Table of contents

INTRODUCTION

First of all let us praise and thank the presence of Allah Almighty, for the abundance of grace and joy, so that all of us can still gather in this place in good health. We would like to take this opportunity to tell you that this is our honour and privilege to welcome you here.

The honorable:

• Rector of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Prof. Dr. Runtung, M.Hum

• Vice Rector III (Research, community services, and Cooperation) of Universitas Sumatera Utara, Drs. Mahyuddin K.M. Nasution, M.I.T., Ph.D

• Dean of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara: Dr. Ir. Hasanuddin, M.S.

• Dean of Faculty of Engineering Czech University of Life Science : Doc. Ing. Jiří Mašek, Ph.D.

• Prof. Dr. Ing. Frantisek Kumhala (Czech University of Life Science, Prague)

• Keynote Speakers:

1. Prof. Nilda Roma Burgos, Ph.D (University of Arkansas, USA)

2. Prof. David Herak, Ph.D (Czech University of Life Science, Prague)

3. Prof. Bhesh Bhandari, Ph.D (University of Queensland, Australia)

4. Prof. Dr. Ir. Hermanto Siregar, M.Ec (Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia)

• The distinguished guests from all around the world

I am greatly honored to welcome you to the second International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) 2018. AEFS conference aims to offer the opportunity for knowledge sharing, networking, and collaboration between engineers, scientists, and technologists as well as academician and researchers working in the specific areas of agriculture, social economics, biosystems engineering and food technology. For this year the committee has chosen "Prospect and Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture to Improve Food Security and Environtment" as the main theme, with 6 selected tracks including Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Economics, Plant Science (Agronomy and Plantation, Plant Breeding, Biotechnology, Integrated Pest Management and Soil Science), Animal Science, Food Science and Technology, Marine and Fisheries Sciences. This conference is organized by The Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) as an annual event to celebrate the faculty anniversary and fully supported by Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague (CULS), The Institution of Engineers Indonesia (IEI/PII), Indonesian Society of Agricultural Economics (ISAE/PERHEPI), Komisariat Daerah Sumatera Utara, Indonesian Association of Nutrition and Feed Science (AINI) and Indonesian Association of Food Technologist (IAFT/PATPI). The AEFS 2018 program consists of the interactive presentation sessions, keynote speaking and social events including networking dinner and post-conference tour.

List of conference photographs availabel in this PDF.

List of conference information and Venue map available in this PDF.

Call for papers, Important dates, Registration fee are available in this PDF.

Registration fee and Important dates are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The purpose of this research was to understand the characteristics of the farmers who join the profit-sharing system. This research used observation and interview method and the population was the farmers who joined the sharing system with MBC. This research was conducted from March to April 2018 in the Maiwa Sub-district; Enrekang Regency. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics with frequency distribution and income analysis. A total of 44 beef cattle farmers who had a profit-sharing system with MBC and were located in Maiwa Subdistrict, Enrekang Regency were used as the research sample. The research was descriptive, analysing primary and secondary data, qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that the age of the farmers who joined the system was in the productive age (95%), predominantly male (95%), most of them had graduated from junior high school (45.5%), had 5-6 dependent people in household (47.7%). The income earned in the 6-month maintenance period was more preferred by the farmers than the income in the 12-month maintenance period.

The aim of this research is to know beef cattle farmers' attitude toward biosecurity in Lamasi Subdistrict, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Total samples were 32 beef cattle farmers who were chosen purposively. The data were collected through observation and interview using questionnaire. There were 9 questions. Every question has three answers. Likert scale was used: 1 for disagree, 2 for less agree, and 3 for agree. The data were analysed descriptively using mean and frequency distribution. The research revealed that beef cattle farmers less agree on the application of biosecurity. In other words, beef cattle farmers have a negative attitude toward biosecurity adoption. The implication of this research is the need for cooperation between government, privates, and farmers' participation to apply biosecurity to produce healthy meat.

Imports become an alternative policy to meet the domestic soybean demand. North Sumatra Province has a high dependence on soybean imports because the amount of soybean imported is greater than the amount of domestic production. The purpose of this study was to analyse the influencing factors of the soybean import volume in North Sumatera Province. The Engle-Granger Cointegration Test and the Error Correction Model (ECM) methods used to identify the factors influencing the soybean import volume in the long-term and the short-term. The results concluded that the soybean import was significantly influenced by the domestic soybean production, the exchange rate, and the soybean price ratio. In the long-term, the soybean price ratio significantly influences the soybean import volume. While in the short-term, exchange rate and soybean price ratio significantly influence the soybean import volume.

The production and price of citruses in the Parbuluan IV Village were very fluctuating. The citrus production has dropped dramatically from 2014 until 2016. From the productions and price, it is known that there is a probability of risk in this area. The purpose of this study was to analyse the types of risks faced by citrus agribusiness actors and analyse the value of risk probability and its effect on citrus agribusiness actors in Parbuluan IV Village. The method to determine the research area used was the purposive sampling method so that the research was conducted in Parbuluan Village IV. Parbuluan Village IV was chosen because the productivity of citrus was decreasing in recent years and the price selling of citruses at the farmers level had not comparable with the price selling of citrus at the consumers level. The results showed that the risks faced by agribusiness actors consist of internal risks and external risks. The probability value of production risk of 57.14% means that the chance of risk to occur is high and the probability value of price risk of 46.02% means that the chance of risk to occur is low.

Shallot is one of the leading horticultural commodities from the seasonal vegetable group in Indonesia. Of all the total harvested area of the seasonal vegetable crops in Indonesia, the largest is used to produce shallots. The increase in demand for shallot because of population growth and increase in income, as well as the domestic production of shallot which cannot meet the high needs for shallot, results in imbalance condition in shallot market and thus push price up. The autoregressive model adapted from Nerlove partial adjustment model and multiple linear regression analysis with the estimation technique of Ordinary Least Square (OLS) were used to analyse the factors affecting the demand for shallot and estimate the demand elasticity to the price of shallot in North Sumatera. The results showed that the consumer price of shallot, the consumer price of garlic, and the population of North Sumatera have a positive effect on the demand for shallot, while the GDP per capita of North Sumatera and the demand for shallot in the previous period have a negative effect on the demand for shallot in North Sumatera. Demand elasticity of shallot in North Sumatera is inelastic, both in the short-run and the long-run.

Oil palm, rubber, and cocoa are the top three leading plantation commodities in Indonesia which are usually mutually converted one to each other. Oil palm plantation area and production in Indonesia over the past five years tend to increase, while the cocoa plantation area and production tend to decrease. According to the business ownership status, most of the cocoa plantations are cultivated by smallholders, while most of the oil palm plantations are cultivated by large private plantations. In North Sumatra, the cocoa commodity is the most often converted into oil palm. One of the factors that affect cocoa lands conversion into oil palm is the income prospects. The income analysis and the compare means analysis were used to see whether there are significant differences between the average income of cocoa and oil palm farming. The results showed that there are significant differences between the incomes of cocoa farmers and oil palm farmers, where the prospect of oil palm farmers' income is higher than the income of cocoa farmers.

The productivity of arabica coffee of community in Dairi District is still relatively low compared to other districts where in 2014 it was recorded at 12.13 qtl/ha/year, which was lower than the productivity of arabica coffee at Simalungun, Toba Samosir, and Madina Districts which were respectively of 15.46, 14.24, and 13.90 qtl/ha/year. This study aims to analyse the factors that affect the production of arabica coffee of smallholder plantations in Dairi District, North Sumatra Province. This study used primary data from interviews with arabica coffee farmers. Determination of sample is by Accidental Sampling method, while the sample size is determined by Slovin method where the number of respondents is 99 families. Data analysis was performed using the production function method of Cobb-Douglas. The results showed that simultaneously the number of plants, the age of plants, the number of labours, the amount of fertilizer, and the amount of pesticide have a significant effect; while partially the number of plants, the age of plants, and the amount of fertilizer have a significant positive effect, and the number of labours and the amount of pesticide have a positive but not significant effect on arabica coffee production of smallholder plantations in Dairi District.

Ginger agribusiness has business prospects that can increase farmers' income, open employment opportunities and reduce poverty. The problem in the development of ginger agribusiness is the absence of studies on farmer behaviour at the on-farm level and its interaction with agricultural resources. For this reason, it is necessary to map the behaviour of farmers in cultivation, yield processing and marketing of ginger, and interrelate the behaviour of farmers with agricultural resources in ginger agribusiness. Mapping behaviour of farmers includes knowledge, attitudes, and skills in cultivation, processing, and marketing. In the next stage, technology insemination and ginger agribusiness development models are needed. The results showed that the behaviour of ginger farmers at the on-farm level was in the medium and high category in six villages in Moramo Subdistrict. The potential of ginger farmers was the experience of ginger cultivation and interest in business development. Supporting factors of ginger agribusiness include land ownership, land suitability, and availability of ginger seeds. The constraints of ginger agribusiness development were weather changes and price fluctuations. The model of ginger agribusiness development needs to be directed at strengthening the capacity of farmers, partnerships and value-added products to increase the competitiveness of ginger.

Mangrove forest is the main life-supporting ecosystem for organisms in coastal and marine areas. It got serious pressure as the impact of land conversion. The objective of the study was to analyse the total economic valuation of mangrove forest in Secanggang, Langkat. The number of samples is determined as many as 30 by using cluster sampling. Data were analysed using economic valuation techniques for calculating the total value of the mangrove ecosystem. Total economic value is carried out by interviewing each respondent to estimate economic value, namely the direct use value, the indirect use value, and the option value of the mangrove forest. The total economic value is IDR 22,497,463,608 per year. It is obtained from direct use value is IDR 4,662,525,000 per year, indirect use value amounted IDR 17,507,736,480 per year, while option value amounted IDR 327,202,128 per year. Direct use value comes from the benefits of the firewood, shrimp, fish, and crab utilization. For the indirect use value was obtained from retaining abrasion and provider of fishery resources, i.e. shrimp feed resource and the option value was obtained by calculating the value of biodiversity in the mangrove ecosystem.

Producers price index is a means of measuring the welfare of farmers, so calculating producers price index can know the level of welfare of farmers. This is related to the purchasing power in the fulfilment of household consumption needs. One of the classic problems that rice farmers often encounter is the drop in the selling price of grain/rice during harvest time, and rising prices when outside the harvest. The research objective is to analyse the impacts of harvest on producers' price index. Producers price index at harvest time is lower than non-harvest, so that farmer's welfare during harvest time is decreasing seen from decreasing of farmers' producers' price index of the rice farmer. Low producers price index due to high harvest resulted in decreasing consumption of home staple foods.

Upland rice potential needs to be explored from various aspects so that it can really contribute to the increase in national rice production. Potential of upland rice apart from the potential aspects of resources availability also needs to be explored from the social and economic aspects that were studied in the concept of agribusiness. Potential in resource and social were being investigated by the qualitative method, while potential in economics was being investigated by the quantitative method, namely R/C ratio analysis. The results showed: (a) The resources potential in the form of land availability and an increase of upland rice productivity in South Konawe District. Upland rice also has the advantage of adaptation in various agroecology, soil types, and types of plants in intercropping systems; (b) The social potential in the form of farmers' knowledge and skills regarding upland rice cultivation which tends to the concept of organic farming, socio characteristics and social capital; (c) The economic potential in the form of higher prices for rice from upland rice than rice from lowland rice, limited market share, and high financial feasibility.

The major economic activity in rural areas is agriculture, which plays an important role as environmental conservation and natural resource sites. Participatory rural development through empowerment programs is considered to increase rural household income. Bandung District is one of the regions that have implemented empowerment programs due to its relatively high poverty rates. The level of poverty reduction in Bandung District tends to slow down. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyse the influencing factors of the rural households' income level under empowerment programs. Research method using the Multiple Regression Model. The results of the study revealed that the household income is significant influences by the age, education, and participation in the empowering institutions.

Soybean is a strategic commodity in Indonesia since it is one of the important foods after rice and corn. Soybean gets more attention in national food policy because most of the Indonesian use soybeans in various processed food products, such as tofu, tempeh, soy sauce, tauco and milk. This study aimed to analyze the decision of farmers if the government program (UPSUS PAJALE) does not exist, whether the farmers still plant soybeans or not and to analyse the factors that influence the decision of farmers in planting soybeans. The samples were 89 farmers who planted soybean commodities. The sampling method used was the simple random sampling method. The analysis methods used were the descriptive method and the logistic regression method. Results showed that from 89 samples, 67 farmers would still decide to plant soybean. Moreover, the dependent variables such as land area, farmer revenue, and government assistance had a significant influence on the decision of farmers to do soybean farming. On the other hand, the independent variables such as age, level of education, experience in farming, number of dependents and selling prices did not have a significant influence to the decision of farmers in conducting the soybean farming.

Plant vegetables in Gajah and Bulan Baru Villages usually used excessive pesticides, that cause a negative impact on consumers and farmers who apply it. Some influential factors include in the used of pesticide are prices of pesticides, output prices, the size of land and farming experience. This study wants to analyze the influence of these variables on pesticide application. Sample in the study area was carried out by the census, 20 mustard farmers, 35 tomato farmers, and 35 cabbage flower farmers. To solve the study problem, the linear regression function method is used. Pesticide prices have a negative and significant effect on the use of pesticides in vegetable crops mustard, tomatoes and flower cabbage. Land area variables have a positive and significant effect only on mustard plants. Other variables were found to have no significant effect on pesticide use. It is recommended to the government to influence the price of pesticides so that it can reduce the use of it and at the same time introduce an integrated pest protection system and encourage the use of biological pest control.

One of the agroforestry patterns developed in Biru-biru sub-district is the combination of Cocoa and Mindi trees. Cocoa becomes the main crop while the mindi wood becomes a shade and a hedgerow plant that can be sold for wood as a building material. The objectives of research are to know cocoa agroforestry cultivation system, the level of productivity of cocoa and the marketing channel of cocoa commodity in Biru-biru District. Data collection was done through in-depth interview, questionnaire, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The number of respondents to be determined in accordance with the number involved in this activity. The technique of determining the sample to be interviewed is by snowball sampling. Data analysis was done by multiple linear regression with SPSS tool. Factor affecting income are education, age, length of business, time work a day, width of land, capital, price, production, institutional farmer, and quality of cocoa. The result of the analysis shows that the factors that have a significant effect on cocoa farmer's income are capital and production. The cocoa marketing channel in Biru-biru sub-district is from farmers to collectors then directly to exporters.

Inflation in North Sumatera Province fluctuates annually. The contribution of foodstuffs to inflation in North Sumatera Province shows a high contribution. This study analyzes the fluctuations in commodity prices for rice, red chilies, onion and garlic. The data used are monthly time series data in the form of Consumer Price Index (CPI) and food commodity prices in the period January 2000 to December 2017. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of fluctuations in food commodity prices (rice, red chilies, onion, and garlic) to inflation in North Sumatera Province. The data analysis method used in this research is robust regression. The results of this study indicate that the commodities of rice, red chilies, and onion had positive and significant impact on inflation in North Sumatera Province, while garlic commodity did not have any significant impact on inflation in North Sumatera Province.

Native chickens is considered to be a very important species of poultry in determining the profitability of keeping native chickens in Indonesia in agribusiness. The main objective of this study was to study the economic analysis of using duckweed as a feed supplement in the rations of native chickens. 100 native chickens used in this study and they were kept in a litter system confinement lined with rice chaff using wire mesh as their walls. The study was used a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replicates. The following treatments were used: T₀ as control = commercial feed without duckweed; T₁ = T₀ + 10% duckweed; T₂ = T₀ + 20% duckweed; T₃ = T₀ + 30% duckweed; and T₄ = T₀ + 40% duckweed. The benefit-cost (B/C) ratio of native chickens recorded for T₀, T₁,T₂, T₃, T₄ were 0.91, 1.02, 1.24, 1.47, and 1.46, respectively. The higher B/C ratio in case of native chickens in our study indicated that native chickens rearing was much more profitable when using duckweed as the feed supplement in their rations between 10 - 40%.

Beef cattle have become a leading commodity and performs several benefits in terms of providing income, and draught power as well as an important component in cultural purposes. The aims of the study were, (1) to know sustainability status of the local beef cattle production under extensive rearing systems, and (2) to identify sensitive attributes that influence the technological status of the Local Beef Cattle in the dryland area. Data on this study was obtained through interviewing 56 farmers. The respondents were from two different farming systems namely, rice field (low land) area and dry field (upland). The Rap-UTSP-laker as a modification of Rapfish method, was applied to assess the technological sustainability of the local beef cattle systems. Results of the research proved that the sustainability status of the local beef cattle system under extensive rearing systems from the technological dimension both in lowland (rice field) and upland (dry field) systems was less sustainable with index values of 44.89 and 42.50 respectively. Among 10 attributes, there were 6 attributes were categorized as critical attributes. Therefore, serious attention should be given to those attributes in order to improve the technology sustainability of the local beef cattle in the region.

The corn farmer has benefited from high corn price. However, the corn price falls from its high price in 2012 to as low as $ 4.46 per bushel in 2013. The drop in corn price and intense competition from the global grain markets make farms that are non-efficient struggle economically. Pure technical, overall, allocative and scale efficiency were measured to analyze the competitiveness of a sample of Kansas corn farmers. Farmers increased their relative efficiency during drought in 2012. Government payment was found to be negatively correlated with efficiency for non-irrigated farms. Interest expenditure might have negative impact on input allocation for irrigated and non-irrigated conventional farms. Irrigated farms should focus on increasing acreage land to increase overall efficiency. On the other hand, non-irrigated conventional farm should focus their effort to enhance overall efficiency by increasing seed inputs.

Irrigated farmer is less adaptable to conservation practice. Total precipitation has positive significant impact on adoption of terrace conservation practices both in Bivariate and Univariate Probit model. Farmer who buys insurance is found to be less likely to adopt the terrace conservation practice. The temperature from May to July is still favourable for corn growth which causes not significant impact on temperature to conservation practice adaptation.

Deficit irrigation is one of the keys in overcoming the problem of weather variability and limited water resources. Farmers can reduce the amount of irrigation water use without affecting too much on the productivity of rice plants by using deficit irrigation. The level of deviation of rice production increases when the water level changes between the ranges of 0-2.5 cm. The tendency to decrease from the level of deviation of agricultural production is seen when the water level increases in the range of 2.5-10 cm. At a water level of 12.5 cm there is a considerable increase in deviation. However, there was a significant decrease in the level of deviation of rice production when the water level was at 15 cm. Based on this, it can be concluded that the risk management of rice production will be better when the water level is above 2.5 cm and below 15 cm. The results of this study not only can be used for the development of risk-based farmers' decision models but can also be used as input for the development of government policies in resource sharing and development of agricultural insurance

This study purposes to determine the effect of capital expenditure and gross fixed capital formation on income disparity among districts/cities in West Coast Region in North Sumatera-Indonesia. Analysis of economic development disparity was calculated by Williamson's Index. The research method was carried out using panel data regression. The result of this research that used annual data for 2012-2016 are: (1) the average of disparity in economic development included in the extremely low category, (2) the capital expenditure variable and gross fixed capital formation variable have significant positive effects on income disparity of the West Coast Region of North Sumatera.

Market concentration is an important indicator to see the market structure and level of competition in beef cattle industry. This study used data of farmers and traders from Kupang Regency, ENT Province, Indonesia to see market concentration, namely, Concentration Ratio(CR4), Hirschman-Herfindahl Index(HHI), Hannan-Key index(CPI), Rosenbluth index(IR) and Entropy index(IE). The results showed that the market concentration of beef cattle at the farmers level was categorized as perfect competition markets and market concentration at the level of traders was categorized as the oligopsonistic competition market. The market structure between farmers and traders in ENT made the income received by farmers is always low that is approaching or not even exceeding production costs. Therefore an accurate and transparent market information system is needed in ENT so that farmers are able to have bargaining power so as to obtain fair profits. Even though the income derived from the sale of cattle is low, the beef cattle farmers still survives in their business because they do their business as a job carried out from generation to generation to support their household economy. Beef cattle farming as a way of life is kept to fulfill the social and cultural demands of society in ENT.

The potential of Indonesia fishery has been utilized well by Indonesia although not managed optimally. The contribution of fisheries to GDP Indonesia of the year 2010-2013 experienced a positive trend means fisheries Indonesia has the potential to be further developed next year. Every year, the competition of fresh tuna fish commodities in the world market continues to increase because that need for research on the competitiveness of Indonesian tuna on world markets. This study used secondary data taken from international trade center by using 6 HS commodity tuna of HS 0302031-HS0302036. The analysis used in this research is the analysis of RCA (Revealed Comparative Advantages) and the CMSA (Constant Market Share). The RCA result showed that there were three commodity tuna with competitiveness comparative namely HS 0302032, 0302033 and 0302034. Each type of commodity the tuna fish has a market share almost the same relative is Japan. This represents Japanese are the target market after regulations in the European Union market. Results of the estimation CMSA describes the effects of the most dominant influence on Indonesian tuna exports in the world market is the competitiveness effect.

Rice sector has been subject to a number of policy interventions in Asia due to the economic and political importance of rice. The objective of this study is to describe the implementation of the government's rice reserve policy based on the Presidential Instruction on rice policy. Result of the study show that: (1) the highest distribution of government rice reserves for rice market operation at 26,555 tons/month in Presidential Instruction No. 13/2005, (2) the highest distribution of government rice reserves for emergencies at 1.237 tons/month in Presidential Instruction No. 7/2009, 3) the average rate of growth in government purchased of price dried harvest paddy, government purchased of price dried milled paddy and government purchased price of rice at 16,21 %, 15.18 % and 13.10 % respectively, (8) the maximum water content of dried harvest paddy, dried milled paddy and rice is 25%, 14% and 14% respectively and the maximum empty grain of dried harvest paddy and dried milled paddy is 10% and 3% respectively (9) the maximum broken grain and minor degree is 20%, 2% respectively whereas the minimum milling degree for rice 95%, and (10) there is a positive relationship between the quality requirements paddy and the Government Purchasing Price.

The supply chain is important for every business activity. One of the supply chains that is required to be examined is papaya supply chain in Central Market due to its high demand while the supply is still limited. This study aimed to analyse the distribution flow of papaya fruit supply chain in Central Market. The used method was surveyed using questionnaires to papaya fruit producers, brokers, distributors, and retailers. Descriptive analysis was used to explain the distribution flow of papaya fruit supply chain in Central Market. Results showed that there were two models of papaya fruit supply chain in Central Market, namely Batang Kuis model and Aceh area model. The model of Batang Kuis area had 7 (seven) chains, while the model of Aceh area had 6 (six) chains. The supply chain management of papaya fruit in Central Market had not been efficient due to the length of the distribution channel.

Processing industry contribution in each commodity can add value for forward linkages and backward linkages. The economic condition of Gorontalo province is as follow: contribution of regional GDP in education service is 9%, financial and insurance services' contribution is 8%, and agricultural sector's contribution is 4%. This shows an economic growth anomaly, where the agricultural sector as a leading sector has yet significantly contributed toward the gross regional domestic product of Gorontalo province. Our gross regional domestic product per capita is only IDR. 9,544,583 with 17.30% of poor population workforce productivity are in the 30^th rank. Maize is a commodity potential to be developed into various derivative products with high economic value. This is study expected to contribute to the local government in increasing the competitive advantages and economic motor for the community in the region, as well as contribute to the private sector in developing various derivative products from maize commodity. This study uses quantitative descriptive method which constitute of desk study and secondary data analysis, workshop, and meeting with related stakeholders, development of study design for value chain actors, presentation, and result discussion to formulate the master plan and development model for various maize commodity products.

The study compared the energy consumption (J) of briquettes produced from the ground and unground hazelnut husks using a universal compacting machine and a pressing chamber of 60 mm diameter with a plunger. Other parameters evaluated were deformation (mm), thickness (mm) and hardness (kN/mm). The analysis of variance results proved that the applied force, material type and interaction had a significant effect (P< 0.05 or F-ratio >F-critical) on energy requirement of briquettes compaction from the ground and unground hazelnut husks. Ground hazelnut husks briquettes consumed more energy compared to unground hazelnut husks briquettes. The study is still ongoing where the varying effects of moisture content and particles size on energy demand and other biomass densification properties are under consideration. Therefore, the results presented here are preliminary.

A rating curve discharge are equations which are functions of water level surface with river debit. This equation is needed to determine the river debit if the known data is only the water level surface. There are several methods that could be used to determine the equation including linear, exponential, logarithmic, polynomial of second degree and power-law method. The purpose of this study was to obtain the rating curve equation of relationship between the river water level surface with the debit at the research location. From the research results obtained that the most suitable equation was the second degree polynomial equation, namely: Q = 49.761H²-13.663H + 1.5112 due to its satisfying R² = 0.818, r = 0.905 and NS = 0.995.

Providing a match seeds that could be used to transplanter tray is needed. Therefore the design of an automatic machine that provides rice seedling rolls with better quality and uniformity in a short time, using lower labour amount and fit to the transplanter machine must be conducted. The objective of this research was to design an effective and efficient rice seed dapog system seedling machine for Kubota Transplanter and test through conceptual model simulation. The result showed that the tray must move with a velocity of 10 cm/s (conveyor axis rotation velocity of 13 RPM), the feeder of soil, seeds and cover soil rotation velocity of 8 RPM, 2.5 RPM, and 4 RPM respectively, to create a dapog system rice seed. Simulation test result showed that the movement of each designed component could fulfil the seedling process. Static conceptual model simulation result showed that the highest stress value was 118.77 N/mm², maximum deformation was 2.23 mm, and the lowest FoS value was 12.92. Since the occurred stress value was smaller than the maximum stress value of frame material of 745 N/mm², it could be concluded that the frame could load the machine.

Oyster mushroom cultivation requires good quality growing medium (baglog). In addition to good baglog material, a suitable density level is needed for mushroom growth. Filling and compaction of baglog is often found use manual methods so it takes longer time. The objective of this study is to design a filler and compactor mechanical device for mushroom growing medium. The design obtained dimensions of length 150 cm, width 90 cm and height 153.06 cm. The device is operated by an electric motor of 1 Hp with rotation of 1450 rpm. The device capacity is 180 baglog/hour. The design test showed that the material for the main frame component consist of angle bar with size of 40 mm x 40 mm and thickness of 4 mm, was able to load the device with minimum safety factor of 3.58.

Curcuma is one of herb plant and also ingredients for cosmetic products. Curcuma can be dried by other heat source like the waste heat of commercial refrigerator condenser. The results showed the enthalpy heat the refrigerator condenser with the addition of fan is 96,53 kJ kg-¹ and potential value is 5281,704kJ hours⁻¹. The capacity of the 2,4 kg day⁻¹ with drying time 24 hour. Water content reach 8,26%.

Repetitive loading test of bulk palm kernels (unroasted) was conducted to determine the percentage kernel oil yield and energy demand using the universal compression testing machine (UCTM) of the maximum load of 200 kN and speed of 5 mm min⁻¹. Pressing vessels of varying diameters (60, 80 and 100 mm) with a plunger were used together with the UCTM. The bulk palm kernels initial height of 60 mm was repeatedly compressed until permanent deformation was reached. The total amounts of mass of kernel oil leakage, deformation, percentage kernel oil and energy were measured/calculated. The main part of the study will be done using the mechanical screw press Farmer 20 - duo (Farmer 20, Farmet a.s., Ceska Skalice, Czech Republic) to determine the optimum processing conditions for achieving maximum kernel yield and specific energy requirement.

The application of mechanization for waste handling in oil palm plantations should be done due to abundant waste of oil palm fronds (OPF). This study aims to examine the feasibility of applying mechanization in the handling of oil palm fronds with a dynamic model approach in the province of Aceh, Indonesia. The mechanization implementation model is designed with the placement scenario of its centralized and decentralized processing equipment. The results show that the mechanization system approach can be implemented in handle oil palm fronds waste. The management of the equipment with the current centralization shows the best scenario model. The results are expected to be a reference for oil palm planters to be able to apply their waste treatment with a mechanized approach of centralization.

This study aimed to test the reliability of hidrology Model with MUSLE Method in predicting the hydrology indicators in assesment of watershed condition. The indicators were maximum discharge, minimum discharege, river regime coefficient, runoff coefficient, erosion and sedimentation. NRECA Hydrology Model compared to Mock Model to get a better Hydrology Model to apply in this area. The result showed that NRECA Model was better than Mock Model in predicting some hydrologic indicators and MUSLE Model was sensitive enough in predicting the other indicators which was shown by the result of good accuracy test. In this study, NRECA Model and MUSLE model performs well in predicting the hydrologic indicators in assessing Progo Hulu watershed condition.

Papaya is classified as a high economic value commodities, however it is perishable, easy to lose weight due to its thin skin and soft flesh and has a short shelf-life. Generally, the papaya transportation process in Indonesia is only conducted using a simple packaging method such as using papers or baskets to avoid wound on the fruit. Therefore, packaging improvement would provide a great advantage for papaya trading. This study aimed to determine the effect on papaya quality while packaged in different packaging fillers materials during land transportation using simulation. The results showed that the highest percentage of weight loss, mechanical damage and hardness after simulation at frequency of 1.5 Hz and 3 HZ were 6.74%; 71.48%; 4.23 gr/mm and 7%; 97.16%, 4.17 gr/mm respectively in RST3 treatment (plastic basket of straw filler in 5 hours simulation), while the lowest percentage after simulation at frequency of 1.5 Hz and 3 Hz were 0.14%; 30.95%; 2.86 gr/mm and 0.17%; 26.18%; 2.56 gr/mm respectively in NPT1 treatment (newspaper filling material in 1 hour simulation). The best packaging to reduce quality degradation in papaya using transportation simulation at the frequency of 1.5 Hz and 3 Hz was the plastic basket with newspaper filler.

Drying of agricultural products aimed to extend the shelf life. The moisture content of the unhulled rice must be lowered to a limit of 14% to be able to maintain the quality and avoid post-harvest damage. Ciherang variety unhulled rice has been dried using biomass energy rotary dryer and biomass-heater combination for 180 minutes. In this study, several drying characteristics of unhulled rice have been analyzed including the determination of water content and the drying rate. The exponential equation illustrated the relationship between the unhulled rice water content (%) and the drying time (minutes), MC = 23.279 e^−0.002t and MC = 27.255 e^−0.004t respectively for the stage 1 decline drying rate in biomass energy and combination, while at the decline drying rate stage 2 found MC = 22.209 e^−0.002t and MC = 27.576 e^−0.004t respectively in biomass energy and combination. The relationship between unhulled rice drying rate (dM/dt) and drying time (minutes) was illustrated by the exponential equation v = 0.0466 e^−0.002t and v = 0.109 e^−0.004t respectively for the decline drying rate stage 1 in biomass energy and combination while at the decline drying rate stage 2, v = 0.0444 e^−0.002t and v = 0.0775 e^−0.003t respectively in biomass energy and combination.

Photovoltaics is used to convert sunlight energy into electrical energy, which can be used as a regulator of water circulation hydroponic planting methods that are easy, practical and attractive so that they can be used easily by the urban community in their operations. The use of solar power as a DC water pump driver in hydroponic plants was designed using several tools including 10 Wp photovoltaic and DC stepdown LM 7812 with 3.6 W power. This research was conducted in Agricultural Faculty Building, University of Sumatera Utara with a height of 2 meters from the ground. DC water pump could function optimally at 11.00 a.m. - 3.00 p.m. with an average sunlight intensity of 373.71 - 310.65 W/m² and an average temperature of 30°C - 33°C. Photovoltaics monocrystalline type produced daily energy of 224.75 Wh with an efficiency of 8.14% while polycrystalline produced 194.81 Wh of electricity with 7.57% efficiency. The results showed that monocrystalline PV was better than polycrystalline PV.

Utilization of non-wood material containing lignocellulose like bamboo Tali could be used for material in the manufacturing of oriented strand board (OSB). This research aimed to evaluate the effect of strand length on OSB quality made from Bamboo Tali. Strand length that used in this research was 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm. The size of the boards. thickness and density target were 25 x 25 cm², 1 cm, and 0.7 g.cm⁻³ respectively. OSB was made in three layers with perpendicular strand direction for every layer. The ratio of face/core/back was 1:2:1. The resin used in this research was Isocyanate resin (H3M type) with 5% resin content and 98% solid content to bind the board. After mat-forming. Mat was pressed using hot pressing in 160°C for 5 minutes and 25 kg.cm⁻² pressure. The results showed that almost all parameter of physical properties had fulfilled standard except moisture content. Furthermore, overall the parameter of mechanical properties had fulfilled JIS A 5908 standard. The trend of MOR and MOE showed that increasing of strand length caused of increasing those parameters, but the contrary trend occurred on internal bond.

The varying condition of climate, soil properties, crop stage, ground water existing in oil palm cultivation require the specific water balance model to perform the precision crop water use. The purposes for this research were to develop oil palm water balance model for calculating the hydrological parameter of oil palm and analysing oil palm water footprint and root water uptake distribution in root zone. The model of oil palm water balance was developed through the following step: oil palm root architecture study, instrument installation and data observation, model development and calibration. The oil palm water balance tool was developed by inputting the data base including climate, soil properties, crop stage, root density and root zone layer as well. The results in the case for 11th year oil palm tree on soil type ultisol in Central Kalimantan during the simulation climate data pointed out that the average root water is 3.46 mm/day and distributed 63% on 2st root zone. From the total water usage and the average production 14.19kg/month, it resulted the 1.053 m3/kg water footprint of FFB (76 % green water and 24% blue water).

Water requirements of oil palm close to crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The objectives of this research were to known the value of crop coefficient for the age of oil palm 4, 5 and 6 month and predicted water requirements of oil palm based on net radiation evaporation method. The result showed the value of oil palm for 4, 5, and 6 months were 0.50, 0.52, and 0.54. The value of reference evaporation (net radiation, ETo) range 2.89-4.25 mm.day⁻¹. Moreover, from predicted crop evapotranspiration showed that water requirements of oil palm range 1.44-3.70 mm.day⁻¹. Water requirements increasing based on the age of oil palm, however, it will decrease in the rainy season.

Drying is a conventional method of food preservation that removes sufficient number of moistures from the food so bacteria, yeast and molds cannot grow. There are several drying techniques can be found in industry such as convective drying and freeze drying. In this study a potato cube is taken into consideration of convective drying experimentally. A small-scale wind tunnel has been designed and fabricated. During experiment, the temperature and mass of the potato cube are measured and recorded. Temperature and velocity of the hot drying air are measured. In order to provide a better analysis computational fluid dynamic is also carried out. The heat and mass transfer analysis during the drying are presented. The results show that the average drying rate of the potato cube is 4.061 gr/hour. The present results can be used to support the necessary information on developing high efficient artificial drier.

Candleberry shell and Areca Palm fibre are known as agricultural waste and easily found in Indonesia. This waste can be considered as a renewable energy resource that can be used as solid fuel for boiler. In this study, the burning characteristics of the combination of Candleberry shell and Areca Palm fibre are explored experimentally. The effect of mass ratio of Candleberry shell and Areca Palm fibre is investigated. Six different type of solid fuels made of Candleberry shell and Areca Palm fibre are tested. The results show that the highest High Heating Value shown by the solid fuel with ratio 25% Candleberry shell and 75% Areca Palm fibre. The highest efficiency is shown by the solid fuel with ratio 0% Candleberry shell and 100% Areca Palm fibre. The conclusion can be drawn here is that the combination of Candleberry shell and Areca Palm fibre can be used as a solid fuel of boiler and thermal efficiency comparable with conventional solid fuel.

There has been great emphasis on the recovery, recycling and reconditioning of food waste, particularly from the fresh and processed food. The study aimed to examine the use of "MOIYL Probiotic" on the content of complete feed grade silage fraction based on maize waste. This research was conducted at Nutrition Research Lab for Nutritional Research on Goat Cut Sei Putih and Lab Nutrition Microbiology Faculty of Agriculture University of Sumatera Utara from December 2017 to February 2018. The design used was complete randomized design (RAL) 4x3 factorial pattern with 3 replicates. Factor I is various level of "Probiotics MOIYL" are, 0 %, 1%, 3%, and 5% "Probiotics MOIYL". Factor II is the fermentation time of 7, 14 and 21 days. Parameters studied were NDF, ADF and hemicellulose levels. The result showed that the addiction of various levels of "Probiotics MOIYL" had no significant effect (P<0.05) to on NDF and hemicellulose levels. However, the duration of fermentation had a very significant (P<0.01) to on NDF, ADF and hemicellulose. There is an interaction between MOIYL level and fermentation time to on ADF. The best addiction levels of probiotic MOIYL can used dose until 3% with fermentation time of 14 days.

This research was carried out in Tanjungbalai North Sumatera Regency in two stages for three months. Stages I aims to identify and analyse the potential of feed resources for the development of beef cattle in Tanjungbalai regency. The method in this research is Survey. Data collection using purposive sampling method. The results showed that the feed resource potential in Tanjungbalai City came from forage between plants (coconut, oil palm), forage on rice fields, agricultural crop waste and agricultural / agricultural industry waste processing with a total feed production of 41,028,554 Kg DM / year and could accommodate 14,987 AU. Phase II aims to formulate a beef resource-based business development strategy in the regency of Tanjungbalai. Data was obtained from the Phase I studies and FGD method and then carried out a SWOT Analysis. General description of beef cattle development strategy is located in quadrant I, namely in areas that are strength and have opportunities. The strategy adopted is an aggressive growth policy (SO Strategy), namely: Build a beef cattle feed processing industry by utilizing feed resources, raw material industry, geographical location and government support.

Oil palm midrib has potential to be used as ruminant feed, but fermented treatment is needed to increase their nutritional value. The study consisted of 2 phases of research. The first phase aims to find out the effect of oil palm midrib fermented by Phanerochaete chrysosporium on the physical and chemical qualities of feed, while the second phase to find out the effect on invitro digestibility. The design of the first stage used the factorial completely randomized design. On the second phase the design used the completely randomized design. The first phase showed significant effect (P <0.05) on the physical and chemical quality. The best of incubation time was 15 days and the best dose was 10⁶ CFU/g. The second phase showed significant effect (P <0.05) on the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. The best result of second phase is P3 treatment that used Phanerochaete chrysosporium + Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fermentation. It is concluded the use of Phanerochaete chrysosporium + Saccharomyces cerevisiae in fermentation can improve physical and chemical properties and increase the digestibility of oil palm midrib.

This study was conducted in Binjai City in two stages for 3 months. Stage I aims to determine changes in the chemical components of corn cobs which are fermented with various bioactivators. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The results of the diversity analysis showed the use of various bio activators significantly (P <0.05) on crude protein content and crude fibre content. Stage II aims to determine the response of local sheep that are fed complete based on corn cobs fermented on feed performance and digestibility. This study used 20 local rams with an average weight of 19.82 kg using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed that corn cobs administration had a significant effect (P <0.05) on feed performance and digestibility. The highest income over feed ratio is found in the P4 treatment of Rp. 334,400. From this study it can be concluded that the best treatment is found in P4 treatment which has the lowest feed conversion value and the most economical IOFC value.

This paper aims to analyze the decision of the farmers in selecting the bull semen at the time of insemination. There are several bull semen which are often used in artificial insemination, such as Simmental, Limousine, Ongole Grade or Peranakan Ongole (PO), Brahman, and others. Thus, farmers have to select one of those suits to their needs. Research was conducted to collect data from 200 farmers as respondents who were selected by multistage random sampling in Grobogan, Sukoharjo, Karanganyar, Sragen, Klaten, Rembang, and Blora, Central Java. Results showed that farmers were more interested in breeding their cow with bull semen from Simmental and Limousin. An expected policy outcome can be considered in determining the supply of bull breed semen for artificial insemination in accordance to the demand of the farmers.

Salmonella thypimurium is an enteric disease in poultry and still a major problem in the livestock industry and human health because it is zoonotic. Mannan Oligosaccharide was originated from palm kernel cake which expected to replace the role of antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of giving mannan extract to relative weight of liver and intestine, pathology and histopathology changes on liver and intestines from broiler chicken. This test was used ninety six broiler chicken of 1 day age Cobb strain infected orally with 10⁵ CFU S. thypimurium on the third day. Levels of the mannan extract given were 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and antibiotic as controls. The results showed that giving of mannan extract to relative weight of liver and intestine was not significant (P> 0.05). On the observation the effect of giving mannan extract to pathology and histopathology showed that it was not significant (P> 0.05) It is concluded that mannan extract is safe to use in livestock because it was not affected to the intestine and liver organ.

This research purpose to know the effect of fermented feed processing technology with different dosage and incubation time towards nutrient quality of oil palm frond. The design used in the research was the factorial completely randomized design with three replicates. The treatment consist of four dosage of MOL, namely 0; 0.2; 0.4; and 0.6% for the first factor, and the second factor is incubation of time 7; 14; 21 days. The research results showed that the utilization of MOL with can significantly (P<0.05) improve nutrient quality base on proximate analysis and also on neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content. It is concluded that utilization of MOL can improve nutrient quality based on proximate analysis and also on neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) content. Utilization MOL 0.6% with incubation time 21 days show the best combination treatment to improve OPF for ruminant feed.

The study aimed to examine the effect of fasting on weight loss and percentage of carcasses of Bali cattle. The study was designed in a randomized block design, where the pre-deduction is consisted of without fasting (P0), fasting 12 hours (P1), fasting time 18 hours (P2), and fasting time 24 hours (P3). Life weight grouping. The results showed that: 1) fasting time before cutting significantly affected the weight loss of Bali cattle. The longer the fasting time, the greater the weight loss of life, (2) the fasting time to 24 hours does not affect the percentage of carcass and percentage of carcass. It can be concluded that the longer the fasting time of Bali cattle, the greater the decrease in life weight, but no significant effect on the percentage of carcass and percentage of carcass.

The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation of palm kernel cake-based complete feed wafers on weaning Ongole crossbreed. The design used was a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. Each treatment consists of a complete feed wafers formulation based on different palm kernel cake, namely formulation 1, formulation 2, formulation 3, and formulation 4. The results showed that the administration of complete feed based on palm kernel cake does not affect feed consumption (in dry matter). Feeding formulation 4 was significantly different (P <0.05) compared to all treatments, formulation 3 had a very significant effect (P <0.05) compared to formulation 2 and formulation 1, while formulation 2 and formulation 1 were not different.

Slurry of biogas contains microorganisms that assist the preparation of nutrients for soil as well as for plant. This study aims to prove that the slurry biogas microbial can improve the quality of Turi plant sprout (Sesbania grandiflora). This research was conducted from April to May 2018 using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatments which were slurry dosages; i.e T0: without slurry; T1: slurry dosage of 500 ml every 1 m3 plant media; T2: slurry dosage of 1000 ml slurry every 1 m3 plant media. There were 4 replications. Parameters were chemical composition of slurry, microbial population, plant height, total leaf, number of branch and stem diameter. The results showed that T0, T1 had no significant effect on every parameters while T2 improved total of leaf and number of branch (P <0.05). There was a sicnificant increasing of microbial population in line with the increasing of slurry dosage. T2 contained the highest population of bacteria or fungal (P <0.05) compared to T0 or T1.

The objective of this study was to investigate reproductive and morphological performances of stallions in District of Karo, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Body measurements and and semen were taken on 12 stallions from four villages in District of Karo, North Sumatra, Indonesia. There were two villages in Merdeka Sub-district i.e. Jaranguda and Merdeka; and two villages in the Berastagi Sub-district, i.e., Gundaling and Berastagi. Data were entered in Microsoft excel, checked, organized and processed for further analyses. Means with standard errors (SE) for different traits were subjected to the standard analysis of variance technique. The results showed that semen quality of stallions performed in macroscopic and microscopic examination were in good quality with colour of semen was white grey, neutral pH, 74% dilute, 73.3% motility, 13.40 x 10⁷ concentration with their semen abnormalities observed were normal. The morphology characteristics of stallions in District of Karo showed an appearance with a variation coefficient value below 10% which means the measurement value of horizontal horse morphology in good condition. The results support horse breeders to cross-breed periodically their stallions with local horses in District of Karo because their variation coefficient showed good quality semen with uniform value.

Sheep is one of the important livestock commodities in Indonesia. Production of lamb is still low compared to beef and chicken meat. The objective of the research was to evaluate carcass characteristics and composition of fat tail sheep at different slaughter weight. This research was conducted using a total of twenty three fat tailed sheep rams. Six sheeps were slaughtered at 17.5 kg of live weight, five sheeps were slaughtered at 25 kg of live weight, seven sheeps were slaughtered at 32.5 kg of live weight and five sheeps were slaughtered at 40 kg of live weight. The data was analysed by Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result showed that slaughter weight, empty body weight, weight and percentage of carcass DEG slaughtered at 40 kg is higher than others slaughter weight (P<0.01). Percentage of fat tissue of fat tailed sheep rams slaughtered at 40 kg, 32.5 kg, and 25 kg was higher than slaughtered at 17.5 kg (P<0.01). Percentage carcass of fat tailed sheep was slaughtered at 40 kg, 32.5 kg, 25 kg, and 17.5 kg was 55.12%, 54.91%, 52.28%, and 48.74%.

An experiment was conducted for 30 days to evaluate the performance of finisher broiler chickens fed maggot meal as a supplement in the commercial diets on their performance of finisher broiler chickens. Maggot meal was analysed to contain 40.12% CP, 10.97% CF, 6.88% EE, 15.88% ash. The four treatments used in this experiment were: (1) T₀: commercial ration without maggot meal; (2) T₁: commercial ration with 75% maggot meal; (3) T₂: commercial ration with 50% maggot meal; and (4) T₃: commercial ration added with 25% maggot meal. Statistical analyses showed that the treatments did not affect (P<0.05) feed consumption. However, they did effect (P>0.05) daily weight gain and feed efficiency of the birds. Maggot supplementation could reduce 25% commercial ration fed to broiler chickens.

The aim of this research was to compare two estrus synchronization treatments with no estrus synchronization on estrous performance, pregnancy rate and calving rate in buffalo-cows in Kampar district. A total of 60 buffalo-cows from farming communities in the villages of Tanjung, Taratak, and Salo, Kampar Regency. Variations of the estrous sync protocol included PGF_2α-PGF_2α and GnRH-PGF_2α administered as treatments. The controls used were without the use of hormonal sync protocol. The parameters observed were the intensity of estrous, estrous percentage, onset of estrous, duration of estrous, pregnancy percentage, calving rate, duration of pregnancy, and birth weight. The results showed that there were differences [p <0.05] estrous intensity, estrous percentage [100%], estrous velocity [30.8 hours to 2.5 hours], and duration of estrous [18.6 hours to 6.5 hours]. This study concluded that the synchronization protocols of the combination of GnRH and PGF_2α in post-partum buffalo-cows in Kampar Regency resulted in high estrous intensity, faster estrous appearance, and faster estrous duration.

An experiment was conducted to study growth performane of weaner rabbits fed dried Moringa oeifera leaf meal. Twenty weaner rabbits (New Zealand White breed) with an average live weight of 918.42 ± 6.84g were used to evaluate the growth performance, daily weight gain (DWG), feed convertion ratio (FCR), and income over feed cost (IOFC) of weaner rabbits fed diets containing graded levels of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal (MOLM) in diets. The study lasted for eight weeks.The rabbits were assigned into four treatment groups and five replicates consisting of four rabbits per group in a complete randomised design and fed four diets designated T₀, T₁, T₂ and T₃ with 0, 20, 40 and 60% MOLM, respectively. Result showed that the average of feed intake for each treatment T₀; T₁; T₂ and T₃ (g/head/day) were:104.96; 110.06; 109.34; 107.04, DWG (g/head/day):18.87; 22.35; 21.60; 21.5; FCR: 5.57; 4.95; 5.08; 5.06, and IOFC (Rp/head): 57,012.73; 73,197.77; 72,525.36; 74,435.32, respectively. The statistical analysis indicated that the utilization of MOLM in diets gaves not significantly different (P>0,05) on the productive performances of weaner rabbits. Utilization of MOLM can be used up to 60% on diets and increased income from diets of weaner rabbits.

This study aimed to determine the effect of spermatozoa separation on local goats using different percoll compositions for abnormalities, mortality, and motility. Percoll is a tool for efficient in biochemistry. It is used for the isolation of cells, organelles, or viruses by density centrifugation. The material in this study was four local goats, aged 1.5 years. The treatment in this study consisted of: P1 = Percentage of Percoll: percentage of M-199 + aquabidestillata + Bicarbonate [10:90], P2 = [20:80], P3 = [30:70] and P4 = [40:60]. The experiment was carried out six times and the semen collection interval every two days. The design of this study uses a random block design to check motility, mortality, and abnormalities. The result of this study is the separation of goat spermatozoa using different percoll compositions affecting motility, mortality, abnormalities, but no effect on sperm abnormalities. Percoll can increase the dominance of Y sperm with a high proportion in P₃ and P₄ 90.3 ± 5.8 and 87 ± 5.2 present, respectively. Additional percoll composition can reduce motility and increase mortality, but still good enough for Artificial Insemination [AI] implementation

This study aims to identify the antimicrobial properties found in andaliman and test to the shelf life of beef nuggets containing andaliman. This study method uses an exploratory method which begins with andaliman extraction and identification of antibacterial compounds. The next stage is the manufacture of beef nuggets that are treated (0; 0.5; 1; 1.5) % andaliman. The observed research parameters included: phytochemical test and contamination test (microbiology). This study uses Factorial 4x3 Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors: factor 1: andaliman concentration and factor 2: shelf life. The result showed that Andaliman has antimicrobial properties. The 1.5% Andaliman concentration in beef nuggets (N3H0) has the best inhibitory power, because the andaliman beef nugget has the highest inhibitor when compared with other treatment.

A declining trend of Samosir Panorusan goat population has been identified. As the Panorusan is an endemic and endangered species goat where the pure breed only 250,000 heads left, a research was conducted in order to find the cause factors for declining trend of population from April to June 2018 in Pangururan District, Samosir Regency. The method used was multiple linier regression analysis with variabel limitations such as goat feed, disease, breeders'experience, local culture and marketing rate of productive ewe. This research was conducted by asking directly to Panorusan goat breeders. The total of 55 goat breeders was divided into 2-3 breeders/villages. The results of this study indicated that the variable of local culture was significantly as a dominant factor that causing a declining trend of Samosir Panorusan goat population.

Panorusan Samosir goat is an endemic goat of Samosir which is used by local people as sacrificed animal. The objective of this study was to investigate Panorusan Samosir goat characteristics, i.e. Colour, sex, age, weight, and number of demand on the goat selling price. This study was conducted in Pangururan sub district of Samosir Regency for 2 months, i.e. from April 2018 until May 2018. This study used primary data and secondary data either qualitative or quantitative. The independent variables were colour, sex, age, weight, body condition score (bcs) and number of demand, while dependent variable was selling price. Based on the results of the study that independent variable which were colour, sex, age, bcs and number of demand affect selling price significantly (P<0.05). From the results of the determination test, the value of R Square was 0.696 (69.6%), it means that the colour, age, and weight affect the selling price of the goats, but the effect is not too strong at 69.6% and the rest were influenced by other variables

The study aimed to examine the synergism of cellulolytic cellulosic consortium degrading cellulose as a fibrous starter culture agent. The study used streak plate method on nutrient agar medium [NA]. The isolated bacterial isolates were isolates of potential cellulolytic bacteria isolated from oil palm plantation waste, corn, and coconut wastes, namely: Bsp1, BJ1, BJ2, BP3, BP6, BP11, BP13, and BP16. The isolates were scratched on the nutrient agar medium [NA] and incubated for 24 hours. Observations were made there was a clear zone or inhibit zone between two isolates that intersect. The results showed that from 8 isolates tested 5 isolates can synergize well against other isolates. Conclusion: naturally, the cellulolytic isolate from oil palm waste, corn waste, and coconut waste can be consortium as starter culture agent "MOIYL" for fibrous feed.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the adaptive grasses Pennisetum purpureum and Panicum maximum growing under shading coconut (Cocosnucifera L.), nutmeg (Myristicafragrans) and clove (Eugenia aromaticum) plantation canopy. Two spesies of tropical grasses Pennisetum purpureum and Panicum maximum were cultivated for 40 days at Jambula, Ternate, Maluku Utara, Indonesia. The parameters of research were nutrient quality and in vitro digestible of each grass. Data were analyzed using factorial adn for the significant differences were futher testes by Least Significant Different (LSD).Shade from control, coconut, nutmeg and clove plantation canopy each of which is 0, 38, 78, and 83%. The result showed that Panicum maximum chemical composition and in vitro digestible was better than Pennisetum purpureum. It can be recommended that Panicum maximum is persistent spesies, and has a good productivity for a long periode of time under shading in plantation.

Antibiotics have been banned to be used as feed additives in animal feed recent years due to adverse effect of antibiotics. Alternative feed additives to replace the role of antibiotics such as pre-probiotics. The purpose of this study was to evaluate administration of various feed additives in animal feed on performance and hematological parameters of local chickens. Totally 200 mixed sex local chickens were randomly distributed based on the different treatment groups consisting to 4 treatments and 5 replications. Application of 4 treatments in this study was administration of different feed additives either in the water or mixed feed = control-vita chick 0.7 g p / liter; A₁=20 ml per liter probio-FM; A₂=0.08 % MOS per kg in feed and A₃ = phytogenic as herbal KI 5 ml per liter. Parameters evaluated in this study were animal performance [BW, FI and FCE] each month up to 3 months and hematological parameters. The results in this experiment indicated that there were no significant different [P≥0.05] between treatments for performance except for body weight in the first month. Application of feed additives significantly influenced [P≤0.05] hematological parameters [erythrosine, thrombosis and hemoglobin] of local chickens but not for leukocyte and hematocrit.

Meat is a source of the essential protein and the other nutrients which are needed by human. This study aimed to determine the effect of physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of Aceh beef and Brahman Cross beef on 4°C storage temperature in different storage time. This study used a completely randomized design, consisted of two factors namely the beef type (S), including the Aceh beef and the Brahman Cross beef, and the storage time in 4°C temperature (A), which consisted of four levels of time i.e. 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Result showed that Brahman Cross beef had a better physicochemical and organoleptic character quality than the Aceh beef meat.

Biological decay agent is one threat should be anticipated when designing the building materials. This research is conducted to examine the composite plywood's (comply's) durability against drywood and subterranean termites'attacks. The veneers used are those made of Avocado (Persea americana), Mahogany (Swietenia mahogany) and Pine (Pinus merkusii) wood. Those three veneer types may be used to overlay the Oriented Strand Board's (OSB's) face and back part. The comply made then fed to both main biological decay agents in Indonesia, namely drywood termites (in the labouratory) and subterranean termites (grave yard test). The research results show that the comply's durability is increasing against both drywood and soil termites respectively by 41.3% and 71.58%. This research shows that ME comply type (mahogany veneer, isocyanate adhesive) is the comply with the best durability against both biological decay agents' attacks. This research result is expected to provide various benefits for material efficiency and energy conservation activity supports.

Gunung Ledang National Park (GLNP) is one of national parks in Peninsular Malaysia. The forest in GLNP is rich in biodiversity which harboring various species as well as important for upstream water regulation and subsequent climate change mitigation. A rapid assessment of plant communities and diversity at the park was carried out in June 2014. Five sampling sites were identified based on elevation gradient. Overall, 68 plant species representing 58 genera and 35 families were recorded for all study sites. In each site, the plant species ranged from 15 to 32 species. The plant families with largest number of species in the studied sites were Euphorbiaceae (12 species) and Myrtaceae (5 species). The plant diversity in each site ranged from 2.7 to 3.5 based on Shannon diversity index. Three plant communities of the park separated out: lower (L1 and L2), middle (L3 and L6) and upper (L10) plant communities. Some exotic invasive species had been recorded and they were rated as natural vegetation. It is important to consider them as invasive species because of the obvious negative impacts on local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of the pristine GLNP; and some actions are needed to remove them.

Singkil Swamp Wildlife Reserve (SSWR) is the only conservation area in the coastal lowlands of Aceh as well as habitat of protected large mammals and migratory birds. Many publications related to Singkil swamp biodiversity have been published; however the understory communities were not studied. Understory communities are important part of peat swamp ecosystem. This study aimed to calculate the understory diversity and distribution using quadrat method. Nine sites were selected and 25 2m by 2m plots were established in each sites. All understorey species within plot were identified and measured their coverage. Overall, 134 species in 42 families were recorded which the community diversity in each site was categorized as moderate and high. Araceae was recorded as richest family (14 species), followed by Orchidaceae (10 species) and Annonaceae (8 species). Subsequently, there are 17 families (40.5%) categorized as very scare family which each family only contains 1 species. It means the vulnerability of the last family group is very high due to the ecosystem disturbance. Some invasive alien species were found at disturbed areas. Therefore, the pristine peatswamp ecosystem is needed to conserve as well as the disturbed area is needed to restore based on scientific approaches.

The aim of this paper was to determine the factors influencing biogas adoption as a livestock waste management among smallholder farmers in Indonesia. The study emphasized the positive influence of farmer engagement on the technology transfer process. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia by involving 351 respondents who were smallholder practicing the Mixed Crops and Livestock (MCL) farming from 2013 to 2014. The results of Logit regression showed that the biogas technology adoption in Indonesia was influenced by attainment of formal education, women involvement in decision making, number of cattle in the household, household's income, availability of biogas instalment funding, and the degree of connectedness to stakeholders in the agricultural technology transfer system. The study concluded that the availability of biogas installation funding and better engagement to the technology transfer stakeholders positively influenced the biogas technology adoption among MCL farmers.

Having a green environment, such as urban park as green open space (GOS), is one way to reduce global warming in urban areas. City development and population growth, however, have led to a decrease in GOS. The research aimed to (1) identify the characteristics and activities of the community utilizing the urban park, (2) examine the type and level of community's participation in the urban park preservation and (3) analyse the relationship between the `community's characteristics and participation level in the urban park. Employing the purposive sampling method, the researcher chose a city park with various facilities and the high rate of the visit. The respondents were visitors chosen through the accidental sampling method. The characteristics of the community that utilizes urban parks are very heterogeneous from factors: age, gender, education, social status, economic status, attitude/behaviour, and knowledge. Community activities in utilizing and preserving urban parks are very diverse (sports, leisure, and preservation activities such as maintaining the cleanliness of the park). Community participation in utilizing and preserving is included in the medium (quite participating) category. Significant factors with community participation in the preservation are factors of education, knowledge, and attitudes of the community.

Mangrove forests are wetland resources in coastal areas that important role in supporting of life. However, in recent decades, many mangrove forests have been degraded or lost, mainly due to the conversion of mangroves into ponds. Mangrove restoration activities on ex-pond lands have begun in recent years on the eastern coast of North Sumatra. This study aimed to measure the recovery of mangrove species through restoration activities on ex-pond lands and to know the composition of the restored mangrove forests at the eastern coast of North Sumatra. A total of 30 sample plots, each plot size of 10m by 10m, have been established at each age of mangrove stands (5-9 years) and secondary forests. All trees with the diameter (DBH) ≥ 2 cm in the sample plot were identified and measured the DBH. Overall, there were 14 mangrove species in all sample plots, equivalent to 42.42% of all true mangrove plants found in Indonesia. This result indicated that mangrove restoration has succeeded in restoring mangrove species diversity. Therefore, the mangrove restoration on ex-pond land needs to be promoted in an effort to restore various mangrove functions for community and coastal resources resilience.

The suitability land of oil palm in North Sumatra Province is important, especially in the lands that are often planted by the community. This study aimed to map the actual and potential suitability of the land for oil palm in Sei Bingai Subdistrict, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia under the different land unit. This research was conducted from March to June 2018. The survey method was conducted to collect soil samples in the field. Land suitability classification (LSC) was evaluated based on the matching method. The Geographic Information System (SIG) was used to map the land suitability classes. The results showed that the land suitability classes for oil palm were marginally suitable (S3) on all land unit. There were no suitable (S1), moderately suitable (S2), and not suitable (N) classes were found in all land unit. There were several limiting factors in land suitability evaluation in the area, namely: the availability of water, erosion hazard, and root zone medium. The water availability (wa) was the dominant limiting factor in this area.

In addition to the problem of low nutrient availability, bulk density is also an important limiting factor on peat soil. The aims of this research was to determine the effect of zeolite minerals and volcanic sand after leached by sea water as ameliorants on changes the bulk density of peat soils to improve the fertility of peat soil and its effects on the rice that conducted in the greenhouse. The experimental design used was factorial randomized block design consist of 2 factors, factor 1 was the type of mineral with 3 treatments and factor 2 was sea water dosage with 4 treatments. Result showed that the volcanic sand was the most effective ameliorant in increasing soil bulk density and rice growth. Application of 1000 g volcanic sand and mixture of 200 g zeolite + 1000 g volcanic sand and then leached by 500 ml seawater per pot each other gave the best results for growing rice plants, namely number of vegetative tillers, generative tillers, dry weight of shoot and roots in peat soil, in contrast, leached with 1500 ml sea water was reduced the rice growth.

Siombak Lake is a brackish or coastal lake in Medan, Indonesia. Water fluctuation in the lake was affected by sea tide, so it was more appropriately called tidal lake. Thus the influence of tides could affect the quality of water in the lake, especially temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH. The purposed of this study was to describe the profile of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH in the waters of Siombak. Lake. This study was conducted in June to July 2018. The data measured and were analyzed in the waters spatially (horizontally) and vertically. The results showed no significant difference of temperature distribution in surface between high tide and low tide. However, it was more influenced by daily time differences. While salinity was quite different between high tide and low tide. In the dry season (April to June) salinity values were higher during high tide compared to low tide. Conversely, during the rainy season (June to August) the salinity values in low tide were higher than when they were in high tide. The vertically distribution of temperature, oxygen, and pH decreases with respect to increasing depth. But the salinity value increases with depth increased.

Mushrooms live wild in nature and widely used by the community as food and medicinal. Mushroom cultivation is a way to meet the growing demand for mushroom consumption. Oyster mushroom can grow in medium containing lignin and nutrients needed for the growth of mushrooms. The purpose of the study was to measure the effect of mixture corncob with sawdust as planting media for growth and productivity of white oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus) and get the best planting media composition for growth and productivity of white oyster mushroom. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and five replications. Corncob are added as much 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The results showed that the best composition of growing media for the growth and productivity of white oyster mushroom is the addition of 30% corncob. Mixed corncob 30% have lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose levels more optimal for growth and productivity of white oyster mushrooms.

The activated mango seed was used to reduce FFA (Free Fatty Acid) and PV (Peroxyde Value) content in CPO (Crude Palm Oil). This study was begun with biosorbent modification. With size 140 mesh, 1% biosorbent of CPO with 35 minutes contact time, and shaking speed 200 rpm shown that the FFA and PV reduction percentage were 28.97% and 51,6%. The surface layer interaction model results follow Freundlich isotherm. The R² of kinetics equation model results are 0.9879 on FFA adsorption and 0.9923 on PV adsorption. This model involves the assumption that the pore surface of the biosorbent is different or heterogeneous. The Freundlich Isotherm model is also based on the assumption that there is a pore size distribution on the adsorbent and is applicable to more than one surface layer (multilayer) adsorbed by biosorbent. The ability of activated mango seed to adsorb more organic compound shows its potential as an alternative for bleaching earth substitute.

Poisonous plant species diversity in Indonesia have not been explored as a potential source of biopesticides. Batang Gadis National Park (BGNP) as one of the biodiversity of poisonous plants need to be explored. The study aimedwas the identification of poisonous plants, analysis of diversity, Shannon index-Wienner modeling on various heights and locations poisonous plants, and phytochemical analysis to determine the content of alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, saponins and tannins.The identification results obtained 14 species of poisonous plants with 10-12 species in different levels (understory, seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees).Analysis vegetation results obtained were Ayu Ara, Ayu Otang, Dongdong, and Supi which dominates all levels of plants. Modelling is obtained Model Vapor Pressure for lower plants, Sinusoidal Model fit for seedlings, saplings and poles, as well as to the Hoerl Model for Tree. The content dominant on poisonous plants in BGNP predominantly of terpene content except for Tabar-Tabar (Costus speciosus Sm.) which containing flavonoids and tannins. Potential of poisonous plants as biopesticides were species of Dong-dong (Laportea stumulans Gaud), Langge (Homalonema propinqua Ridl), Modang / Modang Londir (Persea rimosa), and Sitarak (Macaranga gigantea). While the species with the highest sources were Latong (Litsea leefeana) and Dong-dong (Laportea stumulans Gaud).

The objective of this study was to analysis glue spreads and adhesive type on physical and mechanical properties of a laminate board from oil palm trunk and to obtain the optimum glue spread for each adhesive to manufacture laminate board. Adhesive used were polyvenil acetate(PVAc), urea formaldehyde(UF), and phenol formaldehyde(PF). Glue spread variation were 240, 260, 280 and 300g/m². On this research, the lamina board consists of three layers. Upper and bottom layer made from the outer part of the oil palm trunks with dimension of 45cm x 5cm x 1cm, the middle layer made from the soft-inner part of oil palm trunks with dimension of 45cm x5cm x2cm and then compressed up to dimension of 45cm x 5cm x 1cm. The results will be compared with the JAS standard 243:2003. The results of this study showed that all of the physical properties fulfilled the standard of JAS 243:2003, except laminate board using PVAc adhesive. The other hand, all of the mechanical properties did not fulfil standard, except the value of MOR with treatment 240g/m² using PF adhesive. The optimum quality in this study using PVAc, UF and PF adhesive using glue spread of 240g/m², 280g/m² and 240g/m², respectively.

Sumatran orangutan (SOU) or Pongo abelii lives semi-solitary and arboreal as well as frugivorous which the main feeding sources are fruits. Bukit Lawang Forests (BLF) as part of Gunung Leuser National Park is a habitat of SOU as well as popular ecotourism destination in Northern Sumatra. This study aimed to assess the diversity of tree species as feed sources of SOU and to identify the part of the SOU feed trees that eaten by SOU. Vegetation analysis with combination of line and quadrat method was used. There were 181 tree species within plot samples that 81.8% of them or 148 species were recorded as feed sources of SOU. Fruits were recorded as main part of tree species (65%) that eaten by SOU. The most fruit consumed by SOU was from the family of Moraceae and Clusiaceae. This result showed that the BLF has rich tree species as SOU feed sources and the feed sources trees of SOU should be priority in restoration activities both in degraded and corridor areas.

This study aims to investigate the effect of environmental performance on corporate value through voluntary disclosure. This study tests all mining companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2011-2015. The data analysis method used in this research is path analysis. This study shows the direct influence of environmental performance on company value, and also on voluntary disclosure. However, the indirect influence shows that voluntary disclosure is unable to mediate the relationship between environmental performance and company value.

Sumatran orangutans (SOUs) are an endemic great ape and the populations are limited distributed at the northern tip of Sumatra as well as recorded as critically endangered, globally. Forest loss and degradations are major causes of the decline of SOU populations from time to time. This research was aimed to identify the preferences of nesting trees of SOU in natural habitat as a consideration in the selection of tree species to restore orangutan habitat. Vegetation analysis using combination line transects and quadrat methods were done at Bukit Lawang Forests (BLF) of Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP). There was 4 line transects as well as 25 25m x 25m sampling plots were established in each line transects. Each tree in all sampling plots that contain orangutan nests is identified and counted. Based on inventory, there were 121 SOU nests on 58 tree species with 14 tree species classified as preferences of SOU nesting trees. Litsea firma (Lauraceae) was recorded as the most preferences of SOU nesting trees, followed by Knema latericia (Myristicaceae), Cleistanthus sp. (Euphorbiaceae) and three species of Dipterocarpaceae, such as Shorea ovalis, S. parvifolia, and S. leprosula.

Peatland clearance and drainage result in the change of anaerobic to aerobic condition and hence microbial activities that increase CO₂ emission. This study aimed to evaluate the rate of microbial respiration and microbial population from sapric and hemic peat under oil palm plantation. Research activities included measurement of soil respiration using potassium hydroxide (KOH) to capture the respired CO₂, and counting the population of microbes. Results of this study showed that the highest rate of respiration of 3.3 ± 0.8 mg CO₂ 100 g⁻¹ day⁻¹ occurred from the 0-20 cm layer and it decreased to 2.1 ± 1.0 mg CO₂ 100 g⁻¹ day⁻¹ from the 20-40 cm layer and 1.2 ± 0.9 mg CO₂ 100 g⁻¹ day⁻¹ from the 40-60 cm layer in sapric peat. For the hemic peat the highest rate of respiration of 3.1 ± 0.4 mg CO₂ 100 g⁻¹ day⁻¹ occurred from the 0-20 cm layer and it decreased to 2.0 ± 0.7 mg CO₂ 100 g⁻¹ day⁻¹ from the 20-40 cm layer. Soil respiration decreased with peat depth and bacteria were the most dominant microbes in each peat depth, indicating that bacteria play a more important role in respiration than other microbes.

The purpose of this research was to find the effect of ratio of andaliman with garlic and aging time on the quality of sambal tuk tuk stored at room temperature. This research was using completely randomized design with two factors, i.e.: ratio of andaliman with garlic (A): (100%: 0%; 75%: 25%; 50%: 50%; 25%: 75%; 0%:100%) and aging time (L): (0, 4 and 8 day). Parameters analysed were moisture content, total number of microbe, vitamin C content, pH, total soluble solids, colour values (Chromatometer), hedonic organoleptic score of colour, flavour, taste and texture. The results showed that the ratio of andaliman with garlic has highly significant effect on moisture content, total number of microbe, colour score (Chromatometer), score hedonic of organoleptic colour, flavour, texture and texture score. The ratio of andaliman with garlic of (25%:75%) the best quality of sambal tuk tuk based from score of organoleptic and total number of microbe stored for up to 8 days at room temperature.

This study aimed to characterize the organoleptic properties of functional powdered drinks based on palm sugar. The drinks were prepared with palm sugar as the main matrix and spices in several concentrations as additional flavour. The spices were cinnamon, clove, lemongrass, red ginger and ginger. Type and concentration of the spices greatly affected the sensory properties and hedonic level of the drink products. In general, panellists preferred products with darker brown colour and mild spice flavour. Some spices, such as cinnamon and lemongrass increased the brown colour intensity. Among all tested samples, only lemongrass and red ginger flavored palm sugar drinks were liked by panelists for all studied parameters (colour, aroma and taste). Ginger flavored samples also got relatively high preference score for almost all sensory categories. However, the taste of ginger was found to suppress the unique sweet taste of the palm sugar. Therefore, special attention should be made to the amount of added ginger to preserve the distinctive flavour of palm sugar.

This experiment aimed to evaluate syneresis and acidity of fermented milk which is combined with varying levels of carrot porridge and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). There were 2 types of LAB used Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei. The experiment carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) of factorial patterns which is consisting of two factors. Factors were A: 2.5% and 5% level of starter LAB and B: three levels of carrot porridge (5, 10 and 15%). Variables measured were acidity (pH) and degree of syneresis. Data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatment means were examined by Duncan Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the pH very significantly (P <0.01) affected by LAB and carrot porridge level but syneresis significantly (P <0.05) effected only by level of carrot porridge. In conclusion that the best pH and syneresis resulting in 2.5 and 5% of starter at 5% carrot porridge level.

Nutmeg seed is an herb containing antimicrobial compounds and can be applied as an antimicrobial on foodstuffs. This study was aimed to know antimicrobial compounds of nutmeg seed extracting in water, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Assay on the extract to inhibit pathogenic microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus) was conducted using dilution method. Phytochemical test was conducted to know the extract compounds. Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) test was measured to know minimum concentration of the extract to be applied in tempeh sausage. The results showed that nutmeg seed extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, tannins and phenolics. Methanol extract was shown to have higher inhibition to the tested microbes compared to the other extracts. Minimum Inhibitor concentration (MIC) occurred at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25% of nutmeg seed extract on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Nutmeg seed extract added on the tempeh sausage was able to reduce total microbial cell up to 5 days of storage compared to that of the control, i.e. 561x10⁴ CFU/g for control, 61x10⁴ CFU/g for 0,1% nutmeg seed extract and 54x10⁴ CFU/g for 0,25% nutmeg seed extract.

Research on Modified Cassava Flour (MOCAF) content in three cassava genotypes has been carried out at Laboratorium Sekolah Tinggi Penyuluh Pertanian, Jl. Binjai Km 10 Medan in November 2014. The research objective was to determine the MOCAF yield produced based on cassava genotypes in North Sumatra. Two genotypes and one variety of cassava were used as samples, Adira-1 (V1) variety, Malaysia (V2) and Merah/Gondoruwo (V3) genotypes. Fermentation using BIMO-CF starter with 24 hours soaking time. The results showed that MOCAF yield of three genotypes/varieties ranged from 33-38%. The highest yield was found in Malaysia genotype, followed by Merah/Gondoruwo and Adira-1, respectively 38%, 35% and 33%.

Formalin compounds are carcinogenic but are often used as preservatives for foods such tofu, which is harmful to health. This study aims to determine the concentration, soaking time of Aloe vera and lemon juice and the duration of cold storage to decrease formalin in tofu Sumedang. In this study, tofu was soaked in 5% formalin. Formalin tofu soaked with aloe and lemon juice in comparison (100%:0%, 80%:20%, 60%:40%, 40%:60%, 20%:80%, 0%:100%) and long immersion (30, 60, 90 (minutes)). Tofu with the best comparison and soaking is stored in cold storage (10 °C) for 0, 3, 6 and 9 (days). The results showed that 100% Aloe vera with 90 minutes immersion reduced formalin levels by 65,82%, formalin residues by 28.777ppm, texture (5.592 (N/cm²), pH (5.273), brightness (84.287) and color index (83.519). Search results for cold storage for as long as 3, 6, 9 (days) respectively, formalin (26.261 ppm, 25.510 ppm, 23,440 ppm), texture (5.104, 4.325, 2.758), pH (5.043, 4.62, 3.92), mirror (79.916, 79.803, 79.410) and colour index (82.988, 83.514, 83.699). Aloe vera juice 100% containing saponin levels of 570µg/ml was more effective in removing formalin levels in Sumedang tofu because saponins as surfactants that bind formalin and air-soluble.

The purpose of this research was to find the effect of pre-treatment in the making of purple flesh sweet potato flour on cakes quality. The research was using factorial randomized block design with one factor, the methods of pre-treatment namely (P): (blanching, 2000 ppm soaking in sodium metabisulphite, soaking in 2000 ppm sodium metabisulphite followed by blanching and control). The results showed that the pre-treatment had highly significant effect on the colour value L, a, b and ºhue, browning index, water content and organoleptic test value of colour and had no significant effect on bulk density and organoleptic test value of aroma of the purple-fleshed sweet potato flour. The best cake was the cake made with purple-fleshed sweet potato flour with pre-treatment of blanching with 495.62 mg/L anthocyanin content, 274.08 µg/ml antioxidant activity (IC₅₀), 22.9% moisture content and accepted organoleptic values. The result finding suggests that purple-fleshed sweet potato flour is recommended as alternative flour in producing cakes.

This research aims to determine chemical compositions and characteristics of pumpkin seed oils (PSO) in comparison with the characteristics of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and palm olein. The results showed pumpkin seed oil has high unsaturated fatty acid (81.70%) with major fatty acid was linoleic acid (47.80%), extra virgin olive oil has oleic acid 77.70% and palm olein rich palmitate acid 37.20%. Chemical characteristics of PSO, EVOO and palm oil show such as iodine value were 111.74 g I₂ / 100g, 76.85 g I₂ / 100g and 59.34 g I₂ / 100g. Total phenolic content were 58.27 mg gallic acid equivalent / g oil, 176.09 mg gallic acid equivalent / g oil and 117.10 mg gallic acid equivalent / g oil. Total tocopherol were 240.18 µg/g oil, 459.07 µg/g oil and 559.78 µg/g oil. Antioxidant activity were 35.50%, 51.83% and 73.30%. Pumpkin seed oil has good oxidation stability to be utilized in the food industry, high unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherol is ability to using in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics and other industrial application.

Orange-fleshed sweet potato can be processed into flour to increase its economic value and used in a wide variety of food, such as cake. This research was carried out in order to identify the effect of pre-treatment in orange-fleshed sweet potato flour manufacturing process on cake's quality and also to know the antioxidant activity and digestibility index from the flour and cake. This research was carried out with randomized block design with single factor which consisted of four methods, i.e. soaking in 2000 ppm ascorbic acid solution for 15 minutes followed by steam blanching for 5 minutes, soaking in 2000 ppm ascorbic acid solution for 15 minutes, steam blanching for 5 minutes and without pretreatment (control). The best pre-treatment was obtained by soaking in 2000 ppm ascorbic acid solution for 15 minutes. Antioxidant activity and digestibility index were analysed on flour and cake with the best pre-treatment. The measured antioxidant activity IC₅₀ value) of orange-fleshed sweet potato flour and cake with the best treatment were 164.16μg/ml and 206.85μg/ml respectively, while the digestibility index of the cake was 46.96%.

Capsaicin is a compound in chili which is able to bind with TRPV1 sensory nerve receptor. This sensory nerve receptor perceives pain as well as spicy sensation. Consumption of spicy foods will generally leave a residue on tongue and possibly irritate the papillae at a certain concentration. To reduce this effect, palate cleanser is required to normalize the oral cavity. Those are include, chocolate, cucumber, agar, milk and water which are normally being used as palate cleanser. The comparative study of the five palate cleanser was performed to evaluate the most effective palate cleanser in eliminating spicy sensations. This research was performed using Discrete Time Intensity (DTI) method with time interval of 30 second for 2 minutes. The data analysis was performed by GLM (General Linear Model) ANOVA and it was verified by residual saliva test on HPLC. It suggests that among the palate cleanser tested, cold fullcream milk (1.5°C-3°C) is the most effective palate cleanser for capsaicin-driven spicy sensation.

Both glycerolysis and the interesterification reactions take place in one reaction system. The objectives of this research were to obtain chicken stearin and to evaluate the effect of solvent to fat ratios and chicken stearin to palm stearin ratios on total mono-acylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) of product by the chemical glycerolysis-interesterification (GIE). GIE was initiated by adding NaOH to the reactant. Structured Lipids were evaluated based on acylglycerol composition and melting behavior. Results show that the yield of chicken stearin was 13%. The highest total MAG and DAG was obtained at the stearin: solvent ratio 1:3 (w/v). An increase in chicken fat stearin to palm stearin caused a slight increase in the total MAG and DAG. However, it didn't have a significant increase in the total MAG and DAG. The best ratio of palm stearin to chicken stearin was 40:60 because slip melting point and melting point were 36.16 ± 4.9°C and 37.59 ± 5.96°C. Thus, the best condition was obtained at the ratio of stearin to solvent 1: 3 (w/v), temperature 50°C, oil to glycerol ratio 1:5, 300 rpm and NaOH 3%. The reaction was performed for 2 h. Total MAG and DAG was 67.87 ± 1.97%.

The purpose of this research was to observe the effect of pre-treatment in the production of purple-fleshed sweet potato flour on cookies quality. There were four kinds of pre-treatment method (soaking in 2000 ppm sodium metabisulphite for 15 minutes, soaking in 2000 ppm sodium metabisulphite solution for 15 minutes followed by steam blanching for 5 minutes, steam blanching for 5 minutes and without pre-treatment as control). Data collected was analysed by using non factorial block design with 3 replicates. The results showed that the pre-treatment had highly significant effect on the colour, bulk density, moisture content and anthocyanin content of flour. The pre-treatment on flour processing had significant effect on cookies colour, volume expansion, hardness, moisture content, anthocyanin content, but had no significant effect on hedonic value of colour, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptability of cookies. In conclusion, the best pre-treatment was soaking in 2000 ppm sodium metabisulphite solution for 15 minutes.

Water-soluble polysaccharide (WSP) is one of a complex chemical content contained in Pachyrhizus erosus L. (PeL). A recent study was examined the effect of FAEM with aqueous and Saccharomyces sp. In this study used a completely randomized design with two factors i.e. water extraction with extracting water addition on the amount of starch used (1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5; 1:2) and FAEM with distilled water, Saccharomyces sp and Rhizopus sp. Interestingly, dextrose equivalent of WSP-PeL (DE = 4) showed increased significant effect of FAEM with Rhizopus sp than both distilled water and Saccharomyces sp. Although degree of polymerization and total sugar just showed significant effect, WSP-PeL (DP_av = 24) has a good solubility (S_O = 83%) and viscosity (µ = 0.973 cP). These findings suggest that due to the viscous properties of WSP-PeL can inhibits the absorption of excessive macronutrient and decrease blood sugar levels, derived from fermentation WSP-PeL in the colon to produce Saturated-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA).

This study was conducted to determine the bioactive components in food ingredients that have as potential natural antioxidants source, it can be used as an alternative to reduce degenerative diabetes mellitus. The potential natural antioxidant of black cumin seed and sesame seed extract by encapsulation methods was carried out by fermentation. This research used a complete randomized design, consisted of two factors: the ratio of black cumin seed extract with sesame seed extract (E) consist of 4 levels: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 and 0:100 (%) and type of coating material (N): maltodextrin-soy protein, maltodextrin-gelatine and maltodextrincasein. The best antioxidant activity (IC50) was 81.45 µg/mL, which found in the ratio of black-sesame cumin extract (75%:25%) with maltodextrin-soy protein coating material.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of coagulants and cooking period on the quality of dali ni horbo. This research was using group randomized design with two factors, such as: coagulants (G): (pineapple juice, lime juice, lemon juice, belimbing wuluh fruit) and cooking period (M): (40, 50 and 60 minutes). The results showed that the coagulants and cooking period gave a very significantly different effect (P<0.01) on pH, moisture and protein contents of the dali ni horbo, but had no significant different effect (P>0.05) on the ash content. Furthermore, the interaction of factors resulted in a significant different effect (P<0.05) on the ash and protein contents. The coagulants decreased the moisture and protein contents of dali ni horbo and increased the pH and ash contents of the products. Based on parameters protein, moisture, ash contents and pH, it was found that the best treatment was dali ni horbo coagulated with lime juice for 40 min.

The purpose of this research was to introduce the traditional food in North Sumatera and to find the effect of andaliman addition on the quality and organoleptic acceptance of condiment. The research was conducted using a non-factorial randomized block design with andaliman addition (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) of mixture of seasoning as the factor. The results showed that the different addition of andaliman very significant different (P < 0.01) effect on organoleptic score of colour and significantly different (P < 0.05) from the moisture content, ash content, ascorbic acid, organoleptic score of bitterness, organoleptic score of taste but giving effect is not significantly different (P > 0.05) from pH value and organoleptic score of flavour.

Female workers reach 43.3 million people nowadays, which 25 million are in the reproductive age. Based on Basic Health Research, the number of nursing mothers only 42% far below the target of 80%. This study is to make instant porridge formulations for nursing mothers. The materials are Moringa leaves, soy flour, banana flour, oats, palm sugar and skim milk. This research was arranged using Linear Programming Solver 1.9.4 to determine the best formulation based on nutritional adequacy rate for nursing mothers and hedonic test to determine the level of consumer preference for the product. The optimal porridge formulation is 5 grams Moringa leaves powder, 5 grams of soy flour, 20 grams of banana flour, 25 grams of oat, 22.5 grams of palm sugar and 22.5 grams of skim milk. The hedonic test is carried out on nursing women and productive age in the area of Temas, Batu, Malang Regency with the results of taste, colour, appearance and average texture worth four which means they like the product.

Gaharu (agarwood) grows naturally in Sumatera, especially in Middle Tapanuli regency. The development of knowledge and research about gaharu leaf has been used as raw material for brewed beverage or tea. The purposes of this research were to observe the leaf used as raw material of gaharu leaf tea that grows naturally in Middle Tapanuli by looking at the chemical compound contained in the leaf which function as antioxidant and to know the antioxidant activity and tannin content of the leaf. Gaharu leaf from 2 growing sites (Sigiringgiring village and S. Kalangan II village) was identified, then processed into leaf simplicia and extracted with 96% ethanol solvent. Phytochemical screening of alkaloid, glycosides, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins compounds were conducted. The antioxidant activity test was performed by DPPH method to obtain IC50 (Inhibitory Concentration) value. The results showed that the agarwood leaf from Sigiring-giring contained terpenoids and saponins and from S. Kalangan II contained of tannins and saponins. The results of antioxidant activity test showed that agarwood leaf extract has IC50 value in 56,985 dan 44,382 μg/ml which meant strong and very strong antioxidant activity category.

The upstream of Wampu Waters is a habitat for various fish species including Tor spp fish. Fluctuating conditions of habitat will greatly affect the existence of fish as diversity, uniformity, dominance, and abundance of fish. This research was conducted to determine of the condition of habitat and diversity of Tor spp fish in the upstream of Wampu waters. Measurement of habitat conditions by measuring current velocity, depth, temperature, visibility, DO and pH. The method was used n this research is descriptive post facto with fishing using backpack electrofishing units, 12 volts and 9 amperes of battery with the multiple-pass depletion operation technique. Habitat conditions in both research locations are good and appropriate to support the life of fish of Tor spp. Tor fish species was found are Tor soro and Tor tambroides with low fish diversity index of Tor spp of 0.5 for the Bahorok River and 0.61 for the Berkail River, lowest evenness index of 0.09 was found in the Bahorok River and 0.11 in the Berkail River and lowest dominance index of 0.17 were found in the Bahorok River and 0.2 in the Berkail River.

Carcass composition of traits such as protein, ash, moisture, amino acids and minerals in red tilapia was investigated. All diets were formulated at 29% of crude protein 0.5% of calcium-phosphate and energy: protein ration 150:5 for diet C1, 30% of crude protein, 1.0% of calcium-phosphate and energy: protein ration 151:7 for diet C2, and 31% of crude protein, 1.5% of calcium-phosphate and energy: protein ration 151:5 for diet C3. The body weight of tilapia species is 169.38g (±4.32). 60 of fish and three replicates were used for this study to the analysis of carcass composition. The other carcass parts of body fish as muscle, bone, scale, and gill was found to be significant (p<0.01). The mean of carcass composition of three levels of calcium-phosphate as muscle, bone, scale, and gill were found to be higher in level diet C2 compared to diet C1 and C3 was found no significant differences.

The aim of this research is to observe the maturity level of gonad, the size of fish first-time ripe gonad, sex ratio and gonad maturity index of Tor Fish (Tor spp.) in Upstream Wampu Watershed. Sampling was conducted for three months, from July to September 2017. The development of gonad maturity was observed morphologically. GMI was analysed based on a comparison between gonad weight and body weight of Tor Fish (Tor spp.). The caught fish consists of two species: Gemo Fish (Tor soro) and Jurung Fish (Tor tambroides). The gonad maturity level of Tor soro male was obtained from levels I, II, III, and IV and Tor soro females obtained from levels I, II and IV. The gonad maturity level of Tor tambroides male was GML I, II and II and Tor tambroides female obtained GML I and II. GMI Tor soro males ranged from 0.01% - 4.66%, while GMI Tor soro female 0.04% -5.68%. GMI Tor tambroides male 0.05% -1.25%, while GMI Tor tambroides females ranged from 0.02% -0.88%.

Tidal lakes are unique lakes because of the fluctuations of the water in the lake are influenced by the sea tides. Therefore, Tidal lakes are also called brackish lakes or salty lakes. Thus, the organisms that live in the lake must be able to adapt to the dynamics of brackish water changes. Therefore, the study of the biodiversity of flora and fauna is interesting to study related to organisms that are able to live and adapt to dynamic environments. This research was carried out in Siombak Lake, Medan City, North Sumatra Province from June to July 2018. The data collected were organisms in the form of flora (mangroves and aquatic plants) and fauna (ictiofauna or nekton which were fish, shrimp, crab, and mollusca). The results of research in the Siombak Lake ecosystem found 7 species of mangroves, 5 species of coastal plants, and 2 species of aquatic plant. Fauna found were 14 species of fish, 7 species of gastropods, and 1 species of bivalve, 1 species of shrimp and 1 species of crab.

The technological improvement of marginal land was conducted through examination on three treatments; land soaking and washing (A), land remediation (B) and land reclamation (C). The highest average closure rate of klekap (66.667±5.774 %) was gained from B, and the highest average closure rate of Chaetomorpha sp (88.667±8.083 %) was derived from A. The Apocyclopas discovery through the study can become preliminary information to reveal the existence of Phronima Suppa, the indicator of tiger shrimp farming success. The land remediation (B), followed with contaminants detoxification employing plankton, is more effective in eliminating pesticide residue, depressing bacteria population and creating quality water and pond bottom soil according to the organic tiger shrimp production standard.

This study aimed to determine the community structure of echinoderms and how it related to seagrass cover and water chemical and physical parameters in Pandaratan Beach, Tapanuli Tengah Regency. The research was conducted from Maret to April 2018. Data analysis included community structure analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result showed that there were seven species of echinoderms from four classes in Pandaratan Beach. The station I had the highest composition of echinoderms, while the lowest noted at station II. The highest abundance of 77 ind/m² was found at the station I and the lowest of 44 ind/m² was at station III. The highest diversity index was recorded at the station I, while the highest evenness and dominance index was at station II. Water quality of the waters was still in capacity to support the life of echinoderms. Based on PCA analysis, it was obtained that the abundance of echinoderms was positively correlated with seagrass cover, DO, depth, and phosphate.

Asiatic hard clam (Meretrix meretrix) was one of molluscs (bivalve) with economical value. However, fishing activities were presumed to cause a decline in population. This condition was strengthened by the size of the clam which became smaller nowadays. The purpose of this study was to determine spatial distribution of M. meretrix, length distribution, and length-weight relationship. The study was conducted at 3 stations, consisted of Station I at Asahan River estuary which was located by mangrove forest, Station II at the sea and Station III at the waters near mainland of Batu Bara Regency. Estimation growth of M. meretrix was examined following FISAT II method. The density of M. meretrix was dominant at Station I which was low in salinity and high in organic matter. The class interval of 23-34 mm at station I dominated length distribution. Length-weight relationship was found to be very strong with determinant value approaching

Indonesia is known to contribute nearly 20% of elasmobranch diversity in the world. Presently, elasmobranch biodiversity research had only conducted in particular waters. However, the distribution of Elasmobranch distributed throughout all Indonesia including in the waters of North Sumatra province. This study aims to examine the diversity of Elasmobranch in North Sumatera waters as Elasmobranch preliminary study. We used landing monitoring method in three landing sites from May to June 2018. We recorded species, total length, and fishing unit information. Sharks and rays commonly were caught by net in coastal waters. We found 8 species from 323sharks and Rays which caught and landed. Sharks were dominated by big eye six gill sharks and rays were dominated by pale-edge stingray. Based on length data, we found that sharks and rays which landed also dominated by immature individual. This condition should be concerned in order to it is conservation management related to gear selectivity, considering coastal area is an important habitat for Elasmobranch.

This study was to determine of ectoparasite type in Fry Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in aquaculture, 30 of tilapia were used for this experiment. This research investigated on April to May 2018. The taking of fish samples was carried out in the Aquaculture pond of Desa Baru of Ladang Bambu District of Medan Tuntungan. Aspects of identification of ectoparasite were obtained in gills, body mucus, and fin. The results were infected to Fry Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). There are 4 types of ectoparasites were infect to Fry Tilapia, that is Trichodina sp., Ichthiopthirus multifiliis sp., Dactylogyrus sp., and Gyrodactylus sp.

Gelling properties of surimi can be influenced by quality of tilapia meat. Meanwhile, the quality of meat can be influenced by aquaculture conditions and aquaculture areas. Hence, the objective of this research was to examine the quality of surimi with tilapia as raw materials cultivated in different areas. Tilapia cultivated in Sentani Lake, Rawa Pening Lake, and Wadas lintang Reservoir will be used for producing surimi in this study. The results showed that tilapia cultivated in Rawa Pening Lake can produce surimi with the highest gel strength and the lowest expressible moisture content than others (p<0.05). Rawa Pening Lake tilapia surimi has characteristics including gel strength of 842.68 ± 118.11 g.cm, whiteness 76.10 ± 0.83, expressible moisture content 13.96 ± 3.18%, hardness 0.31 ± 0.09 kg.f, and springiness 6.62 ± 0.41 mm. Based on the observation of microstructure by using SEM, it showed that Rawa Pening Lake tilapia surimi produces a denser and finer gel network. Therefore, Rawa Pening Lake tilapia could be used as the alternative raw material for surimi.

The study aims to analyse the value of CPUE and the factors which influenced the Skipjack Tuna fishing production at the Sibolga Nusantara Fisheries Port (PPN). This research was conducted at PPN Sibolga, Central Tapanuli Regency. The research was conducted using a descriptive method with sample of 40 fishermen of purse seine vessels (ship captains) determined through purposive sampling technique. Data analysis techniques were carried out by using CPUE value analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that: (1) CPUE value of Skipjack Tuna landed at PPN Sibolga for a period of 6 years (2011-2016) experienced fluctuating decline and increase. The average CPUE value was 199.70 kg/trip. The highest CPUE value occurred in 2016 was 412.24 kg/trip and the lowest CPUE value occurred in 2015 was 32.70 kg/trip; (2) partially, the factors of the fisherman experience, the size of the ship, the power of the engine and the length of the trip had a significant effect on the skipjack tuna fishing production. Meanwhile, the amount of fuel did not have a significant effect. Trip duration was the dominant factor or had a strong influence in the fishing production of skipjack tuna.

Coral reef ecosystems in Unggeh Island waters have recently declined in quality due to natural factors and human activities. The declining quality can affect the biota of the coral reef ecosystem, such as coral reef fish. Coral reef fish belong to the groups of fish whose lives are associated with the coral reef ecosystem environment. This study aims to determine the abundance and diversity of coral reef fish and the relationship between abundance of coral reef fish and the percentage of coral cover in Unggeh Island Waters, Badiri District, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra. This research was conducted in December 2017 and April 2018. The method used to observe the coral was Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. And the method used to observe the coral reef fish was Underwater Visual Census (UVC) method. To determine the relationship between coral cover and coral reef fish was by using a simple linear regression equation. The results showed that the relationship of coral cover with coral reef fish was in the correlation value (R) of 0.418.

Mangrove forests in North Sumatera existed in the east coast of Sumatera Island and are rapidly degraded due to anthropogenic activities such as mangrove conversion to other land-uses. The present study describes one-year assessment on mangrove rehabilitation in Lubuk Kertang village, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The restoration was carried on May 2016 using indirect planting of 6,000 Rhizophora apiculata seedlings. R. apiculata belongs to Rhizophoraceace family with hardwoods, have good stilt roots that can survive in mud substrate. The assessment was carried out in 4 plots with each plot consist of 100 plants. The evaluation parameters of mangrove reforestation comprise of seedling growth rate, diameter and height, leaf thickness and some leaves. Results show that the growth rate for first-year assessment was 92.3 % considered successful because of the average percent growth of plants ≥ 70 %. By contrast, the height, diameter, and a number of leaves seedlings planting were shown variation performance of among the plots observed. Our present study suggested that success factors in the rehabilitation of mangrove affected by salinity, substrate conditions, pests and diseases and human activities on the rehabilitation site.

The present study reports the introducing of mangrove management through community-based silvofishery pond according to the density of sapling and seedling stage in Lubuk Kertang village, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The vegetation in the silvofishery pond consisted of Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Avicennia marina. Silvofishery pond was introduced with an area total of 8,484 m², with an area of 0.4242 ha in each pond of dominated seedlings and saplings, respectively. In the predominated seedling density over sapling showing almost twice found that seedling density consisted of 297 individual/ha which domination of R. apiculata compared to sapling density of 144 individual/ha. Similarly, 726 individual/ha was recorded in the sapling stage, where R. mucronata dominated. Furthermore, the seedling density in the sapling domination ponds for the seedling level was 398 individual/ha. R. mucronata detected in ponds with sapling dominance and seedling domination generally located in the middle part of the pond. By contrast, R. apiculata dominated the seedling level either in the seedlings or saplings stage. Introducing silvofishery with seedling and sapling stages should use recommended species such R. mucronata and R. apiculata to sustain nutrient of fish and to generate high phytoplankton growth.

The Non-Forest Area is an outside of forest area which can be used for other reconstruction sector activities, one of them is for agricultural land area sector. At Sitellu Tali Urang Julu, Pakpak Bharat district, the potential utilized land for agricultural cultivation activities is largest and expecting will improve the welfare of local farmers. This research aimed was to determine the land suitability in Sitellu Tali Urang Julu, Pakpak Bharat district for oil palm plantation (ElaeisguenensisJacq). The research method was survey in Sitellu Tali Urang Julu, Pakpak Bharat. This research conducted by taking soil samples in field then analyzed in laboratory. The survey activities consist of 5 stages; there were pra-survey, main survey, soil analysis in Laboratorium and also processing data. The survey results showed that retention and nutrients availability were the most limiting factor on Non-forest area Sitellu Tali Urang Julu for developing oil palm plantation, moreover the regional air temperature should be considering. Actual land conditions that cultivated in Sitellu Tali Urang Julu Subdistrict is oil palm is 939.11 ha. Than potential area land that cultured in Sitellu Tali Urang Julu is: Oil Palm around 939.11 hectares, cannot be understood.

The Study of chemical characteristics and soil physics under tree stands Camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica Colebr) aims to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of the soil in influencing the growth and production of trees Camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica Colebr). This research was conducted at the Research and Technology Laboratory Faculty of Agriculture University of North Sumatera, The research was conducted from November 2017 to March 2018. The research used a survey method with sampling based on purposive sampling that is taking soil samples. The results showed that the characteristics of the land under lime stands varied considerably, is cation exchange capacity (low and very low), C-organic (low, medium, and high), soil texture (sandy clay and sand clay), pH (very acid ), and Ca-total (very low). The result of regression analysis showed that the real soil organic matter is directly proportional to the height and diameter of the lime tree trunk, while the real soil pH is inversely proportional to the height and diameter of tree trunks and the real exchange rates are directly proportional to plant height but not significant to the diameter of the stem.

In Indonesia, bacterial panicle blight (BPB) disease affecting rice caused by seed-borne pathogen, Burkholderia glumae has emerged as a serious problem in rice growing areas in several provinces in Java and Sulawesi since 2014, but not yet in Northern Sumatra. This pathogen is listed as a quarantine pathogen which has to limit the spread. Rice import from China, India and Philippines, where are the disease outbreak locations, is the main cause of the dissemination of BPB disease in Indonesia. As rice is the main staple food in Indonesia, significant crop losses have had huge impact to food security. Four of twenty-three bacterial strains isolated from infected rice fields of six districts in Northern Sumatra were identified as B. glumae on the basis of morphological, biochemical and molecular characterizations as well as pathogenicity assay. These four bacterial strains were tested on five rice cultivars in the green house.

Fusarium wilt is one of the most serious diseases of banana plants in Malaysia that now becomes a worldwide problem. It is caused by soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. cubense (E.F. Smith) Snyder & H.N. Hansen. In this study, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma asperellum B01 inoculants on disease incidence of Fusarium wilt of banana. Results indicated that percentage inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) was observed in dual culture plates of Trichoderma isolates B01 by 84.85%. In addition, under plant house condition, the application of conidial suspension of T. asperellum B01 has significantly decreased the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt by up to 94.4% compared to control. In general, the application of T. asperellum B01 inoculants revealed a great potential for the control of Fusarium wilt disease in banana plants under plant house condition, which a good approach to start in agricultural field. For future study, new method must be focusing on optimize the production of Trichoderma spores to be using for agricultural purposes.

The coffee taste may primarily affect consumers in choosing coffee to drink. Information on phenotypic and genetic correlation of taste attributes of Arabica coffee is still lacking. The objective of this research was to determine the phenotypic and genotypic correlation among taste attributes and green bean weight of Arabica coffee. In this study, Nested design was used. The taste attributes and green bean weight of 28 genotypes of Arabica coffee growing in North Sumatra Province was analysed. In this research, it is hypothesized that taste attributes and green bean weight have significant phenotypic and genotypic correlation one another. The research result showed that total score performed significant genotypic correlation with fragrance, flavour, aftertaste, acidity, body and overall, respectively. Selection for aftertaste might be the first priority to get higher total score (r_G = 0.953**). Sweetness had significant genetic correlation with green bean weight (r_G = 0.420*). Total score of the taste attributes showed the highest phenotypic correlation with acidity (r_P = 0.862**). Weight of green bean could not be used as selection parameter for better taste because no taste attribute did show phenotypic correlation with green bean weight. Breeding for taste quality through hybridization could be necessary in future research.

The purpose of research is to know the diversity of accession of sugar Arenga in South Tapanuli Regency and to classify the population drilling to get the high production. Eighty accessions of Arenga populations from four sub districts have been identified according to IPGRI. The results show that formation of 4 targeted clusters that cluster 1 is a collection of accession Arenga with phenotypic character more suitable in producing fruit from female groups. While cluster 3 is a group accession Arenga, the appropriate phenotypes character will produce nira (raw material of Arenga sugar) from male flowers.

Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) cv Tarramba is a good forage has a high crude protein, fleas tolerance and drought resistant but only grow well at pH >5.5 and have high mimosine. The aim of this study was to determine radio sensitivity value of mature callus and the optimal tolerance level of callus that has been irradiated by gamma rays (40 Gy) on acid stress. The first phase of research was conducted by Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 radiation treatments used gamma rays including 0, 30, 40, 50, and 60 Gy. Second phase of the research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with treatment of using the different level of Al³⁺ with different acidity. The treatment consisted of 6 levels Al³⁺, including 0 ppm (pH = 6.5), 100 ppm (pH = 5.5), 200 ppm (pH = 4.4), 300 ppm (pH = 3.4), 400 ppm (pH = 3.0) and 500 ppm (pH = 2.6). The radio sensitivity value of the mature Callus on post-irradiated gamma-ray LD₅₀ was 56.227 Gy. Based on acid selection (AlCl₃), the best performance up to 300 ppm Al³⁺ (pH 3.4), although the callus was able to grow and tolerant up to 500 ppm Al³⁺ (pH 2.6).

Understanding of NPR1gene expression is a crucial aspect in improvement of chilli pepper resistant. The NPR1 gene is known to confer broad spectrum resistance toward many phytopathogens by activating SARmechanism. For that reason, characterization of the NPR1-gene promotor is necessary. The distal promoter of the NPR1-gene in general is characterized by the presence of enhancer, silencer, and cis-acting elements, located 5,950 bp from the ATG starting point. Therefore this study is focused to the isolateion of the distal promoter sequence of the NPR1 gene from a local Capsicum annul L. Genotype Berangkai. Specific primer pairs designatedas PD_CbNPR1-F1 [FR] and PD_CbNPR1-F2 [FR] were designed to amplify the whole targeted segments. However, only 1,873 bp in total [31.5 %] of sequences could successfully be elucidated from the first round, covering 970 and 993 bp from its upstream and downstream segments respectively. Hhomology analysis using BLAST tool successfully confirmed 99 and 100 % homology with its reference sequence derived from cv. Zunla-1. These result indicated that the NPR1 distal promoter sequence is successfully isolated from chilli pepper [Capsicum annuum L] genotype Berangkai. However, ffurther analysis using primer walking strategy should be undertaken in order to identify the entire sequence of its promoter region.

Various environmental factors influence the growth and development of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), one of which is salinity. Salinity can affect several stages of AMF growth. Theresearch aims to study the influence of salinity towards germination, growth, and performance of AMF, namely Gi. margarita and G. etunicatum. The level of salinity given ranges from 0 - 10,000 ppm with an interval of 2,000 ppm. Spore germination experiments were carried out in petri dish culture while evaluation was carried out in open pot culture with sorghum as host. The results showed that increasing salinity decreased the initial day of germination, the percentage of germination and hyphal growth. The effect is greater on Gi. margaritathanG. etunicatum on all parameters measured. An increase of salinity up to 10,000 ppm decreased the percentage of Gi. margarita root colonization by 69.07% and G. etunicatumby 37.78%. Nevertheless, the effect of salinity observed in this study towards germination and growth of AMF wasmore categorized as delaying rather than inhibiting or stopping.

The study of the morph physiological characteristics of cassava is considered important for understanding the actual condition of local food resources. This research was conducted at Serdang Bedagai Regency from April - May 2018. Area of sampling decided was for each district was chose 1 Sub district, each Sub district was taken 3 villages and 3 farmers for each village. The objective of this study was to determine the type, kinship and physiological relationship of the distribution of cassava plasma (Manihot esculenta Crantz) based on altitude. The genotype types of cassava that have been found include White Klanting (S1), Red Klanting (S2), Jakarta (S3), Malaysia (S4), Gundoruwo (S5), Gundoruwo Hitam (S6), Thailand (S7), Yellow Potatoes (S8), and Adira (S9). The lowest euclidean values was showed on S1 and S6 with 10.084. In the dendogram there was two main parts, namely part 1 and 2 kinship with 25% dissimilarity scale. The highest water content was showed on Jakarta genotype with 66.22%, the highest glucose level was showed on Red Klanting genotype with 24.43%, the highest starch content was showed on Red Klanting genotype with 21.99% and the highest total chlorophyll was showed on Yellow Potatoes genotype with 88.25940 mg/g.

Input such as fertilizer highly affects the root response, and can change the root morphology and architecture, which will have an impact on the nutrient uptake and biomass production. This research investigates changes in root architecture and morphology, nitrogen uptake and biomass production of the Noko rattan seed in the treatment of inorganic (N) fertilizers from different sources fertilization (N-Urea (CO (NH₂)₂), and N-ZA ((NH₄) 2.SO₄)), and different application method. The research results showed that treatment without N+P fertilizer (control treatment) led to more intensive root growth, which was shown in dry biomass of root, higher amount of root branches and root hairs compared to N-urea or N-ZA fertilization. N-Urea fertilization affects the root hairs of rattan becomes shorter and finer, decreases the dry weight of the roots, but increases the roots surfaces compared to the roots in the control treatment an d N-ZA fertilization. Localized (in hole) fertilization causes root physiological stress and change the root architecture, causing a decrease in N uptake but otherwise increase the P uptake, but the biomass production is lower than the homogeneous fertilization.

This study purposed to describe the product of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing of DNA from Elaeis guineensis root for Ganoderma boninense resistance in PT Socfin Indonesia. Based on PCR amplification a total of 18 sampling were detected, the percentage of positive results for G. boninense resistance was only 20%. The degree of sequence identity between DNA sequence known to be verified by the Blastx probability identity, E-value and total score. Only 11A genes that are available in GenBank and 15A and 16A gene found no similarity in the database of NCBI, therefore considered as new genes for probably G. boninense tolerance or resistance. The 11A gene showed the highest identity (98%) to predicted metallothionein like-protein with E-value 3e-19 and total scored 104. Metallothionein protein actives role in oil palm plants for resistance to G. boninense.

The morphology of mutant putative plant population can be influenced by genetic factors and environmental factors. M₃ generation population was thought to have wide character variability. The objective of this study was to determine the performance of agronomic characters and to estimate genetic parameters values of M₃ generation in mutant populations of 150 Gy and 450 Gy. Seeds from mutant population 150 Gy and 450 Gy in M₂ generation were harvested, and then their seeds were grown as M₃ generation. Variations that were obtained of each character at generation M₃ influences plants growth and development. The difference in character variability from the two mutant putative populations causes significant differences compared to the mean value character of control plants population. The heritability values of all characters observed range from low to high. Character canopy diameter and number of fruits per plant can be used as a character of selection in the next generation

Ultisol problem is having acidic pH which makes soybean difficult to grow and symbiotic with Brady rhizobium sp. To fixate N. The aim of this research was studied the growth response and N uptake of two soybean varieties on inoculation Brady rhizobium sp. in Ultisol Binjai, Sumatera Utara. This research used Ultisol Binjai with pH 4.5 which was carried out with a pot experiment in the research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, using a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 factors. The first factor is Brady rhizobium sp inoculants consisting of without inoculant; BGR3 inoculant; and LP3 inoculant, the second factor is varieties consisting of Anjasmoro and Demas-1. The third factor is liming consisting of without liming and liming with a dose of 7.76 g/10 kg of soil (until pH 5.5). The results of the research showed that application of Brady rhizobium sp inoculant BGR3 was able to increase the N uptake of soybean in Ultisol with an acidic pH which was better than other inoculant. Shoot root ratio tended to increase in Anjasmoro without liming which were application of BGR3 inoculant about 14.15%.

Potasium and nitrogen fertilization accompanied by the application of rice straw compost is expected to improve the chemical properties of rice fields and the growth of rice plants. The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of potassium, nitrogen and straw compost fertilizer on increasing C-organic, organic matter and K-exchangeable soil and the growth of rice plants. This research was conducted in the rice field area of Cengkeh Turi village, Binjai City (± 32 m asl) from March-July 2018. This study used factorial randomized block design method with 3 Factors: Potassium (KCL): 0. 25. 50 and 75 kg ha⁻1; Nitrogen (Urea): dosage for farmers (250 kg ha⁻1) and LCC recommendations (315 kg ha⁻1); straw compost Treatment: without compost straw (0 t ha⁻1) and straw compost (5 t ha⁻1). The results showed that the application of potassium, nitrogen and straw compost had no significant effect on increasing levels of C-organic, organic matter and K-exchangeable paddy soil. However. There was an increase in nutrient status from very low to low. While there is a significant effect on plant height and number of tillers per clump at 2 weeks after planting and shoot dry weight of rice plants.

Phytophthora infestans is an important disease in the highland of Karo Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The disease caused a failure of tomato production. P. infestans mainly damages the leaves causing disruption to plant growth and development. This study was to evaluate the development of tomato plants infected by P. infestans treated with potassium phosphite and copper. The experimental was set in a completely random design, consisted of two factors. The first factor was copper with 2 doses namely 0 %, 0.07 % and the second was potassium phosphate with 4 level doses each 0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2%. The result showed that potassium phosphate could significantly reduce disease severity of P. infesting by 31.62 % to 36.40%, 40.26 to 63.65 % at dose of 0.4 % and 0.8 % respectively. Tomato infected by P. infestans showed a positive response to copper and potassium phosphate treatments which characterized by an increase in the plant dry weight, the plant height and the plant stem diameter. The best dry weight of plant was obtained from Cu at dose of 0.07 % and potassium phosphate at dose of 1.2 % while the plant height was obtained from Cu at dose of 0.07 % and potassium phosphate at dose of 0.4 %.

The objective of this study was to measure the effect of rice husk biochar application and the planting times on dry weight and water use efficiency of upland rice varieties at Zone D Oldeman Agroclimate in North Sumatra Indonesia. First factor as main plot was the planting times such as planting. Second factor as sub plot was upland rice varieties such as Batutegi, Inpago 4, Limboto, Situbagendit and Situpatenggang. Third factor as sub sub plot was type of rice husk biochar application such as no rice husk biochar (RHB), RHB, RHB + Chicken manure, RHB + EM4. Result showed that rice husk biochar (with chicken manure or EM4) increased upland rice dry weight (1-17%) and water use efficiency (17-25 %) in planting times of August and September and increased more higher in planting time of June and July about 17-25 %, 61-80 % respectively and rice husk biochar application decreased water use efficiency only in planting time of August. Batutegi and Inpago 4 varieties showed the highest dry weight and the highest value of water use efficiency were Inpago 4 and Limboto. Planting time of August or September showed the highest upland dry weight and water use efficiency.

The use of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as a source of organic fertilizer in oil palm plantations copes with obstacles. The application of the OPEFB for breeding medium of Oryctes rhinoceros pests from egg stage to pupa and the composting period of organic material reach 12-16 months. In this study, it was found that the utilization of bacterial symbionts of O. rhinoceros larvae namely Bacillus stratosphericus, mixed with Trichoderma sp. And yiest was able to decompose OPEFB for 10 weeks. The resulting compost indicated a pH of 8.46 - 8.76 and a moisture content of 79.39 - 81.74%. The C / N ratio for the treatment of B. stratosphericus + Yeast, the treatment of B. stratosphericus + Trichoderma sp. And the treatment of B. stratosphericus + Yeast + Trichoderma sp. is 17.5, 13.3 and 14.7, respectively.The chemical compounds composition of OPEFB decomposed for 10 weeks with the addition of B. stratosphericus and Trichoderma sp as well as yeast ranged from 25.6 to 30.46% C-org, 1.81-2.07% N, 0.1-0.22% P, 2.54 - 3.68% K and 0.43 - 0.50% Mg.

Andaliman is a typical plant in Sumatera Utara that hasn't been widely cultivated because it's difficult to germinate. The aim of this research was to study the effect of giving an electric field to the metabolism of andaliman (Zanthoxylum accanthopodium DC) seeds which contributes to accelerating germination. Research conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Tissue Culture Laboratory and Molecular and Genetic Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara from June to July 2018 was arranged in a complete non-factorial randomized design repeated three times. Seeds are given by an electric field for 18 days with a voltage of 324 volts. The results of this research showed that the electric field treatment and differences in fruit colour not different significantly on seed metabolism in accelerating germination after do analysis of proteins, APX, SOD and electrical conductivity. Descriptively the highest average of APX was showed on without electric field: red colour seeds 2.39 μM/min/mg protein (P₁). The highest average of SOD was showed on with electric field: red colour seeds 485.27 unit/mg protein (P₄). The highest average of electrical conductivity was showed on without electric field: red colour seeds 6733.33 μS (P₁).

The sweetpotato weevil (SPW), Cylas formicarius Fabricius, is the main pest in sweet potatoes and spread throughout the world. One of the efforts that can be used to reduce SPW attacks is to use sweet potato genotypes that contain high beta-carotene. The objective of this research was to know the resistance level of some sweet potato genotypes to sweetpotato weevil in the lowlands. This research used a randomized block design with one factor, namely sweet potato consisting of 5 genotypes that came from different accessions (Saribu Dolok Simalungun, Kesemak Simalungu, Batang Beruh Dairi, Binjai accession and National Superior Varieties Beta-1). This research was carried out in Cengkeh Turi, Binjai Utara, Sumatera Utara from April to August 2018. The results showed that the lowest intensity and percentage of attack was on sweet potato accession of Saribu Dolok Simalungun, which was 7.94% and 27.08% respectively while the highest intensity and percentage of attack was on sweet potato accession of Batang Beruh Dairi, which was 18.60% and 48.7% respectively. It is recommended that Saribu Dolok accession is more resistance rather than others and suitable to grow on low land.

This study aimed to screen the endophytic bacteria and to establishe their potential as biological control agents against Antrachnose disease in Cocoa. In-vitro testing through duel culture on PPDA media was carried out to select endophytic bacteria which had inhibitory ability against C. gloeosporioides isolates CDKW01. The five best isolates were selected for the activity and antagonistic mechanism against C. gloeosporioides isolates CDKS02 and CBKS03. Endophytic bacterial isolates of 2RWB2, 5BPR1, and 3 BPL had very strong inhibitory ability (> 50%) with an antagonistic mechanism in the form of the ability to produce antibiosis compounds, lyse walls and compete with pathogens.

Nowadays oil palm plantation is attacked by Spodoptera litura especially in peat land plantation. This research was aimed to find out the types of host plants most preferred by larvae of S. litura. This research was conducted in 2 stages, the 1^st stage used Randomized Block Design Factorial consisting of 2 factors, which was the origin of the larvae and the comodity with 16 combinations of treatments, the 2^nd stage used Non Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 treatment combinations, P₁: Oil palm + Coconut + Sugar palm + Areca nut + Soybean + Green bean + Peanut+ Mucuna bracteata + 40 S. litura original from Oil palm, and P₂: Oil palm + Coconut + Sugar palm + Areca nut + Soybean + Green bean + Peanut + Mucuna bracteata + 40 S. litura original from Soybean. The results showed that the preference of S. litura original from oil palm to the tested plants were Mucuna bracteata, Soybean, Green bean, Peanut, Oil palm, Areca nut, Sugar palm and Coconut. The preference of S. litura original from Soybean to the tested plants were Soybean, Mucuna bracteata, Peanut, Green bean, Oil palm, Areca nut, Coconut and Sugar palm.

Refugia is a microhabitat that provides spatial or temporal shelter for pest natural enemies, and supports biotic interaction components in ecosystems, such as pollinators or pollinating insects. The research objective was to study the best types of refugia plant in pest insect management. The treatments consisted of five plant refugia, R0 (control), R1 (Ageratum conyzoides), R2 (Axonopus compressus), R3 (Cosmos caudatus), and R4 (Wedelia trilobata) and each treatment was made in five replicates. This research is descriptive using the transect method and sampling is done using several tools, namely: yellow traps, pitfall traps and sweep nets. The findings indicate that the highest pest insect in refugia's composition is R0 as many as seven species, and R2 does not have the highest composition of insect pests due to predator domination over insect pests. The highest predator insects found in R2 is four species, while R1 didn't have the highest composition of predator insects. Data on morphospecies diversity index of pest and predator insect are moderate. Evenness index of morphospeciesis fall in high criteria, ≥ 0.6.

Shading stress will affecton varieties growth of upland rice especially in the vegetative phase. The objective of this research to study the growth pattern of fifteen upland rice varieties in shading stress treatment. The research was carried out in Cengkeh turi Binjai started from May to August 2018. The research used a split plot design with two factors. The first factor was the shading stress, consist of; control, 25%, 50% and 75%. The second factor was15 upland rice varieties, consist of: Inpago 5, Lipigo 4, Inpago 8, Inpago 10, Towuti, Kalimutu, Limboto, Black rice, Red rice, IPB 8G, IPB 9G, Lipigo 1, Lipigo 2, Situ patenggang, and Situ bagendit. Decreased of light intensity caused of increase plant length on shading stress treatment 25% were 4.24%. Shading stress treatment in 25%, 50% and 75% will decreasing the number of tillers. Similarly, the parameter of dry weight was decreased in accordance with the increasing in the shading stress treatment that given. Chlorophyll a content was higher than chlorophyll b at all shading stress and varieties. Different from black and red rice which have higher chlorophyll b content at 50% and 75% and Lipigo 1 at 75% shading stress treatment.

One of Environmentally friendly control of H. hampei is using the coffee attractant based on the content of organic volatile compounds (kairomone). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of coffeebean extracts and fruit peels as attractants on the traps of trapped female H. hampei . The study was conducted at the Small holders Coffee Plantation in Sukanalu Village, Barus Jahe District, Karo Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia from May July 2018. The experiment was designed as Split Plot Design which consists of 2 factors. The first factor was the types of attractant (the attractant of coffee bean extract and the extraction of coffee pods ), while the second Factor was the concentration of attractants ( without attractants, 10%, 30% and 50% ) . The results showed that the best attractant was coffee bean extract with a concentration of 30% (99.59 adult). While 50% coffee fruit skin attractant can control H. hampei ( 60.91 adult) . The results also showed that type and concentration attractant, as well the interaction of both influences were very significant on the number of females of H. hampei trapped.

Family Cucurbitaceae is a member the plant propagates that have an important role in agriculture particularly in the subsector of vegetable plants. However, the production plant of the family Cucurbitaceae is declining each year. Cucumber, Watermelon and Pumpkin plants those are included in the family Cucurbitaceae. Decrease in crop production is caused by virus attacks that attack plants through an insect vector Whitefly (B. tabaci). This research was carried out in February-September 2018 Greenhouse in the Faculty of Agriculture University of North Sumatera, Medan. This research aims to know the ability of Whitefly (B. tabaci) in the transmit viruses and the influence of lice inoculation feeding period against the widespread symptoms of virus attacks on some of the Cucurbitaceae plant. This research was compiled in a random Design Complete with two factors, namely: 1. The type of crop that is Cucumber, Watermelon and Pumpkin, 2. Inoculation Time is 24 hours and 48 hours. The results showed that the type of plant and the Time Period of Incubation and Inoculation affects the Severity of Disease in plant experiment.

Vigna marina has potential to use as productive legume in salty areas of southeast Sulawesi. The study aimed to know the adaptation of V. marina grown under higher salinity condition, and elucidate their potential uses as salt tolerant legume in salty land. The germinated seeds were placed in polybags. Five polybags were taken as control, while five polybags watered by NaCl 200mM, and five polybags watered by NaCl 400mM for every day during 2 months. The dry biomass, chlorophyll and antioxidant (Vitamin C, anthocyanin and alkaloid) contents were determined. The results showed that dry biomass of marine bean was not significantly different among treatment indicating similar growth ability of marine bean at different treatment. On the other hand, the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, as well as antioxidant were significantly higher at salinity concentration of NaCl 400mM, indicating higher salt concentration induced the marine bean to produce higher chlorophyll and antioxidant contents as mechanisms to grow and withstand in the salty land. Therefore, the results of this study indicated that this legume is salt tolerant and is potential to use as productive legume at coastal salty land.

Waterlogging can cause damage to soybean plants that can decrease the growth and yield. The objective of this research was to measure the growth and production of three soybean varieties such as Burangrang, Anjasmoro and Argomulyo, imposed on waterlogging at vegetative stage (V₅) along with the application of GA₃ and Salicylic acid. Waterlogging was conducted for 72 h by sinking the planting media inside a pool filled with water. Number of leaves, pod, seed and chlorophyll content were measured. The result showed that foliar application of GA₃ (200 ppm) together with Salicylic acid (150ppm) for each enhanced the number of pod and seed for Burangrang soybean variety on waterlogged condition compared with normal condition. Burangrang and Anjasmoro soybean varieties gave the highest chlorophyll content on waterlogged condition after being applied by the same dose of plant growth regulators. In term of yield (number of pod and seed per plant), Burangrang soybean variety is the most promising variety to plant in waterlogged condition.

The realization of sustainable agriculture requires continuous research which can reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. This research was carry out to obtain the potential indigenous endophytic bacteria isolated from onion planted on rock soil of Wakatobi district in Southeast Sulawesi. The study conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 9 isolates. Germination was recorded daily until 14 days. At the same time, isolates evaluated for their ability to solubilize phosphate, fix N and synthesize IAA. Results showed that the seed treatments using endophytic bacteria significantly increased viability onion seeds, in term of germination increases in germination percentage. Almost all endophytic bacteria isolate tested were able to solubilize phosphate, fix N and synthesize IAA. From this study, Ke03 isolates showed the best performance and were able to increase germination percentage, root length and number of onion roots reaching 145%, 46% and 78% respectively, as compared to controls. The ability of Ke03 isolates to increase onion germination correlated with the ability of this isolate to synthesize IAA (80.33 ppm). Further research is needed to evaluate whether this isolate is effective in increasing the growth and yield of onions in the field.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food in Indonesia and the demand increase every year Many programs have been done to increase rice production. One of the promising programs to increase rice production is development upland rice that tolerant to shade. The study aimed was to characterize the new upland rice lines on shade condition. The research conducted at Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University. The research was design in a split plot design with four replications. The main factor was the level of shade that consisted of four levels i.e. N₀ = 0%, N₁ = 25-50%, N₂ = 50-75% and N₃ = 75-100%. The second factor was the subplot upland rice lines as subplot which consists of two lines, namely lines GS12-1 and GS16-1. The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that shade could increase plant height and leaf area. The shade treatment may decrease the number of leaves and number of tiller. While on the time flowering, the shade tends to prolong the time of flower.

The ex-nickel mining area in Southeast Sulawesi is planned to be developed as the center of the economic activities. Concerns regarding the negative effect of the past nickel mining activities must be considered. This study aimed to develop technical improvements and recovery of soil fertility mining through phytoremediation. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) consisted of two factors. The first factor was application of rhizobacteria, consisting of two levels, i.e., without rhizobacteria (R0) and with rhizobacteria (R1). The second factor was cover crop types, consisting of four types viz; Centrosema pusbences Benth. (C₁), Calopogonium mucunoides (C₂), Crotalaria sp. (C₃) and Amaranthus spinosus (C₄), with three replications. The results show that the cover crop of Centrosema pubescens Benth, Calopogonium mucunoides and Crotalaria sp were able to improve the soil fertility.

Growing media plays an important role as a source of nutrition for plant growth so that the growing media can affect the quality of plant growth. This research aimed to identify the morphological characters and N uptake of mint plants treated with a different composition of growing media. The research was conducted using a Non-Factorial Randomized Block Design with seven treatments of growing media composition and four replications. The treatment is top soil; top soil + biochar (3: 1, v/v), top soil + chicken manure (3: 1, v/v), top soil+oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) compost (3: 1, v/v), top soil + OPEFB compost+chicken manure (2: 1: 1, v/v/v), top soil+biochar+chicken manure (2: 1: 1, v/v/v) and top soil+biochar+compost (2: 1 : 1, v/v/v). The results showed that the composition of the top soil+OPEFB compost (3: 1, v/v) media was the best composition of growing media because it produced the sprouting age, number of shoots, length of shoots and N nutrient uptake of mint plants were higher than the composition of other growing media.

Ganoderma boninense now becomes a trending topic to researchers, and it spreads through the roots and usually the oil palm tree will basal stem rot cause harm the plantation. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) online available overall suite of online resources can be accessed for biological information the data, including the PubMed database and additional NCBI resources, focus on literature, health, genomes, genes, proteins, and chemicals regarding G. Boninense and can prevent intention of Ganoderma pathogenic diseases for the health of sustainable oil palm plants. G. boninense pathogens have 28 books and reports, 10 online books, collection of journals and others in the NLM, 62 scientific and medical abstracts or citation and 65 articles. This information can be used in biotechnology research which contains explanations about pathological diseases, including prevention and early detection for G.boninense worldwide. Moreover, 162 nucleotide DNA and RNA sequences have reported.

Utilization of Trichoderma viride as Organic Fertilizer to Induce the Resistance of Banana Seeds to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense (Foc). This study aimed to find out the type of organic material that is able to suppress Foc. and knowing the macronutrient value of organic matter decomposed by Trichoderma viride. This research was carried out on the field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Graha Nusantara Padangsidimpuan University, from February to August 2018. The treatment of research are control, Cow manure without decomposition by T. viride, Cow manure was decomposed by T. viride, Chicken manure without decomposition by T. viride, and Chicken manure was decomposed by T. viride. The results showed that compost with the addition of decomposer Trichoderma viride can suppress Foc growth and can increase the nutrient value of N, P, K compost organic matter.

Sweet potatoes can grow in the lowlands and highlands. The ability of sweet potatoes to grow outside their provenance is determined by their ability to adapt to new environments that can be seen from changes in agronomic character. This research aimed to analyse the changes in the morphological character of leaves and stems in some sweet potato cultivars from the Simalungun and Dairi Highlands planted in the lowlands. The experiment was conducted from April to August 2018 in the experimental garden in Cengkeh Turi Village, Binjai. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with one factor, namely the sweet potato plant genotype consisting of 5 genotypes from different accessions (accession of Saribu Dolok Simalungun, accession of Kesemak Simalungun, accession of Batang Beruh Dairi, accession of Binjai and variety of Beta-1). The results showed that cultivars of sweet potato G5 (Seribu Dolok), G6 (Kampung Kesemak) and G10 (Batang Beruh) originating from the highlands of Simalungun and Dairi as well as Beta-1 have leaf and character if planted in the lowlands. The three cultivars from the highlands were able to grow well in the lowlands while in the accession of a thousand land did not have differences in morphology.

Increasing soybean production can be done by expanding the planting area on suboptimal land such as saline soils. Leaves which are an important part of plants where the photosynthesis takes place also experience disturbances due to salinity stress. Efforts can be made to overcome salinity stress, among others by planting salinity tolerant soybean genotypes and mycorrhiza inoculation. This study aims to analyse changes in leaf morphology characters in two soybean genotypes inoculated with mycorrhiza in salinity stress. The study used split-plot design with the main plot of soybean genotype (Grobogan variety and Grobogan soybeans selected for salinity tolerance) and subplots arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates (control, Glomus sp. 1, Glomus sp. 2, Glomus sp. 3, Glomus sp. 4, Glomus sp. 5, and isolates the mixture of all isolates) in the experimental field of Paluh Merbau Village Deli Serdang with 1.5 m above sea level and salinity level of 5-6 dS/m in February-May 2013. The results showed the number of leaves, leaf area, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b were significantly affected by the interaction of soybean genotype and mycorrhizal inoculation. While the treatment of soybean genotypes and mycorrhizal inoculation showed significant differences in the number of stomata and thickness of cuticles.

Abstrak. Biochar application as an organic soil conditioner can increase plant growth and production, especially on suboptimal lands. This research aimed to determine the response of growth and production in some local sweet potato genotypes (Accession of Cengkeh Turi with yellow tuber flesh, Accession of Cengkeh Turi with orange tuber flesh, and Accession of Tanah Seribu with orange tuber flesh) on various doses application of paddy straw biochar (0, 5, 10, 15 tons/ha) in paddy fields. A field experiment was conducted from April to August 2018 in the paddy fields of Tandem Hilir I Village, Deli Serdang. The results of this research indicated that the local sweet potato genotype had a good growth and production response in paddy field cultivation. Accession of Tanah Seribu with orange tuber flesh had a significant effect on vine length, tuber weight per sample, and harvest index, while Accession of Cengkeh Turi with orange tuber flesh significantly affects the number of tubers per sample. Paddy straw biochar application had a significant effect on the length of vine, and tuber weight per sample. The best dose of paddy straw biochar in the paddy fields is 10 tons/ha.

Indonesia's climate change issues cause the significant potential for inundation to occur when rainfall is too high in the area of soybean cultivation, which can give an impact on soybean productivity. The objective of this research was to measure the effect of growth regulators which can respond to soybean plant adaptation to inundation stresses. The influence of Benzyl Amino Purin (BAP) and Gibberellin Acid (GA₃), and their mixture on the chlorophyll and antioxidant defense system of three (Grobogan, Willis, and Detam-1) soybean genotypes has been conducted subjected to inundation condition in March 2018. The chlorophyll total by GA₃ was significantly increased at Detam-1 soybean genotype, while no change in other two soybean genotypes in GA₃, BAP, and the mixture compared to controls. Exogenous GA₃ enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Grobogan and Detam-1 soybean genotypes in response to inundation (72 h). On the other hand, peroxidase (POD) activity was enhanced on Grobogan with GA₃, and Detam-1 soybean genotypes with BAP applications when compared to control. Our result reveals that SOD together with POD activities was participate to protect Detam-1 soybean genotype from inundation condition.

The increase of soybean production should be pursued continuously, including the utilization of marginal land such as saline soils. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of normal distribution and heritability of agronomic characters of soybean F2 population hybridization salt resistance genotype and Anjasmoro variety to support the expansion of planting area in the saline land. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Agricultural land experiments using saline soil as planting media with salinity levels 5-6 dS/m was conducted in March to May 2015. The data were analysed using chi-square test for suitability distribution normal. The results showed the frequency of character plants height, the number of productive branches, flowering dates follow a normal distribution, while the frequency distribution of harvesting, number of seeds/plant and seed weight/plant does not follow a normal distribution. Heritability belonging to the high criteria on plant height, number of productive branches, harvesting, the flowering dates, number of seeds/plant and seed weight / plant belonging to the moderate criteria. The results showed the genetic potential of plants to be developed in saline land in support of the expansion of soybean planting in saline soil.

This study aims to establish the land suitability class and improvement efforts that need to be done in each of the Soil Map Unit (SMU) on arabica coffee fields in Lintongnihuta district. Results of overlaying the map of soil type, the map of altitude and slope map with a scale of 1: 50,000 produced 13 SMU. Evaluation of several soil characteristics (texture, coarse fragment, CaCO₃ and salinity) must consider the appropriate soil depth, where the normal root depth of the Arabica coffee plant is 150 cm, so that it uses 6 (six) parts of the depth of the soil with a depth of 25 cm for each section. Correction indexes used in succession are: 2.00 - 1.5 - 1.00 - 0.75 - 0.5 - 0.25.The results showed that all SMU in Arabica coffee land in Lintongnihuta District has the actual land suitability class S3 (f) (marginally suitable, limiting factor: soil fertility). Improvement efforts that can be done are: giving lime, organic material, fertilization and reclamation. All SMU has the potential land suitability classS2 (c,s)(moderately suitable, limiting factor: climate and natural soil).

The field study was conducted to study the growth and yield of sweet corn with different fertilizer at the experimental farm of the Department ofAgrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia from May to August 2018. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six treatments and three replication. Treatments include: 300 kg NPK/ha; 300 kg NPK/ha + 1.2 ton Rhizoculant/ha; 150 kg NPK/ha + 2.4 ton Rhizoculant/ha; 150 kg NPK/ha + 1.2 ton Rhizoculant/ha; 2.4 ton Rhizoculant/ha; and 1.2 ton Rhizoculant/ha. Results showed that fertilizer application had a significant effect on plant height, silking time, leaf area, and shoot-root ratio. The application of 300 kg NPK/ha + 1.2-ton Rhizoculant/ha produced higher values of growth and yield attributes rather than other treatments. The application of nutrients through Rhizoculant only was the lowest values of growth and yield attributes.

The use of nitrogen fertilizer accompanied by zeolite and fresh straw is expected to increase rice plant growth and the chemical properties of rice fields. The objectives of this research were to compare the effect of nitrogen fertilizer, zeolite, and fresh straw on the total-N, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and the growth of paddy rice plants. This study used a factorial randomized block design method with 3 Factors: Nitrogen (Urea) : 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha; Zeolite :0 and 300 kg/ha; and fresh straw treatment are without fresh straw and with the provision of 2 kg of fresh straw/plot equal to 5 ton/ha. Results showed that there was an increasement in the combination of urea, zeolite and fresh straw with low to high nutrient status but there were no significant differences. While there was a significant effect on plant height, number of tillers at 4 MST and dry weight of rice canopy. The combination of urea and zeolite fertilizers showed higher results than the treatment of urea fertilizer without zeolite. A combination of fertilizer urea and the zeolites show results higher than treatment fertilizer urea without zeolite.

A series of observation was conducted in Arabica coffee plantation, in Bener Meriah Regency of Aceh Province, Indonesia. We investigated the difference of arthropods biodiversity in Arabica coffee plantation between organic and conventional farming system. The result showed that the composition and structure community of the arthropods in organic coffee plantation were higher than those of the conventional ones. In coffee plantations that are managed organically the number of orders and family of arthropod are far more than conventional ones, namely (10 orders, 65 families) and (7 orders, 31 families) respectively. Some of the arthropod species that were collected potentially have a role as predators or parasitoids of insect pests on the coffee plant. On organic coffee, fields were found 7 orders, 20 families and 45 species of arthropod that were potential as natural enemies of insect pests, while in conventional land only 4 orders, 13 families and 32 species were found. The others have a role as decomposers, pollinators, etc. The result of this research indicated that the organic farming system of coffee plantation has played an important role in maintaining the biodiversity of the insects in a coffee plantation.

Andisol is a soil formed from volcanic ash and has a problem with low P availability in the soil. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of phosphate solubilizing fungi, various sources of P fertilizer and phosphate solubilizing fungi interactions to increase P availability and soybean plant growth in Andisol soil. The research was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture Greenhouse and USU Soil Biology Laboratory, Medan 2018. This research used Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 Treatment Factors and 3 replications. The first factor is phosphate solubilizing fungi, namely; M0 (without application of PSF), M1 (5g Talaromyces pinophilus), M2 (5g Aspergilus terreus), M3 (2.5g Talaromyces pinophilus + 2,5g Aspergilus terreus). The second factor is various sources of P fertilizer, namely; P0 (Without application P), P1 (0.78g TSP), P2 (1g SP36) and P3 (1.3g RP). The research results showed that the application of phosphate solubilizing fungi and P fertilizer could increase the availability of P as much as 1.4-15.4%, plant dry weight as much as 21.6-42% and plant P content as much as 1.3-8.9%. The best treatment was the interaction of Talaromyces pinophilus with SP36.

The availability of P in Andisol is low because phosphate is absorbed by allophane, Al and Fe minerals on the colloidal surface so that it is not available for plants. This research aim was to determine the effect of phosphate solubilizing microbes and chicken manure in increasing P availability and the growth of green beans (Phaseolus radiatus L.) plants on Andisol. This research was carried out at the Greenhouse and Laboratory of Soil Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. This research used a randomized block design with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor is phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSM), namely: (M0) without application, (M1) 5 gr mycorrhiza, (M2) 5 gr Burkholderia cepacia bacteria, (M3) 5 gr Talaromyces pinophilus fungi. The second factor is the dose of chicken manure, namely: (A0) 0 gr, (A1) 80 g, (A2) 120 g and (A3) 160 g. The results showed that the administration of phosphate solubilizing microbes and chicken manure could increase P-available by 10.78-50.82%, total leaf area by 8.63-65.18%, plant dry weight by 2.46-58.25% and plants P content by 24-99%, the best treatment was the interaction of T. pinophilus fungi with a dose of 160 gr / plant chicken manure.

This study was aimed at determining cacao varieties that are tolerant to drought stress and assessing the effectiveness of the use of PEG 6000 as a media simulation to drought stress. Experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) non-factorial, replication four times. PEG concentration, consisted of 4 levels, namely control, 15%, 20%, and 25%. PEG concentration on 25% exerted significant effects on viability for twelve days. While PEG concentration on 20% and 15%.

Availability of qualified seed source will produce qualified trees. Initial step to achieve those targets is finding plus tree, refers to the phenotypic characteristic. This research aim was to determine plus tree of Salagundi at Salib Kasih Tourism Area. The comparison tree system method was used in this research. The result defined that 16 plus tree were found at Salib Kasih Tourism Area according to the assessment of the tree characteristic. The highest total score was found on plus tree number 15 (89 points) and the lowest was found on plus tree number 8 (65 points) while others were found on 84-86 points. There was a lack of information about the phenology of Salagundi, and then further research is needed to figure it out.

Seedbank control is important in integrated weed management. This study aims to determine the dose of indaziflam to seedbank at some depth of soil on oil palm plantations. The experiment used factorial randomized block design with four replications. Measured at an indaziflam dose 75, 100, 150 and 200 gram of active ingredients per hectare (g.a.i.ha⁻1), and soil depth 0-5, 5-10, 10-15 and 15-20 cm. Results showed that indaziflam doses 150-200 g.a.i.ha⁻1 were able to suppress the presence Eleusine indica at 4.8 and 12 weeks after application (WAA) (71.91-91.13%). Dosage 75-200 g.a.i.ha⁻1 effective controlling Cynodon dactilon at 8 and 12 WAA (66.07-89.29%). Dosage 150-200 g.a.i.ha⁻1 effective controlling Kyllinga nemoralis at 4 and 12 WAA (76.57-100%). Dosage 100-200 g.a.i.ha⁻1 effective controlling Phyllanthus niruri (100%), dosage 150-200 g.a.i.ha⁻1 effective controlling Cleome rutidospermae (74.49-85.92%), and dosage 75-200 g.a.i.ha⁻1 effective controlling Ageratum conyzoides (100%) at 12 WAA. Effectiveness indaziflam can suppress the presence Eleusine indica and Kyllinga nemoralis at a soil depth 0-20cm (4.8 and 12 WAA), Cynodon dactilon at a depth 5-20cm (8 and 12 WAA), and Ageratum conyzoides at a depth 0-15cm (12 WAA).

Macadamia is an endemic species in Queensland's rainforest and known as one of high economical nut producer. In Indonesia, makadamia cultivated in some research garden in West Java and East Java also can be found in Aeknauli Forest Research in Sipiso-piso. As valuable nut producer, macadamia can be adopted as one of targeted species for restoring Lake Toba through agroforestry scheme. For supporting the successfulness of restoring program using macadamia trees, information on species and seed character was needed, especially about its propagation strategy. But this information still very limited in Indonesia. Therefore, our research was conducted to get information on seed morphology of makadamia and it seed germination process. For seed morphology, data on seed part was quantified through direct observation and measurement. The germination process was quantified through direct observation and its occurrence process. The result on seed morphology showed that macadamia fruit was round shape on ripe condition. The fruit has 2.20 cm diameter average and 8.58 of fruit weight. The seed and endosperm thickness were 0.38cm and 1.54 cm respectively. Makadamia has hypogeal germination type and takes 5-6 months for germinating.

The development of dry land as agricultural land for increasing soybean production is faced with a number of problems. Therefore, a technological package is needed for soybean cultivation under dry land condition and also need the varieties that are tolerant under dry land conditions. The study aimed to identify the chlorophyll content and stomatal density of soybean by applying several packages of soybean cultivation technology under dryland conditions. This research was conducted under dry land conditions at Tanjung Jati, Langkat (Indonesia). This research was conducted using a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was soybean varieties (Demas, Anjasmoro, Dering, Devon) and the second factor is technology packages (P₁, P_2, and P₃). The result showed that each variety had different chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll content. Dering variety has the highest total chlorophyll content, while Anjasmoro variety has the lowest total chlorophyll. Each variety had a significantly different stomatal density. Devon variety has the highest stomatal density, while Demas variety has the lowest stomatal density. The technology package with the addition of dolomite lime 2,000 kg/ha on Dering variety had the highest of chlorophyll content and stomatal density.

Andisol is a soil that develops from volcanic ash material, dominated by amorphous aluminium silicate and Al-humus complex. This research was carried out at the Greenhouse and Laboratory of Soil Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan. This research used a randomized block design with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor was Phosphate Solubilizing Microbial (PSM), namely: without application (M₀), 5 g of Mycorrhiza (M₁), 5 gr of Talaromyces pinophilus Fungi (M₂), 5 g of Burkholderia cepacia Bacteria (M₃). The second factor was organic matter, namely: without application (K₀), 180 g of cow dung (K₁), 180 g of chicken manure (K₂) and 180 g of OPEFB (Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch) compost (K₃). The research results showed that the administration of phosphate solubilizing microbes and several sources of organic matter could increase the soil pH by 0.61-29.12%, P-available by 1.46-112.64%, plant height by 5.41-19.25% and canopy dry weight by 11.34-65.57%. In general, the best treatment was the application of Mycorrhiza with OPEFB (Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch) compost.

The objective of this study obtained the appearance of the vegetative and reproductive character of some maize populations on peat soil with pH criteria of 5.9 and application of sludge and ash of oil palm. The research was conducted at Tanjung Rejo, Medan city from April to August 2017. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 2 treatment factors. The first factor was the population consisting of 5 levels: A (NEI9008 x CLA46), B: (NEI9008 x CLA106), C: (CLA106 x NEI9008), D: (CLA16 x CLA84), E: (CLA84 x NEI9008) and the second factor was planting medium consisting of 3 levels is M1 (peat), M2 (peat + ash of oil palm), M3 (peat + sludge). The results showed that the interaction between planting media with some populations of maize had a significant effect on plant height character. The best media was found in M3 (peat + sludge). The best population based of the highest plant were population C (CLA106 x NEI 9008) and D (CLA 16 x CLA 84).

Shade conditions will change the morpho-physiological and biochemical of plants. This study examined the biochemical characteristic changes including four shade soybeans varieties, total leaf sugar, seed protein, and seed fat content. A split-plot factorial design was used in this study with three replications. The treatments consisted of shading level as the main plot with 4 treatment levels, i.e. no shade, 30%, 50%, and 70% shade; soybean varieties as the subplot consisted of four varieties, i.e. Anjasmoro, Pangrango, Tanggamus, and Nanti. Analysis of total leaf sugar was using the total sugar measurement by seed protein and seed fat content measurement was conducted using Proximate Composition Analysis. The results showed an increasement on total leaf sugar in shade condition. The Anjasmoro and Tanggamus varieties produced a lower seed protein and seed fat content compared to the other varieties at all shade levels. In contrast, the Nanti variety showed a high seed protein and seed fat content at all shade level conditions.

Brown rice is known to be a good source of antioxidants, due to the presence of anthocyanin pigments that produce antioxidants, which makes it very well consumed because it can brownuce the risk of diabetes and other degenerative diseases. The aims of this research are to characterize morphology, determine kinship patterns, and anthocyanin content from brown rice (Oryza nivara L.). The study was carried out in Munte and Payung Subdistricts, Karo District. Descriptive survey method uses the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) guide. The technique of determining the location intentionally and sampling by chance. The most dominant differences in morphological characters in brown rice in the three land locations in two sub-districts are the flag leaf shape, panicle appearance, age of flowering, grain length, rice shape and colour of the rice. The anthocyanin content test used analytical methods by homogenizing the sample. Exploration results obtained 72 accessions divided into three land locations. Based on the test of anthocyanin content obtained land A has the highest content of 0.5 mg/100 g and the lowest is B area of 0.08 mg/100 g.

This study aims to determine the effect of the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer combination and branch pruning toward the growth and yield of tomatoes. The design was Random Design Single factor group with 3 replications. Those were K0 (without LOF and without pruning); K1 (without LOF by pruning 1 branch); K2 (without LOF by pruning 2 branches); K3 (LOF 50 mL/L of water without pruning); K4 (LOF 50 mL/L of water by pruning 1 branch); K5 (LOF 50 mL/L of water by pruning 2 branches); K6 (LOF 100 mL/L of water without pruning); K7 (LOF 100 mL/L of water by pruning 1 branch); K8 (LOF 100 mL/L of water by pruning 2 branches); K9 (LOF 150 mL/L of water without pruning); K10 (LOF 150 mL/L of water by pruning 1 branch); K11 (LOF 150 mL/L of water by pruning 2 branches). The study showed that the treatment of LOF concentration 100 mL/L of water and pruning 1 branch (K7) affected the plants height of 21 DAP (45.25 cm), 28 DAP (68.83 cm), and 35 DAP (88.00 cm); number of leaves (31.00); number (37.50); weight (393.22 g); and diameter (5.11 cm) which significantly different from others.

The present study describes search National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) databases (GQuery) on rubber plant Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. NCBI databases search (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) was employed to generate a number of valuable information. Results found in 26 databases for H. brasiliensis. All databases of the rubber plant consist of literature, genes, genes, protein genomes, and chemical properties of H. brasiliensis. It is noteworthy no information concerning genetics. The literature contained bookshelf, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), National Library of Medicine Catalogue, PubMed, and PubMed Central. Health comprised only OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database), Gene consists of EST, Gene, GEO DataSets, and PopSet. No Genetics data available for H. brasiliensis. Proteins feature contained Identical Protein Groups, Protein Clusters, Sparcle, and Structure. Genomes included Assembly, BioCollections, BioProject, BioSample, Genome, GSS, Nucleotide, Probe, SRA, and Taxonomy. The chemicals property denoted BioSystems and PubChem BioAssay. The present work provides essential information relating to biotechnology.

Basal Stem Rot (BSR) is a prevalent oil palm disease caused by Ganoderma fungus. Many oil palm plantations suffered losses due to BSR disease, which caused deaths of oil palm crops. Ganoderma has host plants from the Palmae family such as oil palm, coconut, Nipah, aren, areca nut, papyrus, and also can be found in Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) like Acacia, even in the forest wood can also be encountered Ganoderma. Ganoderma has high genetic diversity. Fruiting bodies which isolated from oil palm tree located in different locations is one of the factors causing genetic diversity. The Ganoderma isolates analysed in this study were isolates derived from different oil palm plantation. Ganoderma isolates collection of PT Socfindo is used in a screening test to obtain oil palm material which has resistance to Ganoderma attack. The present study confirmed through DNA sequences that Ganoderma derived from oil palm has been defined as a Ganoderma boninense, that is very virulent for the appearance of BSR disease.

Cocoa seeds are classified as recalcitrant seeds that quickly lose their growing power after being harvested and stored. This relates to the procurement of seeds for plantations whose location is quite far from the source of the seed. This study aims to determine the effect of some osmotic solutions on cocoa seed germination that has undergone storage. The study was conducted at the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra using a randomized block design with 2 treatment factors. The first factor was osmotic solution, namely: control (without osmotic solution), distilled water, 50% coconut water, 100% coconut water, 5% PEG and 10% PEG. The second factor is the storage time at room temperature, namely: control (0 days), 2 days, 4 days and 6 days. The results of this research showed that the osmotic solution used significantly improved the germination of cocoa seeds as indicated by the increase the vigor index. The osmotic solution of coconut water significantly increases the vigor index of seeds that have been stored for 2 days from 3.61 to 5.75.

Black pepper is a high nutrient demanding crop. However, over utilize of chemist fertilizer may give a negative impact to the environment and human health. Therefore, fertilizer use and management is crucial infortance to sustain growth and high yield. This Field experiment is carried out to study the effect of Tricoderma harzianum and liquid organic fertilizers on vegetatif growth of Black Pepper. The research method is design by Randomized Block Design (RBD) Factorial two factors. Parameters observed are the time of emergence of tendrils, spiraling length, number of tendrils, number of leaves and number of productive branches. The observed data obtained were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and further tested by Tukey's HSD Test at 5%. The result of this research is expected to have a better effect of Tricoderma and one of the liquid organic fertilizers on vegetatif growth of black pepper in the field. Therefore, Biological Agent and organic fertilizer can be an alternative way to substitute NPK fertilizer that can reduce the chemist fertilizer utilization. In conclusion, to achieve high growth performance, organic fertilizer alone is insuffcient whilst integrated fertilization gave a signifcant increase in yield and growth of black pepper.

The amount of demand for banana commodities has increased in line with the increase of population as well as mineral and nutritional needs. However, banana production capacity is still low. Generally, banana plants grow well in areas with high light intensity. Banana cultivation as interplant facing problems, such as low light intensity, which affects the growth and production of banana plants. One effort to increase banana production is through the development of banana cultivation that is tolerant of low light intensity. This study aims to compare the character of vegetative and fruit of dwarf cavendish banana originating from two different regions, namely the mainland and the island regions of Southeast Sulawesi, to get the most resistant to low light intensity. The result showed that there is no significant difference between the two. This study provides guidance for further studies on the development of banana cultivation in determining the type of banana that is most suitable for planting on low light intensity.

Sweet corn production is relatively low in Indonesia. To increase production one of the efforts that can be done is to improve the method of soil tillage and by giving doses of cattle fertilizers. The study was conducted in Asam Kumbang Village, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The research design used was the Splite Plot Design. Treatment factors consist of factors of soil treatment method and factor of cattle fertilizers. The factor of the soil treatment method consists of 3 levels: T₁ = No soil tillage. T₂ = soil tillage one time. T₃ = soil tillage two times. The factor of cattle fertilizers consists of 4 levels: K₁ = Inorganic fertilizer/ha (200 kg Urea.100 kg TSP, 100 kg KCl). K₂ = 10 tons of cattle fertilizers/ha. K₃ = 20 tons of cattle fertilizers/ha. K₄ = 30 tons of cattle fertilizers/ha. The results showed that the highest production of cobs for the treatment of soil tillage methods is found in T₂ treatment (soil tillage onetime) with a production level of 8820.19g/plot (26.25tons/ha). For the treatment of cattle fertilizer, the highest cob production was obtained in K4 treatment (dose of 30 tons of cattle fertilizers/ha) with the production level reached 10154.67g per plot (30.22 tons/ha).

Rice production for rice supply in Indonesia still needs to be increased in line with the growing population growth. One effort that can be done by planting high-yielding rice varieties and using liquid organic fertilizer. This study aims to obtain the rice variety which is the best in production among the varieties studied in this study and the appropriate concentration of liquid organic fertilizer is applied. The study was conducted in Sendang Rejo Village, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The study used a Randomized Block Design with two treatment factors, namely: Liquid Organic Treatment Factor consists of 4 levels of treatment: Mo=Without liquid organic fertilizer. M₁ = 3 cc/l of water. M₂ = 6 cc/l of water. M₃ = 9 cc/l of water. Variety treatment factors consisted of 3 types of paddy rice varieties: V₁ = Ciherang. V₂ = Inpari 30. V₃ = Inpari 32. The results showed that the highest grain production is found in the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer 6 cc/l water with a production of 27.48 g per plant (4.40 tons/ha). There is a tendency of the highest production found in the variety of Inpari 32 with a production of 26.38 g per plant (4.22 tons/ha).

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is a spice plant typical of North Sumatra. Biological information on andaliman flowers is still limited. Therefore, the purpose of this observation is to study morphology of andaliman flowers and inflorescence arrangements that can be useful in understanding andaliman flower biology. The research was conducted on plants in one of the centres of andaliman production in Dairi District. Flower of andaliman is axilliary inflorescence, determinate flowers, dichasium, generally glomerate, the number of flowers in one peduncle varies greatly. The time blooming of the flowers in each rachis is quite varied. Flower andaliman small and hermaphrodite with its parts, sepals 5-7 free, pale yellow colour, 5-6 stamens, anther is reddish, pollen sticky, and 3-4 pistils, and sometimes 5 pistils, apocarps. Information obtained from this study can be used in subsequent studies related to pollination, fertilization, fruit set, and seed set. The variation of flower blossom in one peduncle is one of the factors contributing to the maturity of the fruit as a source of seed should be studied.

Usage management of inorganic fertilizers into organic fertilizers can reduce the attack level of brown planthopper. The organic matter can increase tolerance of plants to pest attacks. The objective of this research was to determine the cow manure dosage against the attack level of brown planthopper on several paddy plants varieties. This research was conducted on paddy fields in Serdang Village, Beringin Sub-District, Deli Serdang District from March to July 2018. This study used a two-factor randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The First Factor was the dosage of fertilizer which consisted of 4 treatments (inorganic fertilizer, 50 kg/plot of manure, 100 kg/plot of manure and 150 kg/plot of manure). The second Factor was the varieties which consisted of 2 varieties treatment (Ciherang and Inpari 10). Result showed that P₂ fertilizer dosage (100 kg/plot) was able to reduce the percentage of brown planthopper attack. V₂ variety (Inpari 10) was a treatment that can reduce the percentage of brown planthopper attack. The interaction between fertilizer dosage and variety of V₂P₂ (Inpari 10 + 100 kg/plot) was the best treatment in suppressing the percentage of brown planthopper attack.

The aims of this research were to investigate the effects of κ-carrageenan concentration on the physical and mechanical characteristics of vegetable leather based on kelor leaves. This research used non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of five treatments of κ-carrageenan concentration ie. 1.00% (K1), 1.25% (K2), 1.50% (K3), 1.75% (K4) and 2.00% (K5). Analysis of physical and mechanical properties (elongation at break, thickness, and solubility) of all treatments were carried out. Morphological properties and functional group identification were conducted from the best treatment. The concentration of κ-carrageenan very significantly affected on thickness and solubility and no significantly affected on the elongation percentage. Morphological tests on the surface of vegetable leather were slightly coarse than edible films from k-carrageenan. FTIR spectra of vegetable leather had a different absorption band intensity than pure κ-carrageenan. So, it could be concluded that vegetable leather had the potential to be developed commercially.

Planting of legumes cover crop, Mucuna bracteata, aims to reduce erosion, increase organic matter, improve soil structure and increase nutrient N. Factors that influence N fixation are food sources, rainfall, sunlight, pH, presence of toxic and competitors. The pH value of the soil is related to the Sulfur element S (sulfur). The study was conducted with 4x4 factorial design with 3 replications. The first factor in the dosage of sulfur consists of S0 (0g), S1 (30g), S2 (60g), S3 (90g) per plant. The second factor is the dose of Rhizobium sp, I0 (0ml), I1 (0.3ml), I2 (0.6ml), I3 (0.9ml), every 1 ml contains 10⁶ cells. Observations were length of tendrils, number of leaves, number of nodules and levels of N. The results of treatment S significantly affected the length of tendrils, number of leaves, number of root nodules, most in S3, 127.50 and soil pH. . Treatment I significantly affected the increase in the number of root nodules, in I3 it increased 86.93%. N levels of all treatments in the high category. The highest N level is 4.17% for S3I2 treatment (90g sulfur and 0.6ml Rhizobium sp).

This study was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture North Sumatera University. This study used a factorial completely randomized design (FCRD) consisting of two factors. The first factor was type of grass and the second factor is the microfer level with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The results of the diversity analysis showed the use of MVA significantly (P <0.05) in the degree of root infection and phospor uptake. This study use five types of grass (S) with MVA levels (M). The ratio of the degree of root is found in the M3 treatment 47.53% and the ratio of phosporus uptake is found in the M3 treatment 110.10% and the ratio of phosporus uptake is found in the S1 treatment 91.85%. From this study, it can be concluded that the best treatment is found in M3 treatment.

Oil palm plantation is one of the potential economic sources for Indonesia. However, the plantation area is always claimed to bring a damage to the environment. One alternative in managing the landscape of oil palm plantation is through an agrosilvopastoral system. The pattern used is the improvement of plant biodiversity and water and nutrient conservation. These agroecosystems are production and conservation based on silvicultural practices complementary to pre-existing agriculture activities. By promoting these practices, the opportunities of production and conservation function can be gained. Community welfare can be achieved through the planning and revitalizing of eco-palm oil plantation concept. Such systems contain significant ecological and economic interaction. Agrosilvopastoral system can improve the productivity of oil palm plantation, contribute to the environmental maintenance, increase cattle productivity, and harmonize the relationship of the industry and the community, and the sustainability of oil palm plantations.