Table of contents

Assalamu 'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuhu,

In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful. May peace, mercy, and blessings of Allah be upon you. Sholawat and salam may everlastingly be upon our adoration, Great Prophet Muhammad SAW who had guided and led us from darkness into the shining bright path.

The 3rd International Conference on Natural and Environmental Science (ICONES) is a forum that provides a space for academics, practitioners, students, bureaucrats to convey their thoughts, ideas, views related to sustainable development issues in the field of natural and environmental sciences. Under the theme of the conference "Sustainable Nature and Environment in the industrial revolution 4.0" this conference features cutting edge research findings and advancements as well as latest trends and development in science from multidisciplinary fields, including Green and renewable energy, Sustainable food, Biodiversity Preservation, Advanced Material, Drug discovery and development, and Big data for better life.

The keynote speakers for this international conference are Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hadi Susanto from the University of Essex (UK); Assoc. Prof. Masatoshi Kondo from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan); Prof. Dr. Khalija Awang from the University of Malaya (Malaysia); and Dr. T. M. Iqbalsyah from Universitas Syiah Kuala. Additionally, we also asked some invited speakers to enhance this international conference, namely, Dr. Kerista Sebayang from University of North Sumatera (USU) Indonesia; Dr. Nur Aida Hashim from Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) (Malaysia); Dr. Mohd Hazwan Hussin from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) (Malaysia); and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fitmawati from University of Riau (UNRI) (Indonesia).

List of Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee and Photographs are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

This research is focused on the utilization of sea urchin shells collected from Sabang island, Aceh, Indonesia as raw material for heterogeneous catalyst preparation and Its catalytic study on transesterification reaction of palm oil and methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters which referred as biodiesel compound. The catalyst was prepared through thermal decomposition method, namely, it was calcined at 900°C in air atmosphere for 4 h and modified with various concentration of potassium element (5, 10, and 20wt.%) as dopant substance using impregnation process. The characterization results using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) proved that the produced catalyst was dominated by CaO crystals, in which MgO was detected as a minor compound. Another characterization using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) showed that the produced catalyst has been homogeneous formation on their morphology. Finally, in order to have scientific information regarding its catalytic activity, the prepared catalyst was successfully applied to the transesterification reaction of palm oil and methanol resulting in ricinoleic methyl esters as the main biodiesel product.

Rice bran is an epidermis of rice produced from 10 - 12% of the rice milling process. Rice bran is susceptible to fat damage due to enzymatic and oxidative processes that cause rancidity, therefore a further process such as heating is needed for stabilization. This study is using the factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) method, the variables are the type of heating method (autoclave and microwave) and heating duration. Autoclaving (30 min at 75°C) yielded best content value. The heated rice bran has 2.89% water content, 5.79% ash content, 13.87% protein, 7.24% crude fat, 2.68% dietary fibre, 2.04% free fatty acids, and 0.85% peroxides. The contents of free fatty acids, peroxide value, and proximate value from heated rice bran are better than untreated rice bran (control).

The gravity method is broadly used in analyzing potential geothermal studies. The method can be used for determining potential areas, reservoir locations, and geological structure investigation. In this paper, satellite gravity data was applied for better understand the geological conditions connected with the geothermal system of Bur Ni Geureudong geothermal field, Bener Meriah District, Aceh, Indonesia. Open access Free Air anomaly data were provided by satellite geodesy information with 1 minute-grid. The data were reduced to obtain Bouguer anomaly distribution in the study area. Tilt derivative (TDR) technique was applied to Bouguer anomaly to enhance linear trends of geological structures. The aim of this analytical technique is able to clearly display faults correlated with geothermal manifestations around the Bur Ni Geureudong geothermal field. The complete Bouguer anomaly range of 20 mGal up to 170 mGal covers Bur Ni Geureudong volcano complex. A low Bouguer anomaly is located in all summits of volcanoes that are included in Bur Ni Geureudong Volcano Complex; those are summits of Bur Geureudong volcano, Bur Ni Telong Volcano, Pepanji Mountain, and Salah Nama Mountain. The low Bouguer anomaly is associated with the andesitic flow and volcanic ashes. The higher Bouguer Anomaly is reflected in high-density basement rock in the west of Geureudong Volcano. Tilt derivative (TDR) shows geological structures more detail, particularly, the tilt derivative (TDR) clearly detects two fault structures over the study area presented by a tilt value of zero. The results will be useful as basic information in exploration study of Bur Ni Geureudong geothermal field.

Dioscorea hispida is an underutilised plant despite its high carbohydrate content. This study used D. hispida starch as the raw material for bioethanol production by employing Separated Hydrolysis Fermentation (SHF) technique. Initially, the starch was used as the sole carbon source for Aspergillus awamori KT-11 to produce amylases. The optimum enzyme activity (7.4 U/ml) was observed at 96 h fermentation. The enzymes were further used to hydrolyse D. hispida starch. The optimum condition for the hydrolysis was achieved at 6 h when using a mixture of starch and enzyme with a ratio of 1:6 (w/v). Thin-layer chromatography results showed that the main hydrolysis product was glucose. The hydrolysates were then used by Saccharomyces cerevisiae BTCC12 as the medium for bioethanol fermentation. HPLC analysis showed that the optimum ethanol concentration was 0.37 g/L after 6 h fermentation while the reducing sugar concentration was only 2.9% of the initial. The results provide a solid basis for further studies to optimise bioethanol fermentation utilising D. hispida as the substrate.

The potential of Banana peel waste of Pisang Ayam (Musa acuminata), Pisang Raja (Musa Paradisiaca cv. Raja genom AAB), and Pisang Nipah (Musa balbisiana) as substrat for citric acid production by Aspergilus niger have been investigated. The main purpose of this research was to determine the percentages of citric acid production, pH, and total biomass at differences of media of banana peel waste. The results showed that the percentages of citric acid production using media of Musa acuminata, Musa Paradisiaca cv. Raja genom AAB and Musa balbisiana were 58.80, 69.84, and 46.80% respectively. The pH values of each media were 2.50, 1.50, and 2.0 respectively. The results also founded that the total biomass of each media were 2.442, 2.649, and 2.407 respectively. Overall, the results showed that banana peel waste of Musa Paradisiaca produce the highest amount of citric acid after 240 h fermentation.

The addition of antimicrobial agents in bioplastic food packaging aims to extend the food storage period and prevent the growth of pathogenic microbes. The use of antimicrobial agents from natural ingredient can make the biofilms safer to use. In this study, biofilms were made by adding natural antimicrobial agents from turmeric extract with the composition of starch 1.2% v/v total weight, 0.4% chitosan and variation of turmeric extract concentrations. 1.5% glycerol were added as a plasticizing. The best biofilms obtained by adding 0.375% of the extract with tensile strength and elongation values were 18.1 kgf/mm² and 30.24%. The edible films can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria which can be seen from the formation of clear zones around edible films on antimicrobial activity assay by agar diffusion method. Application of the edible film as food coating delayed the decay of coated food.

Increasing number of coffee-by-products highlights its potential as source of renewable energy. The use of coffee pulp as a raw material for bio-briquettes is considered as an effective way to minimize their wastage as landfill. This study aims to examine the combustion characteristics of bio-briquettes produced from Gayo Arabica coffee-pulp which was carbonized through a slow pyrolysis process and densified at a pressure of 150 kg/cm². Prior to densification process, the raw material was sun-dried, pyrolyzed, ground and sieved to mesh 20. A mixture was then made by adding starch binder at 20, 30 and 40 wt.% followed by molding and drying processes. Characterization of the briquette employs a number of techniques including DSC, bomb calorimeter and proximate analyses as well as combustion test. The results show that the amount of starch-binder significantly affects the rate of combustion and the flame duration. However, no significant change is found in term of calorific value, moisture and ash content.

This study describes bioeconomic analysis of resource utilization yellowfin tuna on various management regimes through Gordon Schaefer's Model with Fox algorithm biological parameter estimation model. The purpose of this study was to analyze the biological and economic aspects of the level of utilization of yellowfin tuna resources. The study was conducted at the Kutaraja Fishing Port in Banda Aceh by survey method. The results showed the intrinsic growth (r) was 0.87607 tons per year, the catchability coefficient (q) was 0.00016 tons per year, the carrying capacity was 6.873.10 tons per year, the cost (c) was 17.55 million per trip (IDR) and price (p) is 34.94 million per ton (IDR). Based on these parameters, the management regime at the time of MSY obtained the production level (h) of 1.505.33 tons per year, the effort amounted to 2,771.58 trips per year and the economic rent (π) of 3,955.15 billion per year (IDR). In MEY conditions, the production rate (h) is 1,183.48 tons per year, the effort is 1,490.01 trips per year, and the economic rent (π) is 15,199.41 billion per year (IDR). In the condition of management of open access production (h) is 1,496.82 tons per year with an effort of 2,980.03 trips per year and economic rent of 0 (IDR). The static parameter analysis shows that the utilization of yellowfin tuna in North Aceh waters is economical overfishing and biological overfishing.

Displaced phase-amplitude variable in polar form. This variable is used to investigate changes in amplitude in complex fields with phases that depend only on the position in the propagation. Soliton on Finite Background (SFB) which is an exact solution of Nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation has been widely used in investigating wave propagation dynamics so that it is the basic for the proposed displaced phase-amplitude. Using displaced phase-amplitude, the results obtained can be described in Argand Diagrams. Wave equation used as a model is the Benjamin Bona Mahony (BBM) equation where the envelope of this wave evolves following the NLS equation. This wave is unidirectional long wave on the surface and has low amplitude characteristics. Step by step to obtain a SFB solution that contains displaced phase-amplitude described and displayed in an argand diagram. In additional, the envelope graph is given.

The aim of this research was to study the coffee fermentation with inoculation of Bacillus subtilis isolated from civet (Paradoxorus hermaphroditus) as starter culture. The quality of coffee was evaluated by sensory quality (cup test). Two treatments were carried out: control/coffee non-inoculated starter culture (treatment F) and coffee inoculated with a Bacillus subtilis starter culture (treatment G). The fermentations were conducted for 48 h in triplicate. A inoculation of Bacillus subtilis as a starter culture cause a decrease in pH and increase in total titratable acidity of coffee fermentation solution. A panel of five trained coffee testers (Q-grader from Gayo Cupper's Team) evaluated the samples. Ten sensorial attributes analyzed were fragrance/aroma, flavor, aftertaste, acidity, body, uniformity, balance, sweetness, cleanliness and overall. The result showed that the use of Bacillus subtilis starter culture improved quality of coffee fermentation. The aroma, flavour, aftertaste, body, balance and overall were increased. The cupping score total of coffee increased from 82.83 to 84.33. Metabolites analysis should be further investigated to confirm this result, especially organic acids compound.

This study aims to find out suitable chemical composition and sensory test of 24 sweet potato clones to select clones that meet consumer preferences. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Food, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala in September to October, 2015. The clones used in this study were nineteen sweet potato clones passed by CIP-SEA Bogor, Indonesia, and five Local clones. The study used Completely Randomized Design of non-factorial where clones were treated. The highest moisture content and ash were found in Cream Saree, local clones (83%; 4.77%). The highest protein content was found in CIP-BDG and CIP-WHI5 clones (4.89%; 4.58%), and the highest carbohydrate content (56.10%) was found in CIP-CER. The sensory results were that the preferred round tuber shape was found on CIP-513 clone, the preferred texture of tuber skin and soft tuber flesh were found on CIP-MAN, CIP-BDG, CIP-WHI5, CIP-204, CIP-B19, CIP-287, CIP-GA, SARI, local Cream Saree, local Orange Saree, the preferred skin color and purple tuber flesh were found in CIP-1945 clones, CIP-BDG, and CIP-W, the preferred sweet tuber taste was found in CIP-B9 clones, and the overall reception criteria was found on the CIP-GA clone.

Fusion reactor is an innovative power plant, which is necessary for a sustainable society. The important issue is the development of key components, i.e. tritium breeding blanket and divertor. Liquid metal Li and Pb-16Li are candidate tritium breeders, which also function as a reactor coolant. Liquid Sn is a promising coolant of liquid surface divertor, which is responsible for power exhaust and impurity removal through guided plasma exhaust in magnetic plasma confinement fusion reactors. The design studies on the liquid breeder blanket and the liquid surface divertor are being conducted toward fusion DEMO reactor. The chemical behaviours of liquid metals have been studied to improve the tritium transfer and the material compatibility. This paper reviews recent studies on the liquid metal technologies for the fusion reactors.

In this study, the composite made of rice straw fiber and polypropylene as the adhesive has been produced. The mechanical properties (modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength) and physical properties (density and thickness swelling) of composite samples have been examined for various compositions of rice straw fibers. The highest modulus of rupture of our composite is found to be 113 kgf/cm² obtained at the composition of rice straw fiber 40 wt. % and polypropylene 60 wt. %. The highest modulus of elasticity of our composite is 3.5×10⁴ kgf/cm² obtained at the composition of rice straw fiber 30 wt. % and polypropylene 70 wt. %. The modulus of elasticity tends to decline when the composition of rice straw is increased. The highest compressive strength and density are 8.9 MPa and 0.6 g/cm³, respectively, which are obtained at the formation of rice straw 60 wt. % and polypropylene 40 wt. %. Both compressive strength and density tend to increase when the composition of rice straw fiber is increased. The thickness swelling of the sample was obtained in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 %. Our composites (for all rice straw fiber compositions) have met Indonesian National Standard requirements for particleboard. Based on our results, we recommend producing a composite of rice straw fiber and polypropylene adhesive with an arrangement of 60 wt. % rice straw fiber and 40 wt. % polypropylene.

The photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine (IC) dye was carried out by using TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite prepared by impregnation method under UV light irradiation. The effect of TiO₂ to Fe₂O₃ mole ratio on the properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite was studied by the prepared three series of TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites with TiO₂ to Fe₂O₃ mole ratio of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1. The characterization of TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite by XRD showed that the iron (III) oxide extracted from iron ore and calcined at 700°C was in hematite phase (a-Fe₂O₃). The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposites was determined by using 6 W UV lamps with the wavelength 365 nm and the degradation efficiency of indigo carmine was determined based on UV-Vis spectrophotometer data. The TiO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite with the the mole ratio of TiO₂ to Fe₂O₃ 1:3 showed higher photocatalytic activity than other mole ratio and bare Fe₂O₃. Degradation efficiency also was highly affected by the initial pH of IC solution, photocatalyst dosage and initial IC concentration. The maximum experimental degradation efficiency of IC was achived at pH value 1 using 0.35 g of photocatalyst and at 20 ppm of initial IC concentration after being irradiated by UV light for 120.

Anthocyanin from the flower Ruelila tuberosa L was successfully extracted by maceration using methanol. The total extract obtained was 19.22% with a concentration of 1.503 mg/L correspondingly. Retention time was analyzed using Thin Layer Chromatography and an Rf value of 0.43 was achieved. The analytical determination of functional groups was conducted using FTIR. The sensitivity of anthocyanin towards phosphate buffer pH is 0.222 at the range of pH 6 - 8 with R² = 0.996 at maximum wavelength of 635 nm. On the other hand, its sensitivity towards citrate buffer is 0.022 at pH range 6 - 8 with a linearity of R² = 0.999 at 625 nm maximum wavelength. The anthocyanin showed good in sensitivity and dynamic range in 0.1 M Phosphate buffer solution.

Analysis of mercury (Hg) in water and sediment samples from Krueng Sabee (KS), Panga (P) and Teunom (T) rivers have been carried out. Water and sediment samples were collected at three different sampling points. Concentration of mercury was determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Measurement of temperature, pH and salinity of the water samples was carried out in situ method. The results of in situ measurements showed a temperature ranges of 24 to 32°C, pH of 6 - 8 and salinity of 0.1 - 0.3. Based on the analysis of samples, the concentration of mercury in water and sediment samples during March 2019 (sunny condition) were 0.3328 and 6.2330 μg/L, respectively and April 2019 (rainy condition) were 0.0560 and 0.2778 μg/L, respectively. Evaluation of the pattern of Hg distribution in water and sediment samples was conducted by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The result of PCA analysis in sediment samples showed a strong correlation between Hg concentration at the KS1 and KS2 sampling points. Meanwhile, the concentration of Hg in water samples showed a strong correlation at sampling points of T2 and T3.

Chlorine (Cl) detection using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques in geology and environment samples is still challenging since the experimental conditions greatly influence the analytical performance of LIBS. Cl emission in LIBS must be studied carefully to find the optimum condition to allow Cl detection. In the present study, Cl emission was studied from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sample containing Cl as major element. A Transversely Excited Atmosphere (TEA) carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser was used for inducing plasma from the sample. Cl emission was investigated by varying the experimental conditions, especially energy of the laser pulse. The emission spectrum from the consequent plasma was detected using an Optical Multichannel Analyzer (OMA) system. It was found that Cl emission lines only can be obtained when helium was used as the surrounding gas. The strongest emission line of Cl I 837.59 nm in the infrared region cannot be detected even under helium surrounding gas. Instead, many ionic emission lines of Cl in ultraviolet regions including the strong ionic lines (Cl II 479.45 nm, Cl II 481.00 nm, Cl II 481.94 nm and the weak lines (Cl II 476. 86 nm, Cl II 478.13 nm, Cl II 489.67 nm, Cl II 490.47 nm and Cl II 491.77 nm) can unequivocally be detected. It was also found that the intensity of Cl emission lines critically depends on the energy of the laser pulse, namely the emission intensity of Cl lines increases sharply with energy. In present work, the highest intensity of Cl emission lines was obtained when the energy of the laser pulse was about 2500 mJ, giving strong and clear Cl emission lines with low background and relatively high signal to background ratio of more than 3.

Infrared spectroscopy has the capability to determine the mineralogical composition of geologic materials. Its reflectance spectra contain diagnostic spectral absorption feature characteristics that can be used for analyzing the mineral chemistry and chemical composition of volcanic material samples. In this research, we analyze the infrared spectral shapes and properties of volcanic materials at specific wavelength ranges in order to identify compositional information of the samples. We used volcanic material samples such as ash and rocks (tuffs) collected from Sinabung volcano, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Reflectance spectra of the samples were characterized using infrared spectroscopic method. Variation in depth of spectral absorption features and reflectance values of ash and rock samples related to grain size, chemical and mineralogical composition, and surface roughness of the samples. The spectroscopic characteristics showed that these volcanic samples exhibit a strong Al-OH absorption feature centered at ~2200 nm. It indicates that the samples contain predominantly clay or other phyllosilicate minerals. Reflectance spectroscopy can be used to extract compositional information of mineralogy in volcanic material samples.

This investigation aims to study heat transfer rates and temperature changes within a 5 litter cold box enveloped with water-salt solution as phase change material (PCM). The study begins with design and fabrication of a cold box followed by performance tests. Salt sample was collected from a traditional producer in Aceh Besar District, Indonesia. In order to understand the effect of pre-treatment, some of samples were heated at 400 and 600°C for 30 min and compare it with those untreated. Salt solution of each samples was prepared by adding 10 wt.% of salt into water and filled into eight PCM bottles. PCM charging procedure was performed in a refrigerator for 12 h. By placing eight bottle of PCM into the cold-box, thermal energy discharging process was monitored by using four thermocouples. The changes in temperature were recorded for eight hours. In general, result shows that pre-treatment of salt results in a positive effect on thermal energy storage capacity. The best performance of cold storage system was exhibited by PCM made of salt treated at 600 °C where the rate of temperature change within eight hours experiment is 0.055 °C/min.

The dead time behavior from several inert gas and mathematical methods under temperature and column variation have been studied using randomized block design. Dead time of inert gas and mathematical dead time calculated using n-alkane homologous series that measurement with gas chromatography at temperatures of 60, 90 and 120°C and columns of PS-255, OV-11, CPSIL-5CB, HP -5 and HP-INNOWAX were used as a set data in randomized block design. The results showed that temperature variation affects all dead time values, either for inert gas dead time or mathematical method, except for Parcher method. Different column types between capillary and packed column exhibits a significant effect. For capillary column, all dead time values, either for inert gas dead time or mathematical method is not affected by polarity variation, but they are affected by the column length. Meanwhile for packed column, column length does not affect the mathematical dead time of Ne and He gases, but it affects the dead time of O₂ and Ar gases. Parcher method exhibits the best result with a robust dead time, without significant effect in statistics by the change of temperature and column.

The preparation and characterization of cellulose acetate from cotton was conducted in this study. Cotton was hydrolyzed using various concentrations of sulfuric acid (10, 20, 30 and 40%). The bleaching process was performed by using H₂O₂ solution. The acetylation process was conducted using acetic acid solution. The obtained cellulose acetate was then characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to observe the functional groups, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the crystallinity of cellulose acetate. The results of FTIR analysis confirmed the formation of cellulose acetate. SEM images showed the irregular sizes of cellulose acetate. XRD patterns exhibited that the acetylation process increased the crystallinity of cellulose.

Researchers and engineers have used cathodic protection (CP) to prevent corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC). Boundary element method (BEM) is a promising numerical technique to evaluate the effectiveness of CP on RC structures. However, some parameters that might affect the system or the potential distribution, such as mesh ratio, still need to be studied further. This paper aims to study the effect of mesh ratio on the potential distribution of RC installed CP using BEM. Simple 3D beam model of RC was used for the case study. The mesh for the model was triangular element and six variations of the mesh ratio were selected for the study. The mesh ratio obtained from the comparison between the size of the concrete element and the anode or cathode element. Simulation results show that the distribution of potential for all mesh ratios is within the protection criteria (⩽ −850 mV vs Cu/CuSO₄). However, the difference between maximum and minimum potential value becomes smaller when the mesh ratio increased. Hence, it shows that the mesh ratio has an effect on the distribution of potential of RC installed CP. However, it is still tolerable since the potential within protection criteria.

One of the harbours of endophytic fungi was medicinal plants. In this study, medicinal plant of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels was used to isolate endophytic fungi, especially from the leaves. The surface sterilization was first step before isolation of endophytic fungi. Isolation of endophytic fungi used potato dextrose agar (PDA) media and PDA containing plant extract. The single spores from endophytic fungi were obtained using water agar method. Thirty-seven endophytic fungi have been isolated from S. cumini and the antimicrobial activity was shown by 17 of endophytic fungi isolates. The result shows that endophytic fungi isolated from leaves of S. cumini (L.) Skeels display a good source of natural antimicrobial agents.

Free Radicals are substances that derive from incompletely oxidized compounds that can damage cells and cause inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, cancer, and aging. Plants are known as a source of medicines that are being developed by researchers, such as temurui (Murraya koenigii L. Spreng) which collected from Langsa, Aceh. Temurui or curry leaves, a plant that is usually used as a cooking spice by Aceh people, were extracted using maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. Methanolic extract of temurui showed very strong DPPH scavenging activity with the IC₅₀ value of 77.818 ppm. This activity was contributed by secondary metabolites contained in that plant, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. This plant have great potent to develop as new drugs, especially new antioxidant drugs.

Acehnese is one of ethnic of seven others (Gayo, Alas, Aneuk Jamee, Kluet, Singkil, Tamiang, Simeulu) who are in Aceh Province. Indigenous knowledge is a cultural heritage that can function as a conservation effort on biological resources. Postnatal mother care is one of the cultures of the Acehnese people. The aim of this research is to obtain information about postnatal mother care by the Acehnese. The method was Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) and observation techniques by purposive respondents (midwives (makblien), postnatal mothers, and mothers aged ⩾45 y). The data werecollected in six districts of Aceh Province (Banda Aceh, Aceh Besar, Pidie, Pidie Jaya, Bireun, and Aceh Jaya). The results showed that there were three to seven treatments in postnatal mother care, including body massage, herbal remedies for stomach appliances, hot stone (tőetbatee), fog treatment (salee), herb body scrub (param), bathing herb, and herb pills. The herb pillswere the most popular treatment and used many plants than the others. Otherwise, fog treatment wasnot popular in postnatal mother care. Aceh Besar district could be predicted to conserve local knowledge and medicinal plant than the others.

Isolation of ethyl acetate extract from cocoa pod husks (Theobroma cacao L) and testing of their cytotoxic as well as antioxidant activities has been done. The cytotoxic activities test has been carried out employing Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, while the antioxidant activities test was employing l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and vitamin C as positive control. In the cytotoxic test, all fractions showed excellent cytotoxic activity with a range of LC50 = ∞ ppm to 107.15 ppm. The extract also showed antioxidant activity with IC50 = 163.35 ppm and vitamin C = 0.014 ppm. Isolation of the active components of ethyl acetate extract using silica gel as stationary phase and n-hexane:ethyl acetate (9:1) eluent, yielded a combination of 9 fractions (TCE1-TCE9). The separation of TCE 5 produced white needle crystals with a melting point of 128 - 131°C. Based on the stain pattern, the crystal belongs to a phenolic compound.

Butterflies, mostly the male congregate and uptake the sodium and amino acids from the mud, dung, and urine of mammals or decaying flesh and then transferred to the female during mating. This behaviour is usually called as puddling. Hence, the objective of the present study was to identify the puddle butterflies in the Soraya river banks, their sex and age ratio. Five sampling points were observed for three hours (09:00-12:00 am) during 5 d each. The number of individual and number of species of butterflies that do puddlings were observed. A total of 25 species of butterflies belonging to four families were identified. Appias lyncida and Graphium sarpedon were the most active in puddling followed by Caleta elna, Pathysa antiphates and Appias lybithea. Generally, butterflies that do puddle were the male and the young individual.

The gastropod is one class of the Mollusca phylum using the abdomen as the leg. Generally gastropods are crawling on the bottom of the waters and submerged in the mud and are often called epifauna and infauna gastropods. Research on diversity of epifauna gastropods in the littoral zone has been done in Mesjid Raya, Aceh Besar District. This research aims to determine the diversity of gastropod species based on the substrate types (coral reef, muddy and sandy). The exploratory method by using transect line was used in this study. In each substrate, a line transect was drawn for five transects with a length of 50 m. The transects were started from the tidal line. The distance between transects were 50 m. Each transect was made in 10 sampling plots measuring lm × lm, and the distance between plots was 5m. The gastropods were collected directly and without damaging the substrates. The epifauna gastropods obtained was put into a sample bottle and preserved using 70% alcohol. The results showed that 23 families and 54 species of epifauna gastropods were identified. The number of species of gstropods was found in the sandy and muddy substrate more than in the sandy and corral reef substrate, but the highest diversity index was found in the sandy substrate, meanwhile the lowest diversity was found in the coral reef substrate. The highest species density was obtained on Rhinoclavis aspera.

This article discusses the mathematical model of changes in the number of cancer cells as a result of the intervention. Here the effect of combination treatment, in the form of virus injection and chemotherapy on tumor cells, is presented in detail. There are two different tumor cells, uninfected tumor cells and infected tumor cells. Model simulations with different parameters were performed for 700 d. The initial values for the population of virus-infected tumor cells are divided into two categories. The number of tumor cells injected with the virus is ½ (half) and all tumor cells that are not infected. Based on the simulation results, it was concluded that the more the number of tumor cells injected with the virus, the faster the decrease in the number of tumor cell populations. It was also concluded that the reduced population of tumor cells reduces the amount of chemotherapy concentration used.

This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of the glutathione in cryopreservation of African catfish Clarias gariepinus spermatozoa. The study was conducted at the Ujung Batee Brackish Aquaculture Center (BPBAP), Aceh Besar, Indonesia. Five concentrations of glutathione were tested in this study using the completely randomized design. These concentrations of glutathione were 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mgL⁻¹. Every treatment was performed with four replications. The results showed that the glutathione gave the significant effect on the sperm motility (P < 0.05), but did not give the significant effect on the sperm viability (P > 0.05). The average percentage of sperm motility after thawing was P0 (39.25%), P1 (28.50%), P2 (39.25%), P3 (34.00%) and P4 (40.50%), while the average percentage of sperm viability was P0 (84.37%), P1 (81.00%), P2 (91.62%), P3 (81.87%) and P4 (92.00%). The highest value of motility and viability were recorded in the in treatment P4 (2.0 mgL⁻¹ glutathione). However, these values were not different significantly with concentration of 1.0 mgL⁻¹. Therefore, it is concluded that the optimum concentration of the glutathione for the best sperm motility and viability is 1.0 mgL⁻¹

Dengue is one of the deadliest mosquito-borne diseases in the world. Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are the two responsible vectors for the disease. In this study, self-organizing map (SOM) was applied for ordination, clustering and mapping of the Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus abundance with their breeding container sizes. It was found that the abundance of vector related with the size of breeding container. Regardless of urbanization level, Ae. albopictus was more abundant in medium size containers, while Ae. aegypti was found more abundant in large containers. This finding suggested that for control efforts, eliminating medium and large breeding containers will significantly reduce Aedes population in Penang Island.

One way to increase oil and gas production in Indonesia is through the geophysical study for new deposits in Basins frontier, i.e., Tanimbar basin in Province of Maluku, Eastern of Indonesia. The Tanimbar basin is located in an area known as the Outer Banda Arc. Gravity is a usually geophysical method used for the sedimentary basin. But for the regional scale, the method requires an expensive cost and long time-consuming. In this research, we use the satellite gravity data provided by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego. This data has a low resolution of 1.5 km for 1 pixel and also free access. The satellite data will be compared with the gravity ground survey. The data was acquired by the University of London and Bandung Institute of Technology in 1987. The gravity satellite can show a more contrasting of geological structure compared to the ground survey, as well as syncline and anticline; the anomaly is indicated by the relatively high Bouguer data (3.5 to 25 mGal). The high anomaly is also influenced by tectonic activity from inner and Outer Banda Arc that exists in eastern Indonesia. The sub-sedimentary basin is represented by the low Bouguer anomalies (-40 to -25 mGal) that correlated well to ground survey data. Based on the result, it can be concluded; the satellite gravity is potentially used for delineating the sedimentary basin in Tanimbar Island.

The calculations of the dead time have been done in High Performance Liquid Chromatography System using spreadsheet method. The dead times produced by spreadsheet method were compared to the dead times of iteration method. The dead time were calculated using retention time and carbon number of 2-alkanone that eluted in several eluent composition of methanol/water. The dead time value generated by spreadsheet method shows the dead time value with equally good criteria to iteration method in generating the dead time value as low as possible, where the standard deviation of dead time value against the change of eluent composition is relatively low and the plot linearity of ln(k') vs n_C is shown to be good.

Geophysical surveys have been conducted using magnetic in the archaeological site of Kuta Lubok fortress, Aceh Besar. The fortress was built in 13th century by the Lamuri Sultanate in the northern part Aceh coast. To map an estimated area of archaeological objects, 420 stations have been measured. The data were measured by 21 profiles across of the area with the length of profiles vary from 40 to 60 m. To get a complete resolution, data is taken with a distance of 20 m between lines and a distance of 5 m between stations. From the total magnetic field map that has reduced to the poles, the anomaly is generally able to delineate buried building sites. Then based on Euler deconvolution analysis, the structure of the fortress building can be seen using a 5-meter depth level. But a clearer structure is seen in the use of 10 m in depth. Based on the interpretation of the two tolerance layers it can be concluded that the Kuta Lubok fortress was found stretching parallel to the line along the 400 m to the east of the fort building which is still intact.

Magnetotelluric is a geophysical method which uses natural time variations of the Earth's magnetic and electric fields. One-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion was carried out to estimate the electrical resistivity distribution of rocks which varied with depth. Non-linear relationships between model parameters and observation data lead to difficulties in the inversion process. This problem can be solved with a non-linear inversion method with a global search technique. One of the global search technique that gaining interest in the inverse problem is Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). PSO can find acceptable solutions from a very broad set of initial parameters. This study also carried out a non-linear local search technique, namely Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) which has been used globally for the geophysical problem. Then the two inversion algorithm was compared in determining the best model solution. There are two data used in this study which are generated from a three-layer model, namely data without noise and also data that has been added by Gaussian noise with 10% standard deviation. It was found that the results of the two inversions were quite good at determining the actual model. LM algorithm is an algorithm that is truly influenced by the initial value of the damping factor _ε² while PSO algorithm depends on several parameters, namely number of particles n, inertia weight w, cognitive parameter c₁ and social parameter c₂. Trial experiments suggested that the global best solution could be achieved with controlling parameters w_min = 0.4, w_max = 0.9, c₁ = 1.3 and c₂ = 1.5 without noise data and w_min = 0.7, w_max = 0.9, c₂ = 0.8 and c₂ = 1.4 for data with 10% noise.

Aceh is the region that some parts of the Sumatran Fault System (GSF) pass through. The existence of faults has implications for earthquake events. To understand the impact of seismic activities that occur along the fault, it is necessary to do fault mapping and geometry modelling. In this study, magnetotelluric geophysical methods were used to describe 2D resistivity structures in the northern Sumatran. A geophysical survey using magnetotelluric method was done to image 2D resistivity model along the northern part of the fault. The measurement was carried out two lines, with a length of the profile is 92 km and 114 km, consisting of 14 measurement points across the fault, with distances between tracks ranging from 10-15 km. 2D resistivity models were generated by using the Reduce Basic Occam (REBOCC) code. From the resulted model, it can be interpreted as indications of the existence of the Aceh Segment and Segment Seulimeum Faults. In-line C, there are two locations indicated by faults, namely Saree area associated with the Seulimeum segment and the Jantho area associated with the Aceh segment and line D in the geographic area is associated with the Aceh segment. From the resulted model, the Sumatran Fault in the northern part of Aceh was divided into two segments as shown in the model.

Nowadays, changes in the quality of surface water are becoming a serious problem to support clean water for the community. Aceh Jaya district as abundant natural resources that need to be processed and utilized, such as gold mining, agriculture, palm oil mills, and others. These activities can provide economic added value and also decrease the quality of the environment, such as changes in the quality of surface water. Surface water quality analysis has been studied to determine the different ion concentrations in the waters on the river Kr. Teunom and the river Kr. Ligan of Aceh Jaya regency. The results of the analysis of the water quality of the river show were physically the water quality of the river Kr. Teunom and Kr. Ligands are still following quality standards. Based on chemical parameters, the water quality of the river Kr. Teunom and Kr. Ligands, in general, are found in a low level of heavy metals such as Hg, Mn, Pb, As, Cd, and Cr in water. Cyanide levels in all samples of the river water are following the quality standard PPRI No. 82 of 2001 Class I and regulation of the Minister of Health Number: 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 concerning drinking water quality requirements. The presence of mercury ions in all river water must be a concern because mercury can accumulate in the tissues of aquatic organisms for a long time.

The use of solar energy using solar panels began to be encouraged. Solar panels utilize solar radiation and convert it into clean and renewable energy. The problems of the accuracy of the panel facing right towards radiation are a challenge in the development of a driving system. Solar panels have limited motion, which is a maximum of phi, so that wind disturbances are very dangerous for motor drives and solar panels. This paper aims to eliminate wind disturbances in solar panel drive systems. The fuzzy logic control is used to determine the amount of power given to the driving motor to direct the panel towards solar radiation. Inputs and outputs of fuzzy controllers are arranged by dividing into each of the five members. Simulation results show that the position error of solar panels without wind disturbances reaches 0.3325° in zonal and 0.5210° in meridional. By using wind disturbances, this system managed to maintain errors smaller than 0.4285° in zonal and 0.6116° in meridional. After modifying the rule base and membership function, systems show decreasing of error half of recent trial.

Diphtheria is one of the vaccine preventable diseases. Due to the advances in medical technology and vaccine availability, this disease should no longer be a health problem. Its outbreak which reached the highest point in 2017 has opened our eyes that diphtheria remains a major threat, is highly contagious, and leads to morbidity and mortality. The large number of diphtheria cases also indicates that the protection of immunization in the community has decreased. This paper aims to discuss the usage of the reliable official big data namely the Indonesia Health Profile from year 2004 to 2017 released by the Ministry of Health to describe the magnitude of diphtheria in Indonesia. Providing big open data related to infectious disease is very challenging. The released data should be managed properly so it can be used by the government and related institutions to generate better policies and recommendations in order to end the outbreak and provide adequate protection against diphtheria amongst Indonesian community.

This research aims to identify Aceh, Bali and Brahman cattle bones using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Cattle bone samples were obtained from Lambaro and Lampulo raditional market in Aceh Besar. Firstly, each bone sample was analyzed using FTIR and then followed by FTIR spectra analysis using PCA. FTIR spectra showed that inorganic samples produced from these cattle bones consisting of hydroxyl, carbonate and phosphate functional groups. Further inspection using the PCA plot, the cattle bones were separated into three groups with its difference of 90.03%. Three types of cattle bone (Aceh, Bali dan Brahman) are separated into different quadrants. Inspite of both Aceh cattle data are closed each to others and are located in the same quadrant. This experiment proved that the cattle bones of Aceh, Bali dan Brahman can be well distinguished by using the combination method of FTIR and PCA.

Bactrocera dorsalis is one of fruit fly species that caused to the decreasing of fruits qualities. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami impacted more than 60% Banda Aceh city's areas and changed the Banda Aceh city's landscape. The purpose of this study is to analyze the special distribution of B. dorsalis after 15 y of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Banda Aceh tsunami-affected and non-affected areas. The data was collected from December 2018 to January 2019. The B. dorsalis was trapped by using the Modified Steiner Trap method in four villages, which selected randomly in nine sub-districts in the tsunami-affected and non-affected areas of Banda Aceh. The host plants were selected such as mangos, star fruits, guavas, and jackfruits, which commonly recognized in Banda Aceh. Data was analyzed and presented by using the GIS. After 15 years of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami the land and fruits plants have recovered. Bactrocera dorsalis were found in tsunami-affected and non-affected areas with total 2510 of B. dorsalis. There is no significant difference of the spatial distribution of B. dorsalis in both areas.

The development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) related to web-based services such as portals, web services and databases (DB) services for searching, retrieving, disseminating and sharing information has also happened in the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) through web-based GIS Services. In GIS, the portal is replaced by Geoportal, Web Service by Web Mapping Service (WMS) and Web Feature Service (WFS) while DB Services is replaced by Geographic Database (GeoDB) services. Web based GIS services can be classified as Geoportal, WMS, WFS and GeoDB Services. This research developed a prototype of web-based GIS services for the management of Geographic Information related to disaster management. There are several techniques for developing GIS based web services such as using Content Management Systems for GIS, namely OpenGeo Suite, GeoNode, and ArcGIS based GIS Services. This research focuses on Web-based GIS Services with the ArcGIS platform. The prototype of Web-based GIS Services was built focusing on Geographic information in disaster management cycles such as recovery (rehabilitation and reconstruction), prevention (mitigation), preparedness and emergency response periods.