Table of contents

PREFACE

On behalf of the Organizing Committee, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia and Georg-August University of Goettingen, Germany, as well as on behalf of conference co-hosts the Research Development and Innovation Agency, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia, and the Indonesian Forestry Scholars Association (PERSAKI), it is a great pleasure for us to organize the IUFRO International and Multi-disciplinary Scientific Conference. Forest-related policy and governance: Analyses in the environmental social sciences which was held in Bogor, 4 - 7 of October 2016.

This conference seeks to accommodate theoretical, methodological, and empirical contributions from around the globe through topical sessions. In addition, this conference aims to provide a platform for exchanging science-based contributions at the nexus of forest and environment policy and sustainable management practices. To do this, we have organized plenary and technical parallel sessions, focused on trans-disciplinary questions at the science-policy interface, and we have included contributions from multiple disciplines on forest and other environmental issues as well.

This volume of proceedings from the conference provides an opportunity for readers to engage with a selection of refereed papers that were presented during the IUFRO International and Multi-disciplinary Scientific Conference. The papers published here were picked up on the forestrelated policy analyses, as well as the advances in wider forest-related governance studies from political science, sociology, anthropology, human geography, regional development, economics, psychology, environment, forest history, legal studies, livelihood and tenure analyses. The papers selected depended on the quality and the relevancy to the aim of conference and in the interest of participants in general.

It is gratifying to note that this conference is attended by 200 participants from five continents and 28 countries, and almost 400 extended participants of special sessions in the second day of conference. Through this conference we can, and must, pursue green development as a multidimensional concept, encompassing the economic, social, institutional, and physical elements of development, in a wider sense of a sustainable paradigm. This conference represents a step toward the necessary adjustments for strengthening cooperation and effective collaboration among forestry and environmental scientists worldwide.

Finally on behalf of the organizing committee of the IUFRO International and Multi-disciplinary Scientific Conference, I would like to thank all the presenters and participants for their unduly support. This is something that we will strive to do again in the conferences that will follow next.

Chairman,

Dr. Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat

List of Chairperson, Editorial boards and Technical Committee are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Forest degradation has occurred in Indonesian Protected Areas, including Gede Pangrango National Park. Forest degradation is marked by the incidence of illegal logging and land occupation by local communities. Some national parks promote alternative livelihoods to reduce land occupation, but the results are less satisfactory. This research was conducted in Gede Pangrango National Park, with a focus on observing the process of power contestation, the development of alternative livelihoods and forest degradation in Sukatani village. This study uses qualitative methods to answer: 1) How social formation is associated with forest degradation; 2) Why alternative livelihood development did not succeed to reduce forest degradation; 3) What power strength which made the local people prefer land occupation. The study was conducted in Gede Pangrango National Park with the focus of the study to observe the process of power contestation, the development of alternative livelihoods and forest degradation in Sukatani village. The results reveal that the occupation of land and forest degradation followed from power relations. Local communities build power relations to maintain access rights. Farmers prefer land occupation as a rational action. Ties of patronage at the farm level made small farmers continue to maintain land occupation. Thus, market power and the high economic value of agriculture works forest protection and restoration worked against the restoration of forests.

Forest cover is one of the most important indicators to sustainable development. Illegal logging arises because of the rising demand for wood products due to increasing population and economic growth, while the total supply of log from forests remains stable or even decreases. To overcome the supply gap for wood, the utilization of wood sources beyond natural forest areas is necessary. One proposed policy option to increase utilization of wood from non-forest areas is to implement replanting zonation scheme for oil palm plantation. This policy option is implemented through three main activities. First, mapping the age divergences of the oil palms; second, making replanting zonation map; and third, integrating the utilization of oil palm trunks in the forest industry's raw material fulfillment plan (RPBI Kehutanan). Through these policies, the waste of palm trunks can be used as raw materials in wood industries. Without a replanting zonation scheme, oil palm trunks are not a feasible replacement for forest timber because of their scattered location, limited volume, and size.

Natural tourism development is expected to provide added value for ecological and economic aspects of protected areas. Natural tourism activities can generate revenue which can be allocated for conservation as well as provide economic benefits for local communities. With the proviso that tourism activities still benefit communities' economy, then it possibly will increase their awareness and participation in conservation activities. This research aims to determine the contribution of tourism activities for households' economy and national park management. Particularly, the contribution of Halimun Salak National Park tourism household income sharing, total household expenses, as well as stakeholder perception related to the conservation at HSNP. The results determine the economic benefits of natural tourism for the community. 66% of local household income was generated from natural tourism and tourism income meets 91% of household expenditure of local communities. Tourism activities could driving community's participation for conservation in Halimun Salak National Park due to their economic dependencies on tourism.

Forest fire is one of the main causes of forest destruction that can threaten the sustainability of forest resources. Uncontrolled forest and land fires can generate environmental damages in several aspects, i.e. social, economy, and ecology. Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) is one of the national parks in East Java province which is frequently experiences forest fire. The largest forest fire in TNBTS area in 2015 was located in Ranu Pani Resort, which is the entrance of hiking trails in Semeru Mountain. Forest fires on Ranu Pani Resort caused substantial losses for communities and managers. Considering the important role of the national park in managing and protecting forest resources, research about economic losses due to forest fire, the time pattern of forest fire, and the causal factors of forest fires in Ranu Pani Resort is necessary. Data analysis in this research include benefit transfer approaches, loss of earning, descriptive analysis, and logistic regression. Result show that total economic loss of forest fires in Ranu Pani Resort is IDR 2,296,172,122. The forest fires on Ranu Pani Resort often occur in August, September and October. Human factors (the number of farmers) are more likely to cause fires in TNTBS compared to natural factors (intensity of rainfall).

This study evaluates the impacts of the establishment of Sebangau National Park (SNP) in Indonesia, on local people's livelihoods. SNP was established in 2004 and covers more than 560 thousand hectares of peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan Province. SNP was a production forest for more than 20 years and almost half of the area has been degraded. SNP is surrounded by almost 50 thousand people whose livelihoods depend on SNP's resources before, during, and after the changing status of the area from production to conservation forest. Nowadays, about 6-7% of local community are categorised as poor people and surviving from their subsistence livelihoods. This study shows that the establishment of the park changes the livelihood strategies of local communities. People shifted their livelihood sources from forest resource extractions, particularly logging, to agriculture (farming and fishing). Some strategies to maintain and improve the livelihoods of local communities within the restrictive regulations of SNP management include: (1) regulating the collection of non-timber forest products so that it would not threaten the ecological balance of the forests; (2) developing agroforestry system; (3) involving local communities in the rehabilitation programs within rehabilitation zone; (4) developing ecotourism; and (5) involving in communities in the REDD+ program prepared by SNP.

Establishment of Law 23/2014 on Local Government has shifted authority of forest resources management from district to province level, including community empowerment programs in Lampung Province such as Village Forest (Hutan Desa), Community Forest (Hutan Kemasyarakatan or HKm). This study focused on HKm because it is the largest CBFM program in Lampung Province. As a result of Law 23/2014, 16 PAK (working area designation) in 4 districts (16,961 Ha) of HKm candidates were canceled, because they cannot be extended. Under these conditions it is necessary to make a study to determine the impact and strategy of local government in dealing with Law 23/2014. The study was conducted on March-April 2016 using a qualitative approach. The selection of respondents uses purposive sampling method followed by a descriptive analysis. This research finds that local governments tend to wait until there are specific regulations set on HKm in accordance with Law 23/2014. However, it can be concluded that (1) Ministry should immediately publish the Ministry Regulation on HKm, (2) Provincial and district governments should immediately coordinate transfers of personnel, funding, facilities, and documents.

There is a little empirical evidence on how REDD+ can work through existing property rights that define Indonesian forests. This article focuses on assessing the effectiveness of existing forest property rights in local forest institutions within a REDD+ framework. The study focuses on two local forest institutions: Forest Management Unit (FMU) of Berau Barat, and Merabu Village Forest. Within these forest landscapes, households within three villages were selected for interview and household survey collection. This research first examines the bundle of rights allotted to households by examining the content of formal rules enacted for Forest Management Units and Village Forests. Specifically, these different forest property types were assessed for the ability of local forest institutions to control additionality, leakage, and permanence. The results of formal policy were then compared to data collected from households within the forest landscape of Berau, East Kalimantan. This comparison finds that Merabu Village Forest provides higher forest tenure security than the FMU of Berau Barat. Further, forest rights from Merabu Village Forest are more likely to promote REDD+ outcomes, indicated by the ability for local authority to control additionality, leakage, and permanence. Finally, this research finds increasing capacity to manage leakage, integrate national and local tenure efforts, include local knowledge, law enforcement capacity, and community awareness.

Forestry-related conflict in Indonesia urgently requires a solution, and regional authority has failed to protect forest areas. This failure rooted on the unequal power relations and the discourse applied in governing the forest area. "Collaboration" only exists superficially. The ongoing narration shows that the management of forest resources became the arena of contestation, not for collaboration. Bureaucracy rises with policy and legal narration, private corporations rise with growth and welfare narration, and communities rise with resistance and exclusion narration. The respective narration is diametrically negating and compete to dominate each other, resulting the practice of "legal not legitimate" and "illegal but authentic" on the other side. Starting with that issue, the concept of Collaborative Management's effectiveness should be levelled up through devolution based on local-users in a polycentric system. These three steps of the policy development are: 1) the formulation of collective narration based on knowledge and local multi-stakeholders discourse; 2) the creation of local actor web as authentic resource users, and 3) institutionalisation of forest resources management and the local resource mobilisation.

Multi-stakeholders forest management can be influenced by many factors and will be difficult because of different process expectations. This paper discusses the integration of soft systems methodology (SSM) within a multi-stakeholder approach in research to support sustainable and equitable forest management of the Protected Forest Management Unit (PFMU) in Solok, Indonesia. The management of PFMU in Solok is complicated by the legitimacy of forest right, institutional culture, political interest, uncertainty the nature of relationships among stakeholders, illegal logging, and the topography is varied, existing watersheds and limitations of forest inventory data. The situation is not only characterized by its complex ecosystem but, more importantly, by the complexity of the social and political system around it. In this work, SSM contributed to expressing the problem situations of PFMU. A model was developed by formulating the root definitions and building the conceptual model of the relevant component of forest management. The model was used to stimulate debate about desirable and feasible change, as well as to explore the future scenarios. Finally, multi-stakeholders approach by implementing the SSM principle helps to harmonize the stakeholder interest and to formulate the scenario of forest management. This approach was also found to be a positive way to explore a collaborative action plans for sustainable and equitable forest management.

Shorea leprosula belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family, a dominant family in Indonesia's rainforest. The population of this species has been depleted due to extensive logging, high rates of deforestation and forest degradation in the past several decades. However, the current status of the species' range and distribution remains unknown. This research project aims to understand and predict the distribution of S. leprosula in Kalimantan using species distribution models (SDMs). This study used presence records and presence-absence records from field surveys and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database. Two modelling methods, MaxEnt and generalized linear models (GLMs), were used to predict species distribution. Prediction maps varied with modelling methods and different datasets, producing different emphases on areas suitable for S. leprosula. Even though the descriptive and predictive capabilities of the models are considered modest, the models provide useful insights about environmental factors that affect the distribution pattern of S. leprosula. Given the limitations of species records used in this study, the model outputs also need to be cautiously interpreted to avoid prediction biases. This research project also highlights some issues that arise in using small sample sizes in developing the model. Despite its limitations, the prediction maps generated by the models can give some hints to identify the areas with high possibility of the presence of S. leprosula in Kalimantan. In addition, this research project also provides some important information on how to improve model predictions for future development to support species conservation in Indonesia's rainforests.

The exploitative and centralistic economic development of Indonesia has had a negative impact on the land, coastal areas and oceans causing poverty in communities. Effects of global warming and climate change require change in the paradigm towards a green economy to prevent a 20 C increase in earth's temperature, which will damage the world and its living creatures. Spatial analysis and Geo Information System (GIS) analysis was used in this research. Operational analysis used the framework of the Integrated Management Model of Small Island Landscape which contains a conceptual, macro and micro framework. The research results require a change from an exploitative economy to a green economy as a basis for policy and renewal of regulations at a central and regional level, in accordance with the eco region's diversity. The macro concept integrates the multi landscape of small islands i.e. the island cluster, the island and its short, narrow watershed, as the management foundation. Integration results show 12 island clusters consisting of 1,340 islands with 1600 water set in the Moluccas. While in North Moluccas there are 8 island clusters, 600 islands and more than 600 watershed. All land use and systems, forest functions, socio-cultural information, tenancy and native title rights have already been integrated into the watershed of the islands and island clusters. The micro concept details sustainable management of forests and other land use areas into management units based on the agroforestry landscape so each multi landscape unit achieves sustainability and community prosperity.

Despite the frequent reports of large-scale oil palm plantations' lack of attention to biodiversity conservation, there is a paucity of reporting on smallholding plantation contributions in this regard. Yet, vegetation heterogeneity supports richer biodiversity, and this is a characteristic of independent smallholdings. This paper discusses the potential role of independent smallholding oil palm plantations in biodiversity conservation with respect to butterfly and earthworms. Data were collected on four large-scale and four smallholding plantations in the Districts of Kampar, Pelalawan, Kuantan, Singingi and Siak of Riau Province, using a time-survey method for butterflies and hand-sorting method for earthworms. The research also used direct interview with oil palm owners and community members to assess the environmental value of independent smallholdings. Results showed that independent smallholdings were considered to be ecologically-friendly, where most have been shown to support higher species richness of butterfly and higher density of earthworms, than large-scale plantations, due to the irregular maintenance practices, as well as proximity to secondary forest and rubber plantations. It can be concluded that the informed management of independent smallholding oil palm plantations could effectively support biodiversity conservation.

The agroforestry system in land management has been carried out traditionally by societies in Moluccas. The practice is known as dusung, and includes the cultivation of nutmeg trees. Farmers face a number of problems, one of which is a system of debt bondage that inflicts financial loss upon the farmers. This study aims to explain the involvement of farmers with debt bondage system, namely the tree mortgage system (TMS). This research uses a case study approach, with the collection of interviews and participant conservation data. The data is analysed using principal agent theory. The results showed that nutmeg farmers (principal) have a risk when debt bondage (agent) denies an agreement/moral hazard or acts out an agreement. This occurs when agent exploits the access of information and nutmeg marketing prospects, which makes the position of farmers weak and disadvantaged. Improving contracts for TMS and local institutional strengthening is necessary, as it can improve the bargaining position of nutmeg farmers and encourage the preservation of forest resources through sustainable management of nutmeg dusung.

Illegal logging and encroachment are the main drivers of deforestation in Lombok Island. However, recent increases in the frequency of floods and landslides has enhanced local awareness of ecosystem restoration. This study confirms that community participation is an important factor for protecting forests, among others through involvement in ecotourism activities at Gunung Rinjani National Park and participation in agroforestry program in the park's buffer zone. Since 2010, Community Forestry Program in Central Lombok has been integrated with a scheme of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). Although Community Forestry has been successfully implemented in several areas of production forests and protection forests, this scheme is a newly introduced government policy for reforming the management of conservation areas in Indonesia. Through this scheme, local communities have a bundle of rights to manage a parcel of forestland around Gunung Rinjani National Park. In addition to giving access to manage forestland, this scheme also supports the empowerment of local communities to manage forests in more sustainable ways, e.g. through the utilization of non-timber forest products, the cultivation of crops on land under the forest stand, and the rehabilitation of degraded forest lands. This study investigates the trajectories of deforestation, identifies direct and underlying causes of deforestation, and describes the role of Community Forestry to reduce deforestation in Central Lombok.

Indonesia is one of the top-ten most dominant manufacturers of wooden furniture in the world, exporting approximately $ 1.34 billion of wooden furniture in 2015, with a market share 2.09%. However, in the last decade, the volume of wood furniture exports has gradually decreased. Additionally, the wooden furniture industry in Indonesia must now implement the timber legality verification system (SVLK) to ensure raw materials come from legal sources. Given the importance of the wooden furniture industry and recent timber legality mandates, this study: 1) analyzes the competitiveness of Indonesian wooden furniture in the international markets and 2) investigates the relationship between the timber legality assurance system (TLAS) and the competitiveness of Indonesian wooden furniture in the global market. This research uses economic trade data and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) to analyze the comparative advantage of wooden furniture from Indonesia in the global market, as well as export product dynamics (EPD) methods to determine the market position of Indonesian wooden furniture. The RCA index shows that Indonesia has a comparative advantage, but its competitiveness is lower than China, Vietnam, and Malaysia. The EPD methods indicate that the competitiveness of Indonesian wood furniture continues to decline. These analyses point to a potential weakness in SVLK in relation to the competitiveness of Indonesian wood furniture in key international markets.

This study investigates three critical issues related to forest resource management in Merangin District, Jambi Province. First, it emphasizes how forest land conversion from coffee plantations, palm oil, and mining resulted in deforestation. Second, it highlights how migrant tribes from South Sumatera establish coffee plantations in the National Park of Kerinci Sebelat in Merangin district. Third, it highlights the impact of deforestation due to encroachment, coffee plantations, and mining as well as the related ecological damage. Confronting these three issues requires considering stakeholders' movements and views on the role of government, private companies, NGOs, and participation of local communities. This research finds the role of government, represented by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, as well as Forestry Agency Offices at the province and district levels, is important to the issue and regulation of sanctions for logging concession holders and migrant tribes from South Sumatera. Therefore, in order to implement sustainable forest management (SFM), the government invites logging concession holder and participation of local community on developing forest resource by planting trees which the scheme of social forestry and village forest. This livelihood strategy is an alternative to previous strategies that focused on paddy rice cultivation and coffee agroforestry. This livelihood change is especially notable for migrant tribes and members from local community. In contrast, the role of NGOs is very important in launching a critique concerning the impact of ecological damage, including soil erosion, flood and water contamination, which results from forest encroaching and mining.