Table of contents

The 3rd International Conference on Biomass 2018 was successfully conducted by Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center (SBRC), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in cooperation with Indonesian Bioenergy Expert Association (IKABI), Indonesian Biogas Association (AbgI), Niigata University of International and Information Studies; University of Science Malaysia (USM), Malaysia; Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Japan; College of Engineering, Villanova University, USA; Biomass Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Japan; Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Japan; Head of Energy and Environment Unit, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Malaysia; and was supported by Indonesia Estate Crop Fund Palm Oil; PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk; The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education Republic of Indonesia; Bogor Agricultural University on 1-2 August 2018 in Bogor, Indonesia. This conference with the theme of Accelerating the Technical Development and Commercialization for Sustainable Bio-based Product and Energy was the third international scientific conference on biomass in Indonesia. This biomass-themed conference is conducted annually to raise current global issues in biomass.

The committee accepted 56 of over 95 papers which were presented in the conference and the selected papers are published in this ICB 2018 proceeding. These papers were classified into the following groups:

1. Production Technology of Bioenergy

2. Biomaterial and Biochemical

3. Feedstock, Environment, Sustainability, Policy

4. Management, Business, Economy, ICT, Other Products/Applications.

List of Steering Committee and Organizing Committee are available in this PDF.

List of Photo available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Carbon Footprint of two different type fuel production systems, made of/from used cooking oil, i.e., Strait Vegetable Oil (SVO) and Bio Diesel Fuel (BDF), resulted a substantial GHG emission credit on SVO, -3.45 kg CO₂e, compared with that of BDF, -2.95 kg CO₂e, predominantly due to the emissions derived from methanol and electricity used in the BDF production. The cost analyses also favoured the SVO system at 82 JPY credit if steam use was excluded, approximately 27 JPY advantageous than the BDF system, due to the extra costs of methanol, electricity and absorbent used in the BDF production.

Many large oil palm plantation in Indonesia are located in lowland and flood prone areas, especially in South Sumatera. This causes the plant cannot produce optimally, do not grow well, and even death. The purpose of this research was to investigate the productivity of oil palm located in lowland and floodprone areas of Kelola Sendang Landscape, South Sumatera through groundtruthing (ground check) for validation of a GIS model. The research was conducted at lowland area of 6 (six) oil palm plantation companies located in the area of Musi Banyuasin District and Banyuasin District, South Sumatera Province. The result showed that the diversity of oil palm plant growth was quite high due to the number of inserted or abnormal plants and plant death. The low productivity of oil palm crops in lowland areas in the companies was caused by inadequate water management, lack of maintenance of plants, especially fertilization and weed control. The level of oil palm productivity in lowland areas were less than 50% of S3 standards land suitability class.

Tapioca starch is able to form flexible transparent film eventhough the film was made without the use of additional chemicals. However, films made from tapioca starch still have various disadvantages in terms of functional properties. It is therefore an effort have to be done by adding chemical additif such as nanopartikel. The main objective of this study was to improve the functional properties of tapioca starch packaging by using ZnO nanoparticle as repair agents and glycerol as plasticizers. Some properties of the biofilm were analyzed including thickness, tensile strength, elongation, and water vapor permeability as well as antibacterial properties. The addition of nanoparticles was carried out in the amount of 0%, 1%, and 2% by weight of starch (w/w). While glycerol was used at 20% by weight of starch (v/w). The result of biofilm thickness can be determined the best treatment that was at 2% of ZnO where as the film had thickness value approaching JIS (Japanesse Industrial Standart) with 0,1087 mm. The highest tensile strength was reached at value of 2%, while the highest elongation was at 0% concentration Water vapor permeability (WVP) allowed the best results at 2% concentration of ZnO with a value of 1.0146 × 10⁻⁹gs⁻¹m⁻¹Pa⁻¹. The results of this study indicated that tapioca starch film containing ZnO nanoparticle could be used as food packaging material with antibacterial properties. The inhibition index of the film was 7,67 mm from the film with 2% ZnO to bacteri of E. coligreater than film witl 1% ZnOat about 5,40 mm. Meanwhile, for Salmonella sp., after 24 h incubation, the film either 1% and 2% ZnO nanoparticle exhibited 6, 97 mm of clear zone of diameter.

Torrefaction is a mild heat treatment that improves hydrophobicity, durability, and grindability of wood. In combination with pelletization, torrefaction maximizes energy density. Although the usage of torrefied fuel has been mainly aimed at large-scale power generation, small-scale decentralized heat utilization has benefit of easier supply with raw materials from local communities. In this study, for the small-scale use of torrefied pellets in the local communities, a combustion test using a small cooking stove was carried out. In comparison with normal wood pellets, both pellets burned with flame, and no significant difference was observed in their ignition. Given the longer non-flame combustion period of torrefied pellets than normal pellets, the combustion chamber was kept hot for a longer period. Although torrefied fuel has been assumed for large-scale power generation, it can be possibly utilized as a convenient fuel for cooking and heating in the local communities with advantage in storage and handling.

Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a common pest of warehouses in Indonesia not only of corn kernels. The fog or smoke is used for many purposes especially for food, but as naturally pesticides that are rarely used in agriculture. The population of S. zeamais needs to be controlled to avoid huge damage of corn, including weight and texture loss. The common naturally method is fogging on kernel before and during storage. The purpose of this study was to assess the biological performance of S. zeamais including a number of individual and the amount of frasses in each treatment with different fogging duration. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design method with four levels of fogging duration of 0, 15, 30, 45 minutes under three replications for each treatment. The results showed that the duration of fogging had a significant effect on S. zeamais population. In contrast, the amount of frass was not significantly different between treatment. The 45 minutes was indicated as the most effective time controlling S. zeamais population. Fogging is an eco-friendly and cheapest method controlling pest rather than chemical treatments. The fogged kernels indicated the significant effect to control infestation of S. zeamais in corn kernels. This current research also revealed diverse utilize of smoke, either as natural smoke or liquid for pesticide.

Efforts to increase the potential utilization of cassava bagasse (tapioca industrial by-product) as food can be done by improving its appearance (colour and odour), increasing protein content, and decreasing HCN levels. The aim of this research was to apply the abrasion peeling method and fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae in powder form to improve the characteristics of the cassava bagasse flour. The study was prepared in a Completely Randomized Block Design with 2 factors. The first factor was peeling method with two levels: washing method and abrasion method; the second factor was fermentation time with four levels, i.e. 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days. The results research showed that the treatment of abrasion method and 4-days fermentation was the best treatment which will produce the cassava bagasse flour with protein content as 6.98%, cyanide content as 8.87%, whiteness degree as 52,70%, odour score as 5.95, starch content as 46.69%, dietary fiber as 23.13% and fat content as 0.95%. Compared to the cassava bagasse flour produced by the small-scale tapioca industry, the cassava bagasse flour of this research had a better white degree (52.70 versus 31.50), higher protein content (6.98% versus 0.92%), lower cyanide content (4.67 ppm versus 30.52 ppm), and a better odor score (5.95 versus 4.50). Improved appearance, increased protein content, and decreased cyanide content through improved peeling methods and the application of fermentation processes will increase the potential use of cassava bagasse as food.

Palmoil biodiesel is a methyl ester of fatty acid which potentially facing oxidative rancidity during storage due to both internal or external factors, resulting in an increase of free fatty acid and peroxide compounds. This study aimed to determine the effect of essential oils addition as biodiesel antioxidants. The essential oils used were cloves leaves oil, patchouli oil and citronella oil with concentrations of 0.25% and 0.5%v/v. Oxidative stability was observed at storage temperature of 27°C and 60°C. The best treatment was chosen based on the highest CPI (Composite Performance Index) value, obtained from 0.5% clove oil addition at storage temperature of 27°C. The CPI value was 339.75, acid number 0.68 mg KOH/g, peroxide number 17.54 mg O₂/100 g, kinematic viscosity 4.48 cSt and rancimat test 12.91 hours.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the production of broiler chicken carcass fed on rice bran biomass in different marketed ages. A total of 96 samples were used and conducted in complete randomized design with four treatments and three replications. Fermented rice bran were added in commercial rations broiler 5% in aged 3 weeks, 10% in aged 4 weeks and 15% in aged 5 weeks. The observed variables were the percentage of carcass, leg, wing, breast and back. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. Least significant difference test was conducted if there were significant differences among the treatments. The results showed that different market ages significantly affected the percentage of carcass, leg, wing, breast, and back. In conclusion, different market ages significantly affected the percentage of carcass, drumstick, wing, breast and back of broiler chicken. Therefore, in order to obtain profitable carcass, it is better to market at the age of four weeks.

Lignin degradation of Oil Palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as raw material for bioethanol production has been successfully performed by organosolv pretreatment. This paper presents the study and optimization of organosolv pretreatment on Delignification of OPEFB as raw material of bioethanol. Ethanol was used in organosolv pretreatment as the organic solvent. Organosolv pretreatment disrupted the lignocellulosic matrix to a considerable extent and increased hydrolysability of pretreated materials. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the optimal condition operation of each significant variable, which included organic solvent concentration, reaction time, and particle size. The Box-Behnken Design (BDD) was employed to investigate the individual crucial component of the condition operation that significantly affected lignin degradation. The maximum lignin degradation was obtained 27.68% which correspond to 65% (v/v) of ethanol, with reaction time 65 min and 50 mesh of particle size. Therefore, it can be concluded that organosolv pretreatment can be used to degrade lignin from OPEFB as a bioethanol feedstock.

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) are lignocellulose by products which are generated from oil palm fruit pressing. To date, OPEFB were mainly burnt to generate energy and often contribute to air pollutions. Therefore, OPEFB utilization into more valuable products is timely demanded. Component of OPEFB is classified as lignocelluloses family where cellulose is the major component (46%), followed by hemicellulose (34%) and lignin (20%), these complex components must be degraded into smaller molecules before further downstream bioconversion. In this study, OPEFB degradation was conducted biologically employing Neurospora sp. due to its ability in producing cellulases and Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase (LPMO). The objectives of this study were to examine OPEFB degradation employing Neurospora in solid substrate fermentation and detection of LPMO activity derived from Neurospora. Neurospora intermedia isolate O3 could produce 11.9 ± 0.4 µmol/g reducing sugars when incubated for three days in OPEFB without delignification, while it increased to 77.4±2.3 µmol/g in OPEFB with delignification treatment. Interestingly, copper ion supplementation into OPEFB medium significantly increased in reducing sugar production up to 172.9±15.0 µmol/g, which might be due to the enhancement of LPMO activity.

Product development based on customers preference needs to be performed by the manufacturer along with the development of technology and change of consumer needs to a product or service. The aim of this study was to develop the quality of chocolate products of small medium enterprises (SMEs) to be more competitive in the domestic market. Currently, the chocolate market is dominated by imported chocolate products with better product quality and marketing network. The method used was the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) approach, where customer needs are used as the basis for product development. Through the QFD method, it can produce a product development design priority that can be implemented in response to customer need. Results of analysis and calculation using QFD method showed that the top priority for technical response was "skill & knowledge of R&D (research & development) team" with a value of 346.3. The QFD analysis also showed that "chocolate content" is also a priority in product development with a value of 212.8. The quality of chocolate products highly depend on the level of expertise and knowledge of the product development team, as well as the composition of chocolate content. The SME's chocolate managements may give priority based on the assessment of each technical response in accordance with their own capabilities and resources.

Ferroelectric films has superior optoelectronic properties and widely applied as a base of electronic components such as light sensors. Improvement the performance of the light sensor can be obtained by adding dopant materials to thin film. In recent years, organic materials as a dopant materials have been extensively used, one of them is chlorophyll. Ba0.2Sr0.8TiO3 without (0%) and with a (2.5%) dopant cassava, mustard greens, papaya, and spinach leaves chlorophyll extracts prepared on silicon substrate (100). The Ba_0.2Sr_0.8TiO₃ film growth process using chemical solution deposition method with spin coating technique of 8,000 rpm for 30 seconds in solubility 0.2 M. The Barium Strontium Titanate film was annealing at 850°C for 8 hours with an increase of 1.7°C/min. The results of the reflectance data processing from the UV-Vis spectrophotometer characterization showed that the Ba_0.2Sr_0.8TiO₃ without chlorophyll has energy gap 3.25 eV at wavelength 580 nm with refractive index 1.46. Energy gap of Ba_0.2Sr_0.8TiO₃ with dopant of cassava, mustard greens, papaya, and spinach in a row are 3.24 eV, 3.22 eV, 3.00 eV, and 3,22 eV at the wavelength are 570 nm, 565 nm, 640 nm, and 570 nm with refractive index 1.3, 1.27, 1.34, and 1.24. It can be concluded that Ba_0.2Sr_0.8TiO₃ without chlorophyll is sensitive to the orange color spectrum, Ba_0.2Sr_0.8TiO₃ with the cassava and mustard green chlorophyll are sensitive to the green spectrum, and Ba_0.2Sr_0.8TiO₃ with papaya chlorophyll is sensitive to the red spectrum.

Study of silicon dioxide (silica) extraction from biomass has been successfully done. The biomass used in this study is rice straw. That is one of the rice production waste. Rice straw burning method at initial temperature of 400°C to 900°C with heating rate of 1.7s for 2 hours. Then rice straw ash washed by hydrochloric acid (HCl) with a concentration of 3% to remove the impurities. Last, that was burned at 900°C at a rate of 1.7 for 1 hour to obtain silica in crystalline form. The resulting silica samples were compared by commercial silica with purity of 99.95%. Based on FTIR characterization data of rice straw silica has a functional group representing the formation of SiO₂ compound, that is at 483.39cm⁻¹, 789.41cm⁻¹, and 1095.65cm⁻¹ wavenumber. According to the XRD results also have shown the pattern of crystalline diffraction with crystallinity percentage of 80.40%. The result of the characterization is similar to the pattern shown by the commercial silica used as the comparison. Although this method has succeeded in forming silicon dioxide, but the final result is very dense powder, so it difficult to crush. Therefore, further study is needed to find the most optimal temperature. The characterization also necessary to determine the purity of rice straw silicon dioxide.

Chlorella sp. is microalgae species that is commonly found in seawater. Chlorella biomass have been produced worldwide and considered as sources for commercial high value bioproducts and biofuels for the last few decades. However, its microscopic size and negatively charged cell surface causes the difficulties of harvesting process or separation of its biomass from the culture medium. The common techniques for harvesting microalgae biomass are centrifugation, filtration, and flocculation. The determination of efficient harvesting methods was the background of this study to lower the cost of harvesting. In this study, the flocculation harvesting method was used by applying several flocculant doses of moringa seeds extract (Moringa oleifera) and adjusted pH. Moringa seed was used as a flocculant to reduce the use of synthetic flocculant materials, especially metals, in order to achieve an environmentally friendly, more efficient, and safe biomass harvesting method for uses as aquaculture feed. The results showed that the moringa seeds are considered efficient for use as flocculants of Chlorella biomass. This flocculant achieved the optimum performance in the treatment of pH 11 with a dose of 0.15 grams moringa seeds flocculant in 1 Liter of Chlorella sp. culture.

Response surface method (RSM) is a recent common method used to identify culture condition for optimal production of particular metabolite. In the present study, RSM is used to optimize a catalytic reaction in levan production by heterologous expression of lsbl-bk2 gene isolated from halophilic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis. Levan is a polyfructose polymer produced from sucrose by the action of extracellular levansucrase secreted by the microorganism. Three factors for levan production, namely sucrose concentration, pH, and temperature of reaction were optimized by full factorial and central composite designs in RSM. The result indicated that the optimum in vitro condition for levan production was achieved when the levansucrase catalytic reaction was performed at 32°C, pH 8, in 12% (w/v) sucrose solution. Levan produced by this procedure was verified by FTIR and NMR spectroscopies.

Dragon fruit is kind of non-climacteric fruit that is difficult to know its freshness. Smart label based on methyl red colour indicator can be used to determine the freshness of this non climacteric fruit. This study aimed to develop smart labels with methyl red indicator in, and to apply the label to detect the freshness of the dragon fruit. The colour of the label changed from yellow to red due to CO₂ presence in the package while the test showed that there was an increasingly significant colour change along the storage of the dragon fruit. The changing of colour was seemly affected by volatile acid compound from fruit respiration. Application of label on dragon fruit showed the relationship between the changing of label colour with the declining of fruit quality. The °hue values of label on days 0^th to 4^th showed from yellow to orange, while on the day 5^th to 7^th the label have changed to red. The decrease of fruit quality during storage could be seen from pH value, weight loss, hardness and total titrated acids content. It was concluded that the methyl red compound could be used as colour agent in label to show the freshness of dragon fruit.

The production of ectoine from a halophilic bacteria Halomonas elongata BK-AG25 was optimized using osmotic shock technique. At first, the bacteria were grown in MM63 media containing optimal level of salt to gain high biomass yield. The bacteria were than inoculated in the same media with high concentration of salt (osmotic upshock) to produce ectoine. Subsequently, the bacteria were transferred into distilled water containing lower concentration of salt (osmotic downshock) to release ectoine produced. The two process is known as "bacterial milking". These process were repeated several cycles to gain a maximum yield of ectoine. The survival of the cells and ectoine released by the bacteria after osmotic downshock were determined. The results showed that the survival bacteria were more than 70% after the serial osmotic downshock, which was from 17.5%(w/v) to 1.5%(w/v) and then to 3% (w/v) NaCl. However, only 9% of the bacteria were survive when the same process was occurred from 17.5% to 0% (w/v) NaCl. By using the former downshock process, the yield of ectoine released by the bacteria was relatively high, which was about 88%. The productivity of the bacteria in producing ectoine was high, which was about 206.4 mg extracellular per g cell dry weight.

The objective of this study was to investigate the technique to produce bioethanol by co-culture of Trichoderma reesei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sweet sorghum bagasse which has higher yield and productivity of bioethanol. Sweet sorghum bagasse contains 48.65±0.02% cellulose. Cultivation of Trichoderma reseei on sweet sorghum bagasse produced the highest concentration of sugar (10.90±0.05 g L⁻¹)at 36^th hours of cultivation. The time at which highest concentration of sugar produced, is used to apply the bioprocess engineering to allow high production of bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioprocess engineering of co-culture technique was conducted by switching condition from aerobic to anaerobic and inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculums at 36^th hours of Trichoderma reseei cultivation. As a comparison, bioethanol production was conducted using conventional technique in which co-culture of T. reseei and S. cerevisiae from the beginning of fully aerobic cultivation without switching conditions. The results showed that bioethanol production produced was higher than that of conventional technique ( 7.99±0.62 g L⁻¹ compared to 6.60±0.28g L⁻¹). The yield of product formation (Yp/s) using this technique was 0.30±0.08 g bioethanol/g substrate which was higher compared to conventional technique (0.17±0.01 g bioethanol/g substrate). Bioethanol production rate using this technique was 1.48 ± 0.03 g L⁻¹, hour⁻¹which was higher compared to conventional technique (1.04 ± 0.06g L⁻¹ hour⁻¹).

Agroindustry based on cassava has important roles in Indonesia economic structure. Cassava is known as well as staple food and also agroindustrial materials. It is gaining the value addition, rural labor preoccupation, income enhancement, and rural prosperity improvement. Agroindustry is the primary activity on value chain business. The development of agroindustry based on cassava in supporting the rural economic multiplier needs to be recognized. This research conducted to analyze the contribution of agroindustry based on cassava to the agricultural sector and mapping the stakeholders of cassava agroindustry in Lampung, Indonesia. Data were analyzed by the descriptive statistic. The map of cassava agroindustry was developed based on the database of industries by Lampung Industrial Office. The analysis concluded that Central of Lampung region was the highest cassava production in Lampung. The production contribution achieved more than thirty four percent since 2011. This finding was supported that the medium-high scale cassava manufactories were established mostly in this region. On the other hand, the small scale and medium enterprises of cassava were developed in several regions were concentrated in Pesawaran, Pringsewu, East of Lampung, and Central Lampung District. The chain activities in cassava industries involved many stakeholders from the rural, sub-urban, and urban communities. This condition became the opportunity to strengthen the cassava industry to grow the domestic market. The value chain of cassava industry has driven the rural economic and involved many actors from various scales.

Sorghum plant (Sorghum bicolor L.) is a potential cereal plant to be cultivated and utilized. Currently, sorghum cultivation is not well developed and sorghum production is still very low, despite the fact that sorghum biomass including its roots, stems, and leaves is very potential to be utilized as 2^nd generation biofuel feedstock. The utilization of sorghum for 2^nd generation biofuel has several advantages, such as not competing with food, recent developing technology reduces the conversion cost of production process, and it is environmentally friendly. Therefore, the aim of this research was to calculate the economic feasibility of sorghum cultivation in order to fulfill the requirement of biomass feedstock for bio-oil industry, with calculation performed for capacity of 100, 200 and 2,000 tons/day. The feasibility calculation results of the sorghum cultivation business showed that the sorghum cultivation for biomass requirements of the bio-oil plant is feasible for all capacities. For all capacities, the business is still feasible when there is a 50% increase in seed prices, and it becomes unfeasible when the selling price of sorghum seeds decreases starting from 5%.

The activated carbon from palm kernel shell has been activated using NaOH at 400 °C. The activated carbon sample has been characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques to be used as carbon electrodes in Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLC). Addition of activated carbon of palm kernel shell with 45 μm particle size on carbon paper as electrode at EDLC with mass ratio between carbon paper and activated carbon of palm kernell shell 1: 4, plate surface area 3 x 11 cm², concentration of electrolyte solution of H₃PO₄ is 0,6 N and charge time of 30 minutes can improve EDLC ability to store charge up to 387.14 μF and conductivity values of 52.2811x10⁻⁵, Ω⁻¹cm⁻¹.The desired capacitive performance of waste from palm kernel shells can be a source of carbon material biomass for high performance EDLC and low-cost energy storage devices.

The effect of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae combined with Spirulina platensis in microalgae-microbial fuel cells (MMFCs) on the treatment of cafeteria wastewater to generate electricity and produce microalgae biomass was investigated. A treated cafeteria wastewater which has Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 33,500 mg·L⁻¹ was used as the substrate and compared with commercial sugar as the control sample. During the process, the substrate was changed partially after 5 days and resulted power density of 73.7±4.57 mW·m⁻². The COD of cafeteria wastewater removed by 30.1% from its initial concentration and then decreased by 40.8% after substrate partially replaced. Increasing optical density of microalgae in the cathode side from 0.6 to 1.37 could improve the oxygen reduction reaction which useful for electricity production. The result showed that cafeteria wastewater has feasibility as the substrate of yeast – Spirulina MMFCs to gain bioelectricity which can be used as an alternative electricity source for developing countries, for example, Indonesia.

The purpose of this research was to identify distribution chain (supply chain) activity and analyze the pattern of distribution chain flow of the agribusiness of Pangasius fish. The research was conducted in minapolitan area, Kota Gajah sub-district. The method used in this study was descriptive method. The research results showed that farmers activity as distributor chain of Pangasius was aquaculture, harvesting and post harvesting, sorting, weighing, transporting, and risk guaranteeing. The traders' activities in supply chain system were sorting, weighing, packaging, transporting, storing, and risk guaranteeing, while the retailer performed the purchasing, selling, chopping, cleaning and packaging activities. The vegetable stall vendors (which are related to include the fish in their stall) conducted few activities, i.e. only purchasing, selling, and transporting. The fish processing enterprise conducted the purchasing, cleaning, processing, packaging, and selling. The Pangasius manufacturing flow was divided into 4 patterns, from upstream to downstream flow, except for pattern 1 and 3, in which the product did not flow to intermediaries. Financial flows from customers to farmers with the cash payments transaction both directly and indirectly, and have not applied non cash payment transaction technology (transfer) or online banking. The information flows from upstream to downstream and vice versa, as in: the Pangasius supply chain runs vertically and horizontally, generated well integrated information within the supply chain. Medium of communication used by the supply chain was direct communication (face to face) and through the electronic device such as mobile phones.

Rhamnolipid is one of the most widely used biomaterials in the industry due to it has various applications, such as antimicrobial, anti-corrosion, emulsification, bioremediation, and surfactant for enhanced oil recovery. Rhamnolipid is produced by several bacteria that grow in a medium containing high concentration of lipid as a major carbon source. The production of rhamnolipid is still relatively high cost, therefore, this study is aimed to decrease the production cost of rhamnolipid by utilizing palm oil mill effluent (POME) waste as a major carbon source. Pseudomonas stutzeri BK-AB12 has been identified in our previous study as one of the potential rhamnolipid producing bacteria. In order to obtain the best conditions in rhamnolipid production by bacteria, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in this study. The study begins by observing bacterial growth in a medium salt mineral (MSM) containing POME as a carbon source within concentration 10% to 30% (v/v). The RSM results showed that P.stutzeri BK-AB12 optimally produced rhamnolipid after the fermentation was running for 90 hours in the medium containing POME 20% (v/v) and 0.175% (w/v) urea. The produced rhamnolipid was then extracted and characterized. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of biosurfactant was about 390 mg·L⁻¹ with a decrease in surface tension of water about 16 dyne·cm⁻¹, which can be categorized as the potential surfactant for various applications.

There is a wide variety of native vegetables utilized by rural people in developing countries. However, information about their chemical content primarily that have functional properties and their degradation during handling is scarce and not well quantified. One example of those native leafy dark-green vegetables is sweet potato tips. Sweet potato leaves or tips are biomass waste after the sweet potato tubers are harvested. In addition, this leaves, as other leafy vegetables, are very susceptible to degradation leading to deterioration. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effect of minimum handling on some qualities of sweet potato tips. The three factors experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The first factor was dipping solution: Water or solution containing sucrose and citric acid. The second was solution changing or no changing. The third factor was basal stem cutting or no cutting. All the leaves were hold for 5 days at 30 ± 5°C, and then analyzed for their chlorophyll, ascorbic acids, and phenolic contents. The results showed holding solution of 1.5% sucrose containing 300 ppm citric acid helped to reduced chlorophyll degradation of sweet potato tips. However, this treatment induced a higher degradation of ascorbic acid. Daily changing pulsing and daily basal stem cutting did not affect chlorophyll, but it helped to maintain ascorbic acid and induced higher phenolic content of the tips.

Leucaena sp. is one of fast growing species of biomass energy-producing timber. The cultivation of this species needs a good quality of seeds and free from pests and diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the response of essential oils, temperature and storage periods on the seed germination and the percentage of fungi infected seeds of Leucaena sp. A complete randomized design of factorial pattern was used, i.e. essential oils (citronella grass and clove oils), storage temperatures (27°C-30°C; 15 °C-20 °C and 0 °C-5 °C) and storage periods (0, 2 and 4 months). The measurement of infected seeds was carried out by using germination test of top of paper and incubation test. The results showed that storage periods and essential oils significantly influenced the germination capacity and the number of infected seeds at both of germination of top of paper and incubation test. Interaction of storage periods and essential oils treatments affected the germination capacity and infected seeds percentage only when the seeds were germinated on top of paper method. Before and after storing the seeds, essential oils treatments were not effective in reducing fungi infection when they were germinated on top of paper, but it was powerful at the time of the incubation test. Essential oils were able to increase the germination capacity before seeds were being stored. However, it was reduced when the seeds were stored for two months.

Indonesia is highly dependent on fossil fuels to support its development. In order to reduce fossil fuel dependency, Indonesian Government sets up policies to promote biodiesel, i.e. a petro-diesel substitute deriving from plant oils. However, current biodiesel production only relies on the use of crude palm oil (CPO). This study has, therefore, been done to know other potential biodiesel feedstock in Padang Municipality, namely, waste cooking oil (WCO) and oily food waste (OFW). The surveyed WCO and OFW generators comprised of households and commercial activities. Direct sampling for waste quantification was carried out based on the Indonesian standard for municipal waste sampling (SNI No. 19-3964-1994), while questionnaire survey was done to know the existing practices in waste handling and people willingness to participate in collecting the wastes. Moreover, WCO and OFW samples were laboratory analysed for its acid value, water content and fatty acid profile. Some good practices were also learned from Kitakyushu City in Japan that has used WCO in biodiesel production. This study shows that WCO and OFW are highly potential for biodiesel feedstock in Padang Municipality, due to the waste availability, their properties to be converted to biodiesel, and willingness of people to collect the waste.

Pinus merkusii was famous wood and resin producer trees in Indonesia. Previously, pine wood became one of major material for pulp and paper, later along the changes in forestry paradigm, resin product as non wood forest product became more prospective to develop.. Pine as resin-producing tree requires suitable condition for Producing high amount and good quality of resin. The objective of our study was to determine environment factor that influence growth and resin production structure in three Seedling Seed Orchard (SSO) Perum Perhutani, those were Baturaden (Central Java), Cijambu (West Java) and Sempolan (East Java). Data for this research obtained from secondary and primary data in three Perum Perhutani SSO through direct observation and measurement. Result showed that Cijambu SSO has the highest resin production (101.4 g/tree/3days) compared to Baturaden SSO (88.72 g/tree/3days) and Jember SSO (64.4 g/tree/3days), right-skewness resin production distribution structure and wider resin production interval. Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression for 14 growth characters out of 35 characters were tested. Stem diameter, branching number, bark thickness and crown had moderate correlation with resin yield (r: 0.75). It is concluded that resin production was affected by genetic and enviromental factors. Although resin production was affected by genetic and environmental factor, therefore appropriate stand management (silviculture treatment) must also be implemented because potential genetic expression would be maximized if environmental conditions is well managed.

This study aimed to reduce the dominant factors affecting the production of banana chips in Lampung, Indonesia. Banana chips currently become one of the superior products of Lampung Province, Indonesia. The development of the number of banana chips industry in Lampung is quite high. The banana chips industry is scattered in various regions. Respondents of this research were banana chips businesses in Lampung Province. The research areas were Bandar Lampung City, Central Lampung District, Pesawaran District, and East Lampung District. Data collection was conducted by distributing questionnaires. The analytical tool used was factor analysis method. Factor analysis was used to find the main factors that mostly influence the decision of the entrepreneur to produce banana chips through a series of tests and the fulfilment of assumptions. The most dominant factors affecting the production of banana chips in Lampung Province are: (1) raw material (33.657%), (2) capital (19.089%), and (3) market access (17.953%). The largest component of banana peels is water and carbohydrates. Banana peels can be fermented into bioethanol. Banana peel can bealso used as active carbon or activated charcoal.

In this study, the production of fruit leather from dragon fruit skin albedo was conducted in order to investigate the effect of stabilizer types and ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo with sugar concentration on the quality of fruit leather from dragon fruit skin albedo. The research was conducted using Complete Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with two factors. First factor was the addition of stabilizer ingredients with 3 variants, which are gum arab, pectin, and gelatine, with concentration 0.2% for each. Second factor was the ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo and sugar concentration added with 3 ratios, which are 70%:30%, 60%:40%, and 50%:50%. Results of the research showed that the addition of stabilizer ingredients affected the water content, pH, total acid, total sugar content, and fiber content, and also influenced the colour, texture, aroma, and flavour preferences of fruit leather. There was interaction between stabilizer type and ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo and sugar concentration added on the water content, total sugar content, fiber content, and the colour, aroma, and flavour preferences of fruit leather. From the mean of hedonic test, pectin as stabilizer ingredient type with ratio of dragon fruit skin albedo and sugar concentration 70%:30% generated the best fruit leather with the mean of water content 26,86% wb, pH 3,64, total acid 7,69% db, total sugar content 48,86% db, and fiber content 1,75% db.

Generally, the problem of wood industry in Indonesia is about wood supply for its raw material. Utilization of non-wood materials is alternative solution. Bamboo and corn stalk for example of non-wood lignocellulosic materials had a good potention to develop as biocomposite materials especially for particleboard. The objective of this research was to evaluate of physical, mechanical and durability properties of sandwich particleboard (SPB) made from bamboo Belangke and corn stalk bagasse bonded with isocyanat resin in various level. Board was produced in size of 25 by 25 cm² with density and thickness target of 0.70 g/cm³ and 1 cm respectively. Bamboo was place for surface layer and corn stalk bagasse as core layer with composition ratio of 1:2:1. Various level of Isocyanat resin consited of 4, 6, 8, and 10% used as binder in SPB manufacruring. Hot pressing temperature and time were set on 160°C and 5 minutes with pressure of 30 kg/cm². Durability testing of SPB with graved yard test method and sample weight loss was calculated to determine of durability class. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties generally had fulfilled the JIS A5908-2003 except of internal bond parameter. According to economical reason, board bonded with 4% Isocyanat was recommended as a better product. The durability test showed that weight lost value of board ranged of 8.48 to 10.33 %. Sandwich particleboard was produce in this research classified into durability class moderate to not durable.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brown seaweed chopping on quality of fucoidan extracted. The brown seaweed used was Sargassum filipendula, which was obtained from Binuangeun, Banten and used as the raw material for fucoidan extraction. There were two treatments, in which a batch of Sargassum sp. was chopped directly at the sampling location, whereas the other batch was not chopped. Then, Sargassum sp. was macerated with ethanol for 24 hours and dried. Fucoidan was extracted by using 0.01N HCl and filtrated by using planktonet. Then, CaCl₂ was added into the filtrate to separate the alginate from fucoidan. The fucoidan obtained was added by ethanol and dried in freeze dryer. Each treatment was performed by 3 replications. The yield, carbohydrates and sulfate ester content of fucoidan was determined. The result showed that the chopped Sargassum sp. has higher yield and total carbohydrates compared to the unchopped Sargassum filipendula, but there was no significant difference of sulfate contents.

Alginate is a polysaccharide extracted from cell walls and intracellular matrix of brown seaweed, and has been widely used for industrial purpose due to gelling capabilities in the presence of divalent cations. However, the characteristics of alginate extracted are depend on alginate gel strength and viscosity. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of extraction time and Na₂CO₃ concentration on the characteristics of alginates extracted from Sargassum sp. by acid method. Alginate extractions were conducted by varying the extraction time for 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 hours; and varying the Na₂CO₃ concentration of 1, 2 and 3 %. The characteristics observed are alginate yield, viscosity, pH, and water content. The alginates extracted using various Na₂CO₃ concentration and extraction time resulted alginates with low, medium and high viscosity. Furthermore, the yield, pH and water content of alginates extracted in this research had fulfilled the standard of Food Chemical Codex.

The utilization of natural fibers for eco-friendly particleboards production has become very important due to the decreased of wood resources and the human health concern. In this study, Imperata cylindrica particles and citric acid were used as the raw material and natural adhesive, respectively, for the particleboards production. Since citric acid solution was sprayed onto Imperata particles during particleboards production, the pre-drying treatment was needed to eliminate moisture from particles before hot pressing. The effect of pre-drying time and citric acid content on the physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards was investigated. The boards were produced under pressing conditions of 200°C for 10 min. The citric acid content was varied of 10, 15, 20 wt%. The pre-drying time was for 0, 6, 12 h. The size and target density of boards were 300 x 300 x 9 mm and 0.8 g/cm³, respectively. The physical properties of boards produced using particles after 12 h pre drying time were superior to those of the boards produced using particles after 0 and 6 h pre drying time. The thickness swelling of particleboards with 20 wt% citric acid and pre drying time of 0, 6, 12 h were 5.31%, 3.69%, 2.04%, respectively, fulfilled the requirement of the JIS A 5908:2003. The infrared (IR) spectral analysis showed the presence of ester linkage, representing that the carboxyl groups of citric acid had reacted with the hydroxyl groups of the Imperata particles, providing the boards good physical properties.

Mushroom oyster (P. ostreatus) is one of wood type fungus commonly consumed by the community. Mushroom oyster cultivation is usually performed by planting media of sawdust. The chemical composition of the cocopeat lignin (45.8%), cellulose (43.4%), hemicellulose (10,25%), and pectin (3.0%). The advantage of using cocopeat is high waters retention and light weight. The research design of Randomized Design (RAL) was used consisting of 6 treatments, control, 10% cocopeat, 20% cocopeat, 30% cocopeat 40%, and 50 consisted of 5 replications in which each replication consisted of one % cocopeat. Each treatment was applied on baglog of mushroom oyster seedlings. The data obtained was analyzed by one way analysis (ANOVA) with 95% confident of level. If any significant influence on the treatment was detected, then it was continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with 95% level. The best planted treatment for mushroom oyster's growth was P5 treatment with a composition of 50% cocopeat because it has a higher wet weight than all treatments. The environment also affected mold growth. If the air temperature is high then the production of mushroom oyster is higher, and when the moisture is high then the mushroom oyster production is also greatly increased.

The water supply requirement to extinguish the fire on the occurrence of land fires is enormous. The water used is usually water available in the field, without certain parameter requirements. For frequent peatland fires, the available peat water in the field becomes an option for use in dissolving the tested foaming agent. Indonesia has a peat land area that has a very large water storage capacity of peat soils. Peat water is the surface water of peat soil with characteristic of brownish red color, contains high organic matter, high iron content, acid taste, pH 3-5 and low level of hardness. This study aimed to determine the effect of peat water use as a solvent on the physico-chemical properties of foaming agent concentrate made from palm oil. Tests were performed using two types of foaming agent concentrate products (CFA-1 and CFA-2) with foaming agent concentrates used were 1, 2 and 3%, and well water was used as a comparison (control). The analysis results showed that the use of peat water as a solvent for palm foaming agent concentrate can be done because it still produces high foam stability, high foaming ability, low interfacial tension, and high decrease of contact angle, as well as the use of well water. The analysis results of CFA-1 using peat water were not quite different from those of CFA-2.

Nettle caterpillars (Setothosea asigna) are one of the common insects found in palm tree plantation which significantly reduce palm oil production by eating palm tree leaves. Surfactant is commonly used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in the pesticide mixture to refrain the mixture from separating. Commercial surfactants that are being used by the farmers holds the emulsion for approximately 2 hours. The performance of Diethanolamide (DEA) as surfactant for the insecticide mixture was investigated in this research. The various concentration of DEA in pesticide mixture showed the increasing mixture stability up to 24 hours before separating. Commercial surfactant used by the farmers is at 7-10% of the mixture. Meanwhile, DEA lowers the percentage of usage to 5%. The reduction of percentage of surfactant usage leads to the reduction of surfactant cost. Sample A5B5 found to be the best among other surfactants. Sample A5B5 has the density of 0.878 g/cm³, viscosity of 19.72 cP, surface tension of 24.311 dyne/cm, and contact angle of 31.783⁰.

Foamation is the major obstacle in many industrial processes. Glycerol ester as one of the products made to increase the added value of glycerol as by product of biodiesel production is expected to act as antifoaming agent to solve the problem. The objective of this study is to measure the performance of glycerol ester to suppress the formation of foam at concentration 0,5%, 1,0%, 1,5%, and 2,0%. The performance tests of glycerol ester were conducted measuring density, viscosity, foamability and foam-stability in solution of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and heterogenous foaming agent NF24. A commercial antifoam silicone oil is used in this study to compare the performance data. All experimental data analyzed using one-way analysis of variant and duncan test at 95% confidence level. Glycerol ester has a effect to decrease the density of foaming solution. The viscosity of the foaming solution increased with increasing the concentration of glyserol ester. Glycerol ester and silicone oil had no significant effects on suppressing foam height in SDS solution. However, the significant effect of glycerol ester to suppress foam height was indicated in NF24 solution. Foam-stability test showed that the addition of glycerol ester has not significant effect in both foaming solution. While silicone oil has a significant effct to decrease the stability of foam ini both foaming solution.

Surfactants become a very important component in pesticide product as they afford different properties and also make stable and homogeneous possible formulation. Surfactant usually produced from petroleum and can be harmful for environment. Palm oil is one of the most potentials resources that can derive to produce surfactant. This study aims to determine characteristic of CTAC surfactant and to get the best insecticide formulation prototype. CTAC surfactant produce from palmityl alcohol by two step process. Charactheristics of this surfactant are density of 0,9968 g/cm3, surface tension of 27,47 dyne/cm, contact angle of 20,39 and pH of 9,16. Emulsifiable concentrate formulation contain of active ingredient and co-formulant. Surfactant DEA and CTAC are used as surfactant for EC formulation. Physical properties of formulation are surface tension 33,4-36,3 dyne/cm, density 0,8756-0,9098 g/cm3, particle size 1,23-4,48 µm and pH 6,86-7,44. The best formulation is with adding DEA surfactant about 5% and CTAC 1%.

Proteus penneri and Bacillus aerophilus are bacterial that can be used as dry starter in the fermentation of artificial civet coffee. The use of dried starter will facilitate the handling, distribution and transportation of culture. The aims of this research were to evaluate the suitable nanoencapsulation coating materials of Proteus penneri and Bacillus aerophilus to increase biomass cells during drying and storage. Nanoencapsulated starter using carrier materials maltodextrin, sodium alginate and skim milk with spray drying method. The Nanoencapsulated Proteus penneri and Bacillus aerophilus were tested for stability during storage for up to 14 days at different temperatures (4 and 37 °C). Proteus penneri isolates had higher viability when encapsulated using maltodextrin with a concentration of 30%. Bacillus aerophilus isolates had higher viability when encapsulated using maltodextrin at 15% concentration. Viability of Bacillus aerophilus and Proteus penneri in dry starter with filler coffee pulp powder and coffee bean powder was less than after nanoencapsulation. The storage stability studies demonstrated the storage time and temperature affecting the survival of cells of dried starter cultures.

This study aims to improve quality of pyrolytic oil by co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell and grocery bag plastic waste with additional CaO as a natural catalyst. Palm Kernel shell was mixed with LDPE grocery bag in the ratio of 1:1 and additional CaO was presented in various weights. The pyrolysis of pure Palm Kernel shell and LDPE grocery bag their self were also observed. The raw material mixture then was heated in the fixed bed pyrolyzer in various temperatures, namely 400 to 500 °C. The obtained pyrolytic oil was analyzed to determine its physical and chemical properties such as density, viscosity, acidity, caloric value and its chemical composition. The results revealed that the increasing pyrolysis temperature affected the increasing of pyrolytic oil yield, from 25.3 % to 48.3 %, with reducing of uncondensable gas yield, from 44.8 % to 25.0 %. The various temperatures also affected the physical and chemical properties. The density increased with the increasing of pyrolysis temperature, however, the pH and caloric value decreased due to the increasing of oxygenated compounds. The pyrolytic oil viscosities were various from 1.4 to 156.4 cP at 60 °C.

As an agricultural industry, sugar mills face additional risks affecting the performance of production processes derived from raw materials due to their seasonal, perishable, bulky, and diverse quality. Therefore, risk management becomes very important.. The purpose of this study was to identify, analyze, and define risk mitigation strategies. The methods used are: (1) Risk breakdown structure for exploring Sugar Cane Production Processes; (2) Failure Mode and Effects Analysis Fuzzy (Fuzzy FMEA) for assessing risk components and risk priority number (RPN), and (3) Modified Fuzzy House of Risk 2 (HOR2) for determining rank of priority to each mitigation action. The research was conducted at X sugar factory in West Java as a case study. The whole energy consumption of the factory is supplied from biomass energy. The study identifies 42 risk incidents and 9 risk events with very high priority categorical value. The dominant incidence of risk occurs in the activity of cane sugar supply, sugar cane milling, evaporation, and cogeneration. While one of the recommended risk mitigation strategies that can address the cross-activity risk is by improving the management process of sugarcane supply. This is done by maintaining the stability and the quality of the established cane supply.

Indonesia is the sixth largest corn producer in the world. The high corn production in Indonesia is correlated with waste corn cob produced. However, corn cob waste is not fully utilized, mainly only disposed and burned that caused environmental pollution. One alternative to utilize of corn cob is to be processed to cellulose based superabsorbent polymer (SAP) hydrogel. In this study, cellulose based hydrogel was prepared using epichlorohydrin (Ech) as cross-linking agent and modified particle size to produce nanohydrogel. The aim of the research was to find out the effect of Ech concentration and cellulose: solvent ratio on the characteristic of nanohydrogel. The treatment tested was Ech concentration of 4%, 16% and 28%; whereas the ratio of cellulose: solvent was 1: 2 (A2) and 1: 4 (A4). Parameters observed were swelling ratio, gel fraction, texture and morphology of the resulted hydrogel. Result showed that the higher the Ech concentration the swelling ratio increasing. The best treatments were nanohydrogel with Ech concentration 28% and cellulose: solvent ratio 1: 2 with characteristics as follows: 514% swelling ratio, 44% gel fraction and 0.33 mJ hardness, with morphology showed higher porosity. This hydrogel has a wide potential as water absorbent material in dry agricultural areas and can be used as fertilizer carrier agent.

The purpose of this research is to determine the changes of chemical components content in andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea) and yellow bamboo (Bambusa Vulgaris var. striata) due to steam treatment and rinsing with water or sodium hydroxide solution. Samples was taken from culm without bark and node part of the bamboo. The treatments of sample were steam at 126 °C and 0.14 MPa for 1 hour, steam and rinsing with water, and, steam and rinsing with 1% NaOH, respectively. Air-dried samples were, then, subjected to mill in order to get 40-60 mesh particle size, which was used for chemical components analyses. The results showed that steam and rinsing with water or 1% NaOH solution treatment reduced hemicellulose and extractive contents (dissolved in cold water, hot water, 1% NaOH solution, and ethanol-benzene), whereas alpha-cellulose and lignin were relatively stable. Steam and rinsing treatment generally increased the pH value of bamboo sample. The chemical component change of the bamboo due to the treatments would affect the quality of finish product manufactured especially on its physical and mechanical properties.

Bacterial cellulose was the result of fermentation by Acetobacterium xylinum. Fermentation medium that used in this research is is HS (Hestrin – Shramm) media with MgSO₄ as cofactor and also with 5% (v/v) glycerol and 0.8% (w/v) urea as additional carbon and nitrogen sources. This research focus is to determine the effect of acetic acid and ethanol as additives agent in the production of bacterial cellulose. Addition of additives to the fermentation medium aims to improve the characteristic of bacterial cellulose. Variable that used in this research is additive concentration (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% v/v). Synthesized bacterial cellulose will be physically and mechanically characterize using dry thickness measurement, water capacity measurement, swelling ability, tensile strength and elongation at break measurement. Morphology measurement will be known through SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infra Red) analysis. SEM analysis showed that addition of 1.5% (v/v) acetic acid to the fermentation medium gave more fiber on bacterial cellulose than addition of 1.5% ethanol, this result also supported by FTIR analysis. Rated of moisture content and swelling ratio of bacterial cellulose using 1.5% (v/v) ethanol higher when compared with 1.5% acetic acid on fermentation medium. Tensile strength and elongation at break analysis showed that bacterial cellulose has the highest tensile strength and the lowest elongation at break value with addition of 1.5% (v/v) acetic acid to the fermentation medium.

Marine macroalgae (seaweeds) are considered as one of the potential alternative sources for producing energy. Their low lignin and high carbohydrate content have often attracted much attention on the synthesis of alcohols as well as gaseous fuels, although these developments are limited by the low economic value of fuels. Marine macroalgae contain chemical that are distinctively different compared with terrestrial biomass. Their organic chemicals, either carbohydrates or secondary metabolites, are usually unique and vary depended on the diversity of marine macroalgae. These features offer great opportunities for the production of various marketable products with higher economic value than fuels. Integration of their valuable non-energy bioproducts will provide a financial incentive to reduce the cost production of bioenergy from macroalgae. In this review, we present the potency of high-value chemicals that can be derived from marine macroalgae. Current states of the biorefinery researches of this marine biomass are also discussed together with the challenges on their large scale application.

Mono-diacyl glycerol (M-DAG) widely used as food emulsifier, where in this study was produced through esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and glycerol from biodiesel by product. This research aimed to found the best formulation of the purified M-DAG on body scrub and identify physical characteristics of the product. This study is divided into two stages. First, is the selection of the preferred body scrub formulation based on the color, homogeneity, impression in the skin, the ability to remove dead skin's cells and viscosity through the hedonic test. The selected formula then treated by M-DAG concentration (4%, 4.5%, 5%) and the type of scrub (rice, oat, PE20) at the second stage. Different concentrations of M-DAG give significant influence on density of body scrub but not for pH. While different types of scrub give significant influence on pH and density. Different concentration of M-DAG affect the size of emulsion globula. When the higher concentration used, the smaller globulas are formed. Body scrub with MDAG addition is stable at -4° C and 45° C and no heavy metals (Hg, Pb, As) were detected in the product. Based on the hedonic test towards parameters of texture, viscosity, and the ability to remove dead skin cells, it is known that 5% MDAG + PE20 formula has the highest preference level from panelist.

Silicon dioxide or silica from the organic materials such as bamboo leaf ash (BLA) was interesting because of its large content of 76-80% and it was the main ingredient in glass and solar cell industries. The objective was to study the effect of temperature rate and the acid leaching to silica content in bamboo leaves. This study consists of two main stages, namely 1) ashing the leaves which was conducted through burning the dry leaves and ashing the bamboo leaves charcoal with temperature rates of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 °C/min, and 2) reducting the silica which was conducted through leaching the ash with HCl 3% and then heating in a furnace. The results showed that BLA has a yield of 18.10 - 18.64% to dried bamboo leaves. Silica at rates of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 °C/min resulted in purity levels of 65.85, 74.49, and 72.69%, respectively. Silica still contained a low percentage impurities, namely rubidium oxide, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide. In addition, FTIR analysis showed that the silica rates of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 °C/min have absorption band at wave numbers of 1095 cm⁻¹, 802 cm⁻¹ and 455-463 cm⁻¹ which indicated the asymmetric stretching vibration and bending vibration Si-O of siloxane groups (Si-O-Si) with force constant of 1030.531 N.m⁻¹.

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is one of green technologies widely developed for future renewable energy sources. The MFC is a bio-electrochemical system that uses the bacterial growth to transform organic substrates, via oxidation-reduction reactions, from chemical energy into electricity. Two different organic substrates include banana peel waste (BPW) and orange peel waste (OPW) are investigated for their potency as a feedstock for MFCs. In this study, single chamber MFC was used in all experiment, without chemical pre-treatment or the addition of extra mediators. Both electricity current and potential values were measured for 10 days. The characterisation study indicated that OPW contains higher organics materials than that of BPW, as indicated by the VS values of 87.06% total solids/TS (OPW) and 75.32% TS (BPW). Furthermore, the results also showed that both wastes produced electricity with a slightly different amount. In average, BPW has a voltage rating of 0.492 V and electric current rating of 0.101 mA. While, OPW has in average values of 0.563 V and 0.017 mA, respectively. The study confirmed that the organic content of substrates and the microbial activity influenced the electricity produced from the MFCs

Microalgae are one of the potential biomass to produce biofuel energy. The popular cultivation method of microalgae is using open raceway pond. The open raceway pond is waterway included with paddlewheel. Cultivation microalgae in open raceway pond using water, nutrient, CO₂, and maintaining the pH condition. To avoid the contamination from unwanted microalgae, the Algae Biomass and Energy System Research and Development (ABES), University of Tsukuba cultivated the polyculture microalgae to minimize the contamination that make unstable ecosystem in culture. The disadvantages of microalgae culture in open raceway pond is difficult to control the environmental parameter such as temperature and solar radiation. However, the environmental parameter is important in growing microalgae and potential to use as parameter to estimate the growth of microalgae. In This research, we proposed the growth estimation model of microalgae in Open Raceway Pond using the temperature and solar radiation parameter. The growth estimation model developed to estimate the production rate (g/m²/day) using the decision tree model using previous dataset from Minamisoma microalgae pilot plant. The result of this study indicated that decision tree algorithm able to estimate the microalgae production using the temperature and solar irradiance parameter with correlation coefficient 0.89 and RMSE 0.085.

Bioethanol is one of new alternative and renewable energy to decrease energy crisis and negative effect of fossil fuels usage. Lignocellulosic estimate to be produced in 10-50 billion tons/year as dry matter. Cellulose component in lignocelluloses can be converted into glucose as a feedstock for ethanol fermentation. This paper contains the results of study on the conversion of lignocellulose to glucose and ethanol in the process of enzymatic sacharification. Bamboo is lignocellulosic raw materials that can be used for bioethanol production. This research was conducted to utilize bamboo waste to make bioethanol through enzymatic hydrolysis process and determine the effect of surfactant and substrat on the produced bioethanol. Surfactants Tween 20 that were used in this research were 0-4% (v) and the amount of enzyme which was added were 10 FPU/g substrate. On the other hand, substrate concentration were 20, 25, and 30 % (dw) added to the sacharification. Addition of 1% (v) surfactant could increase the reducing sugar up to 90% until 3% concentration and subsequently decrease. Enhancement of reducing sugar level was not followed by the increasing of ethanol level at some treatment so that the linear trendline was different between reducing sugar level and ethanol level.

This paper contributes the development of a research method for the assessment of surface peat thickness loss due to peat fire incidence in oil palm plantation, since there are oil palm tree stumps still standing in the field after a fire. Peat thickness loss due to peat fire in June 2013 was assessed in an oil palm plantation in Rokan Hilir, Riau Province in April and November of 2015. The total burnt area of up to 114 ha and the surrounding areas that were burned was estimated to be more than 3,000 ha. In order to assess the loss of the surface thickness due to peat fire, the length of rooting system of the oil palm plants above ground was measured. The length of roots is a key parameter of measurement for this study. Since there were parts of the oil palm that was unburned at the burned site the different length of oil palm rooting system above ground was compared between the burnt and unburnt areas. The comparison was conducted with a total of 3,789 sample points of measurement. The result showed that the surface thickness loss is 7 mm in the total burned area.

World's demand for energy is steadily increasing following population increase, on the other hand reserves for fossil and coal energy are limited. Therefore research for renewable sources of energy is important. Biogas produced from renewable source could be one of the answer for future energy production. Researches regarding biogas production utilizing microalgae biomass such as Chlorella sp. have received much attention. In this study, co-digestion of Chlorella sp. "CD01" isolated from Cideng/Krukut River using cow rumen fluid and cow manure as inoculum were used to enhance biogas production. Our experiment used a simple non-stirred batch anaerobic bioreactor that was carried out for 29 days. Biogas volume, COD value, and microorganism were the parameters in this study. Our result showed that Chlorella sp. "CD01" and rumen fluid alone could not produce biogas. Co-digestion of Chlorella sp. "CD01" substrate and rumen fluid inoculum produced 314.5 mL biogas with yield of 43.23 mL/gTS. Co-digestion of Chlorella sp. "CD01" substrate and manure inoculum produced 1758 mL biogas with yield of 98.96 mL/gTS. The best substrate inoculum ratio (S/X) in this study was 0.33 based on cumulative biogas production. Attempts for isolating anaerobic culture from each reactor had been done using methanogenic selective media. Two methanogens isolates were morphologically characterized.

Nozzle is the one important component in a power cycle plant that transfers heat enthalpy to kinetic energy for rotating power turbine. The biomass has specific characteristics heating value comparing to conventional fuel, and it is one of the renewable energy. The flow characteristics flow trough cross area nozzle plays important role that absorbs maximum drop enthalpy and momentum flux to drive turbine blade. The study of converging-diverging steam nozzle design was conducted using CFD modelling for improving a micro power bio-energy cross-flow turbine model. The objective of this work was to analyze the improvement of momentum flux by simulating a converging-diverging nozzle. A mathematical modelling of compressible flow using EES® tools was developed as well, to calculate the suitable dimension of inlet, throat, and outlet as computational domain. The flow characteristic parameters such as distribution of pressure, temperature, and velocity were compared analytically to find the good approximation of momentum flux for turbine demand. For pressure ratio 0.5 and temperature 200 °C of steam fluid, the maximum velocity of 1.3 Ma and mass flow 0.978 kg/s (3.52 ton/hour) were occurred. Flux could be increased by making larger cross sectional area.

In order to meet the growing demand for energy and to reduce the dependency on non-renewable energy sources, a renewable alternative energy source is needed. Oscillatoria sp. biomass has the potential to be processed into a renewable energy source because it can be produced continuously in sufficient quantities, environmentally friendly, and does not disrupt agricultural land. This study was conducted to identify the ability of microbes contained in cow manure and rumen fluid to produce biogas from Oscillatoria sp. biomass and optimize the concentration of these microbial sources. Cow manure and rumen fluid were utilized as a source of inoculum and the concentration was further optimized through central composite design (CCD) using a response surface methodological (RSM) approach. The results showed that cow manure had a more significant effect on biogas production compared to cow rumen fluid. In addition, fluctuations in pH values appear to affect biogas production activity. According to the model developed, the amount of optimum biogas produced was estimated can reach around 324 mL with the content of cow manure and rumen fluid are 128.03 mL and 21.97 mL respectively. The results of the validation experiments show that the cumulative biogas production reaches 350.33 mL or 8.12% more than the predicted biogas production from the regression model produced.

Several advantages of the usage of CO₂ gas in pyrolysis theoretically could be the role for thermal efficiency, elimination oxygenated group, deep decomposition of biomass. The aim of this study was the use carbon dioxide as carrier gas and its effect on the catalytic product distribution from the rice husk type biomass. The Nickel/Alumina catalyst was prepared by impregnation method and calcination process of the Ni(NO₃)₂. 6H₂O and Al₂O₃ mixture. The characterization was also performed by XRD analysis and BET adsorption method. The XRD analysis confirm the high crystallinity of NiO and NiAl₂O₄ phase which is considered as the interaction result between the NiO particle and the surface of γ-Al₂O₃. But the result of BET method suggested that the blockage the pore mouth of catalyst support γ-Al₂O₃ which is more likely due to the excessive amount of NiO particles. The comparison of pyrolysis carrier gas between CO₂ and N₂ and the variation of the operating temperature were performed to determine the product distribution distinctions. The catalytic conversion was done under the temperature 450, 475, 500, and 525°C. Experimental results show that the variation of carrier gas of the pyrolysis process and the variation of operating temperatures resulted in a difference product distribution. The dominant compounds formed as the temperature increases were ketone and benzene compounds.