Table of contents

The First International Conference on Environmental Geography and Geography Education (ICEGE) 2018

Sumardi

Editor in Chief of International Conference on Environmental Geography and Geography Education 2018

E-mail: sumardi.fkip@unej.ac.id

We would like to express our gratitude to all participant who were joining "The First International Conference on Environmental Geography and Geography Education" (ICEGE). It is the 1^st International conference held bythe Department of Social Science Education held by FKIP-University of Jember on 17-18 November 2018. This conference becomes adissemination forum for scientists who are working on theoretical and empirical research of environmental geography, transportation geography, geography education, social science and its application.The mission of this conference is to become an annual internationalforum in the future, wherecivil society organization and representative research students, academics and researchers, scholars, scientists, teachers andpractitioners from all over the world could meet and exchange an idea toshare and discuss about research. The aim of the first conference is to present and discussthe latest research that contributes to the new ontological,epestimological and axiological knowledge and to a better understanding in thearea as follows:(1) Environmental Geography; (2) Geography Information System and Remote Sensing; (3) Geomorphology; (4) Natural Disaster;(5) Economics; (6) History; (7) Education; (8) Humanities; (9) Social Sciences and (10) Global Science and Studies.

The participants of this ICEGE 2018 were 305 participants consisting research students, academics and researchers, scholars, scientist, teachers and practitioners from many countries. The selected papers to be published on IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science are 170 papers.

On behalf of the organizing committee, finally we gratefully acknowledge the support from the FKIP-University of Jember of this conference. We would also like to extend our thanks to all lovely participants who have been joining this unforgettable and valuable event.

Assoc. Prof. Sumardi, M.Hum

List of Honorable Advisory Leaders, Organizing Committee, Editorial Board and Scientific Committee and Reviewers are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Madura is one of the islands in Indonesia. This island had a landslide in 2016. The occurrence of this landslide resulted in the Madura community being mentally and financially burdened. The results of this study were that the soil layer consists of six types of soil, namely clay, clay, sandstone, sandstone with clay stones, quartz and limestone. Crossing types of clay and sandstone was the top layer with an average thickness of ± 1.2 m-6 m. quartz and limestone layers were bed rock rocks that were in depths of more than 10 m. While the slip plane was a field that becomes the basis of moving the ground mass. The soil layer which is the slip plane was clay and sandstone with slope 8°-25°. This soil layer has a low resistivity with a depth of ± 9.5 m - 11.5 m. The higher the slope of a layer, the faster the time needed for the avalanche to occur. For the evacuation route the batumarmar was heading north because the landslide direction was heading west and east, the springs were heading eastward because the landslide direction was heading west, proppo was heading north because the landslide direction was heading north to the east and south to the west, go east and west because the landslide was heading west and east. The results of the Community outreach on our research were the increasing readiness for landslides.

Kampung Naga is a traditional village in Tasikmalaya, West Java which is unique in environmental management with a sustainable principle. The geography phenomenon in Kampung Naga can be developed through environmental conditioning as a geography education field laboratory. Field observations and field visits are the most basic needs of geography. The development of field laboratories can be developed by selecting locations that have the complexity of geographic phenomena. The purpose of this study was to study the management of water resources based on local wisdom as a study of the development of Kampung Naga as a Geography Education Field Laboratory. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive. The steps of the research carried out are as follows: 1) delineation of Naga village area using satellite image data and maps, 2) data collection and inventory through surveys and interviews, 3) data processing by analyzing data to model water resource management based on the local wisdom of the indigenous people of Kampung Naga. The results showed that water management in Naga village had a pattern: water was used for rice irrigation, drinking, washing and bathing, and vegetation and animal habitat, the water source in Kampung Naga came from the Ciwulan river, and there was a pattern of water utilization by following the spatial pattern Kampung Naga village area with the concept of water conservation with forest conservation. Kampung Naga can be used as a field laboratory for Geography education, one of them is about the material of Hydrosphere in the material of water resources management.

The increasing of population growth in the Coastal Area of Pekalongan City has caused serious problem to the domestic water supply. It was getting worst due to seawater intrusion phenomenon. This research aims to investigate seawater intrusion using geophysical method and observe its impact to the domestic water fulfillment. Three sections of 2D resistivity were run approximately 250 meters'perpendicular from the coast line. The resistivity data were processed using RES2DINV software. We also did aninterview to 90 householdsto find out the impact of seawater intrusion in domestic water usage. The result showed that seawater has intruded up to 800 meters from the coast (represent with very low resistivity, <5 Ωm) and increased groundwater salinity significantly to a depth of 13 meters.Nearly everyhousehold in the North part of Pekalongan City could not use groundwater to fulfill their domestic neededdue to the massive seawatercontamination. They had a big dependency of water supply from the government drinking water company even with poor quality. Preventive mitigation action is really urgent to be done in order to reduce the future risk of seawater intrusion in the coastal area.

Gumuk Pasir (Sand dune) Parangtritis, which is located in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Province, is unique to compared with several sand dunes located in Southeast Asia. This site faces many environmental problems as the result of anthropogenic interference. Landuse change practices have been done for several years now which change the general presentation of this area. Other than that, violation of the zonation also severe. Some of the core zones has been altered to tourism spots.Some area has also been altered into agricultural land. The impact of the changes needs to be monitored by installing several measuring staffs. Socialization of the research and administrative permit has been cleared before the installation. This research was a part of sand sedimentation research in Parangtritis Sand Dune. This research was conducted as the result of several disturbances in our staffs. The aim of this research was to understand the challenge in collecting primary data, notably in collecting sand sedimentation rate data in Parangtritis Sand Dune. During the research, by interviewing the local people, we can conclude that many were still unaware of the research which were resulted in the missing of several staffs. Information and identity of the researcher have been applied in each staff which was ineffective in preventing disturbance to the staff. Based on that, several efforts have to be done in order to minimize the disturbance in the future. So that, reliable data could be achieved for decision support mechanism in solving environmental problem.

The rising of coastal flood due to the climate change that occurred in Cilincing area, North Jakarta, has forced the community to take some adaptation strategies. However, the current adaptation strategy only emphasizes on the economic and physical, while ignoring the psychology and the social aspects also play a vital role in deciding a proper strategy towards the problem. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of each variable that forms psycho-social adaptation to coastal flooding. Quantitative approach was used by using Spearman correlation analysis between 3 variables namely psychological adaptation, sociological adaptation, and anthropological adaptation. The data obtained questionnaires in the Cilincing area using random sampling. Based on the results, it can be inferred that psychological adaptation determines society's sociological and anthropological adaptation. Psychological adaptation has a negative relationship to sociological adaptation with a correlation coefficient (R) = −0,298 with significant value 0,00. Indicating the higher the psychological adaptation, the lower the sociological adaptation of society. Sociological adaptation has a positive relationship to anthropological adaptation with correlation coefficient (R) = 0,474 with significant value 0,00. Indicating the higher the sociological adaptation, the higher the anthropological adaptation.

Bedadung River is the main river in the Jember Regency – East Java. The organic and inorganic waste from human activity increases potential pollution loads in the river. The pollution load impacts on the water quality of the river. The oxygen existence as an indicator of river water quality that was determined based on deoxygenation and reoxygenation rate. It was one of decision making for the government on water quality management in the watershed. This research aims analyzed pollution loads, deoxygenation and reoxygenation rate of Bedadung River in the Patrang - Sumbersari segment. Simple mathematical analysis model oxygen distribution used the Streeter-Phelps method. This method applied dissolved oxygen data (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) as the input data. The results represented that the highest pollution loads at point 7 in value 1198.6 kg/day. Based on the calculation of oxygen distribution with Streeter-Phelps formula, the rate of deoxygenation (rD) < reoxygenation (r_R) a sequence were 0.028 mg/day.L and 0.053 mg/day.L. It indicated a good functioning for pollutant degradation. The government and stakeholder had been maintained through an integrated water quality management scheme and pollution control on the Bedadung River.

The main problem of Kali Garang is that when there is rain in the upstream area there will be a flood. The high population growth in the upstream area cause problems waste, erosion and sedimentation. The purpose of this study was to find out the community's concern for the river and apply morphoconservation analysis for river utilization, protection and preservation. The research was carried out on the banks of the Kali Garang at the upstream, middle and downstream sections. The data were collected throught observation, interview and measurement. The analysis data used was morphoconservation analysis. Morpho aspect analysis was based on upstream, middle and downstream regions. While the conservation aspect is based on activities of utilization, protection and preservation. Community care for the river is good enough. The existence of village work activities is a form of river care. In the upstream, the concerned people utilize the river for their daily needs. In the middle, there is no utilization activity because of its large flow and its location far from the settlement. Downstream area is used for mining with the reason that it is an effort to protect the river from silting. River conservation must be carried out together in order to create a sustainable river.

This study was aimed to know implementation of dusung method in geographic literation of the ecosystems return in Meru Betiri National Park. The research method was use survey. The findings indicated that the community empowerment in the ecosystem return area in Meru Betiri National Park using dusung method impacted in alleviating the poverty of the comunity problem. The land conservation pattern by combined agricultural crops and forestry plants in a period of time.

The oxygen in the city of Jember largely generated by green open space of vegetation stand. The green space that is the focus of this research is woody / cambium standing vegetation, which is able to produce oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Remote sensing data through SPOT-7 image is used to know the condition of green open space in Jember City more quickly and accurately. The purposes of this research are: (1) studying SPOT-7 image capability for extraction of green open space data viewed from its accuracy; (2) to know the amount of oxygen supply produced by the actual standing vegetation green open space and the oxygen supply needs of the population, motor vehicles, and livestock; (3) to know the adequacy of green open space based on oxygen demand in Jember City. This research uses quantitative method and field measurement. The analysis of the adequacy of green space is known through the extraction of information from SPOT-7 images and related secondary data. The parameters used are the determination of the area of green open space demand based on oxygen demand, and the amount of oxygen produced by the actual standing vegetation green open space. The analysis of the adequacy of green open space based on oxygen demand is calculated in the vicinity of Jember City. The results of this study indicate that the spread of green open space around the city of Jember uneven, this is caused by the spread of green space that actually clustered in certain sub-districts. Therefore, it is better to balance the ecological and natural environment aspects of urban areas can be a concern in the management of green open space in the city of Jember.

Sidoarjo Mudflow disaster has been happen since 2006. It changed landscape, natural resources, and alsothe land use. It developed social problems such as difficulties of catching fish and lack of water quality. This research aims to observe social adaptation and resilience as an effect from Sidoarjo Mudflow disaster. This research used spatial information as tools to describe and analyze major environmental problems. It examined data Landsat 7 and 8 Imagery between 2005-2018 to explore spatial information regarding changes from Sidoarjo Mudflow to social adaptation. This research also usedindepth interview to calculate social impact from Sidoarjo Mudflow and to produce social adaptation and resilience map on Sidoarjo Mudflow. This research analyzed the impact of mudflow distribution pattern and social adaptation in the way of retrospective view. The results of this research were social adaptation and resilience maps shows that The community of fishermans change their area of fishing and fishing intensity regarding Sidoarjo Mudflow disaster. The society could adapt to the environmental changes impacted by Sidoarjo Mudflow.

Wastewater treatment using plants is being applied by researchers to its capability in metal removal. Technologies are using plants for treatment as a green technology. Phytotreatment is a technology using plants that can reduce organic and inorganic pollutants in the environment. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is terrestrial plants that can be used in the phytotreatment process because they can reduce pollutants. The aim of this study was to remove chromium from batik wastewater. This experiment used bacth system in bed evapotranspiration. Variables used were kenaf plant varieties (KR 11 and KR 15), kenaf plant age (30 days and 45 days), and batik wastewater concentration. This research was conducted for 28 days. The specific response of kenaf plants is indicated by the growth of kenaf, the increase in plant height and the number of leaves in the batik wastewater treatment. The most removal of chromium was found 66,49 %. The results showed that Kenaf can be used for phytotreatment agent to removal of chromium.

The study was done at Semarang, Central Java. The purpose of this study is to determine the variation of field susceptibility to landslide in the city of southern Semarang. Vulnerability includes physical, social, economic, and environmental ones. Each region has varying levels, types and characteristics of vulnerability. The results show that the vulnerability level of landslide is divided into 4 parts according to vulnerability indicator in Perka BNPB number 2 of 2012. The index categories were also modified into five categories from very low (1,00 to 1,40), low (1,41 to 1,80), moderate (1,81-2,20), high (2,21-2,40) and very high (2,41-3,0). Southern Semarang has moderate and high degree of vulnerability. The average vulnerability rate is in the high category with an index value of 2,20. The lowest average vulnerability is owned by Gunung Pati sub-District, while the highest vulnerability is owned by Candisari sub-District.

Seagrass is a flowering plant (Angiospermae) that lives submerged in the water. The sustainability of seagrass meadow depends on oceanographic conditions on its habitats including salinity, sea surface temperature, and total suspended solids (TSS). In the Banten Bay, there has been a change in oceanographic condition by natural process and human activities. The change of oceanographic condition will have an impact on the seagrass growth. Remote sensing method can be used to determine the spatial distribution of seagrass and the oceanographic condition that consist of salinity, sea surface temperature, and suspended materials. Therefore, this purposes of this study were 1) mapping the spatial distribution of seagrass and oceanographic condition using Sentinel-2A and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery and 2) to explain the correlation between seagrass distribution and the salinity, temperature, and suspended materials distribution. The results of this study areseagrasses in Banten Bay were lives are in the salinity condition between 27‰ - 32‰, at the sea surface temperatures between 29°C-31°C, and at total suspended solids value between 19mg/l −30 mg/l.The sea surface temperature is the oceanographic parameters that have the highest correlation with seagrass, followed by total suspended solids and salinity.

A community-level social vulnerability assessment is an important on disaster risk reduction system. The methods to measure social vulnerability in this study used variables of education level, health level, income level and vulnerable groups. The study was conducted through a census of 365 rural community households in Bantul District, Yogyakarta Special Region. The research method was quantitative with scoring system on each influential variable. The results showed that between variables of vulnerability have relevance, where people with low income have a tendency level of low education. The results show that marginalized communities were at high vulnerability level, with the details were as follows: 35.1% of the community were at high social vulnerability (very vulnerable) and 56.4% of the community were people with moderate social vulnerability; people with low vulnerability was only 8.5%. The high number of vulnerable people in the periphery was because most of the population had low income and education level. The vulnerability distribution of each household in this study is further presented in maps to facilitate spatial analysis.

Local antimagic total face labeling is a bijection f: V(G) ∪ E(G) ∪ F(G) → {1,2, 3, ..., |V(G)| + |E(G)| + |F(G)|} and for every two adjacent F₁ and F₂, w_t(F₁) ≠ w_t(F₂), where F ∈ G, w_t(F) = ∑_vV(A)f(v) + ∑_eE(A)f(e) + f(F). We assigned color w_t(F) of local face antimagic total labeling that induces by proper edge coloring of G for each face. It is considered to be a local super antimagic total face coloring, if we give vertex labeling firts it call local super antimagic total face labeling. The local face super antimagic total chromatic number, denoted by γ_lfat(G), is the minimum number of colors taken over all colorings induced by local super antimagic total face labelings of G. In this paper we study of local super antimagic total face chromatic number of graphs. Furthermore, we have determined exact value local super antimagic total face chromatic number of Shack(C_m, v, n), friendship graph F_n, fan graph F_n, and triangular ladder graph TL_n.

Let G(V, E) be a connected graph of order n and size m. A bijection g: V(G) ∪ E(G) → {1,2, ..., n + m} is called a local super antimagic face coloring such that for any two adjacent face A₁ and A₂, w(A₁) ≠ w(A₂) where w(A) = ∑_{v∈ V(A)}f(v) + ∑_{e∈ E(A)}f(e). The local super antimagic face coloring chromatic number _γlaf(G) defined the minimum number of colors taken over all colorings of G induced by local super antimagic face coloring of G. In this paper, we study local super antimagic face coloring of some plane graphs. The name of graphs are gear graph (J_n), prism graph (P_n), double fan graph (Df_n), and antiprism graph (Ap_n).

This paper deals with the construction of the various reliefs of marble handicrafts. The purpose of this discussion is to obtain some curve formulas and procedures for designing the reliefs of the marble surface. The method is as follows, we present the quartic curve of the algebric form into the Hermit model and we simulate some procedures to construct the reliefs that are generated by the space curves and the circles. Then, making some prototypes of the marble object reliefs are introduced. The results found one formula of geometric quartic curve with its boundary conditions of Hermit type, some procedures and formulas to evaluate and model the reliefs of marble surfaces, and the prototypes of the marble handicrafts.

Elastic rebound theory explains stress release model in which stress will increase deterministically and decrease stochastically because of earthquake. Based on earthquakes occurrences, an area interacts with the other areas. Stress movement and interaction among areas have not been considered in stress release model. In this article, stress release model is developed into linked stress release model by considering interaction among areas. This model can be stated through conditional intensity function depending on accumulated stress release when earthquake occurs in a sub-region within a time period. The conditional intensity function is presented by exponential hazard function where each region has different hazard function stating that each region has specific characteristic. This research data consists of earthquake data occurring in Java Island and Sumatra Island during the period of January 2010 to December 2016. By using maximum likelihood estimate method, estimation of conditional intensity function of linked stress release model for earthquakes in each region is obtained. Probability of earthquake occurrence in southern Java is the same as probability in northern Sumatra. Most of proportion of accumulated stress in northern and southern Java is derived from their own regions while most of proportion of accumulated stress in northern and southern Sumatra is derived from other region.

This study aims to find out the degradation and agradation along the river segments and to determine the occurrence of sedimentation processes. Sediment that moves in the river as suspended sediment (suspended sediment) in flowing water and as a base load or (bed load). shift or roll along the bottom of the channel and move in the form of a jump (saltation). this causes eroded surface erosion and basic sediment (bedload). which will accumulate into degradation and aggradation, make the water channel shallow shallow sediment will settle in the sloping river with the speed of water flow that is slow, the ability of the transport itself is affected by discharge, average flow velocity, slope, shear stress. The case study was carried out on the 4 km long goitre river which is a sub-critical quasi-steady stream with the Froude number <0.6. Samples of basic sediment material with variations in grain diameter d35, d50, d65, and d90 in grain size analysis are used for calculations. The process of degradation and agglutation of the riverbed is known by the calculation of sediment discharge using the Meyer-Petter & Muller method.

Let G₁, G₂ be a special graphs with vertices of G₁ 1,2,..., n and edges of G₁ 1,2,... m. The generalized edge corona product of graphs G₁ and G2, denoted by G₁ ◊ G₁ is obtained by taking one copy of graph G₁ and m copy of G₂, thus for each edge e_k = i_j of G, joining edge between the two end-vertices i, j of e_k and each vertex of the k-copy of G₂. A rainbow vertex-coloring graph G where adjacent vertices u-v and its internal vertices have distinct colors. A path is called a rainbow path if no two verticess of the path have the same color. A rainbow vertex-connection number of graph G is minimun number of colors in graph G to connected every two distinct internal vertices u and v such that a graph G naturally rainbow vertex-connected, denoted by rvc (G). In this paper, we determine minimum integer for rainbow vertex coloring of edge corona product on cycle and path such as P_n ◊ P_m, P_n ◊ C_m, C_n ◊ P_m, and C_n ◊ C_m.

Semantic segmentation is how to categorize objects in an image based on pixel color intensity. There is an implementation in the medical imaging. This article discusses semantic segmentation in retinal blood vessels. Retinal blood vessels consist of artery and vein. Arteryvenous segmentation is needed to detect diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, and artherosclerosis. The data for the experiment is Retinal Image vessel Tree Extraction (RITE). Data consists of 20 patches with a dimension of 128 × 128 × 3. The process for performing semantic segmentation consists of 3 method, create a Conventional Neural Network (CNN) model, pre-trained network, and training the network. The CNN model consists of 10 layers, 1 input layer image, 3 convolution layers, 2 Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), 1 Max pooling, 1 transposed convolution layer, 1 softmax and 1 pixel classification layer. The pre-trained network uses the optimization algorithm Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum (SGDM), Root Mean Square Propagation (RMSProp) and Adaptive Moment optimization (Adam). Various scenarios were tested to get optimal accuracy. The learning rate is 1e-3 and 1e-2. Minibatch size are 4,8,16,32,64, and 128. The maximum value of epoch is set to 100. The results show the highest accuracy of up to 98.35%

The purpose of the billiard games is to enter the object ball into the billiard table hole. If the hole position is aligned straight with the cue ball and object ball then the player can hit it centrally, but when the cue ball and object ball positions are not straight towards the hole then the player must hit the object ball in a non-central manner so that the ball object can bounce off by forming a certain angle and into the hole. The difference in object ball direction after the collision is an application of the collision concept that is a central collision and non-central collision. There has been a study of central and non-central collision reviews on billiard games to find out the validity of the law of conservation of momentum, coefficients of restitution (e) and disintegration energy (Q). The data in this study was obtained by using an application tracker video analysis. The result of this study shows that on central collision in the billiard game the law of conservation of momentum is not applicable, e ≤ 0,510 and Q = –0,00786 Joule. In the non-central collision, the law of conservation of momentum is not applicable, e ≤ 0,537 and Q = –0,00605 Joule. The central and non-central collision in billiard games does not apply the law of conservation of momentum because it is influenced by many factors including the limited accuracy of the tracker application and the effects of external forces.

The Poisson regression is the popular regression model on the discrete response variables. The regression function in the Poisson regres-sion model can be estimate by using both the parametric and the nonparametric approaches. In this research, we study the Poisson regres-sion by using the nonparametric regression approach based on local linear estimator for modeling the maternal mortality and the infant mor-tality cases in East Kalimantan Indonesia. According to the model, we get that the model works nicely to explain the relationship between the maternal mortality case and the shaman number, and between the infant mortality case and the shaman number in East Kalimantan. Also, we obtain their determination coefficient (R2) values of 0.929094 and 0.9625168, respectively.

The purpose of this study is to identify the disease on citrus leaves. A digital imagery makes it possible to identify disease automatically. Three diseases to be identified in this research are CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloem Degeneration), Downy Mildew, and Cendawan Jelaga. The research will study the implementation of an image segmentation to analyze the citrus leaves diseases. The method that will be used to do image segmentation is K-Means. The segmentation which will be carried out consist of two kinds, namely a leaf segmentation and a disease segmentation. After segmentation process, the results of disease segmentation are classified by using the K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) algorithm to know its disease class. From data analysis, the results of the optimal cluster shows that the leaf segmentation consist of 2 clusters and the disease segmentation consist of 9 clusters. While the obtained optimal parameter K gives score of 4. The accuracy percentage for disease identification in this study is 90.83%. Furthermore, the analysis states that the accuracy can be more increased by using a minimum bound parameters. Finally, overall the results show the optimal value at the minimum bound of 3%, its accuracy can be increased to 99.17%.

Soil phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrients for plant growth. A more understanding of the spatial-variability of soil phosporus is needed to fulfill best management of P in precision farming. The mapping method of soil phosphorus variability that is widely used so far is the interpolation method. However, this method works well only if the number of samples involved is high and the distance between the sample points is tight. In consequence, it takes a lot of time, effort, and cost, which become an obstacle in the application of the precision farming concept. The aim of research was to analyze the potential usage of landforms as a basis for mapping the soil total P content in apple orchard. The study area was located on apple orchard Batu, East Java Province, Indonesia. The soil attribute was analyzed by HCl 25% ekstract method. Delineation of landforms was used ArcGIS 10.1 software. Stratified random sampling based on landform was the method that used to determine of sample point, at 0 to 0.5 m depth. The apple orchard is classified into nine zone with soil total phosporus contents of soil varying from low to very high. The soil was submitted to inferential statistical by GLM Univariate 5% method with SPSS 16.0 software. The significant value (Sig.) of GLM Univariate 5% was less than 0.05. It means that the soil total P content in various zones are significantly different. It also shows that the landform influences the spatial variability of soil total P content. Therefore, the landform can be used as a efficiency basis for mapping the soil total P content of the apple plantation.

Extreme rainfall event considered as the primary cause of many hydro-meteorological disasters around the world. Extreme rainfall event propagated more prolonged disaster when occurring in urbanised areas. This research presents an analysis of trend and rainfall variability in the most urbanised areas of East Java. The study is conducted at Surabaya City and its sub-urban areas (Mojokerto, Sidoarjo). Daily rainfall data from 1960 to 2015 obtained from existing measurement sites are used as input for this study. Firstly, a frequency distribution of extreme rainfalls (1-day maximum) is presented. Then, analysis of trend detection conducted using Mann-Kendall, Rank-Sum and Median Crossing test. Finally, spatial variability of extreme rainfall was presented by interpolating point measurement to produce thematics maps. The interpolation was conducted using IDW methods. The results show the trend and variability (temporal and spatial) of extreme rainfalls on the regions of Surabaya.

This research aims to analyse the spatial variability of annual rainfall. Daily rainfall data from 936 rain-gauges in East Java regions are used as the primary input. The average annual rainfall and the maximum annual rainfall are obtained from the daily rainfall data. Research procedures consist of data pre-treatment, ESDA, interpolation, and interpretation. Histogram and QQ-Plot were used to describe the spatial variability of annual rainfall in each sub-region. Next, an IDW interpolation method was used to create a thematic map of the annual rainfall. The results showed that local spatial variability of rainfall could be visualised more detail for each sub-region using histogram and QQ-Plot. The thematic map showed that the distribution of average annual rainfall in the region range from 1000 mm/year up more than 3000 mm/year. Maximum annual rainfall range between 2,100 mm/year up to 4,500 mm/year. The result also shows the positive correlation between the altitude of the rain-gauge and local annual rainfall received.

Rainfall is an identified trigger of landslides, and researchers have long attempted to ensure the total precipitation that can trigger slope failures under different local climate condition, a problem of scientific interest. In this study, we propose new empirical rainfall thresholds combining with antecedent soil moisture indexes for analysing the initiation of landslides in Banjarmangu districts, located in Central Java. Daily rainfall and landslide information were obtained from Banjarnegara Geophysical Station and Regional Agency for Disaster Management (BPBD); evapotranspiration data were obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS). We plotted the mean rainfall intensity (mm per hour) and rainfall duration values in logarithmic function. For the results, we found that the increase of rainfall duration led the decrease of rainfall intensity defined by intensity-duration (ID) threshold I = 43.2D^−0.87. In addition, we determine a formula for a cumulative rainfall threshold (CT), P₃ = 120.75–0.475P₁₅, recognized by rainfall amounts (in mm) during the last 3 days and previous 15 days, was constructed from landslides historical data from 2011 to 2017. Both thresholds have to be used with the combination of soil moisture index for failure above 0 mm at positive pore pressure for developing a landslide warning.

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of research based learning on students' environmental care attitude. The study was conducted on students taking theenvironmental education program.The change of environmental attitude was carried out by developing research based learning. The method used in the research was quantitative and qualitative mixed methods. Students were given information on concepts and environmental degradation as well as research based learning. Students made groups and compiledthe proposal based on the study theme. Students conducted research for collecting the data and information, and they were presented in the form of information both report and scientific article. Research learning was implemented in order to develop students' scientific thinking. The findings indicated that there was no gender difference in environmental care attitude because research based learning had a positive impact. Students showed the increased creativity, knowledge, benefit, and critical thinking through research activity, discussion, and brainstorming. The practice of research based learning was more helpful in describing environmental problems and taking the best solution for students.

There are many deltas that are grown and developed relatively quick in coastal area of North Java. The development of the delta region is characterized by the occurrence of sedimentation processes that cause the emerge land. The sedimentation process in the delta region is influenced by the sediment supply from the erosion of the upstream watershed. The land use change will potentially affect the rate of erosion, resulting in a sedimentation process in coastal areas. This study aimed to compare the morpho dynamic model of Delta on the north java coast used multi-temporal remote sensing techniques, namely 1987,1992,1997,2002,2007,2012 and 2017. The study locations were Delta Comal, Delta Bodri and Delta Wulan. This research was descriptive-explanatory, which was trying to find the widest possible data in order to study the dynamics of Delta, as well as trying to explain the relationship between the factors that influence it. In support of the study used Landsat satellite imagery, Indonesia Topographic Map, ER Mapper 7.0 software, GIS Arc, GPS and other equipment. The results showed that the morphodynamical model of the study area varied. At the beginning of its development, all of the three deltas showed the shape of cuspate but subsequently develop into different morphological forms. In Comal Delta originally cuspate, then developed into Lobate, then tends to cuspate again. In Delta Bodri, from cuspate originally developed into Lobate. While, in Delta Wulan originally cuspate developed into foot bird Delta. Based on the change of delta area, for Delta Comal and Delta Bodri tends to increase, while Delta Wulan tends to fluctuate.

This study aims to know teenagers spatial behaviour in shopping in Bekasi City. Research was conducted on a sample of 204 teenagers who had passed screening questionnaire about paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks of shopping centers in Bekasi City. This research was used descriptive method with survey approach. The unit of analysis of this study was sub-district. Results indicated that teenagers shopping behaviour in each sub-district was different, depend on their cognitive maps of their own environment, including the location of shopping centers. Mostly, teenagers chose shopping center that located in same sub-district as them or nearest their sub-district for their shopping destination. The most visited shopping center that could cover teenagers from all sub-districs was the shopping center they had already known and could fulfill their needs, such as Summarecon Mal Bekasi. Teenagers could not describe their shopping behaviour to shopping centers they had never been visited.

Forest/land fire often occurs in Indonesia particularly in Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Papua. This phenomenon has direct impact not only in Indonesia but also transboundary countries. To minimize this impact, remote sensing technology can be used to monitor forest/land fire using hotspot from Terra/Aqua MODIS data which good have 2 equatorial revisit times per day i.e. 10.30 a.m. for Terra and 1.30 p.m. for Aqua in near real time. The objectives of this study was to analyze the frequency and spatial distribution of hotspot in Central Kalimantan Province using Terra/Aqua MODIS. Hotspot is derived from Terra/Aqua MODIS data using algorithm which available daily in LAPAN system. Hotspot classified into three categories of confidence level i.e. low (0-30%), medium (30-80%), high (80-100%). RGB 1-2-18 were used as base map layer to analyze the spatial distribution of three hotspot categories. The result shows that there was hotspots concentrated in Kotawaringin Timur and Pulang Pisau Regency which it was burn peat hydrological unit area. Thus, peat land area that covers with shrubs, etc is hard to extinguish which relate to the frequency of hotspot. High frequency hotspot occurs in September 27^th 2018 then decreasing until October 6^th 2018 (10 days).

Drought is a disaster that often hits several areas in Jember Regency. The disaster caused various problems including: (1) clean water crisis, (2) crop failure, and (3) social conflict. The purpose of this study is to map the distribution of drought-prone areas in Jember as one example of the area entering the quarter volcano lane and tertiary volcano lane The method used is buffer and overlay data. Spatial data in this study are data relating to space, region and zona. The data will relate to areas that are often hit by drought. In addition, attribute data is also an important part of GIS analysis. Attribute data contains information relating to the condition of the quantity and quality of water available in drought-prone areas. The parameters used in this study include: (1) soil type, (2) geological structure, and (3) land form. The results showed that several regions in North Jember and South Jember. northern jember is an older volcanic depression compared to the surrounding region. South Jember is a karst zone that is very vulnerable to losing the ability to store a ground water.

Ria Kenjeran Beach (Ken Park) is a beach that has been developed with various types of varios and modern attractions for marine tourism in the city of Surabaya. The limited number of ecotourism and the need for recreation to increase and the large population of Surabaya is a great opportunity. This study aims to evaluate 1) potential seen from attractiveness, accessibility, infrastructure and promotion, 2) coastal area suitability, and 3) development strategies. This study was survey research. The samples selected 100 tourists by using accidental random sampling. Data sources were taken from the result of interviews of respondents and parties involved in managing this area. Data analysis for potential data conducted in scoring, suitability evaluation applied a matrix analysis and strategy of development used SWOT analysis. The results obtained a score of 13,135 in the high category. The value of conformity matrix was 50 including the corresponding criteria (S1). Priority strategies used for ecotourism development are: Increasing the quantity and quality of attractions, Creating rides packages at affordable prices, Improving potential (attractiveness, accessibility and infrastructure), Improving the quality of human resources, Improving promotion, Establishing cooperation with several parties, Improving facilities Infrastructure, Developing attractions that promote local value and are environmentally friendly, Renew attractions and improve quality in order to compete, Improve security, Build integrated cooperation to develop ecotourism, Form a responsible supervisory group.

This study aims to answer the question of what factors are caused the flood disaster in Sutojayan District in 2004, how the process of the flood occurred and how the government responded to the incident. The used of the historical method of descriptive writing with analytical models. The Data used the study are documents and other sources related to the subject matter. The results of study indicate the flood occurred in Sutojayan 2004 was the biggest flood Compared to previous floods. This flood was caused by prolonged rain, Topographic forms and the river which was unable to a accommodate flood water and mud from the mountains, due to the destruction of the Kepek forest. This flood of the give impacts on economic, social problems, and psychologys. This condition invites responses from various parties, especially the government who then takes action in order to recover repairing the damage to both infrastructure due to floods and anticipation so that no similar events will occur in the future. The conclusion of this study is that flood can be caused by both natural and human factors. Natural factors including prolonged rain, soil topography, etc., and human factors roomates are illegal logging results in damage to the forest, thereby reducing the water infiltration and Unable to withstand water and mud from the mountains.

The purpose of this study was to determine the hazard of landscape change and hydrogeology in the karst region of the southern mountains of Jember Regency due to natural processes and human activities. The method used in this study used inductively on karst areas of the southern mountains. This method is used to determine the nature of diffuse, fissure, and conduit flow. In addition, hydrograph flow is used to determine the conditions of water release and karst squamous conditions with parameters related to natural changes and human activities. The hydrochemical properties and flow properties are used to characterize karst aquifer conditions in the southern mountains of Jember region. The results showed that landscape and hydrogeological changes in the karst area experienced rapid dissolution. Throughout the year the flow conditions of karst hydrology in the Jember area were dominated by diffuse and conducit types, so that fissure conditions never occurred. In addition, the hydrochemical conditions in the karst area did not experience sharp fluctuations between the base flow and DHL regarding dissolution in karst hydrology. The dominance of human activities includes traditional mining and the establishment of puger cement factories in the southern Karst mountain zone, which affects natural and hydrogeological changes naturally as a result of the opening of karst land for industrial raw materials.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the pollution of rivers in Jember Regency by utilizing landsat ETM + and the Operational Land Imager. The method used in this research is the overlay and buffering. The entire site will be observed with techniques of interpretation of landsat imagery and geoEye. Then do the check field that aims to strengthen the image of the interpretation of the results. The data collected using the landsat 8 imagery digitation and registration (data water polluter), and also the image of geoEye (land cover data). Pollution of the river analyzed by several indicators, among others: household waste, sediment, land use. The results showed that pollution of rivers in Jember district by activity centers located in the middle of the city, residential area anti-pollution of rivers, erosion material from upstream not have a significant influence on river pollution.Jember town centre is a region with the highest pollution index because there are many compact neighborhoods located around the river. This affect will on public health when there is no attempt to resolve these problems.

Garbage problem in Bandung was an immediate problem to be overcome. Based on the type of waste generation in the city of Bandung is dominated by the type of organic waste. According to Damanhuri [7] the percentage of organic waste in Bandung reached 73.4%. Therefore, efforts were needed from various parties to provide solutions toward waste problems. Based on this, then conducted a research related to the model of organic waste processing microbialy. The long-term goal of this research was to create a validated, economical, productive and environmentally sound of waste management model. Special target that wants to be achieved was to make the model of organic waste processing microbialy and environmentally friendly (Year 1), implement dissemination of organic waste processing with examples and practices (Year 2), and development of organic waste processing business (Year 3). The research method used was Action Research or Project Based Research (project based research). This method used to find the development of organic waste processing microbial. This activities began with a preliminary study to identify waste management problems, design organic waste management models, and evaluate the organic waste management development model. The research progressed included the identification of the research location, the potential of organic waste generation at the location of the research and the development of microbial waste processing model still in the formed of description. The output of this research was the textbook of organic waste, patent and IPR.

The GSTAR model is one linear space time model used to model time series data with inter-location linkages. One of the weaknesses of the GSTAR model is that the model has not been able to capture any nonlinear patterns that may arise. The ANN is one model of nonlinear artificial intelligence that has a flexible functional form and is a supervised engine learning that provides a good framework to represent a relationship in time series data. Due to the advantages of such ANN, it can be combined with GSTAR model. In this research conducted study of GSTAR-ANN model and its network architecture. The model is constructed in 3 layers namely input, hidden and output. The GSTAR model is used as input in the training process. Each input will receive an input signal and forward the signal to the hidden layer, then to the output layer. The GSTAR-ANN model has network architecture with one neuron unit at the output layer, p input neuron, q neuron in hidden layer (multilayer feedforward networks).

Nonparametric regression is method of regression approach for data patterns of which regression curve is unknown. Meanwhile, spline is a type of segmented polynomial piecewise. Such segmented nature gives more flexibility than common polynomial models so that spline can adapt more effectively to local characteristics of function or data. The use of spline focuses on presence of behavior and patterns of data which in certain area has different characteristics from other areas. Data matching can be done by observing points on data in which an extreme change occurs in an area and consequently data patterns in each area differ. One approach using nonparametric regression is spline regression with penalized spline (P-spline). It is defined as a regression determined using method of least squares and roughness penalty. The article examines smoothing parameters of penalized spline nonparametric regression model. P-spline can be represented in linear mixed model with components of variance to control nonlinearity level of estimators of smooth functions. P-spline using linear mixed model approach can be estimated using either maximum likelihood or residual maximum likelihood. The results of research show that smooth function of best linear unbiased predictor in linear mixed model is equivalent to estimators of penalized spline regression.

The purpose of this research is to get the maximum benefit from rayon fabric production at Amir Sentosa - Bali Garment. Type of production in the form of beach wear, beach cloth, bed sheet, and Mukena. The manufacturing process of this type of production takes different times and length of materials. Function objective is formed from the profit per unit of production type taking by the distributor, while the constraint is obtained from the time of manufacture per unit and the length of material per unit required. One-year data is divided into three quarters, so each quarter receives a different amount of time during working day. The data is processed using Karush Khun Tucker method. The result show that the fabric are able to produce 400 units for each of the beach wear, beach cloth and bed sheet, while Mukena can be produced at 4853 units with maximum profit of IDR 16,560,000 in the third quarters, this is mean that if the working hours are added, it will followed by the increasing number of production quantity.

Research topics on graph associated with a group are subject of much investigation today as well as research topics on the spectra of graph. However, research on the adjacency spectrum of subgroup graph of dihedral group is not reported yet. By this reason, we determined the adjacency spectrum of subgroup graphs of dihedral group and their complements.

A vertex in a connected graph is said to resolve a pair of vertices {u, v} in if the distance from to is not equal to the distance from v to x. A set of vertices of is a resolving set for G if every pair of vertices is resolved by some vertices of S. The smallest cardinality of a resolving set for G is called the metric dimension of G, denoted by dim(G). For the pair of two adjacent vertices {u, v} is called the local resolving neighbourhood and denoted by R₁{u, v}. A real valued function g₁: V(G) → [0,1] is a local resolving function of G if for every two adjacent vertices u, v ∈ V(G). The local fractional metric dimension of G is defined as dim_ft(G) = min{|g₁|: g₁is local resolving function of G} where |g₁| = ∑_v∈Vg₁(v). Let and be two graphs of order n₁ and n₂, respectively. The corona product G⊙ H is defined as the graph obtained from G and H by taking one copy of G and n₁ copies of H and joining by an edge each vertex from the i^th-copy of H with the i^th-vertex of G. In this paper we study the problem of finding exact values for the fractional local metric dimension of corona product of graphs.

This research aims to minimize the cost of inventory procurement, i.e raw material procurement. Companies must be able to determine when to order supplies, when to use inventory in the warehouse, and when to postpone buyers demand based on prices, demand, and limited storage capacity. Therefore, the optimal control theory is used to find the optimal solution of inventory procurement problem by combining JIT (just-in-time), warehousing, and backlogging procurement policy. The necessary conditions of Pontryagin's Maximum Principle (PMP) and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) are met in order to obtain the optimal raw material procurement cost. The Hamiltonian is locally optimal along a singular arc. A numerical example is given to compare the generated optimal policy and simple procurement strategy. The cost of inventory procurement that is combining JIT, warehousing, and backlogging policies is more optimal than the cost of inventory procurement that just applies JIT procurement policy. The inventory procurement problem with JIT, warehousing, and backlogging policies can be divided into two cases, i.e. zero final stock and non-zero final stock. The cost of inventory procurement with zero final stock is more optimal than non-zero final stock.

Response surface methodology is able to find the setting for input variables that optimize the response. When there is more than one response, the multiresponse surface methodology is used. To optimize these responses simultaneously, especially for quality characteristics, a hybrid method of Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP) - Genetic Algorithm (GA) can accommodate it. In this research, the tablet's quality characteristics are the level of hardness, the level of friability, and the disintegration time of the tablet. The input variables that are considered to have a significant effect on the quality characteristics of the tablet are levels of binding agents, disintegrants, and the ma-chine pressure on compression process. The use of FGP is based on the reason that this method provides flexibility especially when objective functions and constraints cannot be clearly defined, thus requiring fuzzy numbers as operators. This advantage is not owned by the basic method of common Goal Programming (GP). The use of GA is to find a global optimum solution because it implements a ran-dom system.

Biology and technology are rapidly growing field of study in recent years. This condition poses challenges and opportunities for the pre-service biology teacher to integrate the development of biology with the technology. Several previous studies have focused only on the dimensions of learning outcomes. Therefore this article examines the perception of pre-service biology teacher in biology and learning using technology. The survey conducted by 195 biology pre-service teachers and interviews with four lecturers of biology. The results show that respondents feel essential and need to master the latest technology to be integrated into biology learning. 95% of respondents thought that biology learning with technology is more exciting and fun. This condition indicates that respondents are ready to be taught biology using the latest technology.

HIV is an infectious disease caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus attacks the immune system. A person who has been infected will gradually become AIDS. Mathematical modeling to elaborate the spread of HIV/AIDS disease has been described through susceptible infected AIDS (SIA) model which classifies the population into three compartments, ie compartment of individuals susceptible to disease (S), compartment of HIV infected individuals (I), and compartment of individuals AIDS (A). Until now HIV/AIDS disease cannot be cured, but patients can undergo antiretroviral (ARV) therapy to reduce the growth of virus in the body. People who undergo antiretroviral therapy are classified into treatment individuals (T). The spread of HIV/AIDS with treatment can be represented in SIAT model. The purposes of this research are to formulate the SIAT model, apply the model in Indonesia, determine the pattern of disease spread, and know the role of 90-90-90 programme in controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS disease. The SIAT model is a first order nonlinear differential equation system. Based on the implementation, it's estimated that by 2030 there will be 1706630 people with HIV and 1432720 people who undergo antiretroviral therapy. Based on the simulation, the 90-90-90 programme have an important role in controlling the spread of HIV/AIDS disease.

This paper shows the process of changing Simultaneous Spatial panel data dynamic Equations (SSPDD) into a high order model, which is then, parameterized in the high order model using the General method of Moment (GMM). The estimation steps start by forming the reduced form equation, and then form the instrumental Variable (IV) vector which is used to form the moment matrix g_nt(θ). This moment matrix is used to calculate the estimated value of the model parameters. In this paper, the results of parameter estimation have not been tested with data or simulations so that it is recommended to do further testing using simulation data.

This research aimed to produce natural science learning material based on Ploomp theory for Junior high school students. The learning material in this research was a book which was integrated with islamic values and satisfied validity, practicality, and effectiveness. Besides, the researchers also convinced that those criteria, validity, practicality and reliability, appropriate to students' test answer. The subjects of this research were 15 of eighth grade students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Darul Hidayah Wuluhan Jember, east Java Indonesia. The methodology on this research was adapted from Ploomp theory. The validity product of this learning material could be shown by the expert validity. This can be reached when the expert said that it was valid for both the book and the test sheet. The practicality of the book must reach very practical criteria. This was based on how practical teacher delivered the material and how students understand the material. The effectiveness of the product could be shown by students' attitude in learning activities, cognitive skill, and well-skilled in psychomotor. The learning material was said valid because the validators said that those instruments were valid. Validator scored the learning material (book) as 3.3 (4 scales), and test sheet as 3.58. Hence, those learning materials can be said valid. Secondly, the learning materials was practical because the validators said that the book can be used with minor revision and students learned the material actively. The learning materials called effective as well, because satisfied two indicators of effectiveness, which were students' response about learning activity was positive with 82.21% students answered so, and the result of the test was said valid because reached minimal score of 0.73 and reliable about 0.57.

Critical Thinking has been one of the tools used in our daily life's to deal with the challenges for survival. Developing critical thinking abilities is something which is very important in the world of education today. Problem solving can support increased critical thinking abilities This study aims at describing the students' critical thinking skills in solving Trigonometry problems. Critical thinking ability in this research employs an indicator which consists of Focus, Reason, Inference, Situation, Clarity, and Overview. The type of this research is descriptive research with qualitative approach. The research subjects consist of 3 students, i.e. high-ability student (ST), medium (SS) and low (SR). The results of this study indicate that there are 5 indicators that can be achieved by the high-ability student (ST) namely Focus, Reason, Situation, Clarity, and Overview. Meanwhile the medium students are capable of achieving 2 indicators only, namely Focus and Reason and low ability student achieves 1 indicator of critical thinking ability, namely Reason.

Metacognition ability is very important nowadays, especially in solving the problems faced. This study aims to analyze the students' level of metacognition in solving math problems based on local wisdom, and is continued with the effort to improve their metacognition ability by using Murder. This study is carried out by using Concurrent Triangulation mix method, started by having qualitative method, continued by analyzing quantitatively and finished by doing the qualitative analysis. The research subjects were 21 elementary students in the experimental class and 21 elementary students in the control class. The research findings show that there are various students' metacognition level varies weak, moderate and strong. There is a mean difference on students' metacognition ability and their achievement test. The description of each level of metacognition is presented in the portrait phase of metacognition. N-Gain shows that the use of Murder strategy in the experimental class is more effective than the use of demonstration strategies in control class. The increasing students' metacognition in Murder class were presented in a table. The result reveals that the application of Murder Strategy can increase students' metacognition level in solving local wisdom based mathematical problems of elementary school students

Knowing the students' creative thinking process in solving mathematics problem is so important for the teacher, so that teacher is able to detect the students' error. This qualitative research aims to describe the students' creative thinking process in solving probability problem based on Wallas's stages. This research can be used as an educational reference and help teachers to motivate their students to improve their creative thinking process in solving mathematical problems. The subject of this study consists of 3 students from Matthayom 3/1 Thailand, which have fair (S1), low (S2), and very low (S3) ability in problem solving skill. The data is collected by test and interview. This research indicates that in preparation stage, S1 is able to convey the known and asked data. S2 tends to explain what is known and asked using similar sentences which contains on the question. S3 is not able to explain what is initial information completely. In incubation stage, S1 can easily think the solution, though it is wrong. S2 thinks for a while to get the solution and focusing on the other things that are not meaningful. S3 is silent for long time to think the problems' solution. In illumination stage, S1 and S2 get idea to solve the problem, but the result is wrong. S3 fails to find any ideas to solve it. In verification stage, S1 re-check the solution before drawing the proper conclusion, although it is not suitable on the question. S2 and S3 do not re-check the answer written.

This study aims to investigate the success of the application of discovery based learning model to improve students' metacognition in solving the problem of mathematical modelling rainbow 2-connection numbers. The research model used is a mixed method that is a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. The quantitative model used a t-test to test the student learning outcomes while questionnaires and interviews are used to achieve students' metacognition skills. The results showed that the learning model of discovery based learning can improve students' metacognitive skills in solving mathematical modelling problem of rainbow 2-connection number, as indicated by the difference of t-test between experimental class and control class pre-test score of two groups [[t(48) = 3,808, p > 0,005]] not significant. For the post-test class experimental was 65, 10 (SD = 11,875) and for control class was 53,85 (SD = 8,274). There is a difference between the two significant mean post-tests [t(48) = −11,25, p < 0,005]. The results of questionnaires and interviews also showed that the DBL model can improve students' metacognition skills, especially in conducting activities to collect, compare, categorize, analyse, integrate, organize materials and make conclusions.

This study aims to analyse the implementation of discovery-based learning in improving students' high-order thinking skills in solving r-dynamic problems based on their reflective thinking ability. The method used in this study is a mixed method, which mix up the qualitative and quantitative methods. The subjects consisted of 18 students in experiment class and 18 students in control class. The post-test result of the experiment class of 11.11% students having low level of high-order thinking ability, and 88.89% having high level of high-order thinking ability with their reflective thinking skill 25% of low level, 68,75% of medium level, 6,25% of high level. In the post-test result of the control class, there are 27.78% students having low level of high-order thinking ability and 72.22% students having high level of high-order thinking ability with their reflective thinking skill 53,85% of low level, 46,15% of medium level. The data analysis presents the score of independent sample t-test of post-test is sig. 0.05 (p≤0,05), so it is significant. Therefore, there is a different of their high-order thinking skill ability between the experiment and control classes. The regression equation of both variables expresses 1.497 (Ῡ = −51.067 + 1.497X). The coefficient of determination is 0.575 of 57.5% effect, contribution of the dependent variable (the result of the test post) by the free variable (Discovery based learning) is 57.5% and 42.5% explained by other variables. It implies that we accept the positive hypothesis as t_count>t_table (4.649> 2.119). Thus, there is an impact of the implementation of discovery based learning in improving the students' higher order thinking skills in solving the r-dynamic vertex coloring problem based on their reflective thinking skill.

Visual-spatial Intelligence is very helpful for students in studying the science of geometry which is always associated with the abstract concept of a geometry object. This research discusses the visual-Spatial intelligence of Senior high school students based on geometry thinking level according to van Hiele theory. The design of this research was qualitative research which described visual-spatial intelligence students for each level of van Hiele Theory. According to van Hiele's theory, The result of this study shows that from 60 high school students, 11 students met the level 0, 16 students met level 1, 28 students met level 2, and 5 students met level 3. This indicates that the students in this research reach more levels higher than the previous level. In addition, the results also show that students who high level geometry. The results showed that there were 11 students of level 0 on geometric ability; 5 students or 45% of students have characteristics of Imaging, 4 students or 36% fulfilled the characteristics of conceptualizing, 1 student or 9% of students have the problem-solving characteristics, and none of the students met the characteristics of the pattern seeking. Next result 16 students in level 1 intelligent on geometric ability. 12 students or 75% students fulfilled the characteristics of the Imaging, 11 students or 69% of students fulfilled the characteristics of the Conceptualizing, 8 students or 50% of the students fulfilled the problem-solving characteristics, and students who met the characteristic of the pattern-seeking did not exist. The results of the visual-spatial intelligence of 28 level 2 students on geometric ability showed that 24 students or 86% of students fulfilled the characteristics of imaging, 23 students or 82% of students fulfilled the characteristics of conceptualizing, 18 students or 64% of students fulfilled the characteristics of problem-solving, and 3 students or 11% of students meet the characteristics of pattern-seeking. The results showed that there were 5 Students of Level 3 on geometric ability; 5 students or 100% of students fulfilled characteristics of imaging, 4 students or 100% fulfilled the characteristics of conceptualizing, 1 student or 80% of students have the problem-solving characteristics, and 1 student or 80% of the students made the characteristics of the pattern seeking.

This study aims to find out the effectiveness students' geometric reasoning based on the van Hiele's 5 levels of geometry. In the analysis, researcher is applied as a method; the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative method is obtained by assigning geometric reasoning to the student, while the qualitative method is obtained from the interview result. The data analysis is performed by applying SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) with t-test. The increase is illustrated byvan Hiele's geometry post-test results which go up in comparison with the previous level. The geometry level of students mounts to a higher one. The levels discussed are van Hiele's 5 levels, which are level (0) (visualization), level 1 (analysis), level 2 (informal deduction), level 3 (deduction), and level 4 (rigor). In the initial stage, the subject was tested through van Hiele's geometry test, and the indication of levels was checked as well. Next stage would be performing validated.. The results of the research show that the learning models through the class are more effective in increasing students' geometric level. Subsequently, it is expected that with the result of this analysis, teachers can upgrade students' geometric level, reviewed from other geometry theories.

This research aims to determine the correlation between English proficiency and reading comprehension ability with scientific literacy skill of senior high school students. This research was conducted in Bekasi Regency involving 69 senior high school students as samples. Samples were chosen by Simple Random Sampling. The method used in this research was descriptive quantitative and research hypothesis tested by Pearson Product Moment in α = 0.05. The result showed that there was positive correlation between: English proficiency and scientific literacy skill (r = 0.354); reading comprehension ability and scientific literacy skill (r = 0.424); English proficiency, reading comprehension ability, and scientific literacy skill altogether (r = 0,441). Determination coefficient obtained in this study was relatively low (r² = 12.6% for English proficieny and scientific literacy skill; r² = 18% for reading comprehension ability and scientific literacy skill; r² = 19.5% for English proficiency, reading comprehension ability and scientific literacy skill altogether). They indicated that there was other factor which contributed more on students' scientific literacy skill. This result research is expected to be a basic reference for further research.

Indonesia's inVolvement in international tests, one of which PISA (Program for International Student Assessment), shows that Indonesia learners are less capble of using mathematical concepts to solve problems associated with real life. This is because these students tend to be taught practical formulas that will be used to answer questions in the exam. This research aimed at describing ethnomathematics in some Balinese cultural elements; ceniga, the yard size based on asta kosala-kosali, and also the pattern of Legong dancer position. Those three cultural elements were used because it is appropriate with plane figure geometry material for seventh grade students and further it is hoped to create ethnomathematics-based geometry problems. This research was a descriptive qualitative. The data were collected by conducting Balinese culture based geometry test to know the seventh grade students' logic and mathematics reasoning ability that had been chosen as the subject of the research based on the performance rubrics. The results of research show that there are significant mathematical abilities of students to logic and reasoning in solving geometry-based culture of Bali.

Community-based tourism management is a tourism activity where local communities have control over the management of tourism activities and as a result the benefits can be felt by the community. Community-based tourism management is one method of community development. The purpose of this analysis is to describe, analyze the factors and formulate the formulation of community-based tourism development to realize sustainable tourism development. The data obtained were analyzed by correlation analysis to examine the relationship between different factors. The next step is to use SWOT analysis to get a formulation of community-based tourism development strategies. The results show a significant relationship between social factors with environmental factors and social factors with economic factors. Based on the SWOT analysis, Santen Beach in Banyuwangi is in the first quadrant of the Cartesian diagram with the suggested management strategy is the SO (Strengths-Opportunities) strategy. The steps formulated in using force and taking advantage of opportunities are (1) increasing tourism promotion to prospective visitors who like beach tourism; (2) encouraging the formation of tourism management organizations with active community participation; and (3) utilizing the potential along the coastal entrance and along the coast as the development of tourist attractions that can increase tourist visits.

Consumption is a sector that has so much influence on Indonesia's national income, even its contribution can reach 50% more. However, unfortunately all this time the consumption needs of the Indonesian people tend to be more used by foreigners. Useful research needs to be done so that the government can control people's consumption for the benefit of the economy. One variable that is estimated to have an influence on consumption expenditure is inflation expectations. However, there are still many pros and cons of the influence of the inflation expectation variable. So that the influence of inflation expectations on consumption expenditure is still quite interesting to study. The data used in this study is data from 2003 to 2018. Chow test results show that there was a structural break in the 2008 second quarter period so that the data was broken down into 2003Q1-2008Q1 and 2008Q32018Q2. The results showed that inflation expectations did not affect consumption expenditure in the two periods. Even using the data as a whole, the same thing happened. So, it can be concluded that inflation expectations cannot be used as a tool to control public consumption.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is an indicator of human development level in a region calculated by comparing among living standards, life expectancy, and education level. The achievement of East Java province development has shown the variation of development achievement among regions consisted of 29 regencies and 9 cities. This research used descriptive qualitative. Secondary data, both quantitative and qualitative, were used as data type and source which were from cross section data of Central Bureau of Statistics of East Java Province. HDI in East Java Province in last 5 years showed an increasing trend. Although HDI of East Java was still in the moderate category, but the development was quite good. Moreover, in 2016, the development in East Java was approaching the high category of 69.74. The highest human development achievement was in Malang with HDI in 2016 has reached 80.46 in very high category (> 80) while the lowest achievement of human development was in Sampang Regency with only 59.09 IPM in the low category (<60). Most of regencies and cities have been in "moderate" human development status, and the rests were in the "high" and "very high" categories.

The aim of this research was to analyze the implementation of FEP at MTs Syamsul Arifin Bangsalsari Jember. Education is an absolute necessity to be met throughout the lifetime in order to thrive. In Indonesia, however, not all societies were able to access education. Whereas, it was the obligation of the country to provide cheap, even free education in accordance with the mandate of the Constitution 1945 article 31. Various efforts were carried out by the Government such as scholarship, BOS, and more. However, it could not support the needs of students in education, this matter made the Regency of Jember issuing FEP Program. This research was a qualitative research by using descriptive method. Data collection method were observation, documents and interviews. The results showed that the existence of the free education program at MTs Syamsul Arifin could met the most partly of school needs. It could be seen from the increase of teacher salary than before and the capability to buy learning facilities in the form of LCD and projector.

This current study is aimed to scan the social science students' experiences in the implementation of Mentimeter in their English milieu. Cross-Sectional Survey Design was done by distributing questionnaires that involved 118 participants containing 45 male and 73 females. Three social science study programs at university level were participated, to be precise Social Welfare, Taxation, and Management. This convenient sampling was selected to meet the social science students' experiences in the program of Mentimeter in English milieu. The significant domains of the employment of Mentimeter were drawn, precisely (1) the implementation of online app; and (2) the impacts of Mentimeter for students' productive skills. The findings of this study provide the significant teaching practices in the use of Mentimeter as the teaching variation for English classroom and the maximal of technology used by the students studying English. This study also elaborates suggestion for the future researcher.

One form of investment that has great value and high risk for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) engaged in services is fixed assets. The high risk of damage to fixed assets requires the recording of correct fixed assets, and reliable procedural implementation in accordance with the provisions of the SAK EMKM (Micro Small and Medium Entity Financial Accounting Standards). This study aims to analyze the implementation of fixed asset accounting in MSMEs in Jember. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach to analyze and describe the implementation of fixed asset accounting in MSMEs engaged in business and services in Jember Regency. The object of the research was conducted in Jember, which engaged in business and services including Photocopy service, Play Station rental, Car Rental, and Laundry service. The period of study is 3 (three) months. The data collecting method consists of observation methods, document methods, interview methods, and literature. The data analysis method that is used in this study is a descriptive-qualitative analysis method. The results of the study proved that the implementation of fixed asset accounting in Jember MSMEs is in accordance with the SAK EMKM, especially in the recognition and release of fixed assets in all MSMEs that had been studied, by selling. However, in recognition of prices and methods of price depreciation, there is a discrepancy between those stipulated in SAK EMKM and those used in MSMEs.

Tourism development in the Kota Lama Semarang was conducted to prepare for the 2020 World Heritage from UNESCO. Based on this, the tourism potentials in the Kota Lama Semarang need to be improved to attract tourists to come. As a tourism area, the harmony between the number of tourists with the provided capacity is indispensable for providing pleasure for the coming tourists. The aims of this study are 1. To identify the cultural tourism potential of Kota Lama, 2. To calculate the support capacity of the Kota Lama as a tourist destination in Semarang, and 3. To analyze the development of cultural tourism. The data analysis used is descriptive and the calculation of support capacity using the Douglas method (1975) in Fandeli (2001). Based on the results of the study, it found that the effective support capacity of the Dream Zone Museum was 96, the 3D & Trick Art Museum was 447, Art Contemporary Gallery was 5,997 and the Kota Lama Park was 25. The results showed that the attractions in Kota Lama Semarang have different support capacity. The Dream Zone Museum and the Kota Lama Park are need to be developed because of the high support capability value. Whereas, the 3D & Trick Art Museum and Art Contemporary Gallery are included in the exceeded support capacity, so that there is a need of control and arrangement in the development.

Storytelling is one of the effective ways in developing young learners' language skills. Previous studies have demonstrated the power of storytelling activities in providing the meaningful contexts for English student teachers to learn language while at the same time providing English student teachers with the language exposure in enhancing their listening competence. This paper reports on a seven-week class project in which English student teachers create a digital storytelling project to teach English for young learners. Participants were the English Language Education learners who take the English Storytelling course in the English for Young Learners optional course packages. Data showed that most of the English student teachers are successfully presenting digital stories. However, some English student teachers faced difficulties in producing pedagogically relevant recorded audio of the stories. Further, English student teachers perceived the technology integration into the storytelling activities is beneficial in the language learning while at the same time increasing the English student teachers' creativity in designing the teaching and learning activities for the English student teachers' future class. The findings also suggest that further research need to investigate the use of digital stories in another forms of software application and different level of English student teachers.

This study aims to determine the effect of education and unemployment on poverty in East Java Province partially and simultaneously. The data collection method used is the study of documents sourced from the BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) of East Java in 2011-2016. Data analysis in this study used multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS 20 for Windows. The results showed that: (1) the education variable had a positive and significant effect on poverty, (2) the unemployment variable had a negative and significant effect on poverty, (3) the education and unemployment variables had a positive and significant effect on poverty. Education and unemployment affect poverty by 96.6% while the remaining 3.4% is influenced by other variables not present in this study. The government is advised to be able to provide more employment and provide training to people who are still unemployed so that they have the skills and are able to open their own businesses.

Poverty has multidimensional problems perspectives. It includes dimension of economy, social, psychology, culture, and politic. These poverty indicators also have different contents of measurements and its poverty phenomena that are why it needs to specify the formulation standardized poverty construction in province of Bali which is most popular province in Indonesia. This research focuses on poverty measurements to determine poverty indicators construction including economy, social, psychology, culture, and politic. Research method is used mix-methods: quantitative to find standardized loading index for every indicator by using basic model T-Value analyzing with standardized factor loadings > 0, 50 and qualitative is to formulate the mental or behavior constructions by using in-depth interview. The research areas were divided into two parts; city was around Denpasar; marginal was around Jembrana. The results of the study are; the loading factor of economy is 0, 65, social is 0, 80, psychology is 0, 70, culture is 0, 70, and politic is 0, 48. Four indicators have above standardized factor loadings (> 0, 50), it means that these four indicators can influence to construct poverty in Bali province, but politic indicator has low influence to construct poverty. The interview result shows that the poverty according to the poor is the family who cannot fulfill their basic needs, who have limited skills, access, income, and work ethos. Finally, the findings can be used for reference that poverty alleviation considers to fix indicators and involve the community to decide the program.

This current study is at aim to identify the mathematical concept of Arfak tribe concerns with lines in daily life. The method used in this research is ethnography. The result has shown that the sense of sight is involved so as to determine the lines. It is used as a result of limited sources.

Pheretima javanica K. is a type of earthworm potentially used as typhoid fever medicine because its contents, such as Lumbricin I, is an antimicrobial peptide which can nullify the permeability of bacterial membranes. In this study, fine earthworm powder was produced through drying and mixing process. This study aimed to test the acute toxicity of earthworm powder (Pheretima javanicaK.) by examining SGOT and SGPT levels, histopathological observations of white rats' liver (Rattus norvegicus L.), and theobservation of the rats's physical characteristics. Fifty white rats were divided into 5 treatment groups, including treatment 1 (dose 400 mg/Kg BW), treatment 2 (dose 800 mg/Kg BW,) treatment 3 (dose 1600 mg/Kg BW), and treatment 4 (dose 3200 Mg/Kg BW). The white rats were given earthworm powder dissolved in aquades for 14 days, and then the rats' liver were dissected, and histopathological preparations were done using Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining technique. LD50 calculation using Thomson and Weil method was operative to analyse the data. The analysis result indicated that the treatment involving 14-day interval of more than 5.000 mg/Kg BW was proven practically non-toxic. Anova test results focusing on SGOT and SGPT indicated no significant effect on liver function, as marked by significant value I, whereas the Histopathology test revealed no difference between negative control and treatments involving dosages ranging from 400 mg mg/KG BW to 3200 mg/KG BW. The observation of physical characteristics evinced that generally the rats were classified to be health, which was marked by soft dense furr, sharp red eye color, solid faeces, and increased weight gain on weekly basis

In science learning, new innovative breakthroughs need to be sought as renewal effort to comply with the advancement of science and technology. One of the innovative applications is selection of smartphone-based e-book equipped with videos and images since it can be taken and used anywhere. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of using smartphone-based e-book in improving students' learning outcomes in science learning. This research used classroom action research method in science learning in three schools. Data of this research were collected using tests, observations, and questionnaires. The results of this research showed that the use of smartphone-based e-book can improve students' learning outcomes. In schools 1, 2, and 3, the students' learning outcomes increased by 27%, 15%, and 18%, respectively. The use of smartphone-based e-book also increased the students' learning motivation by 12.8%, the students' learning activities by 8% and the originality of the students' creative thinking ability by 14.26%.

This research aims to find out the effectiveness of Bokashi on growing plant. The Research used quantitative methods approach to true experimental Random Design, with complete (RAL) factorial 4 X 3 pattern, that is a factor of growing media and plant type. The plant-ing medium consists of 100% bokashi, 50% bokashi, and two media controls i.e. control by the media and the media ground chicken feces. Kind of plant used are mustard (Bassica juncea L.), pokcay (Brassica rapa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). In this study there was 12 experimental which each experiment planted at 30 polybags, so there was 360 polybags. The area of the research is in the village of Kebon Agung, Jember Regency. Plants are observated over the three over the three weeks after planting. In the first week, the second week and the third week after planting. The observations focused on the ability of seeds to grow once planted that is growing or not growing. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan uses of SPSS v20. The results showed that the most effective media was 50% bokashi on Zea mays L.

Hierarchical Ordered Partitioning And Collapsing Hybrid (HOPACH) is one of the powerful clustering methods which combine the strengths of partitioning and agglomerative clustering methods. Several partition clustering methods such as PAM, K-Means, SOM, or other partitioning algorithms can be used in the partitioning process. This process is followed by the ordering steps, then continued with the agglomerative process. The number of main clusters is determined by MSS (Mean Split Silhouette) value. MSS is used to measure the heterogeneity of the clustering result. The lower the MSS value, the more homogenous each cluster members. We select the number of clusters from the clustering results with minimum MSS. In this implementation of HOPACH, we incorporate k-Means partitioning algorithm in this HOPACH clustering method, to cluster and analyze 136 DNA sequences of Ebola viruses. The clustering process is started with collecting DNA sequences of Ebola viruses from GenBank, then followed by performing features extraction of these DNA sequences using N-Mers frequency. The extraction results are compiled to be a features matrix and normalized using the min-max normalization with the interval [0, 1] as an input data to generate genetic distance matrix using Euclidian distance. The genetic distance matrix is used in partitioning process by the K-Means algorithm in HOPACH clustering. As the results, we obtained 8 clusters with minimum MSS (Mean Split Silhouette) 0.50266. The clustering process in this article uses the open source program R.

All graphs in this paper are a connected graph, denoted by G = (V, E).The open neighbourhood of a vertex v of a graph G is the set N(v) consisting of all vertices adjacent to v in G. For D ⊂ V(G), we define D = V(G)\D, a set D ⊂ V(G) is called a dominating set of G if for every vertex in D has at least one neighbour in D, N(v) ∩ D ≠ for every u ∈ D The minimum cardinality of all dominating set in G, is the domination number, denoted by γ(G). A set D ⊂ V(G) is called a super dominating set of G if for every vertex u ∈ D, there is exists v ∈ D such that N(v) ∩ D = {u}. The super domination number of G is the minimum cardinality among all super dominating sets in G, denoted by γ_sp(G). In this paper, we investigate the super domination number of unicyclic graphs namely (m, n)-tadpole graph, n–pan graph, sun graphs, cycle with two neighbour pendant vertex, and cartepillar with adding one edge.

An unicyclic graph is a graph which contains exactly one cycle. For k–ordered set W = {s₁, s₂, . . ., s_k} of vertex set G, the multiset representation of a vertex v of G with respect to W is r_m(v|W ) = {d(v, s₁), d(v, s₂), . . ., d(v, s_k)} where d(v, s_i) is a distance between the vertex v and the vertices in W together with their multiplication. The resolving set W is called local resolving set of graph G if r_m(v|W) ≠ r_m(u|W ) for every pair u, v of adjacent vertices of G. The minimum local resolving set W is a local multiset basis of G. If G has a local multiset basis, then its cardinality is called local multiset dimension, denoted by μ_l(G). If G does not contain a local resolving set, then we write μ_l(G) = ∞. In this paper, we investigate and characterize the local multiset of some unicyclic graphs.

The metric dimension is one of an interesting studied graph topics. The local adjacency metric dimension is combination of the local metric dimension and the adjacency metric dimension. The graph G = (V, E) in this study is connected, simple, and finite graph. Let u, v are in G. For an order set of vertices X = {x₁, x₂, . . ., x_k}, the adjacency representation of v with respect to X is the ordered k–tuple rA(v|X) = (dA(v, x₁), dA(v, x₂), . . ., dA(v, x_k)), where dA(u, v) represents the adjacency distance u − v. dA(u, v) is defined by 0 if u = v_i, 1 if u adjacents with v, and 2 if u does not adjacent with v. For every two distinct vertices u, v and u adjacents with v such that rA(u|X) ≠ rA(v|X). Then, we call X as local adjacency resolving set of G. The basis of G is a minimum local adjacency resolving set in G. The vertex cardinality in the basis is a local adjacency metric dimension of G (dim_{A, l}(G)). In this research, we initiate to study the existence of the local adjacency metric dimension of split graph G.

Let G = (V, E) be a connected graph. A bijection function f : E(G) → {1,2, 3, · · ·, E(G)|} is called a local antimagic labeling if for all uv ∈ E(G)s, w(u) ≠ w(v), where w(u) = ∑_e∈E(u)f(e). Such that, local antimagic labeling induces a proper vertex k-coloring of graph G that the neighbors of any vertex u receive at least min{r, d(v)} different colors. The local antimagic r-dynamic chromatic number, denoted by ${\chi }_{r}^{la}$ (G) is the minimum k such that graph G has the local antimagic r-dynamic vertex k-coloring. In this paper, we will present the basic results namely the upper bound of the local antimagic r-dynamic chromatic number of some classes graph.

Tree graph is one of the simplest the most important classes of graphs. A tree is a graph having no cycles. Graph H(V, E) consists of a finite nonempty set V called vertices and element of E is called edge. Edge coloring is an assignment of labels color to edges of graph subject to certain constrains. Local antimagic total edge labeling is defined a bijection g : V (H) ∪ E(H) → {1,2, 3, . . ., p + q}, where p and q are the number of vertices and edges, respectively. If for any two adjacent edges e₁ and e₂, w_t(e₁) ≠ w_t(e₂), where for e = xy ∈ H, w_t(e) = g(x) + g(xy) + g(y). The local antimagic total edge labeling induces a proper edge coloring of H if each edge e is assigned the color w_t(e). The local antimagic total edge chromatic number of H denoted by χ_late(H), is the minimum of colors needed to color the edges of graph H. In this paper we determine the local antimagic total edge chromatic number of some families of trees, namely double star, broom, firecracker, and centipede graph. The all results attain the lower bound.

The main tourist product is the key to attract tourists of certain destinations. Product intensification, linkage and diversification of very important for competitiveness and sustainable development. However, various features and services are ignored in the existing research. This paper attempts to examine how tourism products are available at KSPN (National Tourism Strategy Area-National Tourism Strategy Area) Ijen and their linkages with sustainable tourism. The study area includes the Ijen Nature Park and the PTPN (in Indonesia is the sub sub-ministry of forestry-Nusantara Plantation Limited Liability Company) area XII in Banyuwangi and Bondowoso Regencies. Retrieval of data in this study using survey techniques. The research respondents were tourists who came to KSPN Ijen. Determination of respondents is by accidental quota sampling technique of 100 tourists. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of a single tabulation. The results show tourism products at KSPN Ijen in the form of Panorama and events. The panoramic tourism products in question are the Ijen Crater Blue fire, views of Wurung Crater, Niagara Falls and Blawan waterfalls, as well as natural scenery from the gueshouse and homestay there. Meanwhile, tourism products in the form of events are annual activities called "Ijen Festival" organized by the government of BondowosoRegency.

Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) is a institution that Conducting research to obtain technological innovation in the field of cultivation and processing of coffee and cocoa products. ICCRI has an Experimental Garden and Office Area of 380 ha, consisting of arabica coffee experimental garden (KP Andungsari height of 100-1,200 m asl), robusta coffee and cocoa (KP Kaliwining and KP Sumberasin 45-550 m above sea level). The laboratory has an area of 2,365 m2 with equipment of 850 units. Consisting of Plant Breeding Laboratory, Soil Physics Laboratory, Soil Chemistry and Soil Biology, Tissue Culture Laboratory, Agricultural Mechanization Laboratory, Product Processing Laboratory, Quality Control Laboratory, Information Center and Training. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of diversification by Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Institute (ICCRI) to further develop coffee production business in Indonesia. Analysis data used in this study is discriptive analysis to describe holisticly and also SWOT analysis to discribe deeply strength weakness opportunity and threat to make strategy to improve the performance. The result of the research show that needed a diversification business conducted in the form of internal deverifikation by doing research to get a better quality coffee plant, quality and have high competitiveness at national and international level. The resulting coffee plant is also resistant to plant diseases, more fruiting, better fruit quality. Deverification is also carried out by performing aoutonomous fund with the establishment of Coffe and Cocoa science techno park which is also intended to disseminate the results and activities of ICCRI to the community.

Mocaf flour is a flour made from cassava or cassava which is modified by using microbial fermentation techniques. Mocaf flour has characteristics that are good enough to substitute or replace 100% use of wheat flour. Compared with unfermented cassava flour or cassava flour, mocaf flour has a better quality, which is whiter and the cassava aroma is lost. In cassava flour products without fermentation or cassava, the color is less white (blackish brown) and often musty odor is very strong so that when applied to the product, the performance of the product is less attractive and there is still a distinctive aroma of cassava. This often makes the food processing industry which is made from cassava or cassava flour becomes less satisfied. The findings of modified cassava flour (mocaf) in which the characteristics of mocaf flour are whiter and the aroma of cassava has been lost so that substituting flour does not reduce the quality of the product if the proportion of its use is in accordance with the type of product.

Universitas Negeri Semarang as a conservation university is trying to shape the character of students who are based on the eight main characters of UNNES, one of whom is a caring character. In the effort of character building, various programs and coaching have been carried out, one of which is the formation of a cadre of school leaders with environmental and disaster awareness.The purpose of this study was to: (1) knowing the constraints of implementing environmental and disaster-oriented school regeneration for geography education students. (2) analyzing the strategy of implementing regeneration for students of effective geography education.Research uses exploration and qualitative methods. The results of research conducted show that the policy in the field of student affairs at FIS Unnes provides the widest opportunity for students to develop school programs with environmental and disaster awareness. In the implementation aspect, the main obstacle faced by the time environmentally oriented school in carrying out regeneration is the lack of awareness of students in practicing sustainably the programs that have been planned. Whereas in the aspect of strategy, actual development has been carried out in stages and is sustainable both for stering committees and cadres.

This study is a preexperimental study that aims to determine the improvement of geography learning outcomes of class XI Senior high School PGRI LUMAJANG in the 2016/2017 school year taught by using the AptitudeTreatment Interaction learning model. The variable studied in this study is the Aptitude-Treatment Interaction learning model as an independent variable and an increase in learning outcomes as a response variable, while the research design is "pre-test and post-test group".The subjects of this study population were all students of class XI Senior high School PGRI LUMAJANG in the 2016/2017 school year consisting of 156 people. While the sample is 28 people taken using a random class assuming that the class taken is homogeneous. The results of descriptive analysis show that the average increase in geography learning outcomes in class XI of Senior high School PGRI LUMAJANG taught by the ATI learning model in general is 19.63%. In the average high category, the increase was 18.41%, in the average medium group the increase was 16.28% and in the low group the average increase was 25.63%.he results of inferential analysis indicate that there is an increase in Geography learning outcomes in class XI students Senior high School PGRI LUMAJANG in the 2016/2017 academic year taught through learning using the Aptitude-Treatment Interaction (ATI) learning model

Science and technology is very rapidly growth in the current era of globalization. With the ease of disseminating information both print media and the internet, knowledge and technology development is increasingly fast. The development of science and technology is increasingly advanced, allowing humans to live in an industrial climate by maximizing the functions of technology to replace the humans' roles. When science and technology increasingly allows humans to produce advanced technologies, the digital technology progresses allow humans to live in information society. A concept that generally explains how the community in relation both information and communication activities is facilitated by the modern products ability as the internet supporting by computer products. Computer is the tool that can facilitate and explore the human capabilities in learning and processing information. Thus, the advancement of information technology can affect a person's life in tracking information. Based on the previous elaborations, the writer concern on the current study entitled "The Effect of Digital Literacy on Entrepreneurial behaviours through Entrepreneurial Intention of Students in Economic Education Study Program in Jember ". Hopefully, the world of education in both general and higher education can take the roles in contributing the entrepreneurship from the cognitive, affective and psychomotor for students, so students have entrepreneurial behaviours. This study aims to examine empirically the causal relationship between two variables, namely digital literacy (computer literacy and internet literacy) on entrepreneurial behaviours, and entrepreneurial intentions. This study is explanatory research to find and explain causal relationships between variables. Besides, this study is conducted to answer the problems that have been formulated, the objectives to be achieved, and to test the hypothesis. This study was survey methods by distributing questionnaires to obtain information and the approach is a quantitative approach. The data analysis was Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analysis. Based on the results, it was found that the digital literacy of students in economic education study programs in Jember was still limited to influence the intention of entrepreneurship, especially on entrepreneurial behaviours. However, the intention of entrepreneurship is proven to mediate digital literacy towards entrepreneurial behaviours. Therefore, the writer suggested that learning is more effective and can be more meaningful for students, preferably focused on both practical and theoretical. Based on the interview results, the proportion of practical learning activities is only around 30% and the theory is 70% of learning. These conditions should be reversed, precisely 30% of theory and 70%, practice especially the practice of entrepreneurship with digital media, for example e-commerce, including the practice of marketing strategies in the marketplace, market space, social media, e-mail, and others.

This study aims to test research based practice whether the learning is better for geography students' critical thinking skills in the tourism geography material. The subjects in this study were third semester students of the Department of Geography Education at the University of Jember Academic Year 2018-2019. Class determination is chosen using simple random sampling. While the method in this study uses pretest-postest control group design. The result is known that students' critical thinking ability uses research based learning higher than students with conventional learning.

Weblogs are the concept of approving the internet today. In the use of blogs, students do not need technical knowledge and equipment, easy use and management. The attractive and functional personal web space in the blog usually has a main menu from the core that allows the blog, based on one page displayed on the main page of the blog on the internet network. The development of the current blog comes to the utilization of learning, with blogs and the internet as a source of learning the level of insight in student material is increasingly widespread. Especially for social science subjects which not only require theory in learning but also practice in the field, in this case the blog is very useful to help in the illustration of the practice. The results of the feasibility analysis based on the material validation of the material produced were 3.64 with the category "Good" on all aspects of the material. The results of the feasibility analysis based on media expert validation of the blog were developed in 4 categories "Good" in all aspects. The results of the feasibility analysis according to the teacher on blog products amounted to 4.45 with the category "Very Good". The results of the trial using learning media according to students amounted to 4.33 with the category "Very Good". This is consistent with research conducted where with the use of blogs, students increasingly have increased learning activeness and ease in accessing learning resources that have an impact on student success in learning

This study aims to analyze the critical thinking abilities of students in history learning using Edmodo media. This research is a survey research involving 165 students and 5 educators in upper secondary schools in Jember. The instruments used were questionnaires, interview guides and observations using quantitative and qualitative data analysis. Analysis of data using SPSS 23. The results of the questionnaire showed that the level of cognitive and psychomotor abilities in history learning showed a result of 32.1%. The results of the questionnaire distributed to educators showed that 80% had not used Edmodo as a learning media in the current digital era. Interviews and observations show that educators only use media such as power points. Based on these results, the availability of learning media is still in a low level stage, while the application of the 2013 Curriculum guides students to open the horizons of knowledge and skills with communicative, collaborative, critical thinking, and creative processes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop historical learning media using Edmodo, which can be accessed anytime and anywhere according to the needs of students.

This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. Data collection techniques in this study using interview techniques, observation and document data analysis. The results of the study showed women's leadership in 3 villages in Puger sub-district runs well. Various achievements have been achieved during leadership this village head, including the Grenden Village Superior Program, the BUMDES, which become the best representative of Jember Regency. In addition, for the village of Jambearum led by Imroati's mother, she also succeeded in carrying out various developments in the village of Jambearum. Likewise with the strategy of Wringin Telu village chief who uses an interactive style of running his duty. So that this becomes a positive value for their leadership and its relation to it relationship with the community / residents in the village.

This paper deals with the empowerment of the poor by optimizing the Diversification of Featured Banana Products. The selections of banana products are because one of the superior products of Indonesia in the world. Indonesia is a famous country for the central region of the origin of bananas in the world. In terms of type, Indonesia is also superior to other countries, but in terms of banana processing Indonesia is still ranked seventh in the world as a producer of bananas. This research was an investigative descriptive study to obtain some descriptions of the problems that are always faced by the public, especially regarding food security. The output of this research activity was the establishment of strategic programs and activities (strategic plan) integrally and comprehensive manner in order to improve the economic empowerment and food security of the Lumajang community through the optimization of superior banana products. This research had the value and strategic objectives of providing important information to improve food security for the common people in particular and the people in Indonesia in general.

The purpose of this study was to find the incidences and associated factors of GTS among tobacco farmer and prevention efforts through Social capital Utilization in Indonesia. This research is a quantitative is analytical using cross sectional design, and qualitative research with FGD which is implemented for 8 months on April-November 2017, with tobacco farmer respondents from 12 districts in Jember Regency which is the center of tobacco production. 322 samples of the research was collected by stratified random sampling. The results showed that knowledge is significantly related to GTS Symptoms (sig 0.03), Attitudes (sig 0,094) and The action of GTS Prevention (sig 0.06), the use of PPE is significantly related to GTS (0.03). The result of FGD showed the harvest time in Na-ogst and Kasturi tobacco plantation was done in the different time. When the harvest time was before the sun raised which caused the tobacco leaves still in wet condition and easily to contact with the skin of the tobacco farmer which did not use the Personal Protection Equipment. The community leader of tobacco farmer in the prevention of GTS, which is facilitated from Plantation the Institution and from the tobacco industry as the media to campaign the prevention of GTS.

This study proposed to analyze the implementation of the Green and Clean School program in SMP Negeri 1 Jember. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The research subjects were: 1 principal, 1 vice principal, 2 social studies teachers, 1 janitor, 2 food sellers, and 4 students. Data collection techniques used in the form of observations, interviews and documents. Analysis of the data used is data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results of the research that have been conducted show that the implementation of the Green and Clean School program in SMP Negeri 1 Jember has run according to the standards that apply in the fairly good category even though it has not been maximized. Some of the obstacles experienced in implementing the Green School program in SMP Negeri 1 Jember are; (1) Imbalance between school land and the number of classes, (2) lack of suitable planting media to be used, (3) Lack of student awareness in preserving the environment, (4) Lack of human resources who understand the field of environment. The strategies implemented are: (1) the school always disseminates environmental preservation rules to school residents, (2) the school. Maximizes the use of classrooms; (2) the school uses the functions of the yard as much as possible, (3) the school increases collaboration with environmental agencies.

The Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have a strategic role in promoting economic growth and reducing unemployment in a country. This very strategic structure of this informal sector makes MSMEs as one of alternatives for moral responsibility in restructuring the Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT) PT. HM Sampoerna Jember, which was officially closed in 2014. To encourage the development of its business, the facilities from external factors and internal potential have a very important role. The purpose of this study is to find out how the development of MSMEs through the facilitation of the external parties and the internal potential of the Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT) PT. HM Sampoerna Jember; knowing the facilitation of external parties and the internal potential of the former workers of the Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT) PT. HM Sampoerna Jember in running MSMEs; find out how the constraints faced by MSMEs former workers of the Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT) PT. HM Sampoerna Jember in carrying out its business. The type of research used in this study is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The data analysis in this study was carried out in four stages, which consisted of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study showed that the internal developments of MSMEs of the former workers are: the efforts to innovate production, the efforts to procure capital, the expansion of network marketing efforts, procure production facilities and infrastructure. While external development is carried out with the help of both related agencies such as Jember: Industry and Trade Service (Disperindag) and Cooperatives Small and Medium Enterproses Service (Dinkop UMKM) an extension of the government or from the Association of MSMEs in the Jember regency or at the provincial level, such as granting access to MSMEs to capital resources, providing guidance and training, increasing product promotion, expanding product marketing, providing facilities and infrastructure. On the other hand, in the development of MSMEs, the former workers of The Sigaret Kretek Tangan (SKT) PT. HM Sampoerna Jember also faces obstacles, including unstable raw material prices, limited quality of human resources, limited capital and lack of facilities and infrastructure.

Women since the paradigm change in woman in development no longer plays a role in the domestic sector but also in the public sector. One public sector that attracts women to contribute more to economic development is to become woman entrepreneur by opening various trading businesses. The purpose of this study was to analyze social capital and virtual geography in success of business women entrepreneurs. Research methods using a qualitative approach with a focus on phenomenology. The results of the study revealed that the success of woman entrepeneurs who are MSME categories in their business cannot be separated from social capital like trusts, networks and organizations. The conclusion is that the use of social capital by woman entrepreneurs contributes to the sustainability of the business being developed. Recommendations need to be supported by government regulations to optimize social capital for women entrepreneurs.

As an archipelago country, Indonesia has a large coastal area. The condition of a coastal area known as underdeveloped regions. That condition correlated with the low quality of education, so need to be improved. It can be changed by optimalizing requires with special skills for students to be able to solve problems. Develop a learning model designed with enjoyable learning, one of them is EXAIR model of learning (combination of Example Non-Example model and AIR model) based on BBL (Brain-Based Learning). The aim of this research was to create a learning model and to increase problem-solving skills. The research was conducted by using 4D method. The first step is to define which is used to know the needs, the second step is to design which is used to produce the prototype model, the third step is the development used to produce a book of instruction learning model EXAIR based BBL. This research then continued with quasi-experiment. The result on product validation is 84.47% and the category is very valid. The results showed a significant effect on the BBL-based EXAIR learning model with a probability value of 0.00 <0.05.

Kappaphycus alvarezii is red algae that can be used as an alternative raw material in biodiesel production, because K. alvarezii c ontains high carbohydrate which is 60%. This study aims to determine the effect of nutrition and fermentation duration of K. alvarezii algae to hydrolysis results on cell's biomass. This study used the enzymatic hydrolysis method, fermentation method and sonication method. In this study, hydrolysis method was conducted by using 150 KNU/L of α-amylase enzyme with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% of algae concentration. K. alvarezii algae is fermented by yeast Phicia kudriavzevii. This study, fermentation method used was Gandasil-D® as an inorganic nutrition and Yeast Extract as an organic nutrition. The result of this research shows that P. kudriavzevii biomass can produced biodiesel by carbon source from K. alvarezii algae on 48^th hours. The dominant types of fatty acids are oleic acid which is 39.33%.The result shows that it has high potential to be used as biodiesel raw material.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus and transmitted through the bite of Aedesaegypti. The way to decrease this disease is by breaking the spread chain of A. aegypti as a vector of DHF using insecticides. Insecticides commonly used are organophosphates that can cause death in non-target organisms. Since 1985, WHO recommended to look for bioinsecticides that does not cause negative impact on non-target organisms. One of bioinsecticide is betel leaf and srikaya seed. Testing the toxicity of this bioinsecticide to non-target organisms used to monitor the environment seen through observation of fish health conditions. Non-target organisms used are Cyprinuscarpio. Testing of this bioinsecticide with concentrations of 0.25 g/10 L, 0.5 g/10 L, 0.75 g/10 L and 1 g/10 L were performed on goldfish for 96 hours. Observations made on fish mortality, morphological and histopathological changes of intestinum, liver and kidney organs. The result showed that LC50 granule mixture of betel leaf and srikaya seeds extract was 1.14 g/10 L, classified as low toxicity. Granules with a concentration of 1 g/10 L can kill 95% A. aegypti larvae within 105 min and did not do cause any damage to goldfish within 48 hours.

The Government of the People's Republic of China (RRC) under Xi Jinping has launched multilateral cooperation between countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia in a collaborative project called Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). BRI is a reconstruction along the old silk road by building infrastructure and increasing the openness of China's economy and politics. The project has gained support from many no less than 65countries involved in BRI. The huge infrastructure development that connects these three continents allows civilization to grow even further. However, a close observation of the characteristics of the PRC's infrastructure development shows neglect of ecological and environmental sustainability. Utilizing the qualitative method which allows the authors to get the data with literature study, this paper argues that in addition to providing opportunities for extensive infrastructure development, BRI also carries the risk of ecological damage and environmental issues. Considering ecological and environmental risks, BRI is a very extraordinary opportunity but also a suspicious project.

An Islamic Senior High School as educational institution is supported by some facilities. School building as a physical facility has an important role in supporting learning activities. This study aims to determine the influence level of variable maintenance of Islamic Senior High School building. The method is used to know the influence level by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The mathematical equation used is the recursive path model to evaluate the data from respondents who answer the questioner. The location research is building class in Islamic Senior High School Al-Rifaie Malang Regency. The analysis of influence level consider the user perception include management officer, teacher and student. The level of perception analyzed is the level of user satisfaction with the maintenance quality of building components. The research variables include structural and architectural components as exogenous manifest variable, maintenance quality as moderator variable, and construction reliability as endogenous manifest variable. The result of analysis shows that structural and architectural components variables have positive influence to maintenance quality. The three variables of structural components, architectural components, and maintenance quality have a positive influence to the construction reliability.

This study aimed at determining the effectiveness of bio-fertilizer with different concentrations on productivity soybean "Edamame" (Glycin max). The productivity consisted of the number of pods, empty pods, pod content, Edamame weight each plant. Bio-fertilizer in this study consists of microbial consortia (Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Saccharomyces, Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, and Cellulomonas). The treatment consists of 3 bio-fertilizer concentrations (25%, 50%, and 75%), as well as the negative control and positive control (100% chemical fertilizer equivalent 5g/plant). The results showed that treatment B2 (bio-fertilizer 50%) gave better results on productivity compared with other treatments.

The study aimed to determine the relationship between creative thinking and mathematical proving abilities among junior high school students who were taught using Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model. Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model has five steps, that is, review, development, cooperative working, seat work, and assignment. This study involved 31 seventh-grade students selected using purposive sampling technique. To collect the data, this study employed mathematical creative thinking ability and mathematical proving ability tests. The data of participants' scores from each test were analyzed using Spearman's Rank correlation coefficient (ρ). The result of analysis showed that ρ-value is 0,015. It means that there is a significant positive correlation between creative thinking and mathematical proving abilities among junior high school students who are taught using Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) learning model.

This study aims to describe the increase in Elementary School students' reasoning ability in solving mathematical problems using the OSCAR learning model and responses students. The OSCAR model was developed by researchers in 2017. The OSCAR model based on the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model and several learning approaches such as Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL). The difference between OSCAR and PBL lies in the Self-observation phase. This phase gives students the opportunity to observe problems individually before being discussed in groups. This model consists of five phases, namely Orientation, Self-observation, Construction, Association, and Reflection. The research used quasi experimental method with the one group pretest-posttest design. The instrument that used are mathematical problem solving test and student response questionnaire. The subject of this research is the V-B grade students of SDN Sidotopo Wetan I Surabaya in 2017/2018. To see the increase in student reasoning ability is to calculate the N-gain index. The calculation result of the N-gain reasoning score has an average 0,40. This shows an increase.The results of the analysis on students' responses showed an average of 99,66% of students happy about the subject matter, work-sheet, exercises, and how teachers teach.

Life Expectancy in East Java continues to increase in the last five years. Rising Life Expectations led to an increase in the number of elderly people in several cities in East Java such as the City of Blitar. The percentage of elderly in Blitar City reaches 11.8% of the total population. This study aims to analyze the involvement of the elderly in working in the City of Blitar. This study uses a survey method with data collection techniques in the form of interviews, questionnaires, observation, and documentation. Analysis of the data used in the form of quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed that the average elderly in Blitar City consisted of the age group 60-69 with a percentage of 49.1%, 70-79 with a percentage of 31.7%, and> 80 with a percentage of 19.2%. Elderly people not working in Blitar City reached 75%, while the elderly who worked only reached 25%. Elderly people who do not work are dependent on family and government. Elderly people who do not work actively allow a decline in health.

This study aims to explore how Indonesian students make sense direct proportion concepts according to their level of mathematics anxiety. This research tried to uncover the meaning of a phenomenon for students who are involved. In represents the findings, this research emphasized on seeing through the eyes of students being studied. Fifty-six sixth grader students were asked to complete the CAMS instrument. After completing Indonesian version of Children's Anxiety in Math Scale (CAMS), three female students' mathematics anxiety levels were created (high, medium, and low). High anxiety student tends to fail in doing an understanding. Student used additive relationships, response without reasons, or use numbers, operations, or strategies randomly in solving the given problems. Medium anxiety student tends to connect the given information listed in the problem with the concepts that she has already had. Student used qualitative comparison, use rate as a unit, and response without reasons in solving the given problems. Low anxiety student connected the given information listed in the problem with the concepts that she has already had. Student used use ratio as a unit, make qualitative comparison, use cross-product rule, and use symbols, commonly algebraic symbols in representing proportions with full understanding of its relationships.

The use of technology has crucial influences on mathematical modelling. The purpose of this study was to examine students' approaches to the contextualized problems in the "technology world" of the modelling activity. This research employed a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects of this research were six of the fourth semester students of Mathematics Education Department, State Islamic Institute of Jember, East Java Indonesia academic year 2017-2018 with different degree of visuality; two visual students, two harmonic students, and two non visual students. They solved several tasks involving polynomial models, where students regularly used geogebra. Based on the results of research analysis, it was shown that the visual students skipped much of the algebra work, and rather chose a geometrical approach. While harmonic and non-visual students rather chose the algebraic approach, they skipped much of the geometric work

The concept of scaffolding in the learning process refers to teacher support of all students in the classroom in solving the problem. The heterogeneity of the students' academic ability in the classroom affects the teacher's consideration in providing scaffolding to mathematics learning. Scaffolding is given when the student needs support. This qualitative research aims to describe the timing of scaffolding characteristics in mathematics learning based on the academic ability of students. This case study approach presents the investigation of the timing of scaffolding implementation based on students' academic ability in learning integrals. Subjects in this study weretwo experienced teachers of 12th graders from two schools in Malang, Indonesia. Their students consisted of different levels of academic ability students; low, moderate, and high. The results showed that there were three characteristics of the timing of scaffolding based on the academic ability students; immediate scaffolding for low-ability students, partly delayed scaffolding for moderate-ability students, and fully delayed scaffolding for high-ability students. This study complements the existing scaffolding characteristics.

Reasoning and argumentation skills are one of the fundamental mathematical abilities used in mathematical literacy. This ability can be taught to students through mathematics teaching. It involves a process of logical and profound thinking through a process that connects the problem elements to make a conclusion. This research aimed to describe how to support students' reasoning and argumentation through mathematical literacy problem on function and relation. The research was conducted through the observation of mathematic class of Junior High School on function and relation topic by scientific approach, and the assignment of mathematical literacy problem solving through student worksheet. Then the data were analyzed by descriptive qualitatively to describe the teaching process and students' reasoning and argumentation. The data of this research indicate that mathematical literacy problems presented through scientific approach, discovery learning and problem based learning can support students' reasoning and argumentation on function and relation topic on Junior High School.

Nowadays, the advancement of ICT has been reached all over the world with tremendous influences, particularly in an educational world. In this digital age, for instance, there is an innovation of learning resources based on technology. They are electronic books (e-books) or digital books. The features of digital books such as multimodal components (text, audio, animation, and video) become more desirable than the printed books, although the current research often shows the constraint toward the effectiveness of the electronic books in reading comprehension. The digital books provide an interactive aspect of self-regulated learning in the context of distance learning. This article proposes a literature review of the existing studies around digital books in an educational environment. The result of review revealed that the effectiveness of the digital book for learning purposes depends on several factors that are the curriculum development appropriateness, students' prior knowledge of technology, and adults' role as facilitators in a learning activity.

The growing up of digital literacy is very important to be integrated into the educational world. Learning in the novelty of technology is the key to achieve learning outcome through digital literacy. However, several types of research focus only on the dimensions of learning outcomes. Therefore, this paper provides learning insight by developing a conceptual model for Electronic Learning Cycle on Schoology (ELCoS) based on the syntax of Technology Learning Cycle (TLC). The cycle of ELCoS model is similar to TLC initiating from awareness, exploration and filtration, learning, personal and professional applications, sharing and reflection. A significant difference within the model is using Schoology. The ELCoS learning model in this paper serves as the basis for other technology-based learning models.

This study aims to measure the level of inquiry (LoI) of students in high school Surakarta, so that teachers can choose an alternative model inquiry suitable for use in accordance with the ability of students. Level of inquiry (LoI) is divided into 6 namely: discovery learning, interactive demonstration, inquiry lesson, inquiry laboratory, real-world application, and hypothetical inquiry. This research is qualitative using checklist modification from Wenning. The level of inquiry (LoI) criteria scale is based on: LoI> 70% have a high category, 30% LoI 70% have a medium category and LoI <30% have a low category. The results showed that high school students in Surakarta city have high criteria on; discovery learning (79.11%), criteria medium on; interactive demonstration (65.18%); inquiry lesson (39.11%); inquiry laboratory (30%) and low criterion on; real-world application (28.04%); Hypothetical inquiry (25.18%). Teachers can use the inquiry model on high and medium criteria that match with student's ability.

This study aims to 1) review the five-stage levels of inquiry learning, 2) describe the relationship of inquiry learning with social constructivism. 3) describe the conceptual models of inquiry-based social constructivism (IbSC) in chemistry learning. The 5-stage levels of inquiry learning recommended by Wenning are observation, manipulation, generalization, verification, application. This research is a qualitative descriptive based on literature from the five-stage levels of inquiry with psychology unsure a social constructivism as an effort to maximize the learning of chemistry. The results show that the five-stage levels of inquiry learning are founded some weaknesses, the learning process is an individualist, the social element is low and collaborative learning is weak, therefore in learning need to exchange information and ideas between an individual in the group and another. Conceptually the weakness of inquiry learning can be minimized through the added element of social constructivism. The syntax of inquiry-based social constructivism (IbSC) model can be formulated into 6 steps consist of observation, peer reconstruction, peer manipulation, generalization, peer verification, and application.

Naïve Bayes Imputation (NBI) is used to fill in missing values by replacing the attribute information according to the probability estimate. The NBI process divides the whole data into two sub-sets is the complete data and data containing missing data. Complete data is used for the imputation process at the lost value. The process is repeated for each missing attribute to generate complete data for classification. This research applies NBI for imputation and preprocessing as preparation of classification process. The trial of this study used NBI for imputation compared to using the mean and mode to predict the missing data. The data used for imputation is full train of complete data as a whole to predict the missing value so as to represent the entire data. The results of this study prove that imputation with NBI produces the right imputation with higher accuracy than other imputations. NBI with single imputation and multiple imputation results in better performance because of the right features. This study aims to calculate the effect of missing values on Naïve Bayes Imputation Algorithm is based on a probalistic model using mixed data. Empirically shows that the interaction between several methods of imputation and supervised classification results in differences in the performance of classification for the same imputation method.

One of the topics in graph theory is labeling. The object of the study is a graph generally represented by vertex, edge and sets of natural numbers called label. For a graph G, the function of vertex labeling g : V(G) → {0, 1} induces an edge labeling function g*: E(G) → {0, 1} defined as g*(uv) = g(u)g(v). The function g is called total product cordial labeling of G if |(v_g(0) + e_g(0)) − (v_g(1) + e_g(1))| ≤ 1 with v_g(0),v_g(1),e_g(0), and e_g(1) respectively are the number of vertex which has label zero, the number of vertex which has label one, the number of edge which has label zero and the number of edge which has label one. All graphs used in this paper are simple and connected graphs. In this paper, we will prove that some graphs with pendant vertex admit total edge product cordial labeling.

In this study we assume every graphs be a simple, finite, nontrivial, connected and undirected graphs with vertex set V(H), edge set E(H) and no isolated vertex. An r-dynamic coloring of a graph H is a proper k-coloring of graph H such that the neighbors of any vertex u accept at least min{r, d(u)} different colors. The r-dynamic chromatic number is the minimum k such that graph H has an r-dynamic k-coloring, it is shown by χ_r(H). In this research, we interpret the r-dynamic chromatic number of graph corona of order two, denoted by H₁⊙²H₂. The corona of two graphs H₁ and H₂ is a graph H₁ ⊙ H₂ formed from one copy of H₁ and |V(H₁)| copies of H₂ where the ith vertex of H₁ is adjacent to every vertex in the ith copy of H₂. For any integer l ≥ 2, we establish the graph H₁ ⊙^lH₂ recursively from H₁ ⊙ H₂ as H₁ ⊙^lH₂ = (H₁ ⊙^l−1H₂) ⊙ H₂. Graph H₁ ⊙^lH₂ is also named as l − corona product of H₁ and H₂. X_r = (P_n ⊙²H₂) and H₂ is path graph P_m, star graph S_m, complete graph K_m and fan graph F_m. In this study we will determine the lower bound of r-dynamic chromatic number of corona order two of graphs.

All graphs are finite, connected, simple, non-trivial, and undirected. The graph in this study with V(G) as vertex set and E(G) as edge set. Total-colored graph G is a total connected rainbow of any two vertices which are connected by, at least, one total rainbow path which is the edges and internal vertices which have distinct colors. The total rainbow coloring is a natural extension of edge rainbow coloring and vertex rainbow coloring. The total rainbow connection number of G, denoted by trc(G), is the smallest number of colors required to color the edges and vertices of G in order to make G total rainbow connected. This paper shows the lower and upper bounds of trc(G) and the result of the total rainbow connection number of comb product of cycle and path graphs.

All graphs in this paper are simple and connected graph. A vertex dynamic coloring is a proper vertex k-coloring of graph G such that |c(N(v_i))| ≥ min{r, d(v)} and the neighbourhood of vertex u has different colors. A bijection f : E(G) → {1, 2, 3, ..., m} is called a local antimagic dynamic coloring, such that: (1) if uv E(G), where w(u) = ∑_eE(u)f(e) and (2) for each vertex v V(G), |w(N(v_i))| ≥ min{r, d(v_i)}. The local antimagic vertex dynamic chromatic number denoted by ${\chi }_{r}^{la}(G)$ is the minimum number of colors needed to color G in such a way the graph G to be local antimagic vertex dynamic graph. In this paper, we will study the existence of the local antimagic vertex dynamic chromatic number of some graph classes, namely caterpilar, doublebroom, broom and sun graph.

The writer introduces of local super H−decomposition antimagic total coloring of G. Let G(V, E) be a graph with vertex set V and edge set E. A bijection f : V(G) ∪ E(G) → {1, 2, 3, ..., |V(G)| + |E(G)|} is called a local H−decomposition antimagic total labeling for any two adjacent subgraph H₁ and H₂, w_t(H₁) ≠ w_t(H₂), where w_t(H) = ∑_{v∈ V(H)}f(v) + ∑_{e∈ E(H)}f(e). Thus, any local super H−decomposition antimagic total labeling induces a proper subgraph coloring of G if each subgraph H is assigned by color w_t(H). A coloring graph of local super H-decomposition antimagic total coloring is an assignment of colors minimum number. The colors minimum number of graphs namely is chromatic number, denoted by γ_laH(G). In this paper, the writer studies the local super H−decomposition antimagic total coloring of graphs namely path graph, cycle graph, prims graph, and jahangir graph.

We using graph G = (V(G), E(G), F(G)) be a nontrivial, finite, connected graph, and a g bijective function mapping total labeling of graph to natural number start form 1 until the sum of vertices, edge, and faces. The sum of vertices, edges, and faces labels in a face f is called the weight of the face f ∈ F(G). If any adjacent two faces f₁ and f₂ have different weights w(f₁) ≠ w(f₂) for f₁, f₂ ∈ F(G), then g is called a labeling of local antimagic total face. We call labeling of local antimagic total face is super if we add vertices label start from 1 until the sum of vertices, edges label start from the sum of vertices plus 1 until the sum of vertices and edges, and faces label start form the sum of vertices and edges plus one untul the sum of vertices, edges, and faces. The local super antimagic total face labeling that induces a proper faces coloring of G where the faces f is assigned by the color w(f) is called local super antimagic total face coloring. The minimum number of colors in local super antimagic total face coloring is local antimagic total face chromatic number and denoted by γ_latf(G). In this paper, we used some planar graph such as wheel graph (W_n), jahangir graph (J(2, n)), ladder graph (L_n), and circular ladder graph (CL_n). Our results attained the lower bound of local super antimagic total face chromatic number.

A graph G = (V, E) be connected, finite, and undirected graph without multiple edges and loops. Graph G(V, E) consists two sets of vertices V and edge E. A graph called related cycle if the subgraph of graph G contains a cycle. Local antimagic total edge labeling is defined a bijection f : V ∪ E → {1, 2, 3, ..., |V | + |E|}, if for any two adjacent edges e₁ and e₂, w_t(e₁) ≠ w_t(e₂), where for e = ab ∈ G, w_t(e) = f(a) + f(ab) + f(b). Thus, the local antimagic total edge labeling induces a proper edge coloring of G if each edge e is assigned the color w_t(e). The local antimagic total edge chromatic number of G denoted by γ_late(G), is the minimum of colors needed to coloring the edges of a graph, the number of distinct induced edge labels over all local antimagic total labeling of G. In this paper we study the local antimagic total edge coloring of some related cycle of graphs and determined the chromatic number of some related cycle graphs namely triangular book Bt_r, prism graph P_r, sun graph M_r and kite graph K_{r, s}.

Internship is one way to improve the ability of workers in the industry. Problems that exist in apprenticeship monitoring have not been effective. This study aims to 1) review the effective management of internship, 2) describe the improved quality of learning in vocational high school toward industry 4.0. 3) illustrate the conceptual model of e-monprakerin in vocational high school. The management of internship consists of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling. This research is qualitative descriptive research based on the literature as an effort to maximize the management of internship in vocational high schools to support the end goals of the industry 4.0. The industry 4.0 covers the automation and digital data exchange in the industrial technology including cyber-physical systems, the internet of thing, cloud computing and cognitive computing. The results show that the internship management has found the weaknesses in some aspects that are planning process, organization, actuation and control. Conceptually, the inadequacies of the internship monitoring can be minimized through the additional elements of e-monprakerin.

Water is the most important need to support human life. Potentially, seawater is an alternative solution to solve water crisis problem especially in coastal areas. However, seawater have 3,5% salinity level. Water with high salinity is certainly not consumable. One effort that can be done to overcome the clean water crisis in the coastal areas is through desalination of seawater to produce water with low salinity. Some of the desalination methods that ever existed were MSF (Multi Stage Flash Distillation) and Reverse Osmosis. But both of these methods have high investment cost. Therefore, a cheaper and easier method to apply such as distillation is required. Distillation is done by drying the seawater under the sun which triggers the evaporation of water that evaporates and condenses to obtain freshwater. In this research, distillation system is combined with convex lens and Ag doped ZnO thin film. The convex lens is a lens that can focus heat and sunlight after passing through the lens. The use of the convex lens in the distillation system can speed up the evaporation process of seawater. The distillation system is made of glass and aluminum. Ag doped ZnO thin film was synthesized from AgNO3 and ZnCH3COOH by sol-gel method. Based on photocatalyst activity, when the Ag doped ZnO thin film is exposed with visible light, it will form a superoxide compound that can degrade pollutant such as heavy metals, eliminating harmful microbes and bacteria. This material also has a hydrophilicity that makes the water absorbed by the material coated with the thin film. With this characteristic, it can make the water more easily move on the glass due to the influence of gravity. Tests carried out include characterization of a thin layer of Ag doped ZnO, evaporation rate and water quality. From this technology, it can increase the production of freshwater and quality from the seawater desalination process with distillation method.

An Islamic Boarding School is one of Islamic religious education institutions that have an important role in supporting Islamic religious education in Indonesia. Islamic Boarding School has physical facilities to support the learning activities and all supporting activities. This study aims to determine the influence model between the performance factors of physical facilities based on Islamic Boarding School needs and user satisfaction. The research location is Islamic boarding school Al-Fatah Malang Regency East Java. Performance factors are structured with reference to green and smart building principles. The methods used are Multiple Linear Regression, Dynamic Programming, and Quantitative Method (QM). The research results generated ten performance factors including Security, Safety and Healthy, Facilities Function, Architectural Aesthetics, Easiness and Affordability, Structural Reliability, Building Durability, Comfortable and Regularity, Availability and Capacity of Facilities, and Implementation of Environmentally Friendly Concept. The ten performance factors have a significant influence on green and smart building performance. The steps of optimization results include Security on Luggage-Free from accidents caused by building design-Natural lighting function-Aesthetic in landscapes, sculpture, and vegetation-Easy in location accessibility from the surrounding areas-Comfort in roof structure performance-Condition in dormitory building-Comfort in dormitory rooms-Availability and capacity of bathrooms-Alternative energy from solar source.

This study aimed to measure the initial character values of the public junior high school students in Ponorogo. Michele Borba shows the way to build the character through seven main virtues: Empathy, conscience, self-control, respect, kindness, tolerance, and justice. These virtues make human quality. This study applied descriptive-quantitative method with the sample of 280 public junior high school students in Ponorogo. The data were measured with a Likert scale with gradations from very positive to very negative. The results of the study showed the students' levels of virtue: Empathy by 73.6%, conscience by 78.1%, self-control by 76%, respect by 39.6%, kindness by 80.7%, tolerance by 17.8%, and justice by 83.5%. From the results of the field study, the percentage of the lacking character values were respect and tolerance that need to be further improved.

Mathematical representation is students' ability in expressing mathematical ideas in the form of drawings, mathematical equations, and words/written text. Mathematical representation is needed in solving mathematical problems. This research aims to find out the profile of students' mathematical representation in solving geometry problems. The research method uses descriptive with subjects of 33 students of class VIII Junior High School Muhammadiyah 1 Surakarta. Data is collected by a mathematical representation test. Data analysis show that there are 21.21% of students with high representation ability, 33.33% students with moderate representation ability, and 45.46% of students with low representation ability. Based on the results, it is known that most of the students still have low mathematical representation ability. Students find it difficult to understand problems and write equations correctly. This is because students are not used to solving problems in the form of visual, verbal, and symbolic representations. Therefore, the teacher must train the students' mathematical representation skills by applying multiple representation learning models.

This research is an experiment about learning model of Thinking Aloud Pairs Problem Solving (TAPPS), Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS), and Discovery Learning (DL) viewed through Adversity Quotient (AQ) in mathematics learning achievement with quasi experimental using 3x3 of factorial design. The subjects of the research were 280 students from three Vocational High Schools in Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia. The research instruments used were test and questionnaire. The data analysis technique used was two-way anova with unbalanced cells and post hoc test using Scheffe method. The research results showed that: 1) TSTS improves mathematics learning achievement better than TAPPS and DL learning models. The use of TAPPS leads to better mathematics learning achievement than the use of DL. 2) Students with AQ climbers showed better mathematics learning achievement than those with AQ campers and quitters types. Students with campers type showed better mathematics achievement than students of quitters type. 3) Students with AQ climbers type have better mathematics learning achievement than students with AQ quitters type when subjected to the TAPPS, students with AQ climbers type have better mathematics learning achievement than students with AQ quitters type when subjected to the DL, and students with AQ campers type have better mathematics learning achievement than students with AQ quitters type when exposed to the DL. 4) For students with AQ climbers and quitters types, learning by using TSTS give better mathematics learning achievement than using DL.

This study aims to analysis student's critical thinking abilities in the material circulation system. The sample of this study was taken by cluster random sampling as many as 32 student of XI MIA class in a high school in Surakarta. The test using essays as many as 6 questions developed based on aspects of critical thinking by fascione. Data were analyzed by using qualitative descriptive method . Based on the data analysis, the average percentage of student's critical thinking ability was low (37.29%). Percentage of interpretation aspect was low (45.81%). Percentage aspects of analysis was low (33.59%). Percentage of evaluation aspect was low (30.01%). Percentage of aspects inferential was low (27,01%). Explained aspect percentage was low (24.84%). Percentage aspect of self-regulation of medium category (62,50%). The results of this study indicate student's critical thinking skills are still low category. This is because teachers still have not innovated the approach to the learning process, so students are less interested in the learning process. It causes the critical thinking skills acquired by students to below.

The purpose of this study is to describe the students' process of creative thinking in solving geometry problems based on the level of Van Hiele in class VII-E SMP Negeri 1 Jember. This research is a descriptive research with qualitative approach. Data collection methods used were tests and interviews. In this study, data analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis. Data analyzed in this research is students' answer sheet on problem solving test about creative thinking process and result of interview. The results of the analysis show that each subject differs in the creative thinking process. Creative thinking process at the stage of preparation according to Van Hiele level but at the incubation stage, illumination stage, and verification stage does not match the level of Van Hiele. So, not all students who is at a high level in Van Hiele Level, their creative thinking process is also high and vice versa. This is due to different students' experiences in solving problems and concentration levels of students.

Higher order thinking skills are the ability to think not just recall, restate, or recite but it reaches several dimensions of knowledge, including metacognitive dimensions. Students who have higher order thinking skills will be have the ability of connect different concepts, interpret, problem solving, communication, reasoning, and make the right decisions. Identification of higher order thinking skills needs to be done through research and the results are expected to be used as a reference to design of instructional strategies that are appropriate to the characteristics of students. In this study, identification is done by measuring the ability of problem solving, communication, and reasoning skills. The results showed that students' ability to solve of well structured problem including satisfactory but the ability to solve of ill structured problem needs to be developed. For communication skill, students are still not used to expressing their ideas in scientific writing. For reasoning skill, although students are able to reason on some aspects, but in general still not satisfactory. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a proper physics instructional design and in accordance with the characteristics of students to teach higher order thinking skills.

This research describes students' problems in communicating geometry mathematic problems solving. The research is descriptive qualitative. The subject is 30 eighth graders of SMP 2 Kudus. Those students are grouped into three categories: (1) students experiencing problems in communicating mathematic solution in the form of mathematical expression, (2) drawing, and (3) written text. The steps to categorize the subjects are: (1) giving mathematic communication task, (2) doing assignment based interview to confirm the answers of the students, and (3) grouping the subjects into three categories experiencing mathematic solving problems. The instruments to collect the data are problem solving tasks and interviews. The findings show students with the problems take form into mathematical expression, drawing, and written text.

Gaharu tree (Aquilaria malaccensis) is the most potential type of gaharu tree. Based on the subject of high level botany as included in the 21^st century curriculum, students are encouraged to observe any local wisdom, including the identification of gaharu tree. The purposes of this study are to recognize students' concept mastery of gaharu tree identification and students' performance of gaharu oil distillation process. The data were analyzed quantitatively. Forty students of Biology study program who are taking high level botany subject participated in this study. They were divided into two classes: twenty one students of class A and nineteen students of class B. The result showed that the concept mastery of gaharu tree identification for both classes were good. Class A obtained 85.71, while class B was 94.74. For distillation process activity, the mean score for class A was 87.3 and class B was 88.9. Based on the results, it can be concluded that students' mastery concept of gaharu tree (Aqualaria malacensis) identification and students' performance of gaharu oil distillation process have good criteria. These could be used as the learning activities in the local content included in 21^st century curriculum on the subject of high level botany.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Team Assisted Individualization (TAI) toward geometry learning achieve-ment. This research was quasi experiment. The research sample was 113 students in junior high school in 1 Eromoko in academic years of 2016/2017 that was selected by using cluster random sampling. The participants responded to the questionnaire based on Gardner's theory that were used to collected interpersonal intelligence data and achievement test to obtain students mathematics learning achieve-ment data. Hypothesis testing used two ways analysis of variance (ANOVA) with unbalanced cells. The result of the research showed that learning method has p value 0.001, multiple intelligence categories has p value 0.004 and interaction has p value 0.567. It can be concluded that TAI gave a different effect on mathematics learning achievement, there was a different mathematics learning achievement in each category of interpersonal intelligence and there was no interaction between interpersonal intelligent and learning models toward student's mathematics learning achievement. TAI learning model can be used by the teachers in mathematics learning, especially in the material of geometry, which can give better mathematics achievement.

To integrate mathematical literacy to Mathematics teaching, a learning task should be designed to activate students' involvement in gaining the learning experiences and the learning objectives. Therefore, teachers need to possess the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) as the integration of pedagogical knowledge, mathematics and mathematical literacy teaching methodology, knowledge about mathematics and mathematical literacy. The purpose of this research is to describe the prospective mathematics teacher's PCK in designing a learning task to integrate mathematical literacy in a math class. One of 157 prospective math teachers who was at least on 5^th semester was selected as the subject. There were three selection criteria for the subject: pedagogical knowledge, mathematical knowledge and mathematical literacy. The subject was assigned to design the learning task within 3 weeks. In order to get the profile of his PCK, the subject was interviewed on the basis of the design that he produced. The results of this study shows that the subject had a good PCK which he utilized for designing learning task. He utilized two approached of organizing learning task, i.e.presenting a mathematics problem to teach the mathematics concept followed by presenting mathematical literacy problems to give a deeper understanding of concepts or vice versa.

Virtual manipulative can be used as a tool for supporting learning mathematics for all students. Virtual manipulative can be related with the general academic curriculum and student activities. Virtual manipulative can provide students with a chance reverse of mathematical concepts and ultimately exhibit measurable learning skills. If a student is using virtual manipulative, they can use their hand coordination to create something new. Motoric skill is related to thinking ability. Motoric skill plays an essential role in th inking ability for student. This study aimed to explain how virtual manipulative can improve motoric skills. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The subjects of this study were students who were diagnosed with autism at primary and secondary levels. The results showed that learning mathematics with a virtual manipulative made the students interested in following the learning path. They tinkered with virtual manipulative coordination between the eyes and hands. Some of the motoric activities they did during math learning included counting different fingers, writing numbers that appeared on the computer screen, and composed a puzzle. Learning packed like this can increase the interest of autistic students to learn mathematics.

Students are often not convinced with proofs that they have constructed in a valid manner. As a result, it may affect their mathematical understanding completely. A conviction is a broad definition of proof. Proof is not only a physical and mental activity individually, but it is also followed by an activity of convincing one self and others. This research will elaborate the components of the cause of the mathematical conviction based on the proof construction of a Plane Euclidean Geometry theorem and a convictional questionnaires about mathematical proof construction of the theorem. These components are described from five respondents found in this study. The mathematical components of conviction have been investigated in this study, it consists of: statements in the system of axioms (strength); inference flow and form of proof (logic); conformity of proof representation (formality); identification of proof statement (completeness); generalization and the extent of proof (consistency); and precision of symbols and writing (accuracy). These six components renew and fill components that are available previously. Considering to these components within the implementation of learning, it is implied to improve students' ability in understanding proof and can convince others.

Prior knowledge and experience on the concept of definition's function gave an important rule on the students' understanding. Their prior knowledge about function relate to their understanding of sets, ordered pairs, Cartesian product, and relations. Since a concept of function is the concept related to another topics, it will develop new knowledge about the formal definition of a function. Students' obstacle in understanding those concepts rose because they found some complicacy in connecting their prior knowledge to the recent one. This research is a case study to characterize the student's obstacles in understanding those concepts to form a formal definition of a function. The subjects of this research were four out of nineteen students based on the criteria specified. The result showed that there were two characteristics, namely refung present as the first characteristic and hirefung present as the second characteristic. This study makes easier to create teaching learning process based on characteristics of students' obstacles. It can be a references for lecturers to arrange a learning trajectory based on the features of students' obstacles.

Geometry deals with spatial objects and requires skills to cultivate them. Information processing requires cognitive processes such as recognizing, transferring, rotating and communicating with others. Apparently, there are students who have difficulty in processing spatial information that affects the results of geometric achievement. This study aims to explore information about how students process spatial information. The method used is a descriptive exploratory approach with the subject of three seventh graders in junior high school students. Subjects are asked to complete tasks about the triangle and three-dimensional objects. The results of the study indicate that there are obstacles in processing spatial information, namely in the encoding process. The first and second subjects have difficulty in recognizing objects and represents rotated objects. The third subject has difficulty imagining spatial objects without any media modelling them.

The present research aims to investigate the problem-solving process of pre-service Mathematics teachers who are truth-seekers. The process of problem-solving is the stages in solving two types of problems, namely the problems with contradictory information and problems with no universal set. The participants are four Mathematics education students in the University of Jember who perform truth-seeking. The research stages comprised of (1) giving four problems and recording the participant's behavior during solving the problems, (2) analyzing the answer sheets and recordings, (3) doing triangulation through interviews, and (4) summarizing the tendency of the problem-solving process of pre-service mathematics teachers who are truth-seekers. The results of this research are (1) when solving the problems with contradictory information, participants tend not to proceed to the process of determining the solution of the p roblem, and (2) when solving the problems with no universal set is given, participants tend to determine the universal set before solving the problems. Therefore, the trends of the solving-problem process of the pre-service Mathematics teachers who are truth-seekers are not to determine the solution if the problems have wrong information and will add the universal set if the informations in the problems have not the universal set.

The application of technology in learning is very appropriate to against the industrial revolution 4.0. The use of technology is the development of online-based learning media. The aimed of this research is to develop interactive mathematics learning media based on schoology and visual basic which valid, practical and effective. This developed learning media can be accessed by online using computer devices and android smartphones. The type of this research is a development research that refers to the modified 4D development model. This research consists of three phases that is defining, designing and developing phase. The subjects of this research were 17 the 8th Grade students of SMPN 5 Jember, East Java, Indonesia. The data were collected by validation, interview, questionnaires and test. Based on the findings, showed the level of validity 95%, practicality level 98%, and the effectiveness of 88.25%.

Attitude toward mathematics is one of the challenges encountered by students while learning mathematics. The learning outcomes of the student prior to employ the learning model are still low. Based on the 2013 curriculum, it is a must for the learning at school to use the model and include Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) in learning. 2013 Curriculum is expected to facilitate the students 'attitudes toward math. One of the models expected to improve student 'attitude toward mathematics is HOTS based Problem Posing learning model. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of HOTS-based Problem Posing model in facilitating the attitude toward mathematics compared to conventional teaching. The research method used is Two-Ways ANAVA, with the subjects of 124 students of the 7^th grade from two different schools. The findings of this study indicate that the model of learning posing problem is able to facilitate student 'attitude toward mathematics in learning it.

The necessity of this research was aimed to develop momentum and impulse module form based on process image which valid, practice, and effective at physics learning in senior high school to understand the students. The aim of developing module is one of instructional material can help the student thinking systematic about the physics concepts so that it can learn by students independently. Design of the study is research and development with stages Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The limited test was conducted to 10 students and the test of class level was conducted on class XMIPA7 SMAN 2 Jember in 2018. The results validation of the product, through the average of three experts' judgment stated that the product was valid. The practicality of product showed that students gave positive responses and learning can be very good implemented. The effectiveness of the products is known from an increased understanding the topic of momentum and impulses by using a normalized gain. Expectations of the research are produced appropriate (valid, practice, and effective) students module based on process image for learning of momentum and impulse topic on students grade ten at senior high schools.

One of the important factors determining the ability of a nation in facing the challenges of the globalization era with the existence of qualified human resources is through the optimization of the role of education. The 2013 curriculum aims to prepare Indonesian people to have creative thinking skills. Creative thinking can be built when students do the process of solving problems scientifically, and it is done in small groups through Problem Based Learning (PBL). In learning, students in groups find their own solutions to the problem while the teacher acts as a facilitator. In small groups, students also collaborate, learn, and care for each other so that no student feels neglected through Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC). This study aimed to improve students' creative thinking skills by applying tools learning through PBL-based LSLC. This research was a 4-D model development study from Thiagarajan which was analyzed using validation sheets. This research was carried out in Islamic junior high school, and the research subjects were students of class VIII A. The results showed that (1) based on the test results that the application of LSLC-based PBL teaching administrations had a significant effect on students' creative thinking abilities, (2) students' attitudes, activities, and creative thinking processes increased after applying the teaching administrations that contained the PBL syntax based on LSLC.

The objective of this research is to find out the differences in terms of creative thinking ability between one class taught using implementing Mathematical problem posing based on Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC) and another class taught in conventional fashion. This research applied Mixed-Method study which was initiated by developing instructional instruments based on Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC) to train students' creativity, collaboration, and communication. This quantitative study applied experimental method with quasi experimental design. The results of this research indicated: (1) that the developed instruments meet validity, practicality, and effectiveness criteria; (2) There is ability difference of creative thinking in mathematical problem posing between the experimental class and the control class. The application of different learning in the two sample classes has an effect on the level of students' creative thinking skills. Mathematical problem posing based on Lesson Study for Learning Community can help students to understand the lesson.

The present study aims to understand the effectiveness of research-based learning in improving learning outcomes of the students in dominating set problem. This research used a triangulation method, namely the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. A quantitative method was performed by using a test and a qualitative employed was conducted by using questionnaires and an interview. The collected data were analyzed using a t-test. The results of t-test indicate the sig. (2-tailed) of independent samples t-test of pretest is 0.145 (p>0.05). Thus, it is not significant. It implies the two classes are homogeneous in term of student achievement test. The data analysis of independent sample-test of post-test the sig. (2-tailed) is 0.00 (p>0.05), therefore, is significant. It implies the student achievement tests of two classes are difference after the implementation of RBL. It shows that the students' achievement results in the experimental class are better than the control class. The implementation of RBL is proven effective in improving students' learning achievement and students' creative thinking skill.

Mental models are representations of students' minds concepts to explain a situation or an on-going process. The purpose of this study is to describe students' mental model in solving mathematical patterns of generalization problem. Subjects in this study were the VII grade students of junior high school in Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia. This study was conducted using the qualitative descriptive method to investigate students' mental model during the process of solving the problem of generalization patterns. Students were required to speak aloud what he or she was thinking about solving problems (think-aloud). Based on the data obtained, the students' mental models in solving the patterns of generalization problem can be classified into two kinds of mental models, namely: (1) direct mental model and (2) indirect mental model. Students classified using direct mental model were using the only generalization of algebraic in solving the problem. Meanwhile, students classified using indirect mental model were using a combination of both generalizations of algebraic and arithmetic. Based on the results of the study, teachers are required to take into account students' mental model in solving the generalization patterns problem to achieve better learning process.

The purpose of this study is to describe the process and result of the collaborative learning-based open-ended learning developmet and its impact on the students' creative thinking. This study applied mix method research in which the method used balance method between qualitative and quantitative research. The development model used in this study is Thiagarajan 4D. It was then being tested to the students of Grade VIII MTsN2 Jember in 2017/2018 academic year. This mix method research is used to test the effectiveness of the process and the result of a particular product. The process effectiveness was tested qualitatively while the result effectiveness was tested experimentally. The data of the study was obtained from the validation sheet, the observation sheet of the students' and the teacher's activities, the observation sheet of the students' creativity and skill development, the students' worksheet, and self-assessment sheet. The product of this study is the collaborative learning-based open-ended teaching administrations. The validity of the average value of those teaching adsministrations (lesson plan, the students' worksheet, THB) is 3,8. Based on the result of the statistical analysis between the experimental and control group upon the students' creative thinking skill in solving the open ended questions, the Sig value (2-tailed) was 0.000.< 0.05. Due to the significance value is less than 0.05, it means that H0 is rejected; Ha is received, so that the learning outcomes of students' creative thinking in the experimental group are better than the control group.

Critical thinking is one of the important skills students must possess in 21st century education. This purpose of this research is to analyse the difference of students' critical thinking ability in learning with Discovery Learning model based on Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC) with class using conventional learning. This study applies mixed method, which combines qualitative and quantitative method. Qualitative method in this study is operative on developing instructional instrument with Discovery Learning mode based on LSLC. The quantitative methods in the study is applied in the form of quasy experimental design. The research result shows that (1) the instructional instrument; valid, practical and effective criteria (2) there is difference of critical ability of control class and experiment class. This is indicated by the significant influence of application of Discovery Learning model based on LSLC on students' critical thinking ability

Sidoarjo is one of the districts in East Java that produces eggplant. Sidoarjo strives to support government policies related to the diversification program based on local food-based flour. The diversification method is the processing of eggplant into eggplant flour. Currently there are not many small or large industries that use eggplant flour, as an alternative to substituting wheat flour which is rich in vitamins. Eggplant flour can be processed into cookies, crips, steamed brownies. Research methods, using a qualitative approach to development methods and action research. That is research on the development of offline marketing models in the form of printed books and online media for eggplant flour processed products through entrepreneurial-oriented web and videos in Sukodono Village. The data retrieval technique is a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with research subjects, namely the priority of micro-entrepreneurs (MSMEs), Family Empowerment and Welfare Sukodono Village, farm families, then the results of the study using percentage data analysis.The average media feasibility of blogs, videos and textbooks that are included in very strong criteria while the average response of the learning residents to the book entitled tips for success of online marketing for farmers is included in the very feasible criteria and shows a positive response. Another benefit that marketers feel is that they are easy to communicate with customers and suppliers so that the time spent is more effective and efficient.

Tanzania is among the countries with the most significant endemic of Malaria in Africa. Considering its impact on the society Malaria turned into a national security issue in the country. Several efforts had done to save the people, which also brought several actors, from national organizations to international ones, into the process of fighting Malaria. However, it is fascinating that as a developing country, during the rapid growth of methods and achievements to combat Malaria in the planet, Tanzania would instead go back in time and use the old yet effective way by distributing insecticide-treated nets to the people intensively. Other than being financially effective, this solution is also showing the best result among other solutions provided. This paper shows that for developing countries, the case of Tanzania provides a lesson learned that utilizing a way from the past, but affordable, might be a decent option in combating national-wide health insecurity. While learning and developing modern methods in combating Malaria, we still need to put old ways into consideration. So, the solution in the past might be our way to the future.

Every human being takes responsible to the development of environmental preservation. An effort which can be applied in enhancing the environmental quality is to create an innovation dealing with waste processing as well as providing education to the society concerning environmental preservation. One of the dangerous waste products which can affect environmental preservation is plastic waste product. A team of researches developed plastic waste products into certain products which are eco-friendly and consist of economic value. Some training and education concerning the development of plastic waste management was held to teenagers aged 6-18 years in Suling Wetan Village. The number of participants of the study consisted of 30 teenagers. The finding suggests that during the training and education, teenagers tend to develop both of their soft skills and recreative value. Such training and education in waste product development can boost the society's productivity especially for teenagers and children which receive beneficial skills for them to create products that hold reduce, reuse and recycle principles.

This research to analyze the relationship between understanding Indonesian history and the historical thinking with student's historical consciousness. The Ex-postfacto is the type of this research with correlational research design.. The population of this research was Senior High School Students in Jember. Random sampling technique was used as a method to take the sample. The instruments used were documents and questionnaire. The analysis data was conducted by using correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions. The result showed that there is a positive relationship as well as the improving significantly between understanding the Indonesian history and the students' historical thinking with students' historical consciousness, with 5% of significance and 60,1 of its contributions. It showed that the understanding the Indonesian history and students' historcial thinking is able to improve the students' historical consciousness

This research is motivated by the characteristics of middle school students who are dominated by generation Z. The purpose of this study is to find out the results of the development of the Accelerated Learning Integrated by Discovery model. This development research was adapted from Borg and Gall. The results showed that: (1) Material Validation regarding the result 89%, it can be concluded that this product is classified as very good and does not need to be revised. In other words, this product can be used in the field test. (2) The Result of Design Model Validation 83%, it can be concluded that this product is classified as very good and does not need to be revised. In other words, this product can be used in the field test. (3) Result of Media Validation 82%, it can be concluded that this product is classified as very good and does not need to be revised. In other words, this product can be used in field tests. (4) Result of Linguist Validation 70%, it can be concluded that this product is classified as Good and does not need to be revised. In other words, this product can be used in field tests. Experimental results with indicators of effectiveness, and efficiency showed 79%. It means Good. (4) There is a difference between the baseline class and the trial class. The results of the model received a learning score of 80.00 while the baseline class received scor was 68.9. Referring to the criteria of the product feasibility analysis, it is concluded that the application of the Accelerated Learning Integrated by Discovery model Good and feasible to be used of students in middle school.

Society will always be changing. Because there is no community that has not changed. In the control of parents of the students also changing due to the development of information technology is growing. Using this type of qualitative research methods, and then to the techniques of data collection using observation, interview. Specify informants by using purposive sampling. The results of the research that comes from informants found that parents have their own way of educating their children. These methods include control their children in every learning activity this is done by allowing the child in any learning activities both in school and in the community. However, watch for children to always ask about the activities carried out at any time. The second way is to provide a communication device such as a mobile phone as a communication tool used by parents with their children. The last way parents do to keep them at school and the rest are not too worried about the activities of their children even though they have been using the same communication devices, namely mobile phones. Changes in how to control a teenager already begun varies in every parent. In addition, parents are now busy with work so they can not be effective in controlling their children. The last way parents do to keep them at school and the rest are not too worried about the activities of their children even though they have been using the same communication devices, namely mobile phones. Changes in how to control a teenager already begun varies in every parent. In addition, parents are now busy with work so they can not be effective in controlling their children. The last way parents do to keep them at school and the rest are not too worried about the activities of their children even though they have been using the same communication devices, namely mobile phones. Changes in how to control a teenager already begun varies in every parent. In addition, parents are now busy with work so they can not be effective in controlling their children.

Women's leadership in the education sector began to show a rising trend. This is because the glass ceiling barrier that has been turned into a maze, where more women to contribute at the leadership level, is one of the leaders in schools with special needs. Schools with special needs are schools that serve education for individuals who have differences. All children with special needs have the same rights in their needs education, where they need education more participatory and collaborative, as well as various studies that have been done are more feminist leadership characteristics. This article will discuss the leadership styles of women in special needs schools in Jember, especially in facing the challenges of the 21st century skills. This study uses qualitative research methods with engineering data in the form of in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion reduction. Research informants for people who are principals in special needs schools in Jember.. The results showed that the leadership style used by female leaders in schools with special needs in Jember Regency was more to involve relational or transformational, where leadership was built on the basis of communication, relationships, and teamwork, but among these were specific instructional leadership strategies. Women leaders to pay more attention and mentoring and encourage appropriate behavior, both with teachers and students with special needs in their schools. The results of this study can be used by feminist leadership with the characteristics of caring, visionary, collaborative, courage, and intuition.

Life in society today shows competition in all aspects, one of them in the realm of education. Education in Indonesia still has a lack of capacity when compared to developed countries. This is because the learning process only focuses on the cognitive domain, while the creativity of students is less developed. Students tend to be passive, and tend to memorize. Low creative thinking ability influences student learning outcomes, one of them in Balung State High School. This type of research is an experiment, by comparing two methods, namely problem solving method and PBL. The method used is qualitative and quantitative, with sources of test data, observation and documentation. The results of preliminary observations show that there is a significant homogeneity of 0.956 which shows greater than α (0.05), so that all XI IPS classes have homogeneous abilities. The results of preliminary observations showed that the XI IPS 3 class was the control class and the XI IPS 1 class was the experimental class.

This paper aims to: (1) obtain learning media products using the Sigil application as a learning media for history in the first year high school with a validated 4D model, and (2) learning the application of digital books using the Sigil application as a medium for learning history. The problem presented in this paper is the learning motivation of students in learning history. This is because students are not practical enough to carry and also read thick history books. Another problem is that history learning is known as a lesson issued because of the attractiveness of interactive learning media used in historical learning. Observations made by the authors make learning learning interesting, namely: developing digital books (e-books) using the Sigil application, while students do not need to carry historical reading books. Students can open digital books (e-books) via cellphones (smartphones) or their respective laptops related to historical learning. So that students are expected to be able to improve learning outcomes and help learn history and students are expected to reach a high level by using literacy after using E-book learning media through the Sigil application in learning history. The type of research used is development research with a 4D model.

Learning designed using technology will provide facilities for students to get better results. This study aims to produce interesting and effective learning media in learning history. The results of the analysis found in the field are learning media that are used is traditional so students are not interested in learning and student learning outcomes are not optimal. One of the technologies that can be used to overcome this problem is using software such as google classroom. Development of this learning media uses the ADDIE model. Google classroom is an application that can save time and paper, distribute tasks, and communicate regularly. Based on these explanations, this article discusses the development of google classroom as a media for learning history.

The activity of human being can't be divided by either time or space elements. Some particular activities or circumstances are always related to the place in which they occur. A study of historical geography examines the relation between space and time in the past which demonstrates particular phenomenon exploratively at that time. This study aims to identify the effect of geographic situation which affects the two biggest civilizations in the world, namely Chinese and Egyptian. The current research takes form of expos facto research. The finding indicates that the natural environment in both civilizations give significant influence on the development of civilization in Egypt and China. The naturals situation both in Nile and Hwangho waters is the main geographical factor that supports the persistence of high cultural communities in the region.

Clarias gariepinus is a special catfish and highly favorable by the people. It occurs because the cultivation doesn't need specific terrain, big budget, high water supply, easy to be maintained and fast growth. The tasty and mouthwatering meat are the reasons why this cultivation business is promising huge profit. The aquaculture of Clarias gariepinus is well known and being business opportunity in many region, including Serut village in Panti sub-district. As the time goes, the problem occurs among the catfish farmers begin with over feeding, pricey feed, the disease attack and prevalent growth among the fish. This problem needs solution with a knowledge and applying simple technology to enhance the aquaculture performance. Through approaching the youth organization and farmer group by using communication, discussion and joint working, the team finally summed up the output as follows: pond construction and its instrument, workshop and training, manufacturing the alternative feed and the manual of feeding, the issue of developing catfish aquaculture services, partnership or any other related program, long term-achievement simulation for catfish aquaculture in Serut village of Panti sub-district, Jember regency. Through this program, the catfish performance is enhancing therefore it increase the farmers' income and develop the scale of cultivation as business opportunity for the community. Last but not least, the achievement of catfish aquaculture development makes the Serut village become the model of developing catfish aquaculture in other region.

Tradition is the identity of a society which is preserved to keep the values; it is all about the good and right things and practices within the community. Nevertheless, a tradition known as "bacha bazi" in Afghanistan became a threat to human security. That turned out to be an unbreakable cycle of sexual exploitation in society. To combat the human insecurity occurred because of bacha bazi, the Afghan government along with international organizations have made the efforts of securitization that did not succeed. Solving its failure, Afghan government revised the entire chapter of criminal code to bacha bazi. However, considering bacha bazi as a communal practice that has been constructed for hundreds of years within the society of Afghanistan, this paper argues that law enforcement would still make a roof for the violation of justice. This paper suggests that instead of applying law enforcement, the education development within the society should be considered as the first path on the list to combat the human insecurity caused by bacha bazi from within. Accordingly, the education development could shorten the road towards securitization. So, which one should come first to combat the human insecurity of bacha bazi in Afghanistan?

This study aims to determine the results of developing edmodo-based online learning media to support 21st century skills. Research and development adapted from Borg and Gall. Based on the type of ordinal data, researchers intend to identify the percentage value of the product that developed as data analysis. This finding shows that: (1) media validation has a percentage of 85% and it can be concluded that Edmodo are very good and do not need to be revised. It means that this media can be used for learning resources. (2) Material validation has a percentage of 88% and when viewed from the table of product feasibility analysis, it is categorized as very good and does not need to be revised. (3) The results of limited group experiments showed: 84% attractiveness aspect, 80% media efficiency, and 80% media effectiveness. Whereas, (4) broad group experiment shows that the aspect of attractiveness is 83%, media efficiency is 82%, and media effectiveness is 81%. Referring to the criteria of the product feasibility analysis, it is concluded that the application of Edmodo is very good and feasible to be used as an online learning media to support the skills of students in the 21st century.

Social problems arise from the high level of community stress in urban densely populated areas, which the most affected are children. Children need open space to play, learn, exercise, and recreation to grow and develop as well as for cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills but urban development often excludes the need for Green Open Space (GOS). Based on Convention on the Rights of the Child In 1989, children as part of the community has a fundamental right to grow and develop appropriately that must be met. The Indonesian Government seeks to fulfill the rights of children through the Child-Friendly City (CFC) program by providing child-friendly GOS, which the common problems are the scarcity of land in urban areas and the green open spaces which are not child-friendly. This research analyzed using life cycle interaction between nature system: biotic (plants, fauna), abiotic (water, climate), and human system (children, family, communities) in GOS to enhance the education for children in the urban area in Indonesia. This paper aims to review the GOS whether it has complied with a child-friendly and efforts should be made so that the existing GOS into a child-friendly and enhance the children education.

This study aimed to identify the megalithic tradition in Banyuwangi which is still presents until this day to preserve the heritage of the megalithic tradition in Banyuwangi. Some relics of the megalithic tradition in Banyuwangi are damaged due to the act of looting and land conversion. This study of megalithic archeology research in Banyuwangi applied historical research procedures and literature study approach. Field observation applied in order to prove the authenticity and the credibility of the literature, and the discussions with the leaders of the region, researchers and the residents was done in order to find out their conservation efforts. The results showed that many relics of the megalithic traditions were found in Banyuwangi, namely residential caves, dolmen, menhirs, megalithic statues, manic beads and daily food producing tools of Neolithic society. The state of the heritage such as the caves are still as original as before, even some of them are remained untouched by the researcher. Meanwhile, the relics that are in the form of dolmen, menhirs and megalithic statues were damaged due to the act of looting and land conversion. The results of this study can be used as a supporting source containing the information in regards of the existence of the megalithic tradition's heritage in Banyuwangi, as well as the data for the Banyuwangi government to maintain its sustainability.

Situbondo Regency is located in the province of East Java. It is located on the north coast. Apart from the amazing natural beauty, the city preserves the beauty of culture from Situbondo batik cloth. The motifs are mostly pattemed with shells and seafood. The history of Batik Situbondo has been started for a long time. There are a number of versions of Batik in Situbondo in the ancient times. One of the well-known Batik is in Selowongo Vilage, Bungatan District, Situbondo City.The Batik has been availabe since the Dutch colonia Era called as Batik Lente. The Batik actually has existed since 1970. This can be proven by the inheritance of Batik cloth in Peleyan Village. But along with several problems that occurred, it caused Batik in Situbondo to decline. However, along with the time, it made Batik hard to develop again due to the awareness of ancestral love of the culture.

The requirement of the 21st century proposes many innovation of several facets. Education as a mean of changes plays important role in developing a nation. Meanwhile, there are several issues found which promotes education quality becomes decrease. In order to improve education quality is strengthening educational research. Educational research is a concrete attempt to resolve and develop education practices and provides expected human resources. Many research tried to examine new methods, strategies, techniques within education practice in order to meet learning goals. This article focuses on a new method designed by Joseph Renzulli named Enrichment Triad Model to deal with educational issues found nowadays in the classroom, particularly history learning. Enrichment is a learning method applied to enrich many aspects within learning process. This study is quasi-expermental design. The results based on independent t-test show that Enrichment Triad Model significantly enhaces students' history learning outcomes.

In the midst of industrial developments involving massive exploitation of nature, green literature emerged as a form of demonstration by poets. Green literature is a variety of literature that promotes nature and protects nature. Green writers are a name for Indonesian writers who are determined to call for protection and nature conservation. Somewhat late than other countries, but this is the movement that led to the emergence of ecocriticism in Indonesia. The method in writing this paper is a literature study related to forest land use and the existence of green writers in Indonesia. Green literature is a criticism of natural exploitation activities. The existence of green literature that gives a message about the preservation of nature can also be utilized in the world of education, for example being an apperception of geography or environmental education learning.

Coffee commodity is one of the most potential item product of Indonesia. One of which is coffee production of Mulyorejo village, located in Silo, Jember district. The coffee production process obtains particular socio-cultural system. This socio-cultural manner can be seen from several perspectives, namely; 1) a livelihood system, includes land-processing process, this process was used in maintaining and planting system. The treatment and planting systems comprises of six stages, namely coffee sorting, planting, maintenance, fertilizing, harvesting and post-harvesting and marketing. 2) Social system was the system of interaction based on the structure of coffee farmer such as interaction system amongst coffee peasants, coffee peasants with coffee workers, and peasants towards wholesalers. 3) The system found at coffee peasants of Mulyorejo was called the ArokatSelametan. Coffee peasants of Mulyorejo obtained a religious ritual that was carried out every month, especially 'Syuro' an expression of gratitude.

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Majalaya region located in Bandung Regency became one of the largest textile producers in West Java, around 60 percent of which was produced by Majalaya. The interesting thing to study, why land conversion functions, from agricultural land to industrial area.Whereas the geographical area of Majalaya in the Citarum watershed was originally known as a fertile agrarian region.This study used the historical method. The historical method had four stages of work, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The analysis carried out based on a spatial and anthropological approach. The results of the study show Malajaya as the center of the textile industry since the era of the Dutch East Indies government until the beginning of the New Order experienced its own ups and downs and dynamics. However, indigenous textile entrepreneurs managed to overcome various difficulties such as limited capital, equipment, and various government regulations from the colonial period to the New Order. Even in its limitations the entrepreneurs and workers have creatively diversified their products, and managed to market them to various cities, so they can survive today.

The mathematical generalization process is a powerful thinking skills that should be present in mathematical learning. Especially in the higher education students, the lecturer should maintain this process to sharp their deep understanding to form their mathematical generalization thinking skills. This paper aims to study the implementation of research based learning in developing students mathematical generalization thinking skills in solving a paving blocks design problems. The method used in this research is a mix method, which combines the qualitative and quantitative methods. The research subjects consisted of 40 students of experiment class and 35 students of control class. The pre test and post test were applied into two research classrooms to solve a square colored paving blocks design problem. Students are encourage to construct a design with two colors, namely blue and white and consider the beauty as a key factor too. The problem arising in the construction of a colorful paving design is how to develop a colored paving blocks decoration such that the number of colored paving respecting to several size of n x n form an arithmetic sequence, as well as the number of colored paving required can be determined easily. Once the problems done by the students, we analyze their level of three category of their mathematical generalization thinking skills, namely low, medium, high under the implementation of a research based learning. The results show, after the application of research based learning, 23% students are categorized in low level of mathematical generalization thinking skills, and 27% are categorized medium level of mathematical generalization thinking skills and 50% are categorized in high level of mathematical generalization thinking skills. The statistic analysis of students t-test score at level of confidence 5% is 0.041 (0.041< 0.05), which is significant. Thus, we conclude the implementation of research based learning can improve the students mathematical generalization thinking skills in solving a paving blocks design problem.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the implementation of research-based learning models based on their cognitive style on the improvement of students' critical thinking skills. This study employed Mix Method analysis with the 2x2 factorial design. 124 students who took Play and Game courses in the Teacher Education of Early Childhood Education Study Program. They were selected randomly using the multistage random sampling method. The results of this study indicated that: (1) students' critical thinking abilities with research-based learning models are higher than cooperative learning models. (2) there was a significant interaction between learning models and cognitive styles on students' critical thinking abilities. (3) for groups of students with a field dependent cognitive style, students' critical thinking abilities with research-based learning models are higher than those with cooperative learning models. (4) for groups of students with independent field cognitive style, critical thinking abilities of students who learnt by research-based learning models are higher than those who were learned by cooperative learning models. The results of this study show that research-based learning models can improve students' critical thinking skills based on their cognitive skills in Play and Game modules.