Table of contents

Assalamualaikum w.w.

and sincere greeting to all.

It is my honor to welcome all of the keynote and invited speakers, participants, and distinguished guest on the 1^st International Conference on Science and Technology for Environmental Protection (ICSTEP) at Hotel Santika Premiere Gubeng, Surabaya Indonesia. This conference is organized by Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga. This conference is held to discuss and exchange ideas among the researchers, the students, the government officers, and the industries with different multidisciplinary knowledge especially for environmental protection, and to commemorate the 10^th anniversary of the Study Program of Environmental Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga.

The 1^st ICSTEP has one outstanding keynote speaker from Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Republic of Indonesia, and six invited speakers come from Japan, Taiwan, Australia, Malaysia and Indonesia. More than 100 participants have been registered and about 90 participants will present their papers to share and exchange their ideas, expertise, and experiences in this two days conference (8-9 August 2018). I expect that this ICSTEP is a pioneer for our future conference, as indicated by a number of papers presented in this event. Selected papers will also be published in proceeding and journal.

Last but not least, I would like to express our gratitude to all the authors, session chairs, participants, institutions and companies for their contribution to the 1^st ICSTEP 2018. I hope you enjoy the conference and find the experience inspiring and helpful in your professional field. We look forward to seeing you at our upcoming conference in the future.

Thank you

Wassalamualaikum ww.

Chairman 1^st ICSTEP

Prof. Agoes Soegianto

List of Conference Photographs are available in this pdf.

List of Steering Committee, Organizing Committee and Scientific Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

This study is purposed to explore the antioxidant potency of various mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) pericarp extract fractions on HbA1c and fasting blood glucose level in diabetic mice. Study conducted using 3-4 months old male mice as models. Animal models split into 2 main groups; non-STZ normal control group and STZ-treated diabetic mice. STZ induced via multiple low dose method of 30 mg/kg BW administered for 5 days (given daily). Diabetic mice group then divided into 3 subgroups, which were diabetic control group, Metformin-HCl diabetic group, and treatment group given with various mangosteen pericarp extract fractions. Treatment group separated into 3 groups based on various fraction administered; 18 mg/kg BW non-polar (NP) fraction, 80 mg/kg BW semi-polar (SP) fraction, and 50 mg/kg BW polar (P) fraction. All fraction dose equals to 2.5 gram/kg BW of powdered mangosteen pericarp extract dry weight. Control group and various extract fractions treated for 14 days. Body weight, HbA1c, and fasting blood glucose level (after mice fasted for 5-6 hours) measured on 15th day. Result shows significant differences on HbA1c and fasting blood glucose level of treatment group compared to control group, specifically non-polar and polar fraction treatment significantly reduce HbA1c and fasting blood glucose level of diabetic mice.

The aquatic plants is use for reduce the organic materials levels contained in the domestic wastewater. Some aquatic plants can be used as a phytoremediator in an effort to overcome water pollution, one of them is Arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia) and Burhead (Echinodorus radicans). The aim of this research is to know how Arrowhead and Burhead plants as phytoremediation of domestic wastewater (detergent) in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. The design of this study was Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 2 factors: crop treatment on medium and locus of domestic wastewater concentration (detergent) 0 g/L (as control); 0,05 g/L; 0,1 g/L; 0,15 g/L. The data observation are plant morphology, plant water level, plant biomass at the beginning and end of environment and environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity. The results obtained were no significant morphology of Echinodorus radicans plants observed in green and fresh colours, for water levels of 0,05 g/L, decreased by 0,5 cm, concentrations of 0,1 g/L down 0,6 cm, concentration 0,15 g/L down 1 cm. At the observation of biomass difference of 0,05 g/L concentration of 3,6 g; 0,1 g/L concentration of 5,6 g; 0,15 g/L concentration of 8,6 g. On observation the average temperature is 22-25°C and the moisture average 52-64%. The results obtained were for morphology Sagittaria lancifolia mortality rate, for water level with concentration 0,05 g/L, amount 0,4 cm; concentration 0,1 g/L or decreased 0,3 cm; concentration 0,15 g/L decreased 0,4 cm. At the observation of biomass difference of 0,05 g/L concentration of 5,5 g; 0,1 g/L concentration of 3,5 g; 0,15 g/L concentration of 39,7 g. On observation the average temperature is 22-25°C and the average moisture averages 60-64%.

The purpose of this research is to know the chemical nature of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) based on various organic wastes and their effect on soybean growth. The study was conducted using a randomized block design with 9 treatment of LOF type applications. made from water hyacinth waste and a variety of additional composition of other organic wastes. Each of these treatments was repeated 3 times, requiring 27 experimental plots each with an area of 18 m2. The parameters observed were the chemical properties of LOF and the growth of soybean crop (plant height, number of leaves). The data obtained were analysed by analysis of variance when there was real difference, then continued with Least Significant difference (LSD test) 5%. The results showed that LOF contained some essential nutrients needed by plants, it is containing Nutrition Plants: N, P, and K, with C / N ratio: low. In addition also contains various bacteria that can improve the growth of soybean crops. Application of LOF in the field of agriculture can also prevent the occurrence of land degradation, as well as a solution in overcoming the problem of organic waste.

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cadmium nitrat (CdNO₃) in Gambusia affinis on growth and the development of histopathological changes in gill organs and on the activity of some oxidative stress markers during a 96-hours acute toxicity test. Tests were performed on G. affinis. The average initial weight of fish used in the experiment was 3±1.2 g and the average initial total length of fish was 5.21±3.48 mm. The fish were exposed to a range of CdNO₃ concentrations (1 mg/L, environmental concentration, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 nad 0.0001 mg/L) for 96 hours. Each test on a CdNO₃-treated group was performed in duplicate. There were no significant differences between the specific growth rates of fish from the test groups and from the control group. Histopathological examination revealed no pathological changes in organs of fish exposed to any CdNO₃ concentration. Significantly lower CAT and SOD activity (p<0.05, p<0.01) was found in fish exposed to CdNO₃ concentrations of 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L compared to the control group; the control group was observed. H2O2, GSH and GPx exhibited significantly higher activity (p<0.01) in the 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/L groups compared to the control group. But none of these differences were significant (p>0.05). No significance differences (p>0.05) between the control group and any experimental group were found with respect to Protease activity. The MDA level was significantly higher (p<0.01) at a concentrations of 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/L compared to the control, while in the other experimental groups no significant differences compared to the control group (p>0.05) were observed. According to our results, all tested concentrations of CdNO₃, including the environmental concentration, had an inhibit on oxidative stress markers and detoxifying enzymes in exposed fish, but did not affect fish growth or cause the development of histopathological changes in the fish organism.

This study measured the concentration of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in bivalves captured from the northern coast of Central Java, Indonesia. We also evaluated the hazard level posed by the metals in relation to the maximum acceptable limit (MAL) for human consumption and to estimate the weekly intake and compare it with the provisional tolerable weekly intake. The highest Cd levels were recorded in Amusium pleuronectes (16.32 mg Cd/kg) and the lowest levels of Cd were observed in Perna viridis (0.18 mg Cd/kg). A. granosa contained the highest level of Pb (9.050 mg Pb/kg) and P. viridis contained the lowest level of Pb (1.07mg Pb/kg). The lowest Cu level was observed in A. granosa (1.49 mg Cu/kg) and the highest Cu level was noted in C. gigas (86.21 mg Cu/kg). The levels of Zn in all species were relatively higher compared to other metals, ranged from 33.56 to 846.81 mg Zn/kg. The Cd level in bivalves was below the MAL of WHO and FAO (2 mg/kg), except in A. pleuronectes from Tegal city. The level of Pb in bivalves was exceeded the MAL value of the various existing authorities. Cu level in C. gigas (59.2 mg Cu/kg) exceeded the MAL of Indonesian authority and WHO. Zn levels in C. gigas, A. pleuronectes and A. granosa exceeded the MAL of various authorities. In order to avoid the impact of metals on people health, then safely weight of bivalves were allowed to be consumed were 0.10 kg/week for A. granosa, 0.10 kg/week for C. gigas, 0.16 kg/week for M. lyrata, 0.36 kg.week for P. viridis and 0.03 kg/week for A. pleuronectes.

Increasing the number of motor vehicles in urban areas raises its own problems for the enviromental. One of them is the increasing air pollution caused by Pb emission. Puring (Codiaeum variegatum), is a plant that serves as an ornamental plant along the Surabaya major arterial road. This study aims to determine the ability of puring (Codiaeum variegatum) in absorbing Pb in Surabaya protocol road. The sample of the research was taken from two different places on Jl. A. Yani and area of Campus C Unair. The samples were collected up to 10 gram using randomize sampling. Sample collected from leaf of puring (Codiaeum variegatum) used as research material. The content of Pb in puring (Codiaeum variegatum) was tested using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometery (AAS) method. The result of the study is content Pb differences in protocol road solid vehicle with a quiet street. The conclusion that puring (Codiaeum variegatum) has potential as Pb emission reduction plant in Surabaya city protocol road.

These study purposes are to analyse the potential and benefits of utilization local goat ovary waste obtained at slaughterhouses as a source of cells or genetic material for the purposes of research, conservation, and freezing of genetic material of immature and mature oocyte in vitro. Preantral and antral follicles were selected and isolated for an experimental In Vitro Maturation (IVM) and Growth (IVG) of immature small size oocytes and goat antral and preantral follicles. The research method is explorative using a case research about the potential supply of follicle cells and immature oocytes sources of a local goat. Ovaries obtained from selected goat from the slaughterhouse are isolated for follicles and immature oocytes for culture in vitro and cell freezing. Data obtained are presented in the mean value and standard deviation and analyzed descriptively. Each ovary for obtaining follicle and immature oocyte was selected and isolated using 2 different methods of slicing and aspiration. The result showed that the great potential of the material genetic source of local goat from the different condition of goat slaughtered in the different potential of the follicle (IVG) and immature oocyte isolated (IVM) for each ovary (3 to 6 follicles) and (4 to 8 oocytes) respectively. The result is considered as a high variation because of different condition and variation of ages from prepubertal goat to adult goat of more 3 years of ages. A number of the follicle and immature oocytes may be isolated of about 200 per day. The IVG of follicle resulted in a lower result of M-II.oocytes of about 10 % oocyte recovered, meanwhile IVM of immature small oocyte resulted of about 40 to 60 % maturation (IVM) base on the cumulus expansion and first polar body extrusion. Culture system IVG may provide not only of how producing a number of competence mature oocytes but also of investigating the physiology of follicular development and ovulation of Indonesian local goat, it's may produce many matured oocytes (M-II) in the possibility of high numbers for research development and genetic material conservation. It was concluded that both IVG and IVM methods may possible to utilize ovary waste as an important source of genetic material for research development cell culture and cell conservation.

Plants Dracaena marginata is a plant that is often used as a plant landscape in the city Park of Surabaya. Dracaena marginata plant is expected to absorb well air pollutants. Air pollutants come from motor vehicles.One of the harmful pollutants that can be absorbed by plants is heavy metal lead (Pb).The aim of this research is to know the role of Dracaena marginata which acts as a landscape plant and its role as absorbant of Pb metal pollutant. The aim of this research is to know the role of Dracaena marginata which acts as a landscape plant and its role as absorbent of Pb metal pollutant. The method used in this research is observational, that is identifying, measuring density and descriptive plant Dracaena marginata. The study sample was taken in two places, namely the city park which is near the big road (lots of pole) and in the park which is small, in the city parks in Surabaya. It also measured the content of Pb metal on leaves by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. From the research results obtained data that found two varieties Dracaena marginata, namely, varieties of green and red. Dracaena marginata is a good plant to absorb Pb pollutants. Dracaena marginata can absorb many Pb metals, but the growth and development of the body is not disturbed (grows well). The conclusions of this study are (1) there are two kinds of Dracaena marginata green var and Dracaena marginata red var (2) Dracaena marginata is a bioindicator can absorb many metal Pb.

Water and electricity are some of the most important components of human life in this 20th century, both in daily activities and in work. Water and electricity are also resources that should be massively exploited for the benefit to be felt by all elements of society. However, problems occur when geographical factors and infrastructure factors become an obstacle in supporting the availability of these resources. Geographical factors in the form of areas far from water sources, as well as the location of areas far from the reach of the government so that there is a gap in the development in the distribution of infrastructure within a region. This causes some elements of society, especially in backward villages, cannot benefit fully from these resources. To overcome the crisis, we try to innovate by making a development of a hydraulic ram (hydram) pump by adding piezoelectric material as a source of electricity. Then, we will put the piezoelectric material into the series of hydram pump so that the rural community will be left behind will be able to feel the water and electricity resources of our innovations are simultaneously environmentally friendly.

Kali Surabaya River is one of the river in Surabaya that use as the water source of PDAM Surabaya. Moreover, Kali Surabaya River takes an important role of society, industry, agriculture and economic commerce in its surrounding area. The increasing of industry and domestic waste that dispose to Kali Surabaya River, causing the degradation of its water quality. From parameters DO, BOD, and COD of Kali Surabaya River, we can look for relation and mutual attachment to determine the class of water body of Kali Surabaya. The method that use in this case is system dynamics using Stella Model. The purpose of this modelling is to identify and determine the relation of DO, BOD and COD value that contains in Kali Surabaya river segment Karangpilang-Ngagel Surabaya, and to determine the class of water body of Kali Surabaya River segment Karangpilang-Ngagel using dynamic system method. The result of this modelling is prediction of DO parameter value that decreasing in 2018 at all three segments. In December 2018, concentration of DO in segment 1 is 3.79 mg/L; in segment 2 is 4.34 mg/L and in segment 3 is 3.72 mg/L. According to the prediction result from this model, DO value at all segments in November and December is still exceed the standard value of class II river standard, which is 4 mg/L. In the other hand, in January until October DO value at all segments is under the standard of class II river standard. The average DO value of Kali Surabaya River in 2018 is in the range of 3.72-4.9 mg/L.

Changes in land use cannot be avoided by the increasing number of people in need of settlement land. Studies on environmental carrying capacity and supporting capacity need to be undertaken to obtain an overview of land capability in support of human livelihoods that occupy the living environment adequately. The research location is in Garang River Basin covering 3 administrative areas, namely Semarang Regency, Kendal Regency and Semarang City, with 52,965.199 ha of catchment area. Analysis of carrying capacity and environmental capacity of Garang River Basin stated that the environmental support capacity of Garang River Basin for settlement land from segment 1-5 is medium status (DDLb>1), segment 6 and 7 is bad status (DDLb>1). The carrying capacity of agricultural land in all segments is exceeded or deficit (DDLp<1).

Refill water is one important element in filling the increasing drinking water demand. The price offered by refill water depot is significantly lower than packaged water, however, its quality does not meet the standards, and therefore it will potentially affect people's health. This risk surfaces if refill water depot installation can't treat raw water as well as the environment surrounding properly. Thus, identification to refill water production failure cause is needed to minimize the possibility of failure happening. Identification and risk analysis processes are based on risk management concept by using Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). Failure cause identification is done using fishbone diagram to find the root of the problem causing the failure. The root of the failure will then be given score to determine the biggest risk stated in Risk Priority Number (RPN). RPN value is obtained through multiplying severity, occurrence, and detection. The biggest failure cause in refill water depot is in the disinfection technology used, which is the replacing and contact duration of regulation regarding refill water also causes failure in refill water production process.

Human necessity toward consumable drinking water increases along with population growth. People nowadays have a hard time obtaining clean water because of polluted river. To meet daily necessity of drinking water, a lot of industries open drinking water business, particularly refill drinking water facility (DAMIU). The utilization of refill drinking water facility has its own hazardous risk because of the doubtful quality, moreover if the customers aren't paying attention towards the security and hygiene. This study used FMEA (Failure Mode Effect and Analysis) to determine the priority of failure incident in refill drinking water treatment process. This FMEA method was used because FMEA has advantage over other method in term of being more feasible and effective for operational improvement while being able to analyze risk in bigger and more complex scale. To determine the failure, we first did risk identification which contained failures information obtained from interview, quality test, and direct observation. Failure causes risk happened in refill drinking water facilities were analyzed using Fishbone method. The location of the study was in Rungkut District, Surabaya. The parameters used were turbidity, TDS, pH, and Total Coliform. Obtained risk should had a value to be measured and determined for the handling priority and to find improvement effort. The measurement value was called as RPN (Risk Priority Number) which was the multiply value of severity, occurrence, and detection. Based on analysis result using fishbone method there were 4 factors which caused failure for total coliform parameter. Then, it was analyzed using FMEA method, and it was found that failure happened within 3 highest priority, which was UV system contact duration, ozone system contact duration, and disinfection tool replacement and maintenance.

The aim of this research is to determine the removal efficiency of Cd (II) based on the pH variation and the optimum pH on the batch method, the adsorbent height variation and flow rate in continuous flow column which using tofu solid waste industry which was immobilized silica as adsorbent, also to characterize and to identify functional groups of the absorbent using the FTIR analysis. The pH variation used was 2,3,4,5, and 6. Adsorbent height variation used was 2 cm and 4 cm. Then, variation of flow rate used was 5 ml/min and 10 ml/min. Determination of pH optimum was done using One-Way Anova analysis and continued with Duncan test and descriptive analysis based on the table and graphic. The analysis data of the removal efficiency of Cd (II) in continuous flow column was explained by the descriptive analysis. The pHPCZ was 8.4. The pH optimum was 6 with the removal efficiency 48.14%. The removal efficiency of Cd (II) in continuous flow column for the adsorbent height variation 2 cm and 4 cm which were 38,22% and 43,42% respectively. The removal efficiency of Cd (II) in continuous flow column for the flow rate 5ml/min and 10ml/min each by 38.22% and 39.01%. The result of FTIR analysis of the adsorbent conducted before the adsorption shown that there were functional groups of C=O (vibrate at 1651.07 cm-1), Si-O-Si (462.92 cm-1 and 1095.6 cm-1), O-H (3425.58 cm-1), and N-H (3749.62 cm-1). While, the result of the FTIR analysis after the adsorption shown that there were Si-O-Cd (956.72 cm-1) and Cd-N (412.78 cm-1).

This research's goal is to know the content of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the foundry sand, to know the selected variation as material for red brick without burning process based on SNI 15-2094-2000 on concrete red brick for walls and SNI 15-2094-1991 on the quality and the test method for concrete red brick and to know the content of heavy metal Zn from leaching process of the selected variations. The content of SiO2 and Al2O3 were tested by using X-Ray Fluorescence method, while the content of Zn at leached was tested by using Atomic Abrsoption Spectophotometry. The non-burning brick quality test was conducted in 5 stages, which are external display test, size and tolerance test, compressive strength test, harmful salt test, pseudo-density test and water absorption test. Variations of materials used are foundry sand: paper sludge: compactor ingredient in percentage is Variation A 75%:15%:10%; B 65%:25%:10%; C 55%:35%:10%; D 45%:45%:10%; E 0%:90%:10%; F 90%:0%:10%; and the Control Variation is G 90% sand:10%. The content of SiO2 and Al2O3 in the foundry sand are respectively 66.90% and 12.78%. The content of Zn in paper sludge is 54 mg/kg. The results of red brick testing shows that the selected variations are variations A, B, F which classified to Brick classs 50. Content of Zn in red brick leaching process of the selected variations are variations A, B, and F are respectively 0.61; 0.89; 0.21 mg/L.

This study aims to discover the obstacles and provide recommendations on the technical and institutional aspects of the chosen communal WWTP. The methods used in this study were field survey and questionnaire. the data were analyzed using quantitative, qualitative, and SWOT analysis. There are 11 out of 13 communal WWTPs that do not work optimally. The technical obstacle encountered in the operation of the chosen communal WWTPs is the huge building capacity that does not meet the criteria of HRT design. The recommendations for the technical problem include lowering the water level and reducing the number of baffles in communal WWTP. The obstacle faced in the operation of chosen communal WWTPs in terms of institutional and community participation aspects is that the maintenance is only known by few people. The recommendation for the aspects of institutional and community participation is for KPP to arrange a socialization on the maintenance of communal WWTP based on its maintenance module.

One of the wastewater treatment system that is able to reduce levels of contamination are industrial wastewater using Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). Important in the early stages of SBR is filling phase (filling) consisting of seeding and acclimatization period. In the seeding and acclimatization period, the reactor will be filled with activated sludge and wastewater aeration process during the next study period. This research was conducted to find out sources and the best contact time of the activated sludge in lowering the concentration of COD and TSS from wastewater of tofu industry. Activated sludge which will be used is sourced from slaughter house, gutters of tofu industry, and polluted rivers. The variation of contact time which will be used is day 0; 1; 3; 5; 9 and 13. The results showed that the activated sludge are sourced from a polluted river sludge with the best percent COD reduction of 81% and TSS by 94% at day 13.

Higher of production of palm oil will be followed of industrial mill especially biomass boiler utilization. Environment issue can reduce with dust collector installation. The most favorite dust collector in palm oil boiler is cyclone. Investigation of pressure drop for biomass boiler is very critical due to relate with boiler performance. Cyclone as dust collector of biomass boiler has big portion of pressure static reduction. The purpose of this present study is to observe the good prediction of pressure drop with industrial scale cyclone. Some approach have been calculated and evaluate with the experiment of cyclone boiler in palm oil mill.

The Utilization of Kali Surabaya River as water resources for drinking water is constrained by pollution from domestic and industrial waste and agricultural activities around the river banks. This study was aimed to calculate the pollution load capacity using QUAL2Kw model which presented the water quality. Study area from upstream (Cangkir) to downstream (Sepanjang) of the river was divided into 3 segments. The required data included primary data by sampling at determined points representing the condition of pollutant source. Secondary data included climatology, population, river hydraulic, and discharge and quality of pollution obtained from related institution. The water quality parameters analysed were BOD and COD, where the result exceeded the water quality standard of class I, while the DO was less than the standard requirement. Based on the simulation result, the value of pollutant load in each segment for BOD was 12,416 kg/day, 23,180 kg/day, and 17,759 kg/day while COD was 56,158 kg/day, 99,188 kg/day, and 74,316 kg/day. Then, the capacity of BOD in each segment was 1,681 kg/day, 1,138 kg/day, and 1,398 kg/day while COD is 12,396 kg/day, 8,150 kg/day, and 9,681 kg/day. This means that the pollutant load has exceeded the capacity of the river.

World energy consumption was used in several sectors. One of this was building sector that the electricity consumption, higher than other sectors. So as in Indonesia, electrical consumption in the building was higher than other sectors. Electricity consumption also becomes a huge contributor to greenhouse gasses especially carbon. Electricity consumption in Indonesia was getting higher because of human behavior and electrical tools, so it needed a management audit for controlling this problem. This research was studied energy efficiency and carbon reduction from the scenario in educational building which was Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia building 1 in campus A. This research used energy audit method which decided by 4 main steps plus one, the audit identification process of temperature and lighting in the room, standard of energy used, energy efficiency scenarios and the calculation of carbon emission. The result showed that electricity consumption in UISI is 10.62 kWh/month which quite an energy efficient, while natural lighting (daylighting) and artificial lighting wasn't fulfilling Indonesian standard (SNI). Five energy efficiency recommendations were created to find the most energy-saving : energy efficient behavior, replenishment rubber on the door, the addition of window film, sleep mode on a computer and replace fluorescent lamps with lower wattage were saved 49% from total energy consumption. From the calculation, we get that by implementing five scenarios, it can reduce carbon emission about 11,037 tons CO₂ / year.

Tofu industries produce by product of whey which is still rich in organic content. Tofu industry of using soy bean of 1400 – 1600 kg/day produces 25 m3 of wastewater per day of 6321 mg COD/liter. This high content of COD and volume of wastewater instead of potential pollution could be transformed into biogas and used by local communities for domestic purposes like alternative energy for cooking. This study is aimed to assess the possibility of using wastewater from tofu industry by local communities for cooking. Asri Tofu Industry with such typical production of wastewater was assessed to treat its wastewater while the by-product of biogas would be used by local communities for cooking. About 38 m3 biogas per day could be produced per day and can be used by at least 117 houses in the nearby factories not far from 300 m from the factory. The use of biogas would reduce local community expenses to buy LPG and woods for cooking.

East Java Province is the largest sugarcane producer in Indonesia, in year 2015 total sugar cane production in East Java Province reached 1,076,240 tons, in that year Malang Regency is area with the biggest production level that is 273,540 tons. Sugar cane production from Malang is sent to several sugar companies (PG) spread in East Java, such as: PG. Temple and PG. Krembung. Mill sugar mill capacity at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara X PG. Krembung, Sidoarjo which reached 2750 TCD (Ton Canes per Day) produces sludge waste that ranges from 250 kg/day and the waste is not yet utilized, but it is immediately discarded. Sap crust waste is one of the remaining sugar cane processing products derived from the process of thickening sap for sugar crystals. Based on the analysis test, the crust has 30.3% cellulose, 4.52% hemicellulose, and 11.25% lignin. Cellulose is contained in the waste of sap crust, has the potential to be utilized as raw material for making biodegradable plastic. Biodegradable plastic is made by inverse phase method. Making biodegradable plastic using a variation of waste of 2, 4 gr, 6 gr, 8 gr, and 10 gr. The addition of glycerol and sorbitol plasticizers with a ratio of 100: 0, 50:50, and 0: 100 will be formed on a 4 ml basis. The characterization of biodegradable plastic was carried out by using tensile strength and elongation tests. The results showed that on the composition of the 10 gram sap crust with the addition of plasticizer glycerol and sorbitol of 100: 0 has the highest tensile strength value of 8.08 Mpa and the highest elongation on the composition of the crust 2 gram with the addition of plasticizer glycerol and sorbitol of 0: 100 ie by 20.16%.

The purpose of this study is to know and locate the distribution of open defecation houses in East Surabaya of Surabaya City, Indonesia. Both of secondary and primary data are required for this research, the secondary data consist of the number of OD houses in East Surabaya and basic map of Surabaya City. Primary data consist of field survey OD houses of legal and illegal status. Mapping is conducted with mapping software based on geographical information system. The result of this research proves that there are 1.083 OD houses in East Surabaya and it is equally distributed throughout East Surabaya. The most OD sub-district (Kelurahan) is Gubeng with approximately 319 houses while the least is Kelurahan Tambaksari with 23 houses.