive phytogenicand probiotic could serve as a source of feed additive in local duck ration and able to increase performance of local duck.

The research was managed to assess organic basic multi-nutrient block supplementation on the performance of Kacang goat that fed by total mixed ratio in feedlot system. This research was carried out for 3 months, used 15 goats with the average body weight of 13.40 ± 1.97 kg. The study was arranged in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. Goats were divided and fed with one of the treatments as follows: P0: only forage, according to the farmer's way; P1: total mixed ratio; P2: total mixed ratio + 15g multinutrient block/head/day. Variables of initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, and feed consumption were observed. The study indicated that goats of P1 and P2 had a significantly higher final body weight in average of 29,32 and 32,38 kg (P < 0.05) compared with P0 (27,45 kg), respectively. Body weight gain of goat P2 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than P1 Kacang goat. This study suggests that treatment P2 resulted in the highest body weight gain.

Ettawah crossbreed goats are great potential to meet the need of milk in Indonesia. The potency could be optimized by administering good feeding management and high quality feedstuffs, that could be evaluated by urea metabolism and nitrogen balance of animal body. This research is aimed to evaluate effects of feeding method along with protein source. Sixteen ettawah crossbreed goats were administered with iso crude protein (17%) and total digestible nutrients (68%). Factorial design was applied which the factors were feeding method (Total Mixed Rations/TMR vs. Separated/SEP) and protein source (soybean meal/SBM vs. Fish meal/FSM), therefore four treatments were administered (T1:SEP+SBM; T2:TMR+SBM; T3:SEP+FSM; T4:TMR+FSM) for 3 weeks and data collecting on 4th week. Concentrates (50%) were given at the beginning then Napier grass hay (50%) on separated feeding method. Feed, orts, urine, feces and milk were collected for nitrogen quantification, Bloods from jungular vein drawn on 0, 3, 6 hours after feeding and milk were collected for urea quatification. The result shown that TMR (T2&T4) significantly (p<.05) gave higher 3 hous after feeding blood urea concentration then SEP (T1&T3) (43.84vs40.19mg/dl). There were no significant (p>0.05) effect of tretments to milk urea concentration, but all treatments have excess milk urea concentration. Both feeding methodes and protein source significantly (p<0.01) affecting urinal nitrogen exctretion, which T2 has the most high nitrogen excretion (3.56g/d). Concluded that TMR as feeding method and FSM as protein source affecting greater nitrogen excretion which implicates inefficiency.

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the yield and processing properties of concentrated yogurt manufactured from local cow's milk with the addition of microbial transglutaminase enzim (mTGase) and several thickening agents. Concentrated yogurt was manufactured from local fresh milk, which were previously processed into plain yogurt by adding starter culture of lactic acid bacteria. The enzyme and four thickening agents (pectin, carrageenan, xantan, and inulin) were added before the fermentation process. The amount of mTGase was 0.03% (w/w), while the amount of each thickening agent was 1.5g/100g of milk. Partial removal of whey was conducted by modified in-bag straining method using nylon bags. Data was analyzed by the procedure of generalized linear model. Overall, the present study showed that yield and the processing properties of concentrated yogurt can be improved by the addition of enzyme (mTGase) and thickening agents: inulin, carrageenan, xanthan, and pectin. The use of xanthan resulted in the highest yield, whereas the use of inulin and mTGase produce yogurt curd with low syneresis and high water holding capacity.

Rice has much kind of varieties with varied organic ingredients. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of varied organic matter content on digestibility and fermentation products in the rumen. This study used in vitro method, using completely randomized design with 6 varieties of rice bran as treatments (Pandan Wangi, Ketan Putih, IR 64, Aek Sibundong, Ketan Hitam and Umbul). Each treatment was repeated 3 times, continued by Honestly Significant Difference (HSD). The objective of the study is to evaluate VFA level, N-NH3, dry matterdigestibility (DMD) and organic matter digestibility (OMD). The results of analysis of variance showed that the rice bran varieties have a High significant effect on the levels of VFA (P < 0.01), but there is no significant effects on N-NH3 level, DMD and OMD. A Highly significant difference is shown by rice Bran of Pandan Wangi varieties with Ketan Putih and Ketan Hitam. Based on the results of the study can be concluded that the rice varieties effect the level of VFA but do not effect the level N-NH3, DMD and OMD. Pandan Wangi has the highest VFA rate.

In recent years, innovations in animal nutrition have yielded several products in the forms of feed additives/supplements for improving feed utilization and also producing novel meat products and quality to meet the demand of consumers. Consumption of meat from ruminant animals and its derivatives is also on the increase. In addition, nowadays, consumers are exceedingly interested in the quality of the products they eat, especially when this refers to meat, either white or red. A large amount progress is completed in the exploitation of the nutrition of pigs and poultry than in the ruminant animals. Beef quality can be manipulated by a variety of nutritional manipulations and many have been implemented successfully in finishing operations world-wide. This paper provides a brief overview of beef quality and the manipulation of beef quality through feeding.

The aim of this study was to determine differences in growth, carcass production and identify polymorphisms of adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) gene in Muscovy ducks from the second generation selection (G2). The research material used 180-day-old Muscovy ducks consisting of male and female ducks with white feathers and male and female ducks with a combination of black and white feathers. Measurement of duck body weight was carried out every week, and ducks are slaughtered at 10 weeks to obtain carcass production data. The data obtained were analyzed by systat-13 program based on variance analysis and Duncan test. The primary design was based on a database of the genebank Cairina moschata adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) gene, exons 1, 2 and partial cds (FJ763338.1). The primary base sequence of the A-FABP gene was the primary forward: 5'-TCTGGGGGTGTTATCTGGAG -3' and reverse primer: 5'-ATTTGTCAGTGGCTGTGCTG -3'. The sequencing results of PCR products were analyzed using bioedit version 7.7 to determine the presence of the A-FABP gene polymorphism. The results showed that at the same age male Muscovy ducks produced carcass weight, and thickness of breast meat higher than female ducks. Body weight, carcass weight and parts of the carcass (breast, thigh, back, and wings) of a combination black-white feather male ducks higher than the male white feathers. The abdominal fat on all the ducks relatively the same. The A-FABP gene PCR product was at 176 bp. The results of bioedit analysis showed that at 151 bp, base length there was a mutation from Guanin to Adenin in the observed Cairina moschata, both male and female Muscovy ducks with white feathers and black-white combinations. All ducks observed had homozygous AA genotypes. Base changes in SNP c. 151G> A indicate a transition mutation. The study concluded that male Muscovy duck with a combination black-white feathers have highest genetic potential in body weight and carcass production with thick meat breast compared to other ducks. The weight of abdominal fat was relatively the same in male and female manila ducks. The A-FABP gene in manila ducks was monomorphic.

Southeast Asia has low to moderate milk sufficiency and most countries rely on importation to meet the demand of the rapidly growing population. The region is the biggest market of milk and milk products coming from OECD countries. Smallholders constitute a large portion of the dairy industry in Southeast Asia while privately-owned and state-owned farms constitute the other portion. The lack of dairy animals with good genetic merit, shortage of good quality feed, limited knowledge and skills of dairy farmers, high cost of inputs and difficulty in marketing are some of the challenges of the local dairy industry. Opportunities in dairy abounds and these are driven by the rapid increase in population, increase in income and urbanization among others. Programs are in place and government has provided support to ensure development of the dairy sector. Multisectoral and collaborative approach, and international assistance could help hasten development of the dairy industry in the region.

The study area reveals that small-scale subsistence cropping of rice, maize and coffee remained in Maliana. Farmers obtained their income primarily from farming characterized by relatively low yield which they attributed poor application of improved technologies like the use of quality seeds, fertilizer and other inputs. Other than crops, farmer-respondents also integrate Bali cattle in their farms during fallow period where rice straw became available for the animals. Farming systems are diverse and most farmers also raise livestock (cattle, water buffalo, goats, sheep, chickens and pigs). Native pastures which comprise mainly native grasses and some legumes such as Leucaena (ipil-ipil), Gliricidia (madre de cacao) and other edible plants provide a cheap source of feed. Livestock range freely with no grazing management which gradually lead to loss of vegetative cover and soil erosion. Moreover, survey results reveal that majority of farmer-respondents had inherited the practice of raising Bali cattle from their parents. It was found that they have been raising cattle from 5 to 40 years. A big proportion of respondents got their knowledge for raising cattle from the government with conditions such as provision of training on feeding, pest and disease control, free vaccines and other technical support. As a consequence, farmers mentioned that the availability of inexpensive and quality forages, especially during the long dry season (6-7 months) is a major constraint on cattle production in the seven villages of Maliana. The farmers depend heavily on locally available natural feed resources, but there is a shortfall due to limited land availability and uncertain local climatic patterns. This is aggravated by the inadequate support extended to farmers in terms of improved technology in crop-livestock farming system is aggravated by the scarcity of resources and reluctance of farmers to adopt improved technologies.

Poultry meat and eggs are one of the most widely consumed animal origin food in various parts of the world, across a wide variety of cultures, traditions and religions. In 2016 the duck population (Anas spp.) throughout the world reached 1.24 billion and 1.1 billion (89 percent) were in Asia. The production of meat and duck eggs is still lower than chickens, but ducks make a significant contribution in providing high-quality nutritional food needs. The consumption of duck eggs accounts for around 10-30% of total egg consumption in China and Southeast Asia. Duck eggs contain all essential amino acids required by the human diet and are a good source of vitamins and minerals. Due to lower water content, they are more nutrient than chicken eggs. Asian is the leading continent in duck meat production with a share of 82.2%, followed by Europe with 12.4%. Asia has also the highest increase of total and of per capita duck meat by 308% and 244%, respectively. Almost 10 percent of poultry meat in Asia is compared to 4.1% in the world. People consume the duck meat because of their high nutritional value with complete essential amino acid composition and good fatty acid composition with a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a balanced ratio between omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3. Large-scale duck production requires more efforts for higher efficiency and improving product quality by breeding, nutrition and management in accordance with animal welfare requirements and environmental protection. Family duck farmers (small-scale production) with limited capital contribute significantly to food security, poverty alleviation, and the ecologically sound management of natural resources. Farmers must have more access to obtain good duck breed, appropriate technology, and service support, which can substantially increase productivity, income, and food security.

Eid al-Adha is one of the important religious festivals for Muslims in the world. Sheep traders can be divided into primary traders and opportunist traders based on trade activity in this period. This study aims to investigate the preferences of sheep traders on marketing place and their satisfaction during Eid al-Adha period in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. In-depth and semi-structured interviews with 59 sheep traders were conducted on Juli 15 – August 25, 2018. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive analysis (score, index and rank). The results indicate that the most livestock purchased from the animal market, followed from farmers for primary traders and livestock traders for opportunist traders. Livestock most widely sold to individual consumers who come to their stalls, and then sold to animal market by primary traders and to organization/groups by opportunist traders. Most primary traders (64.10%) state to sell their sheep with different prices for different types of buyers, while the majority of opportunist traders (65.00%) thought no different. The average price different is IDR 286,364 according to primary traders and IDR 150,000 according to opportunist traders. Most of the primary traders (69.23%) and opportunist traders (90.00%) was pleased with the momentum of Eid al-Adha, as the selling price of their livestock could be higher, easy to sell, and any buyer. The conclusion is that both primary and opportunist traders in Yogyakarta have similar preferences in marketing place to buy and sell their livestock during Eid al-Adha period. Eid al-Adha period provides pleasure and an additional benefit for sheep traders.