Table of contents

I-GEM conference preface

The Geoscience, Energy, and Materials are the main themes considering by I-GEM conference. The conference has been organized from 2017 in Malaysia and will be continuing all around the world in the coming years. The faculties from more than 20 universities from all over the world have been supporting the I-GEM conference. 2018 and 2019 the conference has been held in Malaysia and China respectively. Huaiyin Institute of Technology, China is sponsoring I-GEM conference from 2018. 2020, the conference will be held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Conference Chairman is Professor. Dr. Ideris Zakaria from Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL), Malaysia and the Conference Vice Chairman is Associate Professor. Dr. Abdoullah Namdar from Huaiyin Institute of Technology, China. This multidisciplinary conference has strong international networking over the 20 countries and the main objective is to extend high-quality research products. To support research students, it is planning to hold a research methodology workshop by coming years starting from 2020, during the conference.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

In this study, the defatted press cake of peanut was used as raw material to extract the protein and the extract solution was further hydrolyzed by using an enzyme mixture of alcalase and flavourzyme. Most of the peanut protein were hydrolyzed to be smaller molecules after enzymatic hydrolysis. The response surface methodology was applied to analyze the parameters and the interaction between parameters of the enzymatic hydrolysis process for the protein extraction. On the basis of the experimental results, the maximum responses were obtained as the degree of hydrolysis of 32.2% and percentage of peptides (MW < 5 kDa) of 14.6%.

In recent years, the recovery of noble metals from WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronics Equipment) has received great attention in the academic and industrial community since it highly contributes to decrease the cost of the recycling and/or disposing of the short life cycle of electronic devices. Noble metals are mainly present in Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) which are normally sold in bulk to specialized companies or sent to "recycling sites" where they may be open burned creating a great environmental concern. An alternate route is to further subject the PCB to a manual or automatic dismantling of the integrated circuits and chips. After a study conducted on more than 20.000 kg of WEEE, it has been shown that easily removable parts will account for 13,01% of the PCB w/w (0,75% of the whole sample) but will contain 89,50% of gold (2109 ppm). Since the removed parts are low in weight but highly enriched, lead collection could become a viable process for noble metal recovery. The main components of the above parts are the Silicon wafers. Since no bibliographic information is available on this kind of "gold matrix" the aim of the present study has been to assess the best quantity of the flux primary components (litharge, sodium bicarbonate, anhydrous borax) to enhance gold recovery. Results greater than 90% have been assessed.

Aerosol optical depth (AOT) was measured at Xavier University of Louisiana (XULA, 29.96° N, 90.11° W and 3m above sea level) using a GLOBE handheld sun photometer. The measurements were done at two different wavelengths, 505nm and 625nm. The measured values were used to extrapolate the AOT values for wavelengths 667nm, 551nm, 532nm and 490nm at the XULA site. The measured and calculated AOT values were then compared with values from the nearest AERONET station at Wave CIS site 6 (AERONET, 28.87° N, 90.48° W and 33m above sea level), which is 60 miles south of XULA. In this study we tracked the annual and daily variations of AOT for a 12-month period from September 2017 to August 2018. These data show good qualitative agreement between the two stations in the 12-month period. Both sets of data show distinct peaks in February and May. Both sets of data show low AOT values in the winter months and high AOT values in the summer months. The hourly AOT variations averaged over the 12-month period was also investigated for the XULA site. The data show two peaks, one at 9:00 am and another at 3:00pm. We also compared AOT data from two independently calibrated GLOBE sun photometers at the XULA site. The data show that the two instruments are in excellent agreement. The R-squared value for the 505nm channel is 0.92 and the R-squared value for the 625nm channel is 0.95.

The aeromagnetic signal often has a minority of noise in it, which may be composed of random noise caused by the aircraft itself, fringe pattern noise caused by the differences between the aircraft airlines, or linear features aligned along the declination direction after reduction to the pole, which are usually hard to distinguish visually but will make useful information submerged In this paper, the aeromagnetic data of a polymetallic deposit-accumulated area in Inner Mongolia Province, northwest China, is taken as an example, from which the aeromagnetic noise is extracted by multifractal singular value decomposition (MSVD), the singular values are automatically fitted into limited number of fractal straight lines according to their inflection points and minimum fitting error, each line represents a certain kind of noise or signal, the noises are chosen and removed in this way. The last two decomposed components are usually a band pass and a low pass filter that can be used for tectonic faults and geological bodies' interpretation, respectively.

The high temperature events are frequently occurred due to global climate change, which is harmful to human existence, social and economic development, water resources and ecologic environment. The goal is to improve the ability of coping extreme weather events for the whole society and promote the sustainable development of national economy. Based on the self-organized critical and previous research, this paper explored the frequency-intensity distribution of temperature change satisfied Gutenberg-Richter power-law relation. Then, a numerical sandpile model with decay coefficient is constructed to reveal inherent dynamic mechanism of high temperature events based on the idea of sand model. The study on occurring mechanism, temporal evolution and inherent dynamic behavior of high temperature events, which could provide the scientific basis and important reference for effective establishing all kinds of emergency plan such as extreme weather disaster prevention, mitigation and relief.

Residual soils are produced from weathering of rocks and commonly found in tropical humid areas. The geotechnical properties of residual soils are a function of the parent rock, the degree of weathering, and climate which vary from region to region. A thorough quantification of the geotechnical characteristics of residual soils is required for a safe and economic structure design. This study attempts to summarize a series of important geotechnical properties of a Malaysian granitic residual soil grade V which determine the suitability and ability of the soil for construction including particles size distribution, specific gravity, plastic index, soil water characteristic curve, and shear strength. The findings were compared with geotechnical properties of other residual soils which were reported previously. The results showed weathering grade and the percentage of fine particles are the two important factors in controlling the geotechnical properties of residual soils.

The Dry-hot Valley Region (DVR) is one of the typical ecologically fragile areas, but also it is a key and difficult region of vegetation rehabilitation in southwestern mountain area of China. Due to the extremely hot dry climate and strong expansion/shrinkage characteristic of soil, the cracking is a kind of extremely universal phenomenon. Soil cracking accelerates the water loss by means of evaporation, intensifying the damage of soil drought to plants, so it has become is one of the important reasons for vegetation recovery. In this paper, according to complex network theory, we analyse the degree distribution properties of two typical soil-crack network in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region, which includes not only the topological characteristics of the fracture network itself, but also more important study the reflected characteristics of the soil crack under different network topologies.

Marine geotechnics is one of the most difficult specialties and is part of coastal engineering. The geotechnician is interested in soils as these are the main element of the context in which the stability of a structure will be designed. The methods of improvement of vibroflotation (VF), dynamic compaction (DC) and the pre-loading took a scale in Algeria these last years, they are applied at the port of DjenDjen in Jijel province, object of our study, in the framework of its extension and its development, in order to improve the support soil which will receive the foundations of the protections structures and the container terminal in caissons. The main objective is to establish numerical studies of the stability of the protection structure realized on the improved soil which was itself taken into consideration in the modelling, while respecting also the real phasing of construction of this structure. However, soil improvement was checked before and after treatment to verify its influence on the stability of the harbour structures.

The seismic stress-strain soil foundation response needs to evaluate with high quality in geotechnical earthquake engineering design. The stress and strain are controllable in soil foundation design. In the present study, the simulated near-fault ground motion has been applied on the model and the seismic resistance of concrete footing to produce shape and magnitude of seismic stress investigated. The main objective of this study is to understand, the concept of strain energy density dissipation mechanism in geotechnical earthquake engineering. The strain energy has been discussed based on results of numerical analysis and those have been reported in the literature. The results have been found that the strain energy density dissipation mechanism meaningfully effects on concrete foundation stress mechanism production and it leads to produce seismic differential settlement mechanism for concrete footing.