Table of contents

PREFACE

The 5^th International Seminar on Sciences (ISS) is an annual meeting organized by the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (FMIPA IPB). The seminar was held on 25 October 2018, at the IPB International Convention Center, Bogor, Indonesia. The main theme of this seminar was "Navigating Sciences in Disruptive Era" in accordance with the rapid change in Information Technology that has changed the way we work, communicate, collaborate, do business, do research, etc. Even our behavior and culture now have been affected by those rapid changes. This reality demands us to respond properly and to navigate ourselves safely passing all those disturbances and disruption along the way. The scope of the seminar comprises these topics:

– Bio-based Functional Materials

– Biophysics, Biomaterials, and Biosensors

– Bioresources, Biosciences, and Biotechnology

– Data Science and Modelling

– Environmental and Climate Change

– Information Technology for Agriculture

– Internet of Things for Sustainable Agriculture

– Life Sciences

– Nanotechnology

– Renewable Energy

– Actuarial Sciences and Risk Management

– Other related topics

The 5^th ISS this year presents six academics/researchers/experts as speakers, both from national and international institutions namely:

– Prof. Susumu Uchiyama (Osaka University, Japan)

Roles of Mass Spectrometry in Protein Science and Engineering

– Prof. Suharsono (IPB University, Indonesia)

Genetic Modification of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Plants Potentially Applied in Agro-Industry

– Assoc. Prof. Kiattawee Choowongkomon, Ph.D. (Kasetsart University, Thailand)

Computer-aided Drug Discovery – From Small Compounds to Protein Inhibitors against Tyrosine Kinase of EGFR for Cancer Therapy

– Delphine Clara Zemp, Ph.D. (University of Göttingen, Germany)

Biodiversity Enrichment Experiment in Oil Palm Plantation

– Dr. Allan Spessa (Swansea University, UK)

Towards a Fire Early Warning System for Indonesia (ToFEWSI)

– Mr. Indra Utoyo (PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia, Indonesia)

Explainable Machine Learning based Fraud Detection using Customer Behavioral Pattern in E-Channel Transactions

We would like to thank all the contributors and participant who made this event a big success. We are also pleased to announce that a record number of 70 papers will be published in the IOP EES Conference Proceeding and hope that you will also consider joining the upcoming ISS conferences.

The 5^th ISS Chairperson

Dr. Sony Hartono Wijaya

The 5^th ISS Proceeding Coordinator

Dr. Setyanto Tri Wahyudi

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Batteries and supercapacitors are one of the energy storage devices that had been used for a practical application most electronic devices such as mobile phone. The development of these energy storage devices is faced by the poor performance of (the) electrode. Electrode commonly used for batteries and supercapacitors is derived from nonrenewable carbon resources such as graphite. However, the availability of this material is becoming a long-term problem for the development of batteries and supercapacitors. Biomass from (the) waste plant as a green source for battery electrode is one of alternative carbon which has great potential, due to the low price, easy to process and has high stability. This paper reports the study of the biomass conversion into carbon electrode material having high electrical conductivity or low electrical resistivity using carbonization and pyrolysis process. The process involved FeCl₃ as an activating agent to reduce the electrical resistivity of the material as low as possible. The research was studying the effect of biomass sources and the processing method on the electrical resistivity of the electrode produced. The biomasses used in the study were corncob, water hyacinth, rice straw, and coconut husk. The material is the waste plant which is available in abundant. The morphological analysis of the carbon surface was conducted using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX). The lowest electrical resistivity was produced from corncob material through the carbonization process at 300°C for 2 h, activated by 4 M FeCl₃ solution and followed by pyrolysis process at 800°C for 6 h. The FeCl₃ is suspected responsible for the decreasing of the carbon resistivity or increasing the electrical conductivity produced, this correlates with the increase of the surface area of the material. The lowest electrical resistivity (highest electrical conductivity) produced from corncob has a value of 1 Ω with the surface area of 601 m²/g. This is considered better than graphite in term of electrical resistivity in which graphite has electrical resistivity between 10 - 30 Ω. The result of SEM images shows that the carbon surface activated by FeCl₃ has more pores compared to the carbon without activation.

Caprylic acid is a medium length fatty acid with many potential applications, from bioherbicides to dietary supplements. It was found as a minor constituent of coconut oil and palm kernel oil fatty acids. This study prepared isolated methyl caprylate from virgin coconut oil (VCO) using low pressured fractionated distillation and review its potency as a by-product of Lauric acids production. Neutralized VCO was esterified using basic catalyzed transesterification reaction producing methyl esters of mixed fatty acids. Low pressured fractionated distillation of methyl esters was performed using temperature of 80-120°C, 120-130°C, and 130-150°C. This process produced three fractions of distillates with a volume ratio of 21:19:1, respectively. Gas chromatography analysis using a flame ionization detector confirmed the first fraction of distillates as methyl caprylate.

Based on economic nomenclature of Indonesian food crops, corn is the second important commodity after rice. The high corn production correlates with corncob waste produced. The existence of corncob waste is abundant and continuous post-harvest. One alternative to utilize of corncob waste is the high content of cellulose processed to cellulose-based nano hydrogel. In this study, cellulose from corncob was processed into hydrogel by gamma irradiation. Cellulose size reduction is done by the wet milling process. The treatment tested of nano hydrogel control was cellulose dissolved in NaOH/PEG solvent whereas the ratio of cellulose: solvent was 1:2 and 1:4 and nano hydrogel by gamma irradiation that nano-cellulose solution was filtered by vacuum filtration. The aim of this research was to find out the characteristics of nano hydrogel by gamma irradiation. Parameters observed were swelling ratio, gel fraction, texture and morphology. The result showed that the treatment test of nano hydrogel without gamma radiation has 111% and 127% swelling ratio, meanwhile, nano hydrogel with gamma irradiation has a 214% swelling ratio, 99% gel fraction and 1.17 mJ hardness with morphology showed higher porosity. The higher swelling ratio of nano hydrogel by gamma irradiation has the potential for application in agriculture as water absorbent material and fertilizer carrier agent.

The study of antibacterial activity of oil from Tamarindus indica Linn seed and fatty acids was conducted in this research. Oil of this plant seed was isolated by extraction and fractionation. Constituents of fatty acid in the oil identified as methyl ester fatty acids. The methyl ester fatty acid was carried out by trans-esterification with methanol/BF₃. The methyl ester was identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometer (GC-MS). There are 13 fatty acids in the Tamarindus indica seed oil including octanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic, eicosanoic, docosanoic, tetracosanoic, 11-octadecenoic, 11-eicosenoic, 9,12-octadecadienoic, and 9-octadecenoic acids. The transformation of tamarind seed oil into fatty acids was carried out through hydrolysis with potassium hydroxide solution followed by acidification with a hydrochloric acid solution. The physical and biological properties of the seed oil and fatty acids against antibacterial activity are reported in this paper.

Graphene is a prospective material for sensing devices due to its excellent electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties. In this study, low oxygen graphene was synthesized from graphite and nitronium ion using a microwave-assisted method. Graphene was dispersed into 0.05% chitosan solution and deposited by drop casting method on to screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to form graphene-chitosan composite modified SPCE (SPCE-G-chit). The electrochemical performance of SPCE-G-chit was evaluated using flavonoid 3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone-3β-D-rutinoside (rutin). SPCE-G-chit provides linearity with R² of 0.9944 for rutin measurement in the concentration range of 5× 10⁻⁷ to 1× 10⁻⁵ M. Meanwhile, the linearity of rutin at SPCE was lower (R² 0.9396). Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of rutin measurement at SPCE-G-chit was lower (0.23 µM and 0.58 µM, respectively) compare to SPCE (LOD = 0.69 µM and LOQ = 1.75 µM, consecutively). The accuracy of rutin measurement at SPCE-G-chit was 99.45% while the accuracy of rutin measurement at SPCE was 72.18%. The result indicated that SPCE-G-chit provides superior analytical performance than SPCE and potential for electrochemical sensor development.

Edible films are safe for consumption because they compose of organic compounds such as proteins. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of nano silica concentration on physical and mechanical properties of sweet sorghum protein-based edible film. Edible films were synthesized using solution casting method. The characteristics of the films were evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) and mechanical testing. The edible film that has been synthesized has a tensile strength of 0.075 N / mm²-0.232 N / mm². Modulus young 0.167 N/mm²-5.135 N/mm². Elongation 5.969% -12.018%. WVTR 4.08 g / m².h-4.23 g / m².h. Their functional groups of C=O and N-H indicate the presence of protein while S=O and glycosidic functional groups at FTIR spectra showed carrageenan. Silanol found in region 848cm⁻¹-849cm⁻¹ showed silica. Morphology of surface edible films was rough because the edible film has granules. It was found out that an increase of nano silica concentration can improve the tensile strength of the edible film.

Malaria is a tropical parasitic disease caused by mosquitoes. Plasmodium falciparum is the species that causes the most human deaths compared to other species. Plasmodium which infects red blood cells will causes pathology and clinical manifestations in malaria sufferers. Plasmodium falciparum Signal Peptide Peptidase (PfSPP) is an important enzyme to infect red blood. I-TASSER (Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement) has been used to predict the 3D structure of the PfSPP enzyme by modeling using proteins in databases. Based on data analysis such as Ramachandran plot, G-Factor, RMSD, Radius of gyration, and NAMD energy, model 5 is the best model of all I-TASSER structure prediction models. AutoLigand was used to predict the binding sites on this model and obtained 5 binding sites points with lowest free energy on each fill point. Binding sites 3, 4 and 5 have the largest volumes 345 ų, 372 ų, and 395 ų respectively so that they have potential to bind with both ligand mefloquine and primaquine with volume 330 ų and 333 ų respectively. Three binding sites have the potential to inhibit PfSPP so it cannot function properly and stop the invasion of the parasite's merozoite to other erythrocytes.

Carboxymethylation of kappa carrageenan with mono-chloroacetic acid as a reactant had been synthesized to produce carboxymethyl kappa carrageenan (CMKC). Carboxymethylation of kappa carrageenan was obtained in two steps. First, alkalization of k-carrageenan with NaOH to create alkoxy k-carrageenan, and optimization of the alkalization step, the optimization had been done include the mass ratio between NaOH and k-carrageenan and alkalization's temperature, second, etherification of alkoxy k-carrageenan with Monochloroacetic acid (MCA) as etherification reactant, to produce CMKC. The optimal condition (2) characterization of the CMKC properties, including the degree of substitution (DS) and FTIR spectrum. The optimal condition was based on the formed degree of substitution(DS) of CMKC. The alkalization of k-carrageenan has been performed on three variations of mass ratio between NaOH: kappa carrageenan flour that dispersed in isopropanol, and then the mass ratio of NaOH: k-carrageenan that has the highest DS was used in the experiment to find the optimal alkalization temperature. To find the optimal temperature, the alkalization was performed at, 40°, 55° and 70°. The CMKC that has the highest DS value was produced when the mass ratio between NaOH mass: kappa carrageenan is 7,2:1, and the temperature of alkalization is 70°C, The DS value that reached when the CMKC synthesis had been done on the optimal alkalization condition is, 0,85.

Cassava tubers are one of the most starch producers in Indonesia, which is third after rice and corn. Cassava tubers starch can be used as raw material of natural polymer-based nanohydrogel synthesis. The use of natural polymers promises superior properties such as more eco-friendly, cheaper prices because their raw materials are available naturally in abundant quantities compared to synthetic polymers. To obtain similar properties to synthetic, this study modified starch using acid hydrolysis method for 2 hours and 24 hours. The ethanol precipitation method is then carried out to produce nano-particle starch. The process of nano-hydrogel formation was cunducted by gamma irradiation. The results showed that the size of starch nanoparticles was between 14.97 - 492.7 nm. Nano-hydrogel with gamma irradiation treatment has 256.81% of swelling power, 83.35% of gel fraction, and 3.81 mJ of hardness. Meanwhile, the treatment without gamma irradiation has 365.47% of swelling, but has an unstable structure, this is indicated by 61.45% of gel fraction and 2.36 mJ of hardness.

Cracks in concrete allow water and chemicals to enter, a process that may lead eventually to the unwanted damage of the concrete structure. However, this material is that it easily cracks due to its low tensile strength. The potential of self-healing of calcium carbonate precipitating bacteria. The possible application of bacteria to extend the lifetime of concrete is studied. The goal of this project is to incorporate dormant but viable bacteria in the concrete matrix. The research is the healing of cracks in concrete by bacteria immobilization using alginate-chitin. Bacteria were mixed into the gel and both were a concrete mixture. However, as the bacteria-gel matrix showed capable of producing calcium carbonate at pH 7-11, and could precipitate calcium carbonate 0.054 g. Concrete that mixed with bacteria-alginate-chitin 6.3%, showed compressive strength 18.75 Mpa and water absorption 1.6%, after immersion in water for 28 days.

Oil palm fruit fiber (mesocarp) is waste generated mainly from palm oil manufacturing activities. Since it is organic in origin, they are rich in nutrient for the plant. Composting can be a suitable method for converting the fiber into compost that can be used as growing media. In this study, three types of composts were made by mixing the fiber with cow manure in ratios as follows: fiber compost I (3:1), fiber compost II (1:1) and fiber compost III (1:3) respectively and the chemical properties (pH, temperature and nutrient content) of them were determined. Their suitability as growing media was observed through growth performance of oil palm seedlings. They were grown in four types of growing media which were F0 = subsoil 100% (control), F1 = 90% fiber compost I : 10% subsoil, F2 = 90% fiber compost II : 10% subsoil, F3 = 90% fiber compost III : 10% subsoil. As results, initial pH of fiber compost I were lower than other composts but value eventually similar by the end of the study. The composting temperature which higher, in the beginning, were decreasing and were stable at the end of composting (week 6). The growth of oil palm seedlings was the greatest when grown in a mixture of 90% fiber compost II: 10% subsoil. Results of this study suggest a bright future for the use of fiber as growing media as indicated in chemical properties of fiber that can be improved through composting process and its positive effect as reflected in the growth of oil palm seedlings.

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume synonym of A. oncophyllus (porang) is one of the species of porang that grows in Indonesia, especially in East Java. It has a high economic value because the tubers contain glucomannan. Earlier work reported that harvest timing and length of storage affected secondary metabolite containing on plants. The study objective was to determine the glucomannan content of porang at 1, 2 months before dormant, at dormant and length of storage time (1 and 2 months after dormant) at room temperature. Glucomannan was isolated from fresh tubers to easier removal of the impurities and obtain the high purity of glucomannan. The highest obtained glucomannan was determined its functional groups using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The highest glucomannan content was derived in tubers taken at dormant compared to before and after dormant. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups that compose the glucomannan compound.

Microalgae have been used in a process of pollutants removal from wastewater, a process known as phycoremediation. In this study we used Chlorella vulgaris to remediate anaerobically digested dairy manure wastewater (ADDMW) which contained a high concentration of nitrogen and phosphor. The light intensity of 50, 100 μmol/m²s and sunlight were applied to the microalgal culture. Percentage of reduction in ammonium and orthophosphate content in the media were measured. Protein content in microalgal biomass was measured using hot-TCA method. At the light intensity of 100 μmol/m²s, microalgal productivity in biomass reached its high level i.e. 0.149 ± 0.03 gL⁻1d⁻¹ with its protein content 10.74 ± 0.63%. However, the highest specific growth rate (0.343 ± 0.034 d⁻¹) with the shortest doubling time (2.028 ± 0,141 d) were reached under sunlight conditions. The reduction rate of ammonium and orthophosphate content in the medium were 36-48 mgL⁻¹h⁻¹ and 5-6.62 mgL⁻¹h⁻¹ respectively in a culture which was inoculated with C. vulgaris. C. vulgaris can be used as phycoremediator for ammonium and orthophosphate, and ADDMW medium can supply C. vulgaris with appropriate nutrients. Moreover, light intensities of 50 and 100 μmol/m²s can be used in the indoor culture of microalgae.

Actinomycetes are bacteria that have a high ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes that can be applied to degrade coffee pulp which contains lignocellulose components. Coffee pulp is residues from a coffee industry that can be used as substrates in the solid state fermentation process. In this study, cellulase and xylanase activity from actinomycetes isolates were investigated. Screening of these enzymes activity was using agar medium supplemented with 1% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and xylan from beechwood as substrate. Production of clear zones surrounding isolates on CMC and xylan agar medium was considered as indicative of extracellular cellulase and xylanase activity. The size of a transparent zone diameter was considered as proportional to the level of cellulase and xylanase production. Congo red 0,1% was used for staining. Selected actinomycetes isolates were continued to growth investigation on agar medium supplemented with 1% coffee pulp. The clear zone formed around isolates indicated that the isolate had the ability to degrade the lignocellulose component in the coffee pulp. The results show that of the 99 actinomycetes isolates tested on agar medium supplemented with 0.1% CMC and xylan, 16 isolates showed cellulase activity (cellulase index ≥ 2), 20 isolates showed xylanase activity (xylanase index ≥ 1), and 5 isolates showed both activities. Ten isolates have the ability to grow and produce a clear zone on the coffee pulp agar medium with cellulase and xylanase activity. Among these ten tested isolates; HJ4.5b, P2b(b).3, P2b(b).4, and P2b(b).18 are the most potential isolates that can be continued for further research on fermentation coffee cherries.

Nutrition addition in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) application is one of the methods used to increase oil production. Nutrition injection in MEOR application must be done carefully because the lack of proper nutrition addition can induce biofilm and biocorrosion formation. The composition of biostimulation medium for optimizing beneficial indigenous bacterial growth in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) was evaluated using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). Three main factors for the medium composition were molasses, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), and NPK. The RSM was used to know the most effective medium composition towards biofilm production and strength that high potential leads to biocorrosion. Molasses, NPK, and diammonium phosphate (DAP) are utilized as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate supplementary substrate in Brine water as basal medium. Molasses concentration was 0%-10% while DAP and NPK was 0%-0.5%. Both aerobic and anaerobe sessile bacteria, as well as acid producing bacteria, were enumerated by total plate and turbidity methods. Statistical analysis with α=0.05 proves molasses give significance effect to biofilm strength and sessile anaerobic bacteria. DAP gives significance effect to biofilm strength and sessile aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. NPK give significance effect to sessile anaerobic bacteria. Molasses addition decrease brine pH by microbial activity, make the carbon steel coupon ST-37 corrosion rate increased. Meanwhile, the addition of DAP increased the pH of brine medium and decrease the corrosion rate.

CYP1A1 gene, a carcinogenic metabolisms enzymes encoded gene, was previously found to be detected in pterygium tissue. We aimed to determine the association between CYP1A1m1 (rs4646903) polymorphisms with CYP1A1 enzymes, p53 protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in patients with inflammatory and non-inflammatory pterygium. DNA isolation was performed from a blood sample of 70 pterygium patients consisting of 35 inflammatory and 35 non-inflammatory pterygia. Rs 4646903 SNP Genotyping T> C (m1) in the CYP1A1 gene was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphisms-PCR (RFLP-PCR). PCR products confirmed and sent to Macrogen, South Korea for sequencing. Polymorphism results are characterized as wild type (TT), mutant homozygote (TC), and mutant heterozygote (CC). CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms consist of mutant heterozygote (TC), mutant homozygote (CC) and wild type (TT). In both groups, the heterozygote mutant was higher than the wild type and mutant homozygote. The CYP1A1 enzyme level was higher in inflammatory pterygium, P53 protein levels were higher in the non-inflammatory group, and VEGF levels were higher in the inflammatory group. CYP1A1 polymorphisms were not associated with CYP1A1 enzyme levels, p53 protein levels, and VEGF in both groups. CYP1A1 gene polymorphism has not been shown to be associated with levels of CYP1A1 enzymes, p53 and VEGF in both pterygium groups.

This research was carried out to study the growth of maize fertilized with a composite of urea with slow release materials (polyacrylate polymer and zeolite) and nitrification inhibitors, Mimba (Azadirachta indica). Three times repetitions of Randomized Block design was used in this study. The parameters observed included biomass (g), the weight of cobs (g) and the length of cobs (cm). The weight and the length of corn cobs were measured after harvest. The result of the study shows that the growth of maize applied with urea fertilizer composited with polymeric polyacrylate, zeolite and Mimba was significantly different from the negative control (KH₂PO₄/Mono potassium phosphate) fertilizer and appeared to be significantly better than the positive control (Urea and KH₂PO₄ fertilizers).

Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca), an Indonesian native palm, has high economic value. This plant has a dioecious inflorescence. At the present time, pollination of snake fruit plants was still conducted by a human. Until now, some insect visitors as a pollinator of the plants were reported, such as stingless bees (Apidae) and curculionid beetles (Curculionidae). In this study, we study the population and activities of curculionid beetles in snake fruit plantations. Three plantations of snake fruit in Sumatera were used to observe beetle populations, i.e., Gunung Leuser National Park (Aceh), Padang Sidempuan (Medan), and Riak Siabun (Bengkulu). The sampling method was used to measure beetle populations by observed directly beetle population on the panicle (flowers). Observation of beetle activities was done by purposive sampling method in 08.00-12.00 am. Results showed that the highest beetle population (23096 individuals) occurred in Riak Siabun, Bengkulu. The highest visiting activity of beetle occurred in the morning.

Benzimidazole shows antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Nanoencapsulation of 2-citronellyl benzimidazole is a technique that packages the drug's active ingredient, offering the advantage of its controlled release. The 2-citronellyl benzimidazole nanoencapsulation was constructed from casein micelles and chitosan-tripolyphosphate using an ionic cross-linking method. The nanocapsules were characterized using a particle size analyzer (PSA), a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the release profile and amount of the encapsulated active compound were determined using an ultraviolet (UV)-Vis spectrophotometer. The 2-citronellyl benzimidazole encapsulated by chitosan-tripolyphosphate showed particle diameters of 10.700 nm, 81.110 nm, and 159.410 nm at 10%, 50%, and 90% magnification, respectively. The casein micelles had an average particle size of 1017 nm. The nanocapsule diameters with and without freeze drying were 3.293 nm and 1017 nm, respectively. The presence of an imine group with a wave number of 1651.72 cm⁻¹ on the FT-IR spectra of this band indicated that the active compound was coated. The nanocapsule surface morphology was trapezoid with a rough and uneven surface. The nanocapsular efficiencies using the casein micellar and chitosan-tripolyphosphate coatings were 56.763% and 79.97%, respectively. The kinetics release of 2-citronellyl benzimidazole showed a half-life of 86.63 minutes with a 60-minute stirring time. The nanocapsule's antibacterial activity showed the greatest inhibition zones at 2.3 mm and 10 mm for S. aureus, 4.7 mm and 8.3 mm for E. coli, and at 6.7 mm for S. thypi.

Endophytic bacteria are microorganisms that exist in the system of plant tissues such as fruits, leaves, twigs, roots and they can form colonies without causing damage to the plant. One potential medicinal plant has endophytic bacteria are Noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia l). This study aimed at isolating endophytic bacterial from Noni fruits (Morinda citrifolia l), screening endophytic bacteria, determining antibacterial activity of potential endophytic bacteria, identifying 16S rRNA of potential endophytic bacteria, and detection of an antibacterial compound using GCMS. Endophytic bacteria were successfully isolated from Noni fruits and disc-diffusion methods were used to screen for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Streptococcus mutans). The result of bacterial activity showed isolate ACP1, ACP2, ACP4, and ACP6 were produced antibacterial compounds. The activity shown with the formation of a clear zone and ACP6 isolate could inhibit four pathogenic bacteria with the highest clear zone. Molecular identification was investigated used PCR amplification 16S rRNA gene. The result showed that the potential isolate ACP6 (Acc. No. MH915674.1) belonging as Enterobacter cloacae with 99 % sequence similarities and according to GCMS analysis, ethyl acetate fraction from secondary metabolite ACP6 contains Pyrazine as a bioactive compound. These findings suggest that the identified strains may contribute to the search for new sources of antibacterial substances.

Surian (Toona sinensis) is a forest plant that is widespread in Asia. In Indonesia, this plant only used and known as a commodity for carpentry but in other nation, saurian is known as spices and traditional medicine because of its natural antioxidant potential. The objective of this study was assayed total phenolic content, total flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity from Surian leaves. Surian leaves were extracted by water and ethanol solvent. Water extraction was conducted by reflux in 90 °C then ethanol extraction was conducted by maceration, which is through various concentration 70%, 80%, 90%, and 96% of ethanol. Total phenolic content varied from 276.62 to 444.68 (mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content ranged from 209.23 to 324.61 (mg QE/g). Antioxidant activity of the water and ethanol extracts was evaluated using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) radical scavenging method. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of ethanol 90% extract and ethanol 96% extract had a higher amount than the other. The ethanol 96% extract had the strongest DPPH inhibition concentration 50% (IC50), which is 3.38 μg/mL while ascorbic acid is 3.90 μg/mL as a comparison. Antioxidant activity had a strong correlation with total flavonoid content.

Based on Observation in Nagari Koto Tuo showed that empowerment of women farmer group in food security has not been optimal yet. The indicators are: 1) the education of respondents is dominated by the elementary school (42.17%), thus greatly affect to food pattern and serving meal menu; 2) land productivity less than 0.5 ha is 71% and depends on rainwater (68%), 3) family expenditure is allocated mostly for food with calorie consumption less than 2100 kilocalories (63.66 %) and, only 36.7 % is a requirement of nutritional adequacy and mostly nutritional status are not ideal. The descriptions are indicated that the role of Nagari institution with the support of local wisdom is not optimal. Consequently, the management of food security has not been sustainable. The purpose of this study is the creation of a dynamic system model of empowerment of women farmers through several interventions. The research method is surveyed with observation and interview. The system dynamics (2018-2028) model is simulated by increasing the synergy intervention of women empowerment function and Nagari institutional for Nagari women's role (Bundo Kanduang). The intervention can be improved household welfare and can be reduced the poverty rate. The Implementation of the model is actualized by the empowerment of women farmers program according to carrying capacity environmental and local wisdom.

Cox proportional hazard model is frequently used in survival analysis. Cox proportional hazard model is time independent covariate while many models involve time as a dependent covariate causing incomplete proportional hazard assumption, known as non-proportional hazard. The proposed model in this paper was a non-proportional hazard involving time-independent and time-dependent covariates. The approaching model was carried out by joining a stratified Cox and extended Cox model termed as Stratified-Extended Cox (SE Cox) model. The simulation of the SE Cox model resulted in small MSE for the parameter estimates. In addition, the goodness of value was more appropriate compared to the existing non-proportional hazard model. Hence, the SE Cox model was applied to evaluate student persistence in Universitas Terbuka, Indonesia.

Zelenkov et al. [1] proposed a two-step classification method (TSCM) based on genetic algorithm to predict the bankruptcy of Russian companies. This current study was conducted to do more comprehensive evaluation than Zelenkov et al. [1] did. We involved more datasets, compared to a greater number of competitive methods, and developed the ensemble using more base classifiers. The datasets consisted of nine datasets and then the result of prediction compared to previous studies from 13 papers that were published between 1996 and 2009. In addition, the previous method using five base classifiers, this study involved seven base classifiers. The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of prediction from previous studies with this method. In this study, we used k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN), Logistic Regression (LR), Naïve Bayes (NB), Decision Tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and boosting as the base classifiers of ensemble model. Genetic algorithm is used to find the best predictor variables and the best weight for each base classifier. The result of TSCM shows that the accuracy of prediction can increase about 0-34% for some datasets compared to the previous studies.

One way to improve the accuracy of predictive modeling is by combining the models. This research tries to study local cascade. It combined one or more base classifier sequentially. In each stage, the probability prediction of the base classifier was inserted to the data. The data then modeled using a decision tree algorithm. This process continued until the data is homogenous. In the original method, the base classifier used was non-ensemble classifier. Our study included bagging, boosting, and random forest as base classifiers. 11 dataset with binary response was used to assess the accuracy of this method. We also compared the accuracy of our method with others that were published between 1996 and 2009. We found that cascading ensemble classifier slightly improve accuracy and performed better for a dataset with numerical predictors.

The scoring method has been used by BPS-Statistics Indonesia since the 1980s to classify urban/rural areas. Currently, the 2010 scoring method uses total score 10 as a threshold to classify villages to urban-rural status. If the total score more than or equal 10, the villages are classified as urban, and rural otherwise. Applying the 2010 scoring method on raw data of Pendataan Potensi Desa (PODES) 2008 and 2014 shows 1266 villages change from urban to rural. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the determinant of predictors and the criteria of each predictor. The purpose of this research is to show the optimum scoring method from several optimizations that change the predictors and several optimizations that add new predictors. Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) used to obtain the predictors and scores for each new criterion. In relation to this research problem, optimization is used to get the best results under given constraint. The constraint of the optimization carried out is the assumption that the changes in rural to urban status are increasing, and the changes in urban to rural are not existing. The optimum scoring method obtained from this study is the one excluding cinema (X8), changing the criteria of percentage of households with cable phone (X11) and percentage of households with electricity (X12), replacing predictor hotels (X10) into a starred hotel and adding minimarket as a new predictor. This optimization uses 12 variables with threshold 10. The implication of this study for future research is the use of more advanced statistical methods than EDA to determine the criteria of each predictor.

In general, surveys are designed for large areas with sufficient sample size. If the survey is used for small areas in which the sample sizes are not sufficient, the results of estimates may not be reliable due to the large standard error. Therefore, a Small Area Estimation (SAE) method was developed, to increase the effectiveness of the sample size by borrowing the strength of the neighboring region and information from the auxiliary variables that have a strong relationship with the observational variable. This study aims to analyze the SAE using Multivariate Fay-Herriot (MFH) model and Univariate Fay-Herriot (UFH) model for a variety of sample sizes. Simulations were conducted by using household expenditure per capita of food group and non-food group data from Susenas on March 2017. The simulation results showed that the average Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) using the MFH models in various sample size are smaller than the UFH model and the direct estimation.

BPS-Statistics Indonesia is responsible for collecting valid official data in Indonesia, which mainly depends on the sampling plan they used. The village classification into urban or rural group plays a significant role in the construction of the plan. So far, the classification has been based on a scorecard developed in 2010 consisting of 12 variables. With a certain threshold, each variable has several criteria that give a score. The total sum of the scores is then used to define the class of urban and rural. This study worked explorative to evaluate whether the scorecard is still proper to be implemented. Exploratory data analysis used in this study to analyzing data structures and patterns of the data distribution. Both of them will uncover unexpected things from the data. The result shows that variables i.e. population density, the percentage of agricultural households, the existence of kindergarten, the existence of cinema, the existence of hotel/pub/beauty shop, the percentage of household with cable phone and the percentage of household with electricity require more sensitive criteria and scorecard.

A standard small area estimation method may fail to produce reasonable estimates when the normality assumption is not met or the relationship between the interest parameter and the auxiliary variables is not linear. A logarithm transformation has been widely used to help this issue and works well for some cases. However, it may not be generally valid so that some transformation such as Box-Cox (BC) and dual power (DP). This paper discusses a simulation study on how BC and DP could overcome circumstances where those aforementioned problems are there in the data. Several different forms of the relationship were studied and the study revealed that BC and DP transformation are the recommended methods because they produced smaller Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values than ones without transformation or using logarithm transformation. Even if DP does not consistently provide the lowest value, but technically, DP can overcome truncated problems that occur in BC. The findings of this work indicate that this new transformation, DP, is proposed to be the best transformation to overcome the abnormality of an interesting variable because this transformation produces a monotonic function that has a domain of positive real numbers (₊) and range of whole real numbers ().

One of probit model variant with spatial dependent is spatial autoregressive (SAR) probit model. In SAR probit model, the spatial dependence structure adds complexity to the estimation of parameters. There are four methods for estimating the parameter of SAR probit model; maximum likelihood, Bayes, linearized GMM, and conditional approximate likelihood. The purpose of this article is to choose the best estimation method from four methods describes above using some extensive simulation which can handle sample sizes with large observations and various value of spatial lag coefficient, provided the spatial weight matrix is in an inconvenient sparse form, as is for large data sets, where each observation neighbors only a few other observations. The best estimation method is chosen based on the shortest confidence interval for the mean of SAR probit estimation, lowest bias, and Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) of prediction. It was found that conditional approximate likelihood method was the best among the four methods concerning confidence interval and bias, yet regarding estimating RMSE, maximum likelihood estimation performed better. Maximum likelihood, Bayes, and conditional approximate likelihood method were better than linearized GMM in SAR probit parameter estimation for large dataset.

In Data Science, we usually encounter High-dimensional data. In this situation, the Classical Regression method usually cannot perform well because it is impossible to include all covariates in the model since the number of a parameter to be estimated is larger than the sample size. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) method is one of the methods which can deal with this problem. Lasso regression perform the selection of covariates so that only the most influential covariates are used in the model. Unfortunately, most of Lasso method should be performed in CLI Software which is difficult to use for the general user. For this reason, we develop a web application by using Shiny to perform the Lasso method based on GUI which is easier to use. It allows users to analyze high-dimensional data without using programming language. The paper contains an implementation of Lasso Regression using web application on olive pomade oil data.

Spatial models have attracted considerable interest in recent economics both on an empirical and theoretical level. One of the most widely used spatial models is the single equation model. Spatial simultaneous equation model as an extension of the widely used spatial single equation models can use more than one equation. Generalized Spatial Three-Stage Least Square (GS3SLS) estimator is one of the spatial simultaneous models. This paper presents the assessment of spatial simultaneous equations with GS3SLS method including Queen, Rock and Customized Contiguity. GS3SLS with customized contiguity (distance inverse) can share the best model of other continuity. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between the unemployment rate and economic growth in East Java. Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) and economic growth significantly affect Unemployment Rate and Human Development Index (HDI) and unemployment rates significantly affect economic growth. By using the customized contiguity, both the unemployment rate and economic growth give simultaneous spatial effect.

A survey was designed to estimate electability of a governor candidate in the province of Central Java in 2018. The estimate was planned to be done at the province level. However, it is also interesting to do estimation at the district level. The problem is that the sample size at some district is too small or even zero so that the estimate would have inadequate precision. Using a small area estimation method, this research tried to have good estimation by utilizing information from Twitter and other auxiliary data in the modeling. To evaluate the estimation, we calculated the mean square error (MSE) of the estimated electability using resampling method. We noted that both indirect and direct estimations at the province level have equal precision, but the indirect estimation outperformed the direct estimation at the region level. We also compare our result to the election result of Governor Election.

Functional disorders of proteins in the human body can cause a certain disease. The function and role of the protein are represented by Gene Ontology (GO). In this study, the GO molecular function was used to enrich the analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI). The relationship between PPI and GO molecular function was represented in a bipartite graph. In the pre-processing step, the PPI network was reduced using the Markov clustering algorithm to obtain the group of proteins with the highest modularity score. The fuzzy k partite algorithm was used to cluster the PPI network and GO molecular functions into several groups. The result of Markov clustering showed the accuracy of 84.6% compared to that of the same algorithm using the GIANT package on Cytoscape applications, one of the popular software for network analysis. Proteins obtained from Markov clustering results were used as inputs to obtain their related GO molecular function. Their relationship was represented as a bipartite graph which is used as an input for the fuzzy k partite algorithm. With the dataset of Diabetes Mellitus type II, the results of Markov clustering showed that there were 117 proteins and 328 related GO molecular function. With fuzzy k partite algorithm, the minimum cost for the bipartite graph is 594.175 at the 20 clusters of proteins and 29 clusters of GO molecular functions.

The use of a synthetic antibacterial agent as food preservatives could develop several health problems thus the user should be reduced. Enzyme-based antibacterial is a natural antibacterial that could substitute the latter antibacterials. Enzyme-based antibacterials have several ways that can be used to inactivate microbes, one of them utilize enzyme catalysis products. The aim of this research is to study the interaction between IPBCC.08.610 glucose oxidase (NCBI accession number MH593586) catalysis product against MurA and EFG enzymes using computational investigation. We confirmed that the gene sequence from previous research is truly encoding the IPBCC.08.610 glucose oxidase. Gluconolactone and gluconic acid are less effectively absorbed by microbes. Gluconolactone and gluconic acid are capable to interact with Cys115 and Asp305 of MurA, meanwhile, it does not interact with Phe90 and Thr84 of EFG. Gluconolactone and gluconic acid can inhibit MurA effectively but not on EFG.

Water is a class of renewable natural resources. The main source of water is the rain that will always come during its season along the year. The water flows and moves (on the ground and underground) and then will stay at a retention (storage) area. There are two kinds of the retention that are natural retention (such as concave areas, lake, and low places) and artificial retention (such as saving water, well, basin, and watershed). The presence of the watershed in a region will affect the availability of water resources. A region which has watershed could use groundwater resources to fulfill the water requirements for household, agriculture, industries, tourism, and electric power station sectors. The bottled water industry (BWI) is normally built around a watershed area so that it can use the resource of water from the spring. But a problem would arise whenever the industry decided to increase the production capacity. This research addressed the problem of determining an optimal composition on water resources for the above-mentioned industry in ordered to minimizing the total cost. There are four alternatives to utilized groundwater around the watershed. Each water resource alternative has different cost characteristics. The cost can be classified to fixed and variable cost. This problem is modeled as a mixed integer linear programming problem and solved using a branch and bound method. This model is implemented at PT Tang Mas Cidahu in Kampung Bojong Pari Desa Jaya Bakti Kabupaten Sukabumi, West Java.

Cimandiri watershed in Sukabumi prefecture of West Java, Indonesia, has been used for profitable activities such as power plant, rafting tourism, drinking water, and municipal, industries, agriculture, and fishery, and irrigation. More than 60% water source of PDAM, which supplies irrigation water of 1,217 Ha of rice fields and hundreds of industries, is obtained from the river. The irrigation in Cimandiri is even designed to be the model of irrigation in West Java. Low river discharge during the dry season can generate disadvantages to irrigation. This paper presents a method to predict and forecast the discharge of five days ahead to help the decision maker to control the operation of irrigation. We use a Deep Learning algorithm which involves Recurrent Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Network. Daily discharge data at two river gauge stations were analyzed. These stations are Leuwilisung (17 years data), and Tegaldatar (13 years data). The result shows that the relative errors are below 10% which is acceptable. In this study, dynamic changes of discharge level are evaluated to give a contribution to irrigation and water management control in Cimandiri River, Indonesia.

The medicinal plant contains several active compounds that work synergistically and targets some proteins. In order to obtain an herbal formula that can target two or more proteins from a disease, it is necessary to analyze the effect of compound interactions contained in medicinal plants. In 2015, Li Y et al. introduced a Network Target-based Identification of Multicomponent Synergy (NIMS) method to calculate the synergistic effect between two compounds for rheumatic disease in Traditional Chinese Medicine. However, research on interactions between three or more compounds is also needed to create an effective formula that can work on multiple targets. In this study, we proposed a novel method called One-Against-One NIMS (OAO-NIMS) to predict the synergistic effect of three compounds. Our proposed method was applied to examine compound interactions related to diabetes mellitus disease, and the best combination of three compounds was obtained by Gliquidone, Glipizide, and Mitiglinide with synergy score of 0.425.

Logistic regression has become a popular method for handling predictive modeling when the response variable has a categorical scale. The difference in category proportion in response variable could influence the prediction accuracy. This research applied the model averaging approach for logistic regression in purpose to improve the prediction accuracy in different proportion of each category. Model averaging has the idea to combine some model candidates based on the specified weight to be the final model. The model candidate in model averaging generated based on all possibilities variable selection in the model. AIC weight is chosen to apply in the combination of all possible model candidates. It is illustrated with an application to data from a classification of Autistic Spectrum Disorder data. The result of this case indicated that the logistic model averaging had better performances.

The interior-point method is one of the best methods for solving linear programming problems. The interior-point method has a polynomial time complexity for solving linear programming problems. Next, Scilab as a free source software provides a function to solve linear programming based on interior-point method, which is called Karmarkar. In this paper, we evaluate some results of Scilab Karmarkar function in solving linear programming problems. We observe that at some cases the results of the Karmarkar function are not as expected.

Carrot contains quite high nutrition, especially carotenoids, which function as antioxidants. This research aimed to evaluate the shelf life of various candidates among carrot genotypes that will be released as varieties. The research was applied toward those candidates which had been planted on three different locations were Cipanas, Garut, and Lembang. The evaluation was run at Postharvest Laboratory of Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI), Lembang from March until July 2016. Shelf life was tested throughout quantitative evaluation using a hedonic test which admitted 15 untrained panelists and quantitative evaluation using measurement equipment. Parameters observed on carrot sensorial properties were colors and textures. Quantitative evaluation (method using equipment) applied for texture and weight loss parameters. Subsequently, correlation analysis was used to find out the relation between variable x (qualitative) and variable y (quantitative). Statistical analysis was run by using PKBT STAT. The result showed an interaction between genotypes and different planting locations toward carrot shelf life. Independently, planting locations showed a significant effect on carrot shelf life. Meanwhile, different genotypes showed a non-significant effect in carrot shelf life. All genotypes showed a non-significant difference in carrot shelf life. However, genotype F showed the longest shelf life 3three days, whereas genotype C showed the shortest shelf life two days at room temperature in Lembang.

The criteria of season onset and withdrawal in Indonesia determined by Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG) which need a month to confirm the period of the wet season and dry season. The determination of season onset based on the amount of 10-day rainfall equal to or more than 50 millimeters (mm) followed by the next two 10-day rainfall (the amount of monthly rainfall equal or more than 150 mm) for the wet season and vice versa. The determination of 150 mm/month based on water requirement using the reference of evapotranspiration (ETo) in the territory of Indonesia at 5 mm per day. This paper evaluates the determination of season onset by comparing it based on the ETo value of 5 mm/day and ETo from observation data of pan evaporation in the islands of Java and Bali in the period 2003 - 2017. The result of the study shows that the difference of the dry season onset up to 3 months which 25.9 % of stations have no difference, 40.7% have 1-month difference, 22.2% have 2 months difference and 11.1% have 3 months difference. The difference of wet season onset show 40.7% of stations have 1-month difference and 55.6% have no difference. The ETo value of 5 mm/day for criteria of season onset is appropriate and the difference of up to 3 months is still sufficient for early warning purpose.

Hybrid rice varieties are widely cultivated in the farmer because of high yield production compared to inbred variety. However, the agronomic traits supported to the high yield are expected to release GHG emission. Therefore, a study to investigate the effect of hybrid rice varieties on reducing methane emission in flooded rice filed was conducted at Indonesia Agriculture Environment Research Institute. Eight commercial hybrid rice varieties, namely Mapan 05, Arize Gold, Intani, Sembada 168, Sembada 868, Hipa 8, Hipa 18 and Hipa 19 and one inbred rice variety (Ciherang) were used for this study during the dry season of 2018. All rice varieties were cultivated by transplanting system on 21 days old seedling with 20 cm x 20 cm plant spacing, fertilizer doses are 120 kg ha⁻¹ N, 45 kg ha⁻¹ P₂O₅ and 60 kg ha⁻¹ K₂O. The water level was maintained on 5 cm above the soil layer. Methane gas was capture using a closed chamber method and analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC). The study showed that seven of hybrid rice varieties produced higher methane emission than inbred rice variety. The highest methane emission was produced by Arize Gold (660 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ season⁻¹) followed by Mapan 05, Hipa 8, Hipa 19, Hipa 18, Sembada 168 and Sembada 989. While the inbred rice variety (Ciherang) produced 370 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ season⁻¹. One of hybrid rice variety (Sembada 168) has the opportunity to be improved as low methane emission hybrid rice variety indicated from the low index of CH₄ emission to yield.

One important component in the manufacturing industry is coloring substance. Methylene blue (MB) is one of the coloring substances commonly use industry. The frequent use of the substance may result in the accumulation of methylene blue in the environment and thus creates an environmental waste that is dangerous for living. To control the condition of the environment, efforts to minimize the accumulation of methylene blue with the least possible negative effect in the manufacturing industries need to be made. Synthesized silica aerogel, the bagasse-ash-based solid, originated from sugar factory can be a simple and cheap solution to the problem. This study is intended to discuss the use of silica aerogel as an adsorbent of methylene blue. The influence of experimental factors such as contact time, initial MB concentration, and the temperature was investigated. The adsorption equilibrium was represented with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir equations were found to have the correlation coefficient value in good (R² = 0.9998). Adsorption of MB onto silica aerogel followed pseudo second order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters such as the change in free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°) were determined and the negative values of ΔG° indicated that the process of removal was spontaneous at all values of temperatures. The adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic nature.

Segara Anak is a volcanic lake located in the Mount Rinjani National Park, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. It covers an area of ± 11.3 km² with a maximum depth of 230 m at 2010 m.a.s.l. Segara Anak one of tourism object around Rinjani Mountain. The purpose of this research was to study the phytoplankton community structure and physical and nutritional factors correlation in Segara Anak spatially and temporally. The sampling technique used was a purposive sampling method. The samples were taken at five stations with an increasing depth of 1 m, 5 m, and 10 m respectively. The sample collection was started from October to December 2017. The data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis. We identified 19 phytoplankton genera with 4 classes. The phytoplankton structure, nutrient, and physical factors are significantly different in spatial depth and temporal sampling. The abundance of phytoplankton in Segara Anak is dominated by the Cyanophyceae class.

The community-based climate village program (ProKlim) has strengthened the implementation of integrated adaptation and mitigation impact of climate change, reduction of greenhouse gases emission, and recognition of active community participation. This study aimed to analyze the activities in supporting ProKlim of Simurugul sub-village, the benefit of those activities, and the current status of carbon stock. This research used qualitative research and carbon stock estimation. The adaptation scope involved was controlling drought and landslides, enhancement of food security, and controlling of climate-related disease. The mitigation activities scope of waste and solid management, the use of new renewable energy, organic farming, enhancement in vegetation cover, and prevention and controlling of forest and land fire. The benefits of a community of ProKlim to the community were an enhancement of resilience in facing the climate variability and impact of climate change, improvement of quality of the live and socio-economic community, and reduction of greenhouse gases emission which known carbon stock (1,430.50 tons) in Simurugul sub-village. This showed a potential development strategy and further practice of ProKlim at the local level.

Crop insurance product based on rainfall index is an alternative product to minimize the risk in the agricultural sector. Rainfall index is supposed to represent crop failure in a specific area. Rainfall index is composed of parameters, trigger, and exit. The trigger is a benchmark value of rainfall that causes the partial risk and gives the right to the policyholder to begin partial benefit payment. The exit is the benchmark value of rainfall that consists of total crop failure and assigns the right to the policyholder to submit full benefit claim. The trigger and the exit in a rainfall index provide the value of the premium. A case study is carried out with cumulative rainfall data from June to August in the Dramaga area of Bogor from 1984 until 2017 to ensure paddy. The two-component Gamma Mixture distribution model is applied to determine the rate of premium that must be paid by the policyholder on the specified rainfall index.

Forest and land fires are annual events that occur very frequently during the dry season in several regions in Indonesia. One of the main triggers is low rainfall and extreme anomalies in those regions. The objective of the research was to find the correlation between rainfall and Forest fire based on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall data and Global Fire Emission Database (GFED) forest fire data. Both of these data are big data, this research utilized singular value decomposition to generate information on the correlation of fire patterns and rainfall spatially and temporally. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) based on Singular value decomposition (SVD) was used to reduce large data, without removing main information from the data. SVD approach in this research was conducted using the covariance matrix and combined EOF. EOF mode contribution is able to explain the joint variability of the data set to the phenomenon of fire and its relation to rainfall in Indonesia. Spatial patterns in this analysis show that Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Papua emerged as endemic areas for fires in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2009 and 2015. The year of 2004 and 2014 was also recorded as years of severe forest and land fires but was relatively not as severe as mentioned earlier. The temporal pattern shows that the characteristics of Forest fire in Indonesia are dominant in the final months of the year, from June to October.

There has been a large increase in understanding the relationship between aboveground forest biomass and climate change in recent years. Aboveground Biomass (AGB) estimation is very important in understanding the contribution of forests to the regional carbon cycle. AGB in tropical forest areas is often carried out by utilizing the transformation of the vegetation index because the value obtained is a combination of several channels in the image to highlight the appearance of vegetation. Difficulties in field surveys due to tropical forest field conditions transform the vegetation index calculation is an effective alternative approach to estimate biomass. The purpose of this study is to estimate biomass by utilizing remote sensing data to estimate carbon stock. The study was conducted on tropical forests in Solok Regency, West Sumatra Province. The method used is calculating the surface biomass content with the index value of each transformation of the vegetation index type. The results of this study show the level of accuracy and total carbon content of each transformation of the vegetation index type (NDVI, TNDVI, RVI, TRVI). NDVI is the best accuracy for estimating biomass density with R² of 60%. The surface biomass estimates in Solok Regency as 115.6 tons/ha. The amount of stored surface biomass varies, depending on the level of greenness and the age of the vegetation.

The agricultural sector, especially the production of food crops is a pillar of the economy in Indonesia with production centers located in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. One of the causes of the decline in food crop production is the drought caused by climate change. Drought can be calculated by the Standardized Precipitation Index which is an index to measure the severity of a region's drought. The severity of a region's drought can reach the highest value which can be used to estimate the period of drought occurring repeatedly. Furthermore, the estimation results can be used to obtain the Return Period value which is the average time of drought that has occurred by determining the maximum severity of the drought. To anticipate drought that occurs repeatedly, the purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of drought from the Return Period based on the geographical profile of Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. The data used is monthly rainfall observation data for the period from 1985 to 2014 which describes the current drought events and data on monthly rainfall scenarios for the period from 2016 to 2100 based on the Representative Concentration Pathways that describe the future climate. The result of data analysis indicates that the Return Period geographically provides an overview of various regions. In the more wet region, there is a reduction in rainfall, while the drier region does not experience a significant reduction in rainfall. The general result shows, that in the long run Java will experience a reduction in rainfall more that of in Bali and Nusa Tenggara.

Human activities in Lake Toba area have contributed to the supply of pollutant on these aquatic ecosystems. Organic material and nutrient especially phosphorus component is estimated to be quite dominant of pollutant load. This study aims to recognize the level of organic load (in the form of Chemical Oxygen Demand; COD) and nutrient components (Total Phosphorus; TP) and its influence on the aquatic environment condition. This research was conducted in Lake Toba in November 2017, by observing selected locations in several inlet rivers of the lake and the lake waters area. The pollutant load from the land area, which is organic material (in the form of COD) reaches 90,712 tons/year, while the nutrient load (in the form of TP) reaches 138 tons/year. From aquaculture activities, organic loads released into the waters (in the form of feces and uneaten feed) are estimated at 14,265.4 tons/year, while the phosphorus load (in the form of TP) is 570.33 tons/year. The phosphorus load that enters the waters of Lake Toba as a whole has exceeded the permissible loading levels and changed the trophic status of the Lake Toba waters. Meanwhile, the organic pollutant load will increase the anoxic column on the hypolimnion area of the lake.

One of the main problems of the collaborative mobile robot application is to share the exact information of the robot itself and the surrounding area. Each robot needs to maintain its stability and positioning in order to achieve the target. As one of the samples of achieving the positioning task, a parallel parking problem was used in this paper. This paper used a car-like robot to do a parallel parking task. Front wheels were steered by using a connected joint and a servo motor. Meanwhile, each of the rear wheels was connected to a motor DC. Four ultrasonic sensors were used to find the distance between the robot and its surrounding (fixed in front, back, middle right, and middle of right - back side). The sensors connected to an Arduino Uno as the main microcontroller. The robot used a positioning algorithm based on the distance to nearest objects. The robot is designed only for parking on the right side of the car with an assumption there is no obstacle in the left side of the car. The experimental results confirmed that our system can solve the parallel parking problem. However, during the test, the output of the sensor was were affected by the noise from the environment. Another problem was the robot hardly to move straight because the rubber tires were not installed neatly. In the future works, the data output needs to filter and corrected and the servo degree needs to be initially corrected based on the chassis and tires angle.

Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center (Trop BRC) of Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) is a national research center that has the vision to become an international standard research center. To achieve this vision, Trop BRC IPB has to improve its quality of all aspects, such as by developing an integrated information system. Trop BRC IPB requires an integrated information system to manage its research activities and enterprise data more effectively. This study aims to define the architecture requirement that supports Trop BRC IPB's business process and to guide the development of an information system using Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) method and Zachman framework. This study is conducted in the following stages, including preliminary planning, review of an existing enterprise, architectural design, and implementation planning. The results of this study are represented on tables, matrices, and diagrams that define the needs of data architecture, applications, and technology which can be used as a blueprint for applications developer team of Trop BRC IPB to develop and implement an integrated information system.

Spatial Online Analytical Processing (SOLAP) for Indonesia Agricultural Commodities has successfully developed in our previous study. The application is integrated into a data warehouse that manages historical agricultural commodities data in four sectors: food crop, horticulture, plantation, and livestock. The main features of SOLAP are providing historical data as the results of roll up and drill down operation and visualization of the data in crosstab tables, graphs, and map. In order to evaluate the SOLAP implementation, this study conducted usability testing by involving respondents as potential users of SOLAP. We use the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ) which tests the system based on efficiency, effectivity, and user's satisfaction. There are three testing aspects in PSSUQ, namely system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality with the Likert scale from 1 (low) to 7 (high). The measurement was done by involving 13 respondents who are postgraduate students of Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), researchers in Agrarian Study Center IPB, data analysis and data management staff of Data and Information Center, Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia. The results show that SOLAP for Indonesia Agricultural Commodities has high usability measures which reach 5.424. The testing results of each aspect are system usefulness of 5.54, information quality of 5.258, and interface quality of 5.433. In addition to PSSUQ, this study performed usability testing based on tasks completion. The result shows that the respondents are able to complete the OLAP operations and data visualization in an acceptable time.

Planting seeds may be trivial and can be done manually. However, on a large scale, it will inevitably become time-consuming and labor intensive. The use of robot can be an alternative solution to improve the efficiency of this agricultural-related work so that farmers can focus more on the decision making perspective rather than the labor-intensive works. This study aims to develop a prototype of a task-oriented seed-planter robot that can be used to assist farmers. The robot has three wheels: two motorized wheels and one free-wheel for its stability. It is equipped and programmed with line follower sensors and algorithm to simplify its navigation procedure, by assuming that the field is already marked before plantation process. The main contribution of this study is the design of the actuators of the robot prototype which enables the robot prototype to dig a hole, plant the seed and then close the hole again.

Paecilomyces lilacinus and P.variotii are molds that can control the parasitic worms for animals and plants. The molds have been used as biological control of plant nematodes and more commercialized, but for controlling animal trematode worm parasite has not been known. For the purposes of the experiments were tested in vitro the ability local isolates of P.lilacinus and P.variotii to reduce (predator) worm eggs of Meloidogyne sp and Fasciola gigantica. The tests carried out on the eggs of the two types of worms, by adding some eggs on P. lilacinus and P.variotii spores that have been inoculated in a petri dish. The experiments were performed during a specific time with the addition of isolates for a comparison test. The result of the test from this experiment was P. lilacinus is better than P. variotii to reduce types of those worms.

Biofilm induces an electric potential difference on metal pipelines of oil and gas industries which result in accelerated pipeline corrosion. This study evaluated Cymbopogon citratus essential oil nanoparticle performance as an antimicrobial to prevent metal corrosion. This study aims to determine C. citratus essential oil nanoparticle's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), and its effect on bacterial community dynamics. C. citratus essential oil was encapsulated by ionic gelation. MIC, MBIC, and MBEC were determined by the microdilution method. Bacterial community dynamics were analyzed using Total Plate Count. Biofilm-forming bacteria were isolated from brine water of South Sumatra oil reservoir which identified as Pseudomonas sp. 1, Pseudomonas sp. 2, and Pannonibacter pragmithetus based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity analysis using NCBI-BLAST. C. citratus essential oil nanoparticle was successfully formed which was 174.1 nm in size, having MIC and MBIC value at 0.03%, and MBEC value at 0.06%. Pseudomonas sp. 1 was the most affected by essential oil nanoparticle exposure on planktonic phase while P. pragmithetus was the most affected on sessile phase. Based on this study, C. citratus essential oil nanoparticle has the potential to be an antimicrobial agent to prevent metal corrosion.

Improvement in the germination process will improve the productivity of mung beans (Vigna radiata), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), the three Indonesian important crops. Seed immersion in the water is one of the germination pre-treatments. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of seed immersion in pre-determined water on mung beans, peanuts, and tomatoes germination. The study used a factorial completely randomized design with three factors consisted of water pH (5, 7 and 9), water temperature (27 ºC and 50 ºC), and immersion time (15 and 30 minutes) on 3 replications. Seed germination process was carried out in a rolled paper method. The study showed that different water pH, water temperature, and immersion time gave a significant effect on the germinability, germination speed, seed vigor index, and the percentage of normal growth seeds. Moreover, the seed immersed in the water (pH 7, 50ºC) for 15 minutes showed the best effect on germination quality.

Antioxidant properties of clove bud have been widely studied due to its potential use in the pharmaceuticals field. One of the chemical bioactive compounds that show antioxidant activity is flavonoid. Our study revealed that the flavonoid content of ethanol-derived extract of clove bud was approximately 93.245 mg QE/100 gram. Less is known regarding the mode of actions of antioxidant from clove bud in cellular systems. In this study, we used model organism yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study the action of antioxidant activity in cellular systems. We found that ethanol-derived clove bud extract (100 ppm) enhanced cells viability following H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. Interestingly, clove bud extract increased yeast-antioxidative stress tolerance phenotype in a dose-independent manner. Suggesting, prooxidant activity of clove bud extract. Mitochondria have been known to involve in oxidative stress tolerance mechanisms primarily via mitochondrial adaptive ROS-signaling. Our data revealed that yeast mitochondrial membrane potential was unchanged following 100 ppm extract treatment yet significantly increased in higher extract treatment. Our study indicated that 100 ppm extract-supplementation in yeast culture resulted in a higher survival rate of yeast after 15-days of incubation, compared to that without extract treatments. We suggest that clove bud extract (100 ppm) could enhance oxidative stress tolerance phenotype in yeast S. cerevisiae, which then attributed on life span extension through its ROS scavenging activity. Further study must be conducted to confirm the underlying mechanisms of clove bud extract both physiologically and genetically.

Several types of aquatic plants have a potential role in reducing pollutants from contaminated water through phytoremediation processes. The purpose of this study was to analyze the capacity of aquatic plants in phytoremediation process of cyanide and heavy metals from gold mine liquid waste, based on the growth and heavy metal deposition in the root and shoot. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with two factors, i.e., the concentration of gold-mine wastewater (0%, 50%, and 100%) and the combination of two aquatic plants from 4 species (Eichhornia crassipes, Neomarica longifolia, Hydrilla verticillata, and Pistia stratiotes). The results showed that gold mine wastewater generally reduced the growth rate of all the plants, especially at 100% wastewater concentration. The treatment with gold mine wastewater caused an increase in lipid peroxidation specified by the increase of root and leaf MDA content, while it decreases leaf chlorophyll content significantly. The best combination of aquatic plants for gold mine phytoremediation was shown by N. longifolia – P. Stratiotes based on the smallest dry weight reduction and the greatest reduction of cyanide, Pb and Hg from the media.

The most gelatin is derived from porcine skins and bones that accounted for 46% of total gelatin. This is an obstacle to the development of food products in a Muslim country like Indonesia. One of the prospective source to be developed is fish bones that account for 10-20% of fish weight, with the highest cultivation is Pangasius (Patin fish). This study aims to extract the gelatin from fish bone by-product with ultrasound-assisted extraction using a combination of 3, 5, and 7 hours of extraction time. Based on the results, 5 hours extraction time became the best treatment that gives the highest yield, that 5 ± 1.03% with a value of gel strength, viscosity, and pH respectively 147.74 ± 0.83 g Bloom, 14.63 ± 0.31 cP, and 6.76 ± 03. Analysis of functional group with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) has given a typical uptake of gelatin with the appearance of the amide peak. The result of molecular weight analysis with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) obtained gelatin molecular weight with range 120.08-155.82 KDa.

In this paper, we report the development of the first IPB wireless energy transfer system (IWETS) based on Tesla coil device. The Tesla coil was built from C1970 transistor while the receiver was built from the LC circuit. The transmitted electromagnetic waves have a sinusoidal form with the frequency of ∼2.9 MHz. The actual testing has shown that IWETS was able to transmit the electromagnetic energy to the receiver with the highest efficiency obtained of 0.00516%. The amount of the transmitted energy to the receiver linearly depends on the distance between transmitter and receiver, the further the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, the smaller the energy transferred to the receiver as shown by a lower amplitude of AC voltage detected in the receiver.

Biogas is a valuable byproduct of anaerobic digestion of organic compounds. Biogas production depends on various factors including pH, temperature, microbes, substrate, and C/N ratio. From anaerobic digestion product, we can obtain not only fertilizer (Inhibition of anaerobic digestion process: A review, Volume 99, Issue 10, 2008) but also Biogas that could be used for cooking, lighting, and electricity. This research aims to obtain biogas from solid waste (household waste) and liquid waste (sago processing waste) added microbe from cow rumen and municipal sediment. These research steps are (1) biogas production; (2) methane gas analysis. The Result of this research indicates that methane gas is able to be generated from several variations (s) of waste: bacteria mixture. The result showed that high biogas production from household wastes was obtaining at 7% (b/v) concentration of waste, 0.5% (b/v) urea, and ratio microbial of municipal sediment and rumen was 2:3 at 5% (b/v), the incubation period was 35 days. The Total volume of biogas was resulted by 687 mL biogas/gram waste that consist(s) of 165.56 mL gas of CO₂ and 521.44 mL gas of CH₄ (75.89% (v/v)). Maximum biogas production is recorded from water sago processing waste treatment (1 L) added with bacteria from cow rumen 18x10¹⁰ bacteria. Fermentation duration is 84 days. Total of biogas generated is 17,481 L consisting of 105.37 mL CO₂ (0.60% v/v) and consisting of biogas without CO₂ 17,375.63 L (99% (v/v)).

Bio-photovoltaic is one of the energy-transfer technology that uses oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms to harvest light energy and generate electricity. The aerobic phototropic organisms such as blue-green algae primarily absorb solar energy in visible light areas (400-700 nm). The design of a bio-photovoltaic prototype cell can be constructed using electrodes and Cyanobacteria put inside a plastic container. When the cell is irradiated the photosynthetic reactions will run and produce free electrons. Based on a previous result it is possible to put the cathodes inside the chamber or outside the chamber. In this research, the anode was variated using copper, stainless steel, and zinc. For the measurement while all of the electrodes are in the chamber the efficiency value of each metal is 0.094%; 0.3475%; 4.1026% with the fill factor value of each metal is 0.5719; 0.4204; 0.5776. On the other hand, when one of the electrodes is outside the chamber efficiency value of each metal is 0.0058%; 0.4949%; 1.3013% and the fill factor value of each metal is 0.5559; 0.3519; 0.4564.

The scarcity of fossil fuel has led to the development of renewable energy sources, such as biofuel from plant oils. Jatropha curcas oil is one of the potential plant oil sources of biofuel. The conversion of Jatropha oil into biofuel can be achieved through catalytic cracking using the catalyst of Lampung natural zeolite. This study aimed to characterize the catalyst, to determine the optimum condition of the catalytic cracking process and to study the physicochemical characteristic of biofuel. The study was begun by activating Lampung natural zeolite, characterizing the catalyst, optimizing the catalytic cracking process and testing the biofuel. XRD result showed that the activated natural zeolite has a crystal structure, as suggested by the appearance of high-intensity peaks at 23.72º; 22.38º and 27.96º, which showed the generation of H-zeolite. Thermogravimetry analysis showed that H-zeolite started to decompose at 300 ºC with 7.4% mass reduction and has thermal stability up until 700ºC. The surface area of the zeolite was 53.2542 m²/g. The optimum condition for the cracking process was achieved at 375 °C for 2 hours and 5 % concentration of catalyst. The biofuel generated from this study consisted of 67.12 % gasoline (C₅-C₁₁), 11.87 % kerosene (C₁₂-C₁₅) and 21.01 % diesel (C₁₆-C₂₀). This biofuel has a density of 0.966 g/mL and pours point of 235°K.

This study investigated the structural and optical properties of Iron(III)-doped titanium dioxide (Fe-TiO₂) powders which were synthesized by sol-gel method with a post-annealing temperature at 500°C. Iron(III)-doped titanium dioxide was prepared from Titanium (IV) Isopropoxide and Iron (III) Chloride (FeCl₃). Iron (III) Chloride was added in different concentration (5, 7.5 and 10 % w/w). The synthesis powders were characterized by FTIR, Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and BET. FESEM analysis showed the morphology of 10 % (w/w) Fe doped TiO₂ were homogeneous with the presence of less aggregate of iron. Meanwhile, The surface area of the sample TiO₂-Fe 7.5% calculated from the BET adsorption plot is 107.096 m²/g. This surface area is higher than the sample TiO₂-Fe 10% is 95,241 m². It is confirmed that iron insert to the pore of TiO₂. DRS Analysis revealed the light absorption in the visible region was increased with increasing the iron concentration up to 10% (w/w).

Discrete choice experiments (DCE) are a method to measure people's preferences in various fields of application that used to estimate the importance of attributes of the product or service based on the respondent's choice. The design of DCE consists of several choices called profiles in each choice set. The best DCE's design depends on how to divide the profiles into each choice set so it needs a strategy to construct the appropriate DCE's design. So, the purpose of our study is looking for the most appropriate strategy from two strategies used namely fractional factorial design as the first strategy and D-optimal design with a point-exchange algorithm as the second strategy. The quality of the two strategies is evaluated with the D-optimality criterion value. Both of them are simulated in the case that involves four attributes with two levels, respectively, so all possible profiles are 2⁴ = 16 profiles. The first strategy gained DCE's design that consisted of two choice sets and eight profiles, respectively. The second strategy gained two different DCE's designs. The first design consisted of four choice sets and four profiles, respectively. The second design consisted of eight choice sets and two profiles, respectively. Both the first and second strategies have the same D-optimality criterion values but a difference in structure. In terms of statistics, both strategies have the same quality. However, in terms of application, the second strategy is more appropriate in the structure than the first strategy. Hence, the D-optimal design is an alternative to construct DCE's design based on applications.

Growth of 3C-SiC phase on silica-carbon composites has been conducted. Silica (95,48%) was obtained from rice husk purified using HCl then characterized with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). The carbon source was from activated carbon. Silicon carbide formation was synthesized using the carbothermal reduction method at temperature 1150 °C, 1300 °C, and 1450 °C. Characterization of silicon carbide phase was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The increased temperature on carbothermal reduction process related to the intensity improvement of 2θ phase 3C-SiC(111) which indicates that the 3C-SiC phase is increasingly formed. The 3C-SiC(220) phase crystallite size increased from 20.37 nm to 22.66 nm. The formation of 3C-SiC phase and crystalline size affected on the electronic properties of the synthesized material. The band gap decreased by the increased of 3C-SiC phase formed from ∼3,2 eV (1150 °C) to ∼2,7 eV (1300 °C) and ∼2,7 eV (1450 °C).

Higher education study program undergoes periodic feasibility assessment on nine accreditation standards compliance held by the National Higher Education Accreditation Board (BAN-PT). The process consists of three stages: evaluation of data and information, determination of accreditation status, and monitoring of accreditation status. However, presently data and information collection use manual methods that slow down the process and sometimes create inconsistencies. This study aims to take advantage of the information and communication technology (ICT) by developing a web-based undergraduate study program accreditation information system called Simaprosa. The developed system used two iterations of the prototyping method and utilized the Laravel 5.5 framework. Further, the developed system was tested using the black box method. The results of this study were that Simaprosa facilitated higher education study programs in managing and collecting data to satisfy nine accreditation standards: 1. Vision, Mission, Goals, and Strategies; 2. Governance and Cooperation; 3. Students Affair; 4. Human Resources; 5. Finance, Facilities; Infrastructure, and Information Systems; 6. Learning Systems; 7. Research; 8. Community Services; and 9. Results and Latest Achievements. Users' feedback results showed that all functions were satisfying according to users' needs. Remind that users of Simaprosa followed the department and faculty organizational structures. On department level, the users comprised of Department Head, Department Secretary, Education Commission, Administration Head, and Treasurer. On the faculty level, the users comprise of Administration Head and Treasurer. In addition, the department and faculty level were granted personal Admin and Super Admin.

Small and Medium Sized Micro Business (UMKM) owners often experience difficulties in running their business. UMKM needs real-time access on its transactions in order to properly oversee its business endeavors. This study was aimed to overcome UMKM restriction by taking advantage of disruptive era advancement through the development of a web-based UMKM point of sale software application named PayPOS. To do this, we carried out two iterations of user experience (UX) study parallel with the development of transaction and inventory modules. The UX study utilized the Lean UX method and applied mid-fidelity prototype interfaces and cognitive walkthrough to measure its usability metric efficiency and effectiveness. In the meantime, the transaction and inventory modules applied to the incremental method. Here, the development of the transaction module was divided into four increments: basic transactions, sales transactions, repair and maintenance orders, and transaction reports. Whereas the development of the inventory module was divided into two increments: inventory management and purchase order. On the first UX iteration, the success rate was 72%, whereas, on the second iteration, the success rate was 78%. The overall success rate on tasks tested was 92% which indicated that UX outcomes were easy to use. Further, upon modules integration completion, the PayPOS developed was successfully tested using the Black box method. The user acceptance test carried out also indicated that PayPOS exhibited an attractive interface, easy to understand, and suitable menus and submenus. Hence, the employment of UX study results in the development of PayPOS has helped facilitate business owners in managing their business processes.