Table of contents

PREFACE

It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 2018 5th International Conference on Coastal and Ocean Engineering (ICCOE 2018) which was held in Shanghai, China during 27-29 April, 2018. ICCOE 2018 was dedicated to issues related to Coastal and Ocean Engineering.

I, Prof. Hu Yihuai, from Shanghai Maritime University, China, held the keynote speech with title "Research into Sail-Assisting Technology for Ocean-Going Ships". Prof. CHOU Loke Ming from Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore had a keynote speech with title "Biodiversity Enhancement of the Urbanized Coastal Environment". Prof. Gordon Huang from Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, Canada had a keynote speech with title "Factorial-Based Ecological Input-Output Model to Support Industrial Policy Formulation". Prof. Koh Hock Lye from Sunway University, Malaysia, held a keynote speech with title "The Life We Want: Achieving United Nation Sustainable Development Goals 2030".

List of Conference Committees are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

In this paper, the suspended sediment concentration and bed geometric characteristics of powder sediment under the wave-only and wave-with-current are described. 9 experimental scenarios with the different wave height H and mean flow velocity V were investigated. It is found that under the wave condition the suspended sediment concentration S increases with the increase of wave height H, however it increases with the increase of flow velocity V under the wave-current condition. The sediment concentration in the near-bottom area is very high for both wave and wave-current condition. The sediment wave length L_sw increased slightly with the increasing of the H, but it does not change much in general, while it increased with the increasing of the V. The sediment wave height H_sw increased with the increasing H, and it increased firstly and then decreased with increasing V.

Sand waves generated under waves and wave-current have been investigated experimentally in a wave flume. The evolution of bedforms were measured by a Trasonic Terrain automatic Measurement and analysis System (TTMS). With the data measured, the configuration of the bed was analysed. With long time wave action, a large-scale bedforms as sand waves can be formed and many ripples superimposed upon them. Ripples with 2D or 3D patterns can be formed at different locations. The growth rate of sand waves was increased at the beginning and then decreased with the increase of the time. Moreover, it has been found that the sand wave features as sand wave length and height have relationship with hydrodynamics. In general, the sand wave height increases with the increasing of wave height and residual current respectively. The sand wave length increases with the increase of residual current and decrease of wave height. The sand wave growth rate increases with the increase of the hydrodynamic conditions.

Study shows that the submarine landslides have greatly affect the stability and security of subsea production systems, subsea pipelines and other Marine structures. Landslides can also take place even though the slope Angle is less than 1 °. At present the study of onshore landslide is more, but the study of submarine landslides are very few.The landslides mainly deal with the issues of stability. The analysis of landslide stability mainly use the Galerkin method, discrete element method, SPH and so on.But there is less research on the influence of the subsea structures.When the landslide occurs, Fluid characteristics of the landslide are significant, the soils translate into mudflow or debris flow,which is not solid state but fluid.So both SPH and CEL can be used for simulation, this paper uses the CEL and SPH to study the submarine landslide, the comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of both methods is taken on. Both motheds are introduced at fisrt, Then through calculation, compares the two kinds of calculation methods. It can be seen that the SPH method and the CEL method are basically consistent with the shape of the landslide mass.It shows that both methods are feasible. The results of CEL method is more accurate.When the number of elements of SPH and CEL is few, the calculation time of SPH is shorter than that of CEL, but with the increase of element number, the calculation of the CEL method is more faster. If stress value of Lagrangian structure is required,it is better to choose CEL method. It is useful to further study on submarine landslides on Subsea structures.

Wave buoy is a modern ocean observation facility, and the ability of following wave is an important parameter to reflect the measurement accuracy. This article will focus on the study of hydrodynamics on the ability of three common appearance buoys. By using the hydrodynamic calculation software AQWA, this article will study the heaving response of free buoy in regular wave under frequency domain, it combined with the typical Green function method for solving the wave force and the related hydrodynamic coefficients of floating structure, and it applied the three dimensional potential flow theory and based on the single degree of freedom motion equation. According to the features of short period wave in Chinese sea states, this paper will calculate the heaving response RAOs of 25 buoys on different shapes, weight and shape parameters. Hydrodynamics calculation results show that: under the same conditions in the environment load, the flow-ability of ball float 3-2 has better performance than other buoys in working condition. The research methods of this article has provide good scientific basis for the parameter design on ocean data buoy.

The rapid development of ocean observatories results in a great challenge to integrate so many sensors into one system. Some solutions have been proposed to address this issue, such as MBARI PUCK, IEEE 1451 and OGC SWE. This paper proposes a novel smart sensor interface module solution which is more capable than PUCK. As the interface standardization is achieved at the instrument-side in our solution, the design of ocean observatory systems is simplified. What's more, the feature of distributed intelligence of the module can benefit many in-situ applications of ocean observatories.

Cabled Seafloor Observatories(CSOs) are powered by shore stations with DC voltage levels up to -10kV. When a backbone or spur cable fault occurs, the power system must isolate the fault by disconnecting the faulty segment quickly. So the BUs installed in the backbone cable need to carry out the switching operation under high voltages(HV). However, DC circuits have no zero-current points and the fault currents will rise rapidly, bringing a big challenge to the switching on/off operation. In this paper, we have purposed an HVDC circuit breaker based on series-connected IGBTs with voltage balance. Under the backbone voltage of -10kV and a peak current of around 14A, the simulation results show that the proposed design is feasible, with the switching-off time about 1ms.

The Map Ta Phut (MTP) Port has been developed on the middle portion of the Rayong Bay, Thailand, since 1992. After the expansion of the port completed in 2002, the port has an approximately 3.5 km wide and extending 4.0 km seaward. This paper provides the assessment of the construction of the MTP Port project on the shoreline of the Rayong Bay. Historical shoreline positions were extracted from aerial photography and satellite imagery taken between 1957 and 2016 using ArcGIS version 10.4. The rates of shoreline changes pre- and post-port development were implemented using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS). Results indicate that the Rayong Bay shoreline mostly was in dynamic equilibrium with an average rate of less than 0.5 m/y prior the construction of the MTP port. After the completion of the port, a significant shoreline accretion has continuously been found along the shoreline of about 500 m adjacent to both sides of the port. Meanwhile, the Rayong Bay shoreline had been eroded about 28 % of the total shoreline after the port completed in 1992 and increased to 30% after the port expansion in 2002. Coastal protection structures included seawalls, segment breakwater, Y-shaped groins, and jetty were applied along the receded shore. Most of those structures have successfully stabilized the shoreline, and the Rayong Bay has likely reached a new dynamic equilibrium since 2011.

When carrying on wind profile measurement of offshore wind farm by Floating Doppler lidar technique, the platform often produces motion response under the action of ocean environment load. The motion response affects the accuracy of lidar wind measurement.In this paper, the synchronous observer experiment is designed to study the influence of small attitude angle on the accuracy of laser radar's wind measurement,giving an example of comparing the wind measurement data of two lidars, and carrying out the linear regression statistical analysis for all the experimental correlation data.It is found through experiments that the small attitude angle has less influence on horizontal wind speed and wind direction, and has a greater impact on vertical wind speed.

In order to solve the problems of passive detection of very-low-frequency (VLF) underwater sound sources, this paper proposes a method of estimating sound source distance based on combining underwater sound field and Scholte wave field. VLF sources near the ocean bottom generate the sound field in the water, then seismic waves are excited by the of near-field effect. The surface wave propagating along the ocean bottom interface is the Scholte wave. By deploying a hydroacoustic&seismic-wave joint detection system on the ocean bottom, the acoustic field and the Scholte wave field excited by the source can be collected. Due to the different physical properties of water acoustics and Scholte waves, the Scholte waves can be distinguished by analysing the polarization characteristics of the captured signals. Due to the different velocity between the underwater acoustics and Scholte waves, the propagation delays to the joint detection system are also different, and the delay difference can be obtained by the correlation method. Combined with the surrounding parameters, the distance of the target source can be determined. Theoretical analysis and finite element simulation experiments show that this method can estimate the position information of near-ocean-bottom VLF underwater sources in the ideal case.

The paper presents a methodology for optimal construction of telecommunication system for corrective information distribution based on the criterion of minimizing of expendable resources. A calculation method of range of control and correction stations (CCS) action transmitting the corrective information to mobile consumers under various conditions (sea, land areas with various electrical properties) is developed. A construction algorithm of the optimal telecommunication system has been created. The software in the software shell MATHLAB was developed for implementation of the obtained algorithm. The obtained algorithm and the developed program were tested. The results of comparison of calculations with the analytical solution and experimental data for the specific example are given. These results gave a good matching between the computations obtained by the algorithm and the analytical calculations. The developed algorithm and program were applied to optimize the composition of CCS of the local differential subsystem in the rivers basins of Siberia and the Far East. An example of the formation of action zones of CCS in the basin of the Ob River on inland waterways of Russian Federation is given. In conclusion, the inference is made about the effective optimization of the local differential subsystem, as a result of which it became possible to provide all inner waterways in the Ob basin by a continuous field of the differential correction.

In order to break wave to protect coast without coastal landscape destruction, for better coastal protection and development. Based on the physical experiment mode, a kind of semi-submersible embedded spherical block wave structure is proposed. In this paper, we discussed the effect of this wave dissipation structure. The experimental results show that the wave structure has a good wave dissipation effect. At the same time, the specially designed ball box net box can be used as the incubator to bring economic benefits.

The flow field of ducted propellers in viscous flow is analyzed and calculated with CFD technology, and the flow field and surface pressure distribution of the ducted propeller of offshore platforms with the fracture in different positions of a certain blade are simulated. Firstly, the geometrical models of the ducted propellers are established with UG software and put into the girding caved up by the Gambit. Then the numerical simulations are carried out with CFD, by which the surface pressure distribution of the ducted propellers in open water are calculated using Moving Mesh method. Lastly, the flow field characteristics of ducted propellers with the fracture in different positions of a certain blade are compared, and the result data are analyzed and summarized to gain flow field change laws. The results can be applied in project for reference.

Two-dimensional physical model experiments were conducted on a plain vertical seawall with a 1:20 sloping foreshore. Based on previous research, exponential equations were improved to describe spatial measurements for both impulsive and non-impulsive conditions. Comparisons were made between the spatial distributions from previous research studies, and compared to results of this study. It was observed that overtopping water generally distributes closer to seawall than previous predictions. 90% of overtopping was found generally to land within the distance of 0.04 wave-length under impulsive conditions, and similar results were observed in non-impulsive cases. A comparison between the spatial distribution of extreme events and total overtopping volume are discussed. Exponential equations are improved for fitting the distribution of extreme overtopping waves.

Based on the N-S equations for viscous, incompressible fluid and RNG^{k − ε} turbulence model, a two dimensional Numerical Wave Tank is established, utilizing the secondary development function of Fluent software and the VOF method. A two-dimensional linear regular wave and a random wave are generated by defining the motion of moving boundary and adding wave absorbing zone at the end of the wave tank. The resulting numerical wave shape agreed well with the theoretical shape. The simulated wave spectrum of random wave keeps the original structure of the target spectrum. The impact of waves on the horizontal plate is simulated referring to the existing physical model test. Compared with the physical and the numerical pressure data of 11 pressure points under the horizontal plate, it is found that the two datas fit well, indicating the effectiveness of Fluent in simulating the interaction between waves and structures, which lays a foundation for further exploring the factors that affect the magnitude of the impact pressure on the horizontal plate.

A numerical model for solving interaction between solitary wave and a sloped seawall is established. The CIP (Constrained Interpolation profile) scheme is employed to solve the flow field. THINC (Tangent of Hyperbola Interpolation for Interface Capturing) method is applied for capturing the free surface. Hydrodynamic forces is calculated by integrating the pressure and friction along the seawall surface. First, convergence tests with respect to mesh resolution and time step are examined, and the solitary wave profile is validated by experimental data from the published paper. Then, time series of the free surface elevation at specific location with different heights of incident solitary wave are presented. Finally, hydrodynamic forces acting on the weather side of the seawall are analyzed. The conclusion can be drawn that this numerical model has applicability for strongly nonlinear wave-body interaction problems.

After the construction of artificial island group, the good water exchange ability is beneficial to improve the water environment quality and improve the landscape effect of the island group. In order to solve the water exchange in the island group, a numerical model based on solving the hydrodynamic and advection-diffusion equations was used to calculate the water exchange of artificial island group in Weifang, China. The water exchange rate was obtained by calculating the concentration variation of dissolved conservative tracer. Based on the analysis of water exchange and influence factors, the suggestion of optimization was proposed. Fist the narrow waterways should be avoided and the most effective way to enhance the hydrodynamics for weak flow region is increasing exchange of channel.

This paper using WRF mesoscale atmospheric model, the reanalysis wind field data provided by ncep global forecast field as the initial condition and boundary condition with time, calculated the wind field with sufficient precision, provided the driving wind field for the wave numerical calculation, calculated the corresponding wave field with model SWAN, and simulated the wind wave process caused by a cold wave wind in the Bohai sea area from 5 to 7 November 2015. The calculated model was verified by the measured wind and waves data at the stations of Huanghua and Dongying. The results show that the simulation values of wind and wave elements are in good agreement with the measured values. The model can reproduce the characteristics of wind and wave distribution during the cold tide in Bohai Sea.

In order to overcome the shortcomings of the existing semisubmersible platforms, based on care investigation into various factors affecting the quality of floating platforms, a new concept of jackup combined semisubmersible multifunction platform named JCSM was developed. The JCSM integrates the advantages of the jackup platform and the semisubmersible platform. Also, the comprehensive performance of the JCSM is improved by optimizing the details of the topological structure. Therefore, the JCSM is well-suited for either wet tree or dry tree developments in harsh environments. Meanwhile, it possesses a variety of attractive functions covering drilling, early production, workover, oil and gas treatment, oil storage and unloading, and etc. Thus, a JCSM can be used throughout the entire life cycle of deepwater oil and gas field development, which can greatly help reduce the capex and opex and obtain higher economic benefit. The JCSM is an innovative alternative to the conventional semisubmersibles and a new choice provided for the development of offshore oil and gas fields in the future. The advantages of the JCSM was elaborated and analysed from mechanics perspective in the paper. This study will provide reference for the development of creative floating platforms.

This paper presents a Bayesian-networks-based risk evaluation approach of offshore oil platform, through the investigation of offshore oil platform is prone to accidents, to understand the structure of the relevant subsystems and collect the prior probability of related events. Then the events are divided into a three-tier structure, and the typical Bayesian network model of fire and collision accident in offshore oil platform is established. The corresponding parameter analysis is made to complete the verification and analysis of the model. The results show that the method based on Bayesian network can carry out effective risk analysis, and the risk assessment is feasible and advantageous by using this method.

Touchdown zone (TDZ) is one of the most critical fatigue hot spot for a Steel Catenary Riser (SCR). In current industry practice, a flat profile is always used when modelling the seabed surface. However, survey data shows that trenches are formed at SCR touch down zone after riser installation. It is important to understand the impact of trench modelling for fatigue life at TDZ. This paper presents a SCR TDZ fatigue life comparison between a flat and trenched seabed profile using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) models based on linear soil stiffness. The trenched seabed is modelled in its assumed equilibrium condition using an analytical equation derived from non-linear hysteretic analysis in the literature. Further analyses are conducted for more parameters. The objective of this study is to determine if a linear seabed model with trenched profile can improve TDZ fatigue life of an SCR when compared to an SCR on a flat seabed surface.

According to the phenomenon of cavitation in the deep-sea mining pump and the instability of the pump's speed, the pump's cavitation characteristic under different speeds is studied. Based on the theory of multiphase flow and cavitation nucleus, the Euler model and Schnerr-Sauer cavitation model are used to simulate the pump's steady state of cavitation under different rotational speed. The pressure distribution and gas volume distribution are analyzed as well as the pump's external characteristics, and it is verified by experimental. The results show that the low pressure and cavitation appears on the inlet of the impeller blade at the pump's first stage. Along the streamline direction, the pressure increases gradually and the gas disappears. With the rotational speed increases from 960r/min to 2000r/min, the area of the low pressure expands rapidly as well as the cavitation, the efficiency of the pump and the NPSHa drop to 30% and 1.05m respectively, the H adds to 90.89m. The calculation formula of the pump installation height is derived as (21). When the speed is the designed 1450r/min, the pump has the best installation position about 108m under the sea level.

With the continuous development of the transportation industry, the project of artificial traffic island is attracting more and more attention. However, the traditional design method has not met requirements for the complex structures of artificial islands. This paper discusses the application of BIM technology in the field of the design for artificial islands. Based on the practical engineering, the paper further proposes how to effectively use the BIM technology in the complex designs of artificial traffic islands, and presents the application effect. Finally, the BIM technology is successfully and effectively applied to the implement of 3D collaborative design, visualization of engineering design, and demonstration of construction progress.

*This paper is Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes(TKS160301).

That anechoic tiles fall off from the surfaces is a common phenomenon that modern submarines are frequently faced with, which has negative effects on acoustic stealthy performance and increase Target Strength(TS) levels. Based on Monte-Carlo theory, PEM calculations are made by assuming that each anechoic tile fall off randomly and their conditions are tested separately. And the statistical-based values where statistical probability density of the PEM results reaches its culmination are considered as the TS level of a structure that part of its anechoic tiles fall off. The effectiveness of the MC-PEM is validated by the calculation of plate with anechoic tiles, since it achieves good agreement with the results of analytical method. And the relations between TS and the anechoic tiles' exfoliation rate of single-layer cylinder shell are gained by MC-PEM. Finally, log-normal distribution is introduced to describe cumulative failure probability of anechoic tiles. And the dynamic characteristic of TS versus non-dimensional time suggests that it is of significance to overhaul anechoic tiles in the region of 0.3t∼0.5t(t represents average lifespan of anechoic tiles) as to keep TS in relative low level.

Coral reefs are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems in the world. With evidence of recent and notable mass coral bleaching at the Great Barrier Reef, it is imperative that coral species and their response to increased temperatures be studied in order to identify coral acclimation and the "winners" and "losers" of climate change. Sinularia dura is a commons coral species in South Asian and Southeast Asian water. This study has shown that even a 1 to 2 degrees centigrade increase in temperature can have huge effect on the health of Sinularia Dura which has implications to the status of coral reefs due to increased sea temperatures caused by climate change.

Taking Ganyu Port project (Phase I) as background, based on hydrodynamic and Euler-Lagrangian theory, a 2-D tidal current and oil spill numerical model are established and verified by measured data. According to different meteorological conditions, select representative scenes, the oil film sweep range and diffusion distance are predicted, and the oil spilling impact on surrounding water environment is analyzed. The results show that: the oil sweep range and drift track are closely related to the oil spilling time and wind direction. Under no wind condition, the farthest distance from the oil film edge to the oil spilling point is about 30 km in 72 hours, which will influence the present aquaculture area, but had no effect on the protected area. Under N and WNW adverse wind direction, the farthest distance are respectively 32km and 67km from the oil film edge to the oil spilling point, which will both influence aquaculture area and some individual protected area.

Based on tropical cyclone (TC) data provided by the America Joint Typhoon Warning Center, this paper analyzes the variation characteristics of tropical cyclones making landfall over China during the 65-year period of 1951–2015 and their statistical relationship with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The conclusions are as follows. (1) The landfall frequency during the period of 1951–2015 has strong inter-annual and inter-decadal variability characteristics, and an abrupt change in the landfall frequency occurred in 1988. However, from the long-term variation frequency trend, the landfall frequency decreased slowly from the late 1980s to 2015. (2) The landfall intensity increased rapidly from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, with an abrupt change occurring in 1996. In addition, there is a significant decreasing trend and then an increasing trend from the late 1960s to 2015. (3) There are significant negative correlations between the landfall frequency and the sea surface temperature (SST) in the ENSO-3.4 region. All the sliding correlation coefficients are negative from 1961 to 2002. A strong abrupt change in their correlation occurred in 1970, changing from a weak negative to a strong negative correlation. (4) There are no significant negative correlations between the landfall intensity and the SST in the ENSO-3.4 region, and their sliding correlation coefficient of inter-annual variability shows that there is an alternating appearance of positive and negative correlations. A strong abrupt change occurs in 1999, changing from a weak positive correlation to a strong negative correlation. The significant negative correlation occurred in the 2005. (5) The TC genesis locations move to the southeast in El Niño years and shift to the northeast in La Niña years. (6) TC frequency that influences the Chinese continental coast line in El Niño years is less than that which influences Japan. Meanwhile, in La Niña years, the TC frequency that influences Japan and its surrounding waters, the China Sea, the BohaiSea, and the South China Sea, increases, while it decreases in the TaiwanProvince.

Under the background of global warming, the variation of extreme low temperature events in the Northwest Pacific are undergoing significant changes. The extreme low temperature events have obvious monthly, inter-annual and inter-decadal characteristics. Extreme low temperature events were mainly concentrated in January-March. It showed an increasing trend from 1982 to 1991, a downward trend from 1992 to 2011 and an upward trend from 2012 onwards. The frequency of extreme low temperature events has significantly reduced. The number of days and the duration of a single event have significantly reduced. The average temperature and the minimum temperature of a single extreme low temperature event show a linear upward trend. The extreme low temperature events have two time scales cycles, with a large cycle of 13-20a and small cycle of 4-10a. Over the past 33 years, extreme low temperature events have changed from small time-scale cycle to large time-scale cycle.

Based on the high-resolution SODA oceanographic hydrological reanalysis data, analyzing the climatic characteristics of the surface salinity in the South China Sea and the adjacent Northwest Pacific Ocean during the new climatic baseline period from 1981 to 2010 in this paper. The results showed that: Sea surface salinity (SSS) in the research area could be obviously divided into two areas, the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The SSS in the South China Sea was lower than that in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. The annual amplitude of SSS in the South China Sea varied in different sea areas, but it was smaller and almost same in the Northwest Pacific Ocean area. The inter-monthly variations of SSS were the same at continental shelf side and the sea area near the island in the South China Sea, however differences existed with that in the central of the South China Sea. The inter-monthly variation of SSS in the Northwest Pacific Ocean varied from low latitude to high latitude and the salinity field showed "high-low-high" distribution. According to the climatic characteristics of salinity, the research area could be divided into five climatic zones. Among them, the South China Sea was divided into areas A and B, and the Northwest Pacific Ocean was divided into areas C, D, and E. As water invading from the Northwest Pacific Ocean to the South China Sea area that caused a higher salinity in area B than in area A. The northern equatorial current influenced on the Northwest Pacific Ocean, that caused the salinity in area D lower than in areas C and E.

Yanliao Beach, part of Taiwan's Northeast Coast National Scenic Area, is a major sightseeing and recreation spot. In recent years, the number of tourists has increased, and maintaining the beach's recreation function has become crucial. In 2007, Typhoon Krosa caused substantial beach erosion at Yanliao Beach; sand dunes collapsed, resulting in a beach scarp and endangering facilities toward the back of the beach. To protect the sand dunes and beach scarp of the post-typhoon topography, based on long-term Yanliao Beach topographic survey information and long-term tidal water level records, this study conducted an integrated artificial beach nourishment method that comprised replenishing the coastal beach and dunes. The planned areas for sand replenishment were those above the mean high water line. This beach nourishment measure protected the dunes from collapsing further and mitigated the risk of beach nourishment polluting the water in front of the beach. Topographic survey results revealed that the large amount of sand deposited in the intertidal zone resulted in the 0 m shoreline advancing toward the seaside. The width of the beach increased, indicating the success of this integrated beach nourishment method.

Shanxi province of China is threatened by the water shortage crisis. It is an important means to solve the water shortage problem by rationally water utilization planning and controlling. Using the structural decomposition analysis based on input-output table, the driving factors and driving forces of water consumption in Shanxi is researched, especially the effect of economic structure optimization. On the basis of the input-output table of Shanxi in 2002, 2007 and 2012, a comparable price water input-output model was established in combination with the water use data. According to the study, the improvement of water use efficiency has been the main driving force for reducing water consumption. The change in gross final demand has always been the main driving force for increasing water consumption. The adjustment of manufacturing industry structure, the secondary industry structure, the three industrial structure and the final demand structure have different impacts on water consumption, which has been related to the way of development. On the whole, the optimization of economic structure is changed from water reduction effect to increasing effect.

On semi-arid/arid regions (SA/A), new climatic conditions transformed irrigation water on scarce and to obtain efficiency on its use (Eu) is necessary it dosage (D). Under Crops quality and the aim to avoid losses by drainage, evaporation and runoff is necessary implement alternatives front to risks and encountered mechanisms for counteract H2Oi lack and promote Eu and D. Any aquifer to plan, requires immediately know the volumetric exchange (ΔV(x,y,t)) between regional aquifer and sources hydric. Therefore, the objective was determine the spatial variation of drip factor (Fg) between aquifer/water tributaries and take it as indicator of ΔV(x,y,t) behaviour in SA/A coastal agricultural valley of Northwest of Mexico known as "Heart Agricultural of Mexico". Fg results respond at linear expression y = 26.70 x - 44.15, an annual range average of 413-1813 m/year governed by porous media and recharge dynamics closely linked to transitivity anisotropy low to medium (R² = -0.6) and included on range 20-70 m2/day. In few occasions the river and streams yield water to aquifer (rainy seasons), and on dry season; only the aquifer gives large amounts to all region tributaries. The low sensitivity response at dripping and climatic presence changes constitutes a high risk for H2Oi and sustainable agriculture due to continuous downward trend of watertable levels that encourage an overexploitation responding at lack water and the occurrence of big agricultural economic losses caused by the last intense droughts continually confronted this region. Knowing ΔV(x,y,t) balance helps at control water losses, at sustainable agriculture and contributes to achieving goals of Eu and D; adapted to new agricultural uses forced by climate change.

To test for compliance with the D-2 standard for ballast water management convention of the International Maritime Organization, the bacteriological quality of ship's ballast water is determined to evaluate the risk of invasion of non-indigenous species both onboard ship and in Port. In this article, hydrodynamic flow focusing particles viewed through a microfluidic resistive pulse sensor (MRPS) was used to detect the pathogenic bacteria from ship's ballast water. Escherichia coli and Enterococci were addressed as bacterial indicators to determine of their characteristic and concentration. The system provided the individual particle-by-particle readout in rather large 20 μm x 10 μm x 8 μm (length x width x height) horizontal rectangular microchannel duct. The average volume flow rate was 4.5 μl/min. However, it returned online and real time results for a complete of 30 μl sample volume during 15 min. The system was low maintenance, high in sensitivity, good accuracy and reliable. Targeted bacteria needed neither labelling nor extracting DNA.

Promoting water rights trading is conducive to optimal allocation of water resources through market mechanisms, and provides an important means to improve water-use efficiency and the benefits from water use. This study explores the background against which water rights trading in China came into being, and sheds a light on the current status of water rights trading in China, which covers topics such as China Water Exchange, the progress of work related to water rights determination and trading in pilot provinces (autonomous regions), and China's efforts to build a water rights system. Furthermore, it identifies a number of problems pertaining to the subjects and objects of water rights trading, and China's efforts in building a network of trading platforms, as well as a water rights system. On that basis, it puts forward countermeasures to address the detected problems, in an effort to facilitate water rights trading.

Hydroelectric power plant is the largest renewable energy source in Indonesia. There are several models of hydroelectric power machine applied in Indonesia, one of them is a portable generator. However, there are still some problems in the existing portable design, for example it has a big size and unattractive design; it is unpractical and unsafe to use, that it results in ineffective and inefficient use of the generator as well as results endanger. This reality occurs because the design does not meet user criteria. The purpose of this study was to redesign the portable hydroelectric power generator which can satisfy user requirements. Survey was conducted to identify the customer needs and axiomatic design method was used to determine the design parameter by mapping process from customer attribute and functional requirement. Statistical analysis was conducted to test the hypothesis. The results of this study showed that the proposed design of portable generator can increase user satisfaction as much as 73.67% so it is recognized to be different from the existing design. The design developed is also valid to satisfy user requirement at 5% significance level including the fact that it is durable, waterproof, attractive, lightweight, small in size, and portable.

Yellow wine lees and rice wastewater are seasonally discharged with high amount of organics. The potential of cultivating Candida utilis and Geotrichum candidum to produce value- added single cell protein (SCP) and simultaneously bio-transform the wastes was investigated. A series of batch experiments were conducted under sterile condition. Co-culture matrix of Candida utilis and Geotrichum candidum resulted in the highest biomass and crude protein yield of 4.2g increased biomass/initial biomass and 68.4%, respectively. Response surface analysis was applied to optimize the fermentation process. The optimal conditions for SCP production with 66.3% of crude protein content were fermentation time of 4 days, solid-to-liquid ratio of 6% (w/v), inoculation proportion of 1:1 (ratio of co-cultures (v/v)), inoculum dose of 18% (v/v), and aeration rate of 1.4 volume of air/volume of reactor per minute. The soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and the total nitrogen removal efficiency were 78% and 55% respectively. Acetic acid was the main species contributing to the residual SCOD. Furthermore, the contents of essential amino acids closely matched commercial standard for fishmeal and soybean meal, providing high possibility of animal food application.

The Availability of shrimp waste in Indonesia is huge, especially in shrimp pond areas. However, it has not been utilized optimally and caused environmental pollution. The weight of shrimp waste reaches 30%-40% of its weight. Most of the shrimp waste is dominated with shrimp shells. Shrimp shells containing 60% -70% chitin. It will produce 15-20% yield of chitosan synthesized from chitin. On the other hand, the use of fertilizer continues to increase. Fertilizer is an essential nutrient for plants if lack nutrients to make plants can't grow normally. Preparation of chitosan as matrix controller begins from shrimp shell synthesis which is obtained by deacetylation method with the highest deacetylation degree of 74.5% and the optimum deacetylation is 71.2%. The SEM test which shows the thickening and rougher structure of the fertilizer surface, fertilizer coated by macrospheres has a thickener and coarser surface so as to inhibit the release of elements inside. The shrimp shell waste based coating is able to inhibit the release of NPK contained in the fertilizer. The occurrence of ionic crosslinking shown by the presence of N-H groups and -P=O on material.

As a compound with antitumor activities, prodigiosin was produced by Serratia marcescens with kitchen waste as a substrate. The initial yield of prodigiosin was 223mg/l and can be further improved with supplementation of nitrogen source and inductor to the medium. A 290% increase of the prodigiosin production was achieved with 1% peptone and 0.2% proline. Physiological fermentation factors such as incubation time (36h), substrate concentration (35g/l), pH of the medium (pH 8.0), and fermentation parameter such as temperature (28?), agitation speed (150rpm), inoculum level (1%), and liquid volume (20/150ml) all have impact on the prodigiosin production. With optimization, the maximum prodigiosin yield was 890mg/l and kitchen waste was proved to be a novel and economic substrate for prodigison production.

Pectin is a promising bioadsorbents material for heavy metals' removal from aqueous solution. In this study, pectin was isolated from carrot peel by extraction method and evaluated as biosorbent for removal of toxic heavy metals (Pb(II)). The adsorption parameters for removal of Pb(II) were optimized, including pH, adsorbent mass, and contact time. The results shows that pectin can be isolated from carrot peel as was characterized by FT-IR spectra. The optimum condition for Pb(II) were at pH solution 6, Pb(II) with 44% removal capacity. The optimum adsobent mass was 15 mg with 46% removal capacity, whereas the optimum contact time was 120 min with 38% removal capacity.

This study reports on the functionalization of recycled diatomite (DT) for preparing green and shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM); the DT-based SSPCM can be employed in HDPE composite for high latent heat and good thermal conductivity. After purification, the purified DT (P-DT) adsorbed polyethylene glycol (PEG) by the straight dipping process for producing SSPCM. P-DT showed high surface area of 58 m2g-1 and low organic impurity (<1%); the PEG/P-DT SSPCM exhibited high latent heat of 45 Jg-1 and low leakage (<0.3%). By adding PEG/P-DT SSPCM into the HDPE, the SSPCM/HDPE composite improved both the heat deflection temperature (HDT) and maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) to 89.18? and 500.2?, respectively. In seeking to enhance tensile strength and thermal conductivity, maleated polyethylene (MAPE) and alumina (Al2O3) were studied in the SSPCM/HDPE composite. In the end, the SSPCM/HDPE composite exhibited great heat resistance, mechanical property and thermal conductivity.

This study extracted cellulose nanofibers (NFC) from pineapple leaves, and then employed eco-friendly aqueous system to modify NFC with a layer of polystyrene (PS). The successful modification was confirmed by FTIR analysis, after acid-base treatment can effectively reduce the lignin content and better water transport, and the PS layer could lower NFC's surface polarity for improving the interfacial compatibility in PS matrix. By introducing NFC into PS matrix, the PS-modified NFC showed better interfacial adhesion and uniform dispersion, and resulted nanocomposite with higher tensile strength, char yield and transparency. Therefore, the eco-friendly modification could help NFC reinforce nanocomposite for enhancing mechanical property, thermal resistance and transparent appearance.

The activated sludge process is a advansed biological wastewater treatment process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters by using different aerobic types of microorganisms (biomass). In recent years, the activated sludge processes are shown to be significantly negative affected by the natural hazards (the climate factors) as extreme temperatures, intensive rainfall, etc. An approach for analysis of natural hazard (climate change) impacts on wastewater treatment process with activated sludge is proposed. The approach is based on qualitative analysis of the input-output static characteristics of the activated sludge process, involving uncertainties in the inflow parameters of the aerobic bioreactor. The process model is described by the system from two nonlinear ordinary equations with interval coefficients. The impact levels of one natural hazard on the activated sludge process are defined as a deviation between the nominal and the affected input-output characteristics. The negative effects are described by variation in given intervals of some process coefficients and are calculated as percentages (deviations) from the nominal process coefficients. This analysis of natural hazard impacts on activated sludge wastewater treatment process is necessary in order to operate such system stable and efficiently.

Turpentine is one of the oils obtained from pine trees with >80% α-pinene composition. Turpentine oil has a high selling value by making α-pinene derivative through an esterification reaction. The esterification reaction was carried out with time variation and reaction temperature using natural zeolite. Characterization of the catalyst using X-Ray Diffraction, IR spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The esterification reaction product was analyzed by IR spectroscopy, and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy. The main product of α-pinene esterification reaction was α-terpinyl acetate (21.40%), and the selectivity of 28.87 %, produced at 40ºC for 3 hours.

Oil spillage is a serious problem all over the world. Usage of agricultural byproducts for raw materials in biosorbents applications is a promising way to solve this problem. In this paper, a green biotechnological procedure has been developed using Phanerochaete chrysosporium to produce an oil-sorbent from corn stalk and corn cob. Without fungal modification, the maximum sorption of oil by raw corn stalk and corn cob was 6.95 g/g and 4.14 g/g, whereas the treatment with Phanerochaete chrysosporium increased up to 9.03 g/g and 7.69 g/g, respectively. SEM and XRD were applied to characterization of treated and untreated materials, which showed the changes in the surface morphology and crystallinity of all biosorbents. The agricultural by-products can be utilized as biosorbent for efficient oil removal, and fungal treatment can serve as a mild and green method to increase the sorption capacity.

Extreme wettability materials have shown great ability in dealing with oily industrial wastewater emission and oil spill accidents. Whenas, most of the addressed materials are technically sophisticated or inclined to involve corrosive or toxic chemicals. Herein, we fabricated an easy fabricated, low cost and robust material for oil/water separation. The superhydrophobic-superoleophilic (SOO) cement-coated meshes were made simply by dipping copper mesh in cement paste and surface modification. The micro/nanostructure and low surface energy endowed the mesh with great superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity in air. The mesh had great oil absorption ability and high separation efficiencies for various oils. They were also admirably recyclable and durable. The meshes could be used to separate oil/water mixture at least for 20 cycles with high separation efficiency, and showed respectable superhydrobocity after being bent for 30 times. This simply fabricated, low cost and robust material will have great potential to be used in industrial wastewater treatment and oil spill in seawater.

The paper deals with the practically and theoretically important problem of the container selection from the stacks of the container yard. This problem to a great extent determines the operational efficiency of the modern specialized maritime and dry container terminals.The severe ecological pressure exposed on the terminals ruled out the extensive way of the terminal development by the territory expanding. The permanent growth of the container flows leaves the only dimension to expand, to go high. In the same time, the increase in the operational height of container stack causes another big problem, that of container selectivity. With the growth of the number of tiers in the stack, the number of non-productive moves is also bigger, thus deteriorating the operation efficiency of the container yard. The results of the study shows that this problem could be fought by the changing the operational strategy of the box allocation in the container blocks of container yard. The benefits resulting from the changing of the strategy from the traditional horizontal filling of the empty space cell by cell and tier after tier to the vertical allocation of the boxes in sequential columns and rows are displayed on the concrete samples. This problem cannot be solved by the analytical mathematical techniques and should be treated with computer simulation.

In order to evaluate the shear performance of asphalt mixtures with different gradation types, two kinds of substances, glycerol and asphalt, were used as the media of mixture for triaxle test. The test results show that the shear performance of the mixture is greatly influenced by the gradation of the mixture. It also shows that the more the gradation structure is embedded and squeezed, the greater the internal friction angle, the stronger the shear resistance, and by improving the performance of the cementing material can also improve the shear resistance of the mixture.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of factors in mixing proportion on the dry density of Roller-compacted concrete pavement made of EAF slag aggregate and fly ash by using Taguchi method. In this study, EAF slag with size in range of 4.75 – 19 mm was used as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate with three percentages (i.e. 0%, 50% and 100%). Cement was partially replaced by fly ash at three content levels (i.e. 0%, 20% and 40%). Four factors are considered to study including the percentage of EAF slag aggregate, the percentage of binder (cement + fly ash), the fly ash ratio, and the moisture content. And, three levels of four factors were proposed to study the influence of them on the dry density of RCCP. Thus, nine mixtures conforming the orthogonal array L₉ of Taguchi method were prepared to determine the dry density of RCCP by Proctor test. The results were assessed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this research indicated that increasing of the percentage of EAF slag as aggregate replacement led to rise the dry density, whereas increasing of the fly ash ratio as cement substitution resulted in the decrease of dry density. The percentage of binder is range of 10-14% and moisture content in range of 6-8% affected slightly on the dry density. When the moisture content exceeded 8% leading to the reduction of the dry density.