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Low Carbon Asia Research Network (LoCARNet) was established in 2011 as a knowledge-sharing network of research communities and other stakeholders that facilitates the formulation and implementation of science-based policies for low carbon development in the Asian region. The aim of LoCARNet is to facilitate science-based policies in order to realize a sustainable future based on a stabilized climate. To this end, the network endeavors to establish research capacity in the region based on South-South-North cooperation, and to reflect research findings into actual policies to achieve low-carbon growth.

The seventh LoCARNet Annual Meeting was held in Jakarta, Indonesia on 21–22 November, 2018. "Challenges for Asia to Meet 1.5°C Target" was the main theme of this annual meeting. This meeting was officially opened by IPB University rector, Dr. Arif Satria. More than 80 participants from various country and institution/organization, both government and NGO, attend this meeting.

Top speakers from Asian countries, during the keynote speech and plenary session, presented their recent research and activities with the aim to realise the 1.5°C target. They had a clear awareness and sense of responsibility that Asia, as the world's largest emitter of GHGs, is a key player in contributing to ensure the Paris Agreement goals turn into reality. During the parallel session, invited speakers and authors of selected paper presented their research on following topics: (i) Unlocking the Potential of Tropical Forests as a Climate Change Solution, (ii) Urban and Rural Low Carbon and Climate Resilience Development, (iii) Mitigation in Asia: Lessons Learnt from Actions Taken by Various Stakeholders and (iv) Innovative Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System in Asian Countries. At the last Plenary Session on the second day, discussions focused on one of LoCARNet's consistent concerns, namely how can we promote evidence-based policymaking by bridging the gap between policymakers and the research communities. At the end of the meeting, LoCARNet announced the LoCARNet Jakarta Declaration which includes the enhancement of Asian research capacity with more participation by young scientists, as well as emphasising Asia's readiness for low-carbon transition which contributes to the 1.5°C Target while achieving SDGs. More detail about LoCARNet 2018 can be found through: https://lcs-rnet.org/locarnet_meetings/2018/11/2576.

List of Editorial Committee, Scientific Committee, Assistant Editors and Conference Photographs are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Social forestry is considered as one element to support the practices of sustainable forest management in private and state forests in Indonesia. Currently, the government is promoting the five schemes of social forestry: Village Forest, Community Forest, Community-Based Plantation Forest, Customary Forest, and Partnership. An explorative study of a forest and climate change project in Kalimantan was conducted for 5 years and the experiences should be shared to learn about the strengths, threats, and strategies related to social forestry implementation. After the government has issued the new social forestry policy in 2016, nine villages were facilitated by the project and has obtained the Village Forest Licence. Most villagers preferred to participate in the Village Forest Scheme because the concept was simple and perceived by the people as easily managed. Village boundary agreement, community participation, intensive community empowerment by government or NGO were the important components for having social forestry licence from the Minister. Participatory land use planning was necessary to support the practice of sustainable social forestry, as well as local champion, villagers and local government commitment.

Construction of Botanical Garden (BG) in Indonesia is taking place rapidly. Construction of BG is listed in the second National Medium-Term Development Plan 2010-2014 which is stipulated through the Presidential Regulation No. 5 of 2010, as one of the 9^th National Priority activities concerning Environment and Disaster Management. These provisions have positioned BG in an effort to rescue, study and use Indonesian plants as increasingly strategic. The target of Indonesian BG in 2020 is to be able to collect 75% of Indonesian plants. Botanical Garden not only have important roles in the fields of conservation, research, environmental education and tourism, but also made significant contributions to environmental services. The construction of BGs in various regions in Indonesia has an important role in assisting to realise the government's commitment to reduce carbon emissions by 26%, conserving and utilising local potential flora, providing natural laboratories for research, education and tourism purposes, and supporting the implementation of green open space programmes. Based on the Presidential Regulation No. 93 of 2011 concerning BG, BG was stated as ex-situ plant conservation areas that played roles in reducing the rate of degradation of plant diversity, so that it was crucial to develop BG. Botanical garden must be built in a planned, coordinated manner and meet the standards of building of a BG. Management of BG involved the maintenance and utilisation of BG, plant collections and supporting infrastructures.[1] Botanical garden served to help reforest the city with various types of species as the lungs of cities that produced oxygen, prevented erosion, and drought, as well as educative recreational sites. Disaster mitigation associated with BG denotes that the construction of BG in various parts of Indonesia is an effort to reduce the risk of disasters such as floods, droughts, air pollution, and loss of diversity of germplasm, and public awareness in the face of disaster threats. Stakeholders involved in the construction of BG are Indonesia Institute of Sciences/LIPI, local government, schools, universities, and non-governmental organisations. Public awareness in facing the threat of disasters through BG could be done through developing and implementing an environmental education of BG.

The Kahayan River is one of the largest rivers in Central Kalimantan and has attracted both domestic and foreign tourists. The typical life and settlements alongthe Kahayan River provided a unique panorama that could be developed into ecotourism and enjoyed by visitors and could enhanced tourism development in Central Kalimantan as itis one of the uniqueness of Central Kalimantan Province. The river is the main orientation of the Dayaks, who has the philosophy thatliving water is the source of life. Theyreliedon riverside area as a green space for the area that functions as a buffer zone and open space of the city. The Kahayan Riverside has an important role in the development of city tourism to date. Activities along the Riverside areais one of the economic centres of the city's complex, which is sufficient and supports the activities of the city dwellers. The purpose of this study was to develop the concept of ecotourism for the Kahayan Riverside as a form of implementation and recommendation for the policy of Palangka Raya City Government. Ecotourism supportsthe sustainability of the community and the future Kahayan River area. The research used a mix-used methodcomprised of severalphases: (1) preparation; (2) implementation; and (3) post-implementation. Field observation and dataexploration were conducted through interviews with selected natives. The analysis provided a tacit knowledge of descriptive interpretative elaboration ofvarious aspects of the local community life. The results produced an ecotourism design, specifically on the arrangement of river tourism areas and promotions of culture, the typical Central Kalimantan handicrafts and the attractiveness of the Kahayan Riverside area. The ecotourism concept provides recommendations to the Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan concerning the: (1) physical concept of arrangement; and (2) non-physical concepts, with regard to economic and social analyses of the Kahayan River community. Both concepts supported the development of ecotourism in the Kahayan Riverside area towards sustainable development that is oriented towards the preservation of the Kahayan Riverside area.

Using the green economy framework of DeLacy [14], this paper evaluated the policy environment regarding the green economy concept and circumstance in the destination of Wakatobi Island, Indonesia. The four policy clusters of the green economy framework guided the investigation in order to provide an understanding of the existing green economy framework policies and identify policy gaps that were pertinent to the transformation to the green economy of the tourism sector in the destination of Wakatobi Island. The policy analysis was also informed by observations in the destination to explore the extent that the destination has implemented green economy policies. It was found that the policy environment in Indonesia is generally conducive for the tourism sector to transform into a green economy. However, most of the green economy initiatives in the country are policy-level adaptation. Further, there is a strong need to incorporate measurement of indicators of progress towards the success of implementation of the published policies.

It is necessary to estimate the total carbon of forest or agroforest biomass using satellite remote sensing technology since the areas of Indonesian forests and agroforest are very large. However, ground truthing a large area would be time consuming and expensive; and the results might be affected by changes in the vegetation structure over the duration of the survey. Moreover, this method was also effective in monitoring changes in biomass and carbon by year. This study was therefore critical due to the lack of similar studies in Indonesia, especially on Sumatera Island. This study has the puspose to estimate the total biomass and biodiversity value in Damar agroforest; and investigate the relationship between the carbon stock in agroforest biomass and the pixel value, and continued mapping the carbon. In addition, simple linear regression and multiple linear regression were applied to analyse the single spectral band ratios of 1 to 5 and 7; and it also applied the 10 vegetation indices such as Simple Ratio 4/3, NDVI, SAVI, Brightness, Greenness, Wetness, TNDVI, ND 73, Simple Ratio 7/3, and Ratio 327 as a biomass predictor. The results have found that the dominating species (51 %) was Shorea javanica belonging to the family of Dipterocarpaceae. In addition, 73 species belonging to 35 families were identified. Biodiversity was identified to be moderately stable and the distribution of species abundance falls in the moderate category. Thus 70 % of Damar agroforest areas might be dominated by one or more species. The significant model was successful in finding in spectral reflectance at band 7. In addition, the model based on simple linear regression produced of R2 = 0.44; F-stat. = 14.88 > F crit. = 4.38, p-value = 0.001, df = 1, 19; and the model has the lowest value of RMSE = 52.84. This model was chosen as the ideal model to predict a carbon content in Damar agroforest with equation Y = 267.83 – 1625.5 band 7. The average carbon content was estimated to be 130.19 Mg C/ha, such carbon content was nearly equal to that of Dipterocarp forest. It is therefore important to maintain the Damar agroforest ecosystem services with high biodiversity as well as natural forest; furthermore, it is also a preferable site for carbon trading.

Decentralised government aimed to enhance local participation in regional development. The regional governments have been mandated by the central government to implement carrying capacity assessment to ensure that the ecosystem services would be maintained and adequate to meet the demands. Based on the carrying capacity assessment in Seruyan of Central Kalimantan, the recommendations related to emissions from deforestation and forest degradation are: 1) to protect all existing forest covers in the north; 2) to restore areas within the forest and national parks; and 3) to restore riparian areas and areas with slope > 45%. By implementing all these recommendations, the district would be able to reduce an annual emissions of 3.7 MtCO2e and 1.3 MtCO2e compared to the district baseline and BAU scenario, respectively, until 2030.

River basins provide homes and livelihoods to millions of people and play important roles in providing water for agriculture, drinking, industry and sewage as well as for hydropower energy production. The threat of climate change on water resources is serious and has to be taken into account in developing short, medium, and long-term development and management plans of river basins. The competition for water resources is projected to increase significantly, not only because of growing global population but also due to increasing demands from industry and agriculture. The impacts of climate change will put further stresses on water resources with projected changes in precipitation patterns. Potentially, more extreme rainfall events will occur, which will cause increased runoff and leave less water available to recharge the groundwater. The study assessed the overall vulnerability profile of the villages over the 2005 to 2011 period. The vulnerability assessment showed that villages classified as 'very vulnerable' are characterised by seven key areas: limited access to clean water particularly during the dry season, many households and buildings being located near the river banks, main economic activities being dependent on agriculture, limited access to electricity, lack of education, and health facilities. There were 17 very vulnerable villages in 2011 in the CRB. The current level of climate risk in these villages is still medium, but in the future the risk will increase significantly. Immediate adaptation actions (within 1 to 5 years) are recommended for 25 villages. Short term adaptation actions (within 5 to 10 years) are recommended for over 100 villages.

Climate change will have different impacts on individuals and communities, and showed strongest on the coastal communities. Fishing community would suffered the most since they inhabited areas with higher exposure to climate risks, and they have fewer resources to adapt to the changing conditions or recovering from sea-level rise and extreme weather events. This study had the objective to identify social practices within the fishing communities on the coast of Semarang and analysed their roles on the community's climate change resilience. Data collection was carried out using participatory observations and in-depth interviews, supported by literature studies. Data were analysed qualitatively. The results indicated that the social practices found among the fishing community on the coast of Semarang comprised of 3 concepts, namely Habitus, Capital, and Field. The study have found that these social practices played significant roles in strengthening the community's resilience to climate change. The fishing communities were able to survive in the Field affected by the climate change-triggered rising sea level, because they have proper Habitus and Capital for the Field. However, in the context of climate change threat, the community's resilience was limited. Hence, under a very extreme climate scenario, the social practice-based resilience has some thresholds that if continuously suppressed, could become fragile.

Unconventional tin mining is devouring coastal forest and mangrove in Belitung Island. Thus, carbon emission from deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and increasing vulnerability of coastal communities are inevitable. TERANGI together with ICCTF initiated Belitung Mangrove Park (BMP) to convert inactive tin mining in Seberang Bersatu Community Forest, Belitung, into a mangrove tourism park. Local community were trained in ecotourism management, mangrove rehabilitation, ecosystem monitoring, tour guiding, promotion, and financial management. The total carbon stock in Juru Sebrang Community Forest equalled to 4,704.159 tonnes with unequal distribution. Mangrove rehabilitation was conducted over a 1.5 ha with current carbon stock of 3 tonnes. In order to support low-carbon ecotourism activities, two solar power electric generator were installed and able to reduce emissions of 872 kg CO₂/year. The local community was able to develop, promote, and manage ecotourism activities independently, and increased their group assets, from IDR 698,014,118 to IDR 18,655,700,000 just within 18 months. Tourist visits increased from around 3,000 visits/month to 14,000 visits/month. The programme also involved stakeholders from programme development, area management plan, and research and monitoring, thus increasing the participation and supports from both the local and national stakeholders. The programme success and lesson-learned could also be replicated in other areas.

Land use changes are so prevalent in almost all regions in Indonesia, including in Purwakarta Regency. Purwakarta Regency is located between Jakarta City as the capital city of Indonesia and Bandung City as the provincial capital of West Java. The conversion of agricultural were due to the pressures from other land uses. Agricultural land use changes certainly have implications for microclimate changes. The objectives of this study were to analyse changes in paddy fields due to the pressure from other land use conversion and to formulate solutions for land conversion control policy. The study was conducted in Purwakarta Regency, including the Citarum watershed area. The studied area has a total of 62,398 ha out of the total 97,172 ha of the whole Purwakarta. The study used the Spatial Dynamics Analysis approach with Powersim Studio and IDRISI to predict the land changes in the year 2030. The simulation showed that paddy field areas decreased to 36.07 % from 20,394 ha in 2012 to 13,036.90 ha in 2030. On the contary, residential areas increased as much as 105.94 % from 5,418.44 ha in 2012 to 11,158.7 ha in 2030. The loss of paddy fields totalling to 8,668.21 ha from 2009 to 2030, has implications on the microclimate changes with the economic value of environmental services, in particular prevention of an increase temperature, of IDR 2,812,240,804,033.00. Policies are needed to clearly define the spatial land use with regional regulations to control paddy fields conversion, implement Sustainable Food Crop Areas owned by the government with farmer empowerment and develop derivative products by utilising the wastes.

The local community in Lembeh Island, North Sulawesi depend on natural resources that is affected by climate change, such as fisheries and agriculture, and therefore their vulnerability to climate change needed to be assessed. A vulnerability and resilience survey was done in three villages in Lembeh Island, which were Kareko, Pintu Kota, and Pasir Panjang. Questionnaires survey with parameters of the sensitivity, exposure, and adaptive capacity were done to 90 households. Results showed that the most vulnerable village is Pintu Kota. This is due to the decline of the fisheries outcomes that affected by extreme weathers as the result of the climate change itself. Aside from that, the local community in Pintu Kota Village was lack of information and knowledge about the mitigation and adaptation strategy to the natural disaster and climate change effect. On the other side, the most resilient village is Pasir Panjang, this is due to most households there usually have members with several alternative livelihoods, so that the local community of Pasir Panjang have the ability and skill to survive toward the impact of the ecological disaster and climate change. Since Lembeh Island experienced a high exposure to climate change, the local community need to cope with and adapt to it. Therefore, this study output addressed the government and other related institutions to promote better mitigation and adaptation strategy towards ecological disaster and climate change impacts.

Information about the vulnerability of an area due to climate change is one of the supporters on the implementation of the early warning system which is carried out as one of the adaptation activities in health sector in the face of climate change. Health vulnerability assessment research due to climate change was conducted to determine the level of vulnerability and influential indicators for adaptation planning. The study was conducted in the City of Semarang in 2015, to determine indicators of vulnerability for dengue disease due to climate change. Weighting vulnerability indicator variables was done using Principal Component Analysis. The results of the indicators valuation obtained were temperature classification and flood for the exposure component; population density and cases of dengue disease for the sensitivity component; number of health care facilities, number of health workers, clean and healthy living behaviour programme, and healthy houses for adaptive capacity components. The Exposure Index for Dengue Hemorragic Fever (DHF) was found at low and moderate levels, the Sensitivity Index for DHF was at moderate and high levels, while the Adaptive Capacity Index was at very low and low levels. It is necessary to plan and implement proactive policies so as to increase the adaptive capacity of local communities and reduce sensitivity to DHF.

The relative impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events of Rice Cropping Calendar on Equatorial and Monsoon Region of Indonesia were studied. The spatial distribution of partial correlations between rainfalls with the ENSO and IOD over West Sumatera and West Java indicated a significant impact on rainfall anomalies normally along the period of September – November. The ENSO and IOD events, which is known as a monsoon type, had a wider impact in West Java, especially over northern of West Java. On the other hand, there was only a little impact of the ENSO and IOD on rainfall anomalies in the southern-west of West Sumatera. This strength was shown to be associated with the evolution of distinct weather types revealed by Pearson analysis. In these regions, the same impact of the ENSO and IOD on the width of planting area was very weak in the period of December-March whereas that in the period of June-November the impact on West Sumatera reached only 10% moreover, the impact in West Java could reach up to 80%. On the period scales, the ENSO and IOD events had significant impacts to delayed onsets of rice cropping calendar in which they were more intense than previous ones. In general, the magnitude of ENSO-delayed onsets was greater than delays to the IOD. The period-stratified ENSO variability during each of the months from September to November had a significant impact of delayed planting 2 to 4 dekads in West Sumatera and 4 to 6 dekads on West Java. This confirmed that strong ENSO events indeed affected the southern of West Sumatera and northern of West Java. Meanwhile, the period-stratified IOD variability on West Sumatera and West Java had a significant impact of delayed planting 2 to 4 dekads.

Indonesia GHG emission mostly originated from the Land-Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) sectors. The complexity of land conversion pattern and different carbon stocks for each land type makes have made the mitigation and emission calculations for the LUCF more challenging. However, the Indonesian government has already introduced some policy package to reduce the deforestation and increase the reforestation. Here we, simulate the policy to reduce deforestation by increasing the yield of the crops, and increase reforestation. The simulation was done by using the Computer General Equilibrium (CGE) combined with Land Conversion Matrix. The focus of this study was to observe how mitigation, especially from the land-use sector, would affect the economy under the low and high economic growths. The results indicated that the mitigation policy would hit the Indonesian economy harder under the low economic growth, since under the low growth, Indonesia might experienced around 2.7% of GDP loss in 2030 compared to the BAU level. However, if Indonesia is able to achieve high economic growth, the introduction of mitigation, especially through the improvement of crop productivity, might produce better implications to the economy. However, this result also might be overestimated, especially for the GDP due to the consideration of high economic growth and several study limitations in this paper.

Regardless of increasing concern to climate change, mainstreaming the issue into a development plan has been challenging. A review at Bogor City government's development plans reveals that a range of activities has been incorporated to reduce the City's Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions and these activities have also targeted major and increasing emission sources based on their emissions profile. We identified relevant activities indicated in Medium-Term City Development Plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah - RPJMD) and Medium-Term Sectoral Strategic Plans (Rencana Strategis - RENSTRA) for the periods of 2014–2019. We examined the emission profile and similar to other cities worldwide, energy was revealed as the largest source of emission in Bogor. Emissions from energy sector accounted for 99% of the total city emission and 36% of it come from transportation. We also examined the annual trends. In 2016, Bogor City had a population of 1,064,687, a 10% increase from year 2010. The increase was similar to their GHG emissions which showed a 13% increase in 2016 compared to the 2010' level. The growth between these two parameters, however, was not similar. While Bogor City's population showed a positive trend, despite at smaller rate than in previous years, emissions level in 2016 was actually less than the 2015 level. This significant emission reduction within a year might not merely be the results of mitigation action, but other factor such as economic condition. Review on Bogor City government's Development Plan for the period of 2014–2019 showed six groups of mitigation programmes were being implemented. Some of the activities within the programmes were progressing well while others were having set back. Consultation with relevant agency's officers revealed some operational constraints to the implementation of the mitigation activities. Bogor City has developed a Bus Rapid Transportation (BRT) system called Trans Pakuan and has improved pedestrian area to reduce individual vehicle trips. Despite enthusiasm from City Government through these programmes, the increasing trend of e-hail apps transportation was potentially constraining as their ability to cater door-to-door trip is preferable for users than using bus or walking. In the waste sector, lack of segregating habit in households contributed to problems in 3R (reduce, reuse, & recycle) stations. These findings indicate that development of mitigation options needs a comprehensive approach, including consideration of people's habit and acceptance of the options.

Indonesia has been struggling with forest and land fires for decades due to its large, multi-dimensional impacts. While less hotspots in 2016 were due to the La Nina, Indonesia has managed to reduce the hotspots in normal condition in 2017. However, there were indications that some of the policies were outside of the legal jurisdiction, e.g. to involve institutions out of their legal roles in fire controlling operations. Thus, this paper qualitatively discussed the analysis of fire controlling policy in Indonesia with Siak Regency as the case study. Data collection used semi-structured interviews with key informants from related agencies and experts, as well as supported by literatures. Meanwhile, policy and actor analysis were used to approach the issue. The findings revealed that the lack of resources and personnel has forced some actors to dominate. In this case, the establishment of complementary regulations should accommodate and legalised some policy implementers who did not have the 'rights' to involve in the forest and land fire reducing programme.

Around 10% of the population in Tasikmalaya and 8% in Sukabumi Districts are below the poverty line, of whom some lived in upland areas. This paper analysed the local farmers' strategies in mitigating drought. The planting pattern in both districts varied, rice-rice-CGRT crops, rice- CGRT crops -rice, rice- CGRT crops -not planted and rice- not planted -not planted. This diverse planting pattern occurred because farmers are dependent on the rainy season. This paper described alternative food crops selection strategies for the farmers to mitigate drought.

As an intensive energy-consuming, iron and steel making industry has significantly contributed to the national GHG emissions as the energy consumption is supplied by fossil fuels with high carbon emissions. The industry also releases GHG emissions during production processes, in which the emissions are considered as IPPU (industrial process and product use) category. There are still rooms for improvements in this industry, particularly those related to the efficiency improvement of energy use as well as material use or processes that could lead to the GHG emission reductions. Therefore, the iron and steel industry important roles to achieve the target of Indonesia's NDC commitment in reducing GHG emissions and also towards the direction of low-carbon development and future climate resilience. In this study, a quantitative evaluation was conducted to analyse the effectiveness of emissions mitigation on potential energy saving and carbon emission reduction using the bottom-up AIM/End-use energy model in 2010-2050. This tool was used to select an optimal technology in detail with minimum cost approach. Several energy models have been proposed previously to quantify carbon emissions. However, a separate analysis of emissions from energy usage and IPPU (Industrial Process and Product Use) has never been done. The energy model was built under the baseline scenario and the following relevant mitigation scenario options were investigated: (i) adjusted the production structure, by increasing material efficiency with the scrap use in steel production process BF-BOF (Blast furnace-Basic oxygen furnaces) route and scrap-EAF (Electric arc furnace) route (CM1 scenario), (ii) maximised energy efficiency, by promoting low-carbon technology and non-blast furnace technology (smelting reduction) that is unimplemented early in modelling years in Indonesia will be included in the energy model for future reference (CM2 scenario), (iii) carbon emissions reduction through substitution of fossil fuels to low emission fuels (CM3 scenario). The expected results from the AIM/End-use model of Indonesia's steel industry is to provide optimal mitigation options in terms of emission reductions and costs.

Modelling is used to provide an outlook and evaluate scenarios related to energy efficiency potentials from end-user in various sectors including industrial sectors. The modelling tools used ExSS (Extended Snap Shot) and GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System) as solver. Three scenarios were developed to envision Indonesia paths in energy savings potentials, namely business as usual (BaU or baseline) and two counter measure scenarios (CM 1 and CM2). Base year was set to year 2010, in line with NDC scenarios and projection. In the baseline scenario, it is assumed that in the future years (after 2010) there were no increase in renewable energy utilisation and rise in electricity demands would be provided by coal and natural gas fired power plants. The economic structures that were incorporated in the model for the target year 2030, was assumed to be have the same value as that of 2010's. Accordingly, structures of energy demand in end-user sectors would not change from 2010. There would be no changes in share of transportation modes. Similarly of efficiency of equipment in household, commercial and industrial sector were also indifferent to that of the 2010 values. CM1 was developed to envision the development path to achieve energy savings through the implementation of more efficient energy technology in end-user. More efficient equipment or best available technology (BAT) were expected to be implemented in various sectors, however the penetration in industry was still 5% less than other sectors (household, commercial and transportation). At this rate, BAT penetration for household, commercial and transportation sectors could reach as high as 20%. CM2 was set to be more advanced in implementing the BAT. As much as 10% increased in BAT penetration was projected to be realised in each of end use sector, i.e., household, commercial and transportation. Although, the BAT penetration in industry sector was still 5% less than others, the BAT could rise up to 25% for industry and 30% for non-industrial sectors. Parallel with this measure, biofuel demands would also increase to 10% by force of strictly implementing regulation. Baseline scenario estimates of the total final energy demand has increased by 2.5 times, from 143,747 ktoe in 2010 to 364,627 ktoe in 2030. The associated GHG emission from the related energy consumption in 2030 was estimated to be around 1,642,009 Gg CO2e, which was higher by almost 4 times the GHG emission level in 2010 (416,530 Gg CO2e).

This study explored the use of participatory mapping and several machine learning algorithms (Naïve Bayes, GMO Maxent, SVM, CART, and Random Forest) to map climate induced landslide susceptibility in Lembeh Island, North Sulawesi, based on Earth Observation data available in Google Earth Engine. Participatory mapping on landslide incidents were conducted in three villages, ^i.e., Kareko, Pintu Kota, and Pasir Panjang. Data used include digital elevation model from SRTM, multispectral imageries from Sentinel 2, and precipitation from CHIRPS. Terrain modelling was done to DEM to come up with elevation, slope, curvature, and aspect. A cloud free mosaic of Sentinel Images was created using the median reducer and then NDVI was calculated. Precipitation data from CHIRPS was sampled and interpolated using kriging and reduced to maximum and mean. Each algorithm was trained using 70% participatory mapping data and then the prediction was tested for accuracy using the last 30%. Results showed that Random Forest, SVM, CART, and GMO Maxent gave 0.98 testing accuracy and Naïve Bayes only 0.90. The map showed that due to the terrain condition, Lembeh Island is prone to Landslide and even though previously BNPB already provide a landslide hazard risk map, there were many areas not included on that map. Therefore, the map could become an input for BNPB and the Bitung City for developing a mitigation and adaptation strategy. Machine learning and cloud computing along with participatory mapping could also complement mechanistic or multi-criteria analysis using GIS model for landslide susceptibility mapping.

In this study, model of deforestation is expressed as a function of the direct causes, each of these expressed as a function of the indirect causes. The socio-economic growth variables, such as population and GDP growth, were used as indirect causes of deforestation. The model assumed that deforestation was caused by wood consumption, forest product export, conversion to cropland, and forest fire. This study also calculated the elasticity of forest fire deforestation with respect to the population based on forest fire data between 1991 and 2000. Finally, it analysed the carbon emissions due to deforestation rate in Indonesian forest.

Climate change has brought great environmental impacts that cause economic disruption as it causes extreme climate phenomena such as floods and droughts. The projection of precipitation and temperature is crucial to develop the adaptation and mitigation options, as well as to improve the operational strategies in various sectors. This study used Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) that consists of 29 GCMs to make the projection of precipitation and temperature (2011–2100), along with daily observational data from 16 stations over the Java island for 20 years (1986–2005) to evaluate the models. Spatial and temporal correlation method was used to evaluate the climate models and 5 GCMs with the best performance were selected to project the precipitation and temperature. A bias correction method called Simple Quantile Mapping (SQM) was used to adjust the climate models to better represent the observational data. Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)4.5 dan RCP8.5 scenarios were chosen and the extreme weather events were depicted using the Expert Team for Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI), which includes annual total precipitation (Prcptot), consecutive dry days (CDD), consecutive wet days (CWD), monthly maximum temperature (TXx) and monthly minimum temperature (TNn). Using the multi model ensemble (MME) from the 5 best GCMs, the projection of 5 extreme climate indices over Java island shows a relative increase to the historical period.

The purpose of this project was to develop the algorithms and characterise measurement errors of land surface temperature (LST). An initial investigation of the accuracy of retrieval of LST has employed synthetic radiances, produced using Lowtran7, for a series of land and atmospheric situations representative of the Australian continental climate. The synthetic data have been modelled to incorporate variation of surfaces emissivity, atmospheric temperature, water vapour profile, and the surface or boundary temperature. The study indicated that the success of the scheme depended on the validity of the modelled radiances, particularly with respect to the formulation of the radiative role of the water vapour constituent of the atmosphere. Whirls, the use of regression in deriving the coefficients for LST equation minimised the bias errors in the radiative transfer calculation that may arise from air mass dependence. However, our algorithms derived using statistical regression and synthetic atmospheres indicated good accuracy for LST measurement with and rms error of order 1°C when validated using data for an instrumented field site.

Climate data that has limitation on spatial and temporal scale becomes an obstacle in perform the climate-related research such us crop simulation, climate risk assessment and many others. Regional climate models such as RegCM4 can produce adequate outcomes of climate data in term of spatial and temporal sides. Output data from RegCM4 can be used for further research once it has been through correction process. On this study, statistical bias correction with three different transfer function (i.e. linear regression, second order polynomials and third order polynomials) were tested. The correction process that has been done on the RegCM4 rainfall data in Indramayu Regency by using third order polynomials-transfer function is able to produce climatology data with value close to observation data. Similarity between observation data and the corrected RegCM4 output data is indicated by similar temporal and spatial distributions. Based on the historical climate and projection of rainfall (1981-2065), it is known that annual rainfall will decrease by 0.84 mm/year.

Porites (Poritidae) is one of the most temperature induced bleaching-resistant coral genera. Therefore, their presence is essential for coral reefs to survive when facing the threat of climate change. Species distribution modelling for Porites corals could provide predictive maps of species distribution in various scenarios, and therefore provided the input for decision support tools. Distribution Model will cover coral reefs in Indonesia, using maximum entropy. Data from field observations collected by TERANGI Foundation since 2002 in various places of Indonesia, Indonesia Institute of Sciences since 1999, specimen data from GBIF, and other various sources were used as the only current input for the analysis. Environmental variables were derived from satellite imageries and oceanographic models, such as HYCOM, LANDSAT 8, MODIS AQUA, and GEBCO. Genera identification were based on Suharsono (2017). The results found that the model was well-performed with AUC value of 0.9747 and if compared to the null distribution, it was considered statistically significant (AUC = 0.7348). Jackknife analysis indicated that the environmental variables with the biggest contributions were substrate type, bathymetry, and mean of chlorophyll A concentration.

As a country with 14.9 ha of peatland, Indonesia is a major contributor of GHG emissions, especially from peat ecosystems. These emissions were caused by peat decomposition and peat fires. However, accurate estimation of peat burnt area was still a barrier that prevented the inclusion of peat fire emission in the document of Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) as a followup document to REDD+ activities. This research has the objective to analyse two different approaches to estimate peat burnt area used in the FREL document and the most recent semi-automatic approach suggested by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MoEF). The study focused on the Gaung – Batang Tuaka River Peat Hydrological Unit (KHG), as one of the KHG priorities in Indonesia. The results showed that the average total annual burnt area from the FREL approach was 58% higher than that of the semi-automatic approach, which could lead to an overestimate of peat fire emissions from this approach. The burnt area identified in this study was found to occur within the production forest area. As stepwise approach is allowed for FREL submission, improvements to a higher precision method are necessary to increase the accuracy of burnt area estimation.