Table of contents

This overview presents the key themes and outcomes of the III International Conference "ETESD - 2024," held in Tashkent from October 17 to 19, 2024. It details the participants and proceedings, highlighting significant trends in environmental protection, biodiversity preservation, and the innovative technologies applied in agriculture. The conference addressed urgent challenges related to preventing environmental damage and discussed future prospects for advanced technologies in food production, soil protection, tillage, water conservation, and environmental research. Additionally, the event fostered dialogue on the integration of earth space systems into these critical areas, aiming to promote sustainable practices and collaborative solutions for pressing environmental issues.

List of Programme Committee and Organizing Committee are available in this Pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

1. Type of peer review: Single anonymous

2. Conference submission management system: Morressier

3. Number of submissions received: 305

4. Number of submissions sent for review: 240

5. Number of submissions accepted: 41

6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 13.4 %

7. Average number of reviews per paper: 1.10

8. Total number of reviewers involved: 13

9. Contact person for queries:

Name: Komil Astanakulov

Affiliation: National Research University - Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers

Email: komil.university@gmail.com

* means value has been edited

The article discusses the issue of increasing the efficiency of plant nutrition by treating liquid organic and mineral fertilizers with an electro-hydraulic effect. The amount of nitrates in water is reduced to 1.1 mg/l due to electro-hydraulic treatment. This creates the possibility of feeding plants and at the same time eliminating E. coli bacteria in liquid fertilizers from 2.23 mg/l. up to 102.7%, i.e. 82.55% compared to the control in exchange for its neutralization, which can prevent it from passing through the plant into the human and animal body, resulting in human health being maintained. As a result of the research, a process for electrohydraulic processing of liquid fertilizers was established, where the following processing modes and parameters were established to ensure the degree of grinding of solid particles in the liquid, processing voltage: U = 24 kV, capacitor capacity: C = 0.8 μF., number of pulses: n=175 pulses, which turned out to be sufficient. Due to electro-hydraulic processing the rate of fertilizer uptake by plants has been improved over existing technology by optimizing the breakdown of coarse fertilizers into liquid solution through electro-hydraulic treatment of liquid fertilizer solutions. As a result, it was possible to increase the yield to 33 g for tomatoes and 37 g for cucumbers per 1 hectare owned by the farm using the method of electro-hydraulic treatment of liquid fertilizers.

The article is devoted to system engineering and development of eco-management technologies for sustainable development. At the top level of this corporation is the boss, making decisions regarding the sustainable development of the corporation, taking into account its impact on the environment. At the lower level is the production unit, the manager of which can use environmentally friendly technologies. The situation is studied when the boss does not know the capabilities of these technologies to reduce pollution from the production unit due to stochastic interference. In order to minimize environmental risks of production, the boss assigns the manager to one of two classes, depending on the pollution of that unit by the environment. For this purpose, procedures for forming a standard of environmental pollution, as well as assigning classes are used. Knowing these procedures and taking advantage of the ignorance of the boss, the manager can get a higher class by manipulating pollution. The game of the boss with the manager choosing pollution in such a way as to increase own objective function is studied. An archetype of self-learning classification of environmental impacts is formed, including optimal procedures for standardization and classification. It has been shown that the use of this archetype is sufficient to motivate the manager to minimize environmental pollution of the production unit even under stochastic interference.

This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using spruce needle extract, comparing the performance of AgNPs with residual plant extract to that of purified AgNPs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed nanoparticles mostly spherical in shape with an average diameter ranging from 16.8nm (nanoparticles in plant extract medium) to 22.6 (pure nanoparticles). Antibacterial tests with the food product showed that the nanoparticles in the plant extract completely inhibited the growth of microorganisms, while in the case of pure nanoparticles a slight microbial growth was observed (34, 7, 41 colonies). This antibacterial activity may be due to the synergistic effect of silver nanoparticles with bioactive compounds found in spruce needle extract - phenolic compounds, flavonoids. They can act as a stabilising medium for nanoparticles and enhance the interaction with bacteria. Also, the high temperatures used purify nanoparticles could cause sticking and agglomeration of the particles, reducing their antibacterial activity. These findings suggest that the use of plant extracts is rational for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, and is applicable in the food industry, where effective and non-hazardous antibacterial agents are required.

The paper describes the investigation of the effect of inoculation by Methylobacterium brachiatum B0021T on both the growth lettuce plants and their resistance to short-term thermal stress which was made for the first time. The ability of strain B0021T to synthesize indole derivatives, siderophores, to solubilize insoluble phosphates was revealed. It was shown that inoculation of lettuce plants by strain B0021T improved of shoot growth and development, formation of the root system. It had a positive effect on the work of the photosynthetic apparatus, and also increased resistance to short-term temperature stress in vegetation experiments. The obtained results indicate the potential of using the studied strain to improve the yield of agricultural crops, as well as to protect plants from unfavorable environmental conditions.

The article discusses current issues of waste management in the hot climate of Central Asia. It notes that the development of industry, construction boom, rapid motorization, diversification and growth of agricultural production, combined with a hot climate, along with population growth and its migration to cities, affect the waste situation. At the same time, the region is becoming familiar with the concept of the "green" economy and welcomes the adoption of global experience, modern technologies, and progressive thinking. It emphasizes that waste management is a "complex system" consisting of interconnected parts, each of which can be both a driver and a barrier.

The integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies in the forestry cadastre and monitoring practices in Uzbekistan represents a significant advancement in sustainable forest management. This study explores the application of GIS in enhancing the accuracy, efficiency, and comprehensiveness of forestry cadastre, which is crucial for the effective management, conservation, and restoration of forest resources in Uzbekistan. Through spatial analysis, remote sensing, and data integration, GIS technologies offer detailed insights into forest cover, land use changes, and biodiversity, providing a robust framework for decision-making and policy formulation. The research highlights how GIS tools facilitate the precise mapping of forest boundaries, monitoring of illegal logging activities, and assessment of reforestation efforts. Furthermore, the study examines the challenges and opportunities in implementing GIS in Uzbekistan's forestry sector, considering the country's unique geographical and ecological context. The findings suggest that adopting GIS technologies can significantly contribute to achieving Uzbekistan's environmental sustainability goals and improving the management of its forestry resources.

The study of water bodies using remote sensing data and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies is crucial for effective water resource management. This research focuses on monitoring the Talimarjan water reservoir, a vital water source in Uzbekistan, by leveraging satellite imagery and GIS tools. Remote sensing offers a cost-effective and comprehensive approach to assess various parameters, including surface area, water quality, and seasonal fluctuations in water levels. By utilizing multi-temporal satellite data, changes in the reservoir's volume and surrounding vegetation were analyzed. The integration of GIS technologies facilitated the mapping and spatial analysis of these changes, enabling the identification of trends and potential risks, such as sedimentation and water loss. The combination of remote sensing and GIS provides valuable insights into the health and sustainability of the water reservoir, aiding in decision-making for water management authorities. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of these technologies in environmental monitoring, highlighting their potential for broader applications in the management of water resources in arid regions. Through accurate, real-time data, remote sensing and GIS help in ensuring sustainable water use, promoting efficient resource management, and mitigating the impacts of climate change on water bodies.

The article presents the results of long-term biomonitoring based on the phenology of the arboreal species Betula pendula of the city of Yoshkar-Ola, Russia. The phenological multivariance of B. pendula was studied for the first time at different stages of the ontogenesis of the generative period, in the gradient of atmospheric air pollution by industrial and automotive toxicants. The rhythm of seasonal development of B. pendula depends on both individual and age characteristics, as well as on the influence of conditions of a specific urban microclimate and environmental pollution. Middle-aged generative individuals of B. pendula are characterized by earlier periods of the onset of phenophases, rapid leaf unfolding, prolonged flowering, yellowing of leaves and, in general, the growing season, compared with young and old generative trees. The asynchrony of seasonal development is characteristic mainly for trees located in the zone of medium pollution. Under conditions of a specific microclimate and air pollution, heterogeneity within ontogenetic groups B. pendula increases. The adaptation of B. pendula individuals to adverse weather factors and urban conditions is determined by the diversity of phenorhythmogroups in the generative period of ontogenesis.

The article discusses the issue of predicting the consequences of natural disasters in forests using geographic information systems (GIS) and related tools. The authors emphasize the importance of improving the quality of management and monitoring of forest resources, as well as the need to improve the perception of geoinformation in a form accessible to the user. Analysis of information systems shows that they can be used to monitor forest plantations, promptly assess the consequences of natural disasters and subsequently make informed decisions on their elimination. The authors also propose an algorithm for solving the problem of assessing and predicting the consequences of natural disasters in forests, describe the necessary conditions and initial data on the characteristics of the objects under study and the parameters being determined. In addition, using data from information systems that can be used to predict natural disasters in forest areas, recommendations are offered and the feasibility of using GIS is established, justifying the corresponding equipment and its characteristics. Overall, the article explores different approaches to forecasting and recommends using an integrated approach using modern information technologies in the field of analytics and machine learning to achieve the best results.

This article investigates the convective drying process of ring-shaped melon slices using a laboratory drying unit. It details the unit's structure and operating principle, along with its technical characteristics. The experimental procedure is outlined, and the results of the drying experiments on Ak-Urug melon pulp in an oscillating mode are presented. The study includes plots of the mass change of dried melon slices over time for different thicknesses (21 mm, 18 mm, and 15 mm) and a graph illustrating the relationship between the coolant path and the drying time.

This article presents data on the effect of foliar feeding on the growth, development and overall productivity of winter wheat. To more accurately determine the effect of foliar feeding during the studies, winter wheat was grown under three agro-backgrounds (control, N90P45K30 and N180P90K60 kg/ha). During the growing season, the plants were sprayed with a suspension. During the studies, a positive effect of foliar feeding on the overall growth, development and productivity of winter wheat, as well as the effectiveness of this method, was determined.

This article analyzes the optimal shape of a two-segment nozzle of a drum machine for drying food grains. The loading and unloading of the nozzle at any angle between the nozzle segments are investigated using a geometric model. Equations were proposed for the maximum volume carried by the nozzle, the maximum angle of incidence and the average height of the material drop.

This paper analyses the effects of food media with high viscosity on the performance of rotary lobe pumps. Rotary lobe pumps have long been used in the food industry for pumping highly viscous media and are designed to operate for long periods of time without replacement of any parts. The study utilised publicly available data from factory tests of the PLP 3-4 pump for pumping food media of various viscosities μ (μ above 10,000 cP). The paper presents the results of processing these data, which allow us to draw some conclusions. It is established that the power input of the pump PLP 3-4, due to the viscosity of the food medium, is directly proportional to the rotor speed and increases with its increase. Thus the power spent on overcoming back pressure depends on rotor speed nonlinearly. At the same rotor speed the increase in pressure drop and dynamic viscosity coefficient do not affect the productivity, but lead to a significant increase in power consumption. The obtained results allow to draw a conclusion that it is not necessary to connect the increase of hydraulic efficiency of rotary lobe pump with improvement of energy efficiency of unit utilisation and to take into account the reason of increase of discharge pressure.

The paper presents the development materials for a combined drying unit for agricultural products with IR radiation, operating in a closed-loop mode. Due to the constant uniform movement along a closed loop, the entire mass of the product being dried is uniformly coated with a flow of drying agent and is subjected to intensive heat treatment. The superimposed effect of IR radiation in combination with convective heat exchange intensifies the process of heat and mass exchange and reduces the drying time.

In a field experiment, the influence of various organomineral biological products on the yield and composition of the chlorophyll complex of spring wheat was studied. As a result of research, it was found that organomineral complexes have a positive effect on increasing productivity. Special implementation options using OMC+Zn and OMC+Si. In addition, organomineral biological products have a significant impact on the composition and structure of the chlorophyll complex. To analyze the chlorophyll complex, two indicators were studied: the total content of chlorophylls a and b, and the ratio of chlorophylls a and b. The most optimal and effective in these two indicators was the option using OMC+Zn.

This article discusses the results of a study of changes in the characteristics of M10G₂ oils during the operation of diesel engines and gas engines based on diesel engines. During engine operation, the oil in the lubrication system circulates under conditions of temperature difference. The thermal load of the engine depends on the engine boost. Thermal stress and temperature of hot gases intensively influence the oxidation of oil; this process occurs in the annular zone of the pistons. The operating conditions are harsh in the working surface of the cylinder in the piston stroke area, in this area the oil is subject to thermal decomposition and high oxidation intensity. When operating a diesel engine, compared to a gas-diesel engine, the main oil indicators such as viscosity, density, mechanical impurities, high- and low-temperature characteristics, chemical characteristics such as base number have lower limit values, and the oil service life can be considered 1.5 times higher when operating at gaseous fuel. The alkaline number in samples of used oils varies from 2.24 to 1.4, which indicates the emergency condition of the used oil. The results of analyzes of the alkaline number of the studied motor oils show that when the engine is running on gaseous fuel it decreased on average from 6.0 to 2.2 mg KOH/g, and when running on diesel fuel from 6.0 to 1.4 mg KOH/g. i.e. below the permissible level.

Today, new innovative technologies are widely used in all fields. The energy sector is certainly not an exception, especially in matters of efficient storage and use of electricity. There are many scientific developments in this field. Some of them are at the stage of theoretical development, while others are already in the form of working prototypes. Energy storage technologies store the excess power that occurs in the system when the consumption of electricity is at a minimum, and transmits the stored electricity to the system in the modes of maximum consumption. These technologies not only ensure the continuity of electricity, but also guarantee the energy security of the system. It can quickly provide the system with the necessary power even in various emergency situations that may occur at power stations. It also allows to adjust generation schedules of electricity produced by renewable energy sources that change dramatically due to weather. Energy storage systems are also useful for consumers - through them it will be possible to maintain stable electricity prices within the general network or to ensure individual flexibility and independence of consumption in households.

The work studied the features of the chamber (linear dimensions, wall materials, etc.). It was revealed that the smaller the temperature difference between the environment and the air temperature inside the chamber, the lower the percentage of losses in the chamber. It has been established that due to the convective action, the hot air in the chamber predominantly rises upward. In this case, the heating elements were connected in series with each other. Power was supplied from a 220 V network through power lines. We have developed a system for monitoring the temperature inside the chamber and lamp operation in the Automation Studio 5.2 program. This system allows one to regulate the air temperature inside the chamber. Calculations were also carried out to identify the effect of temperature differences on heat loss in the chamber device. Experiments and engineering calculations have shown that in a small chamber the temperature required for seed germination cannot be achieved immediately. In the two - position closed chamber load plot, the energy consumption area is 9.4% larger than the energy consumption areas of the subsequent periodic energy consumption areas. It can be seen that heating the chamber itself requires additional electricity.

Pollutant emissions from gas-fired equipment are determined by the combustion parameters and the design of the units and burners. In addition to the design, NO_X and CO emissions significantly depend on environmental parameters, including air temperature. The article examines the features of pollutant formation processes during operation of gas turbine units of various designs and configurations: both stationary units such as the GTK-10M designed for main gas transportation and converted marine engines DR-59L used as a drive for gas pumping units at subzero outside air temperatures. The operation of hot water boilers as part of a gas heating unit was also investigated. The studies were conducted to develop mathematical models of pollutant formation to create a continuous calculation control system that will allow for high-precision determination and prediction of limit values for NO_X and CO emissions and minimize the impact of emissions on the environment.

The article is devoted to developing measures to combat soil erosion of lands susceptible to degradation and desertification. These measures are aimed at accelerating environmental management processes and improving ecology through the implementation of new promising technologies and technical means into agricultural production. A combined sowing unit was developed that in one pass prepares the soil for sowing and sows seeds. A unit for mechanical destruction of the seed dome was developed. A technological scheme for the process of sowing saxaul seeds was proposed. Technical specifications for the sowing unit were also developed.

The article presents the results of field experiments to determine the quality of cotton processing with an experimental OVX-600 sprayer with a pneumatic disk sprayer in the mode of a low-volume spraying method with a working fluid consumption of 50-100 l/ha. During the field research, a nomogram was compiled to determine the flow rate of working fluid for low-volume spraying, regardless of the type of tractor and at various speed modes of the unit. The results of high-quality processing of cotton with an experimental OVX-600 sprayer with a pneumatic disk sprayer were obtained, which showed that with a capture width of up to 21.6 meters, the deposition of the drug, both in the width of the capture (45.9%) and in the height of the bush (68.1%) of cotton meets agrotechnical requirements. The conducted field experiments have shown that by the density of the coating of the surface of the cotton leaves, and by the dispersion of droplets (80-120 microns), the experimental sample of the OVX-600 sprayer with a pneumatic disk sprayer is quite suitable for use in the mode of low-volume spraying of cotton.

The focus of the research is on developing a new grinder design that uses less energy and metal, starting from a theoretical perspective. The study looks into how the screw cutter system's quantitative and qualitative indicators relate to geometric factors and speed modes of operation. Only by decreasing the average cut length, or by speeding up the screw knife's spin, can the degree of stem chopping be increased. According to the knife's rotation speed, the experiment displays the average slice lengths and the associated productivity of the screw cutting pair. In order to comply with zootechnical criteria, the following modes should be used: n = 400-450 rpm (l_av = 5,5-4 cm) with an inclined feed angle of β = 450, and n = 550-650 rpm (lav = 8-4,5 cm) with vertical loading. The productivity of the cutting pair sharply decreases as the knife's rotation frequency increases. The aforementioned numerical examples demonstrate good agreement with the experimental results and were chosen in accordance with the characteristics of the experimental setup.

The possibilities of the three-wave pulsed lidar for monitoring the lower tier of forest vegetation have been studied. The simulation analysis results of the lower tier forest vegetation groups identification on a neural net using measured vegetation spectral reflectance for different wavelengths of the three-wave lidar are presented. It is shown that the best options are lidars with wavelengths 532, 1064, 1570 nm and 532, 1064, 2030 nm. The three-wavelength lidar with these wavelengths allows the identification of five lower tier forest vegetation groups (undergrowth of deciduous trees; undergrowth of coniferous trees; areas of swamps, mosses and shrubby plants; soils with different percentages of vegetation coverage; areas of dry forest, soils without vegetation, lichens, burnt areas) with a probability of correct identification over 0.8 and a probability of incorrect identification under 0.08 (for a relative RMS noise values of 1%).

The article describes a method for determining the unmanned ground agricultural vehicle trajectory, based on calculations of only the boundary values of restrictions, using root-finding and polynomial evaluation. The paper presents a mathematical description of the unmanned ground vehicle trajectory. This thesis also describes a mathematical model for generating the trajectory of movement unmanned ground vehicle; methods for determining the velocity of movement vehicle and the time optimal trajectory. The article presents the results of an experiment on generating the unmanned ground agricultural vehicle trajectory.

The primary drawback of vertical-spindle cotton-picking machines is considered to be the lower completeness of crop collection in the hopper, which primarily occurs due to the rapid greening of spindle surfaces. On these machines, brush strippers are installed to clean the spindles from greening, which simultaneously remove the cotton windings from the spindles. Attempts by designers to install special devices on machines for cleaning the spindle surfaces from greening have not yielded positive results. Consequently, a significant portion of operational time is spent on washing the spindles. The authors have developed a design for brush spindle cleaners, the installation of which does not require modifications to the existing design of the harvesting apparatus. Calculations indicate that the installation of the proposed cleaner will enable effective cleaning of the spindle surface, thereby enhancing the completeness of collection by the vertical spindle.

The article presents materials for substantiating the main parameters of a rotary soil cultivator of a new sowing device equipped with a device for loosening the soil of non-performed primary tillage. To justify the width and diameter of the rotary ripper, consisting of 5 packages of pointed paws, tests were carried out to determine the location of corn stalks along the axis of the row. The test results were processed using mathematical statistics methods. Using the obtained formulas, distribution density curves of random variables were constructed. The width was taken from the plotted graph and based on this the diameters of the rotary shredder packages were taken.

The report presents the findings of a feasibility study and provides justification for the Republic of Uzbekistan's usage of Strip-Till technology. The creating a highly efficient technology issues for bedding fields for planting in one pass, developing a combined aggregate structure that efficiently achieves the procedure, and conducting targeted scientific research to substantiate the parameters of the working parts of the aggregate are considered. The records of investigation on the design of tilling bodies of a combined aggregate with optimal parameters are represented. The theoretical observation to substantiate the parameters of the section of the gangs of the aggregate are presented. A theoretical calculation of the lengthwise spacing across the plate disks of the second row and the spear chisel installed on the beam is given. A program of experimental research has been made to verify the results of theoretical research. The degree of influence of the lengthwise spacing value across the plate disks and the spear chisel on the technological performance indicators of the tilling tools section was determined experimentally. Graphs of variation in the soil loosening gauge and changes in the traction resistance of a tilling tools section depending on the longitudinal spacing across the plate disks and the spear chisel are presented. Concordantly of pilot research events for soil loosening at the level of agrotechnical requirements, the lengthwise spacing value across the plate disks and the spear chisel should not be under 25 cm. Data on the economic efficiency of using an aggregate with experimental tilling tools with well-founded ratings for minimal tillage are presented.

This paper presents the development and justification of operating parameters for a soil milling machine designed to form ridges for the pre-sowing preparation of industrial crops. The study focuses on determining the optimal parameters of the working bodies and operating modes of the cutter, emphasizing the importance of reducing undesirable soil fractions to enhance seed germination. Experimental results demonstrate that the use of organomineral complexes significantly improves soil structure, leading to better moisture retention and reduced vibrations during sowing. The machine's design incorporates four sections, each equipped with milling drums, ridge formers, and compaction rollers, allowing for efficient soil preparation in a single pass. Key findings indicate that increasing the number of knives on the milling drum enhances soil crumbling efficiency, with optimal configurations yielding significant improvements in grain weight and overall crop quality. The research highlights the effectiveness of the developed machine in achieving high-quality tillage while conserving resources, thereby contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices.

In this article, a comprehensive analysis of existing materials, hardening methods, design and features of the work of parts in the composition of aggregates is carried out. Based on this analysis, the choice of material for the base and reinforcing coating was carried out, and the most effective ways of strengthening the blades of the straw spreader were determined, which are installed on combines instead of similar imported parts. In the course of the study, the spread of blanks and hardened parts by weight, the degree of wear of knives in real operation, as well as the chemical and phase composition, structure and properties of reinforcing coatings were studied. 65G steel is proposed as a modern import-substituting material, and 6HV2C steel is proposed as a promising one. To increase the hardness and wear resistance of the knife blade, the technology of induction surfacing of modified hard alloys (composites) using high-frequency transistor converters (inverters) with a programmable mode is proposed. This technique makes it possible to achieve a more uniform heat distribution and ensure high accuracy of temperature control during the surfacing process, which improves the mechanical properties of the coating. The use of boron carbide and spherical tungsten carbide as a wear resistance modifier makes it possible to increase the hardness of the coating to 62-67 HRC, suppress the growth of dendritic structures, increase the adhesion of the functional filler to the composite matrix, reduce dispersion and increase the microhardness of the carbide phase, which together increases the potential wear resistance of the coating. The use of induction surfacing of modified hard alloys on knife blades contributes to a significant increase in their service life by increasing resistance to mechanical damage and wear.

This article describes the technological scheme of a new innovative device consisting of a hopper, smart cameras, smart mechanisms that sort the cobs according to length, conveyors, rubber grips, conveyors moving against each other that squeeze the cobs, next to the conveyor there is a disc that cuts the tip and bottom (unnecessary) part of the ear corn. On the surface of the threshing drum there is a threshing rasp bar, and under the drum there is a concave, as well as an auger and an auger base. The device consists of a loader with an elevator for loading seeds, an electric motor, an output shaft. Also, a processor is installed for programming the device's smart cameras and mechanisms. There is a grinder to grind the unwanted tip and bottom of the cob, unfit cobs smaller than 15 cm and the cores left over from crushed cobs as feed. In these studies, the number of holes N_h in the grinding part of the device, their diameter, the permissible size of the gap between the holes, the diameter of the grinding chamber D_h, and the height of the grinding chamber H_h were determined.

The device described in this scientific article can be used to cut off the unnecessary (top and bottom) part of the corn ears grown for seed, and to thresh and separate the seeds of the precise size. In the course of our research, it was determined that the speed of rotation of the ear corn after impact U_cr, the radius of the drum R_d, the angular velocity ω_r of the drum at what number of revolutions, the angular speed ω_cr of the ear corn after impact, and how it affects the threshing process. According to the physical meaning of the established inequality, the ear corn does not advance from the threshing rasp bar under the impact of the strike of the threshing rasp bar, on the contrary, the threshing rasp bar passes over the corn ear and threshes or removes the seed grains. Also, during the research, V_c and V_rbr speeds were analyzed from a theoretical point of view, and their influence on the technological process was studied.

This review aimed to present a general framework of some recent research trends and highlights reflecting the current status of durian waste valorization opportunities, applying the descriptive approach. In this regard, research was conducted on the keywords "durian waste" among the most used scientific databases, and the selected and included scientific publications are far from exhausting all the available and accessible literature on the subject under consideration, the complete detailed bibliographic description of which is beyond the scope of the present review. At the forefront, as a priority in many of the diverse researches, is the pursuit of achieving basic circular goals and sustainable principles related to reducing the total amount of durian waste, the search for effective methods for their safe treatment and storage, the development of methods to add value, the implementation of strategies to transform those considered as waste into useful raw materials and resources that can be subjected to recovery to obtain material goods with a view to their effective ecological valorization. As a result of the literature survey, among the main areas that are intensively worked on in the current conditions for the utilization of durian waste, the following could be mentioned: chemical compounds extraction and bioactivity characterization; activated carbon and sorption properties; nanoparticles; anaerobic digestion and biogas production; biodiesel; bioethanol; briquettes and pellets; ink; packaging; animal feed; food systems; as well as some other valorization directions and research tendencies. Conducting numerous studies in such diverse directions shows the overall importance for society of the subject under consideration, related to the proper treatment of durian waste, the application of appropriate strategies for their effective and successful utilization, emphasizing the need to summarize and systematize the recent state in the current progress regarding the valorization of durian waste, which allows and enables periodic renewal and updating of information.

Researchers from all over the world especially from industrialized countries increasingly began to write about the possibilities of the green economy in the sustainable development of countries. The most popular journals, the top authors, the top-cited papers, the top countries, and major subject areas were investigated using a bibliometric analytic approach based on Scopus databases. The analysis revealed a sharp jump of the number of relevant publications and that more than a quarter of articles are devoted to the environmental science. The implementation of the proposed ideas of the researchers is an important factor and the state and the business environment play a major role in this. The role of international investment projects and the participation of the private sector in the development of a green economy are becoming increasingly relevant.

This article presents field experiments widely used in the irrigation of winter wheat, monitoring the groundwater level. Data indicate that groundwater use in the Republic of Uzbekistan increases by 23-25 km³ per year. There is also the possibility for widespread use of groundwater to irrigate land plots with close groundwater levels and mineralization between 1 and 3 g/L in the Syrdarya region. During the study, an experimental field was divided into 16 small areas and processed four times on each one. Groundwater was artificially raised to depths of 1.0 and 2.0 meters, blocking closed horizontal drainage. According to the results, during the non-growing season, closed horizontal drainage blocked at a height of 0.1 m, groundwater levels were 27.2-29.8 cm. In the version with overlap at 2 meters - 28.9-31.1 cm, and in the control - 31.4-32.5 cm. During the growing season, when the closed horizontal drainage is blocked at a height of up to 1.0 cm, the groundwater level is 286-288 cm. In the variant where groundwater is blocked to a height of 2.0 m, the ground water level is 270-304 cm, allowing the use of ground water to increase the capillary moisture content of soil when watering winter wheat during low water years.

This article comprehensively examines the complex and critical issue of transboundary water resource management in the Central Asian region. The analysis highlights that the region's water resources, primarily sourced from the Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers, are vital for the socio-economic development of Central Asia, fulfilling the needs of agriculture, industry, and the population. It addresses specific challenges faced by Uzbekistan, including environmental crises such as water shortages, inefficient irrigation practices, and the degradation of the Aral Sea. To tackle these pressing issues, the article explores modern approaches and solutions, emphasizing the importance of international cooperation, innovative irrigation technologies, and effective water management strategies. The need for Uzbekistan and its neighboring countries to strengthen collaboration and implement joint measures is underscored to ensure fair and sustainable use of transboundary water resources. Moreover, the article provides valuable insights into achieving sustainability through improved water management practices. By analyzing the current state and future prospects of water resource management in Uzbekistan and the broader Central Asian region, it emphasizes that cooperative efforts are essential for addressing shared challenges and fostering sustainable development. Ultimately, this comprehensive examination serves as a call to action for regional stakeholders to prioritize collaborative solutions in managing their vital water resources effectively.

The article considers the issues of reducing harmful factors that are formed during the operation of energy production facilities and have a significant impact on the environment. An overview of complex measures to reduce toxic emissions of NOx and SOx is presented, a number of technical and organizational solutions in the cascade of technological processes aimed at reducing harmful factors are considered. A solution for the use of flue gas recuperation technology, which is based on the principle of reusing flue gases that are taken from the chimney in different ratios, is considered in more detail. A basic diagram of this solution, a list of additional equipment are given, the advantages and efficiency parameters of using flue gas recuperation technology are noted, as well as the problematization of engineering and research tasks of this solution.

This paper addresses the pressing issues of climate change, population growth, and the imperative for efficient water resource management. It emphasizes the importance of effectively utilizing water stored in reservoirs and accurately assessing water loss. Specifically, the study focuses on quantifying water lost through the filtration process in earthen dam bodies and examining its impact on structural integrity. Measurements were taken at the Chimkurgan reservoir when it reached the upper water level mark (Δ 480.43), assessing the filtration depression curve and the flow rate of water exiting from hydroposts at each piezometer within the dam. Statistical analysis of data collected during field research indicated an average loss of 90 liters per second through filtration from both the body and floor of the dam over a year. This article explores the relationship between filtration water consumption, the depression curve, and the geological characteristics of the dam, providing insights into effective water management strategies.

The article's analysis focuses on the turbidity process in the pumping station's forebay, which is one of the current issues with water management. The KFK-Sokh pumping station, located in the PK-1995+00 section of the Big Fergana main canal, was selected as a research object. In natural field studies, several characteristic cross-sections along the length of the forebay were selected. To determine the amount of turbidity in the stream, water samples were taken along the size and depth of each section. The amount of turbidity in the obtained samples was determined using the Spectrophotometer UV755 device. Considering the variability of water consumption, the speed distribution along the length and depth of the forebay was studied. The influence of the flow rate change at the entrance to the forebay on fuzzy printing is analyzed. Conclusions and recommendations are given based on the obtained results.

In this article, the Morgunenkov (Khan) canal in the Chirchik-Ohangaron Basin Management for Irrigation Systems area was selected. This canal is one of the more important canal in Tashkent region because it supplies water to irrigation fields in the Urta Chirchik, Buka and Akkurgan districts of the region. In this paper the technical condition of the canal and its hydrotechnical facilities was studied. The received data was entered into the database of the processed program and the efficiency of the canal was determined. The program helps to quickly and easily identify defects that cause water wastage. This is the reason for increasing the hydraulic efficiency of the canal. In addition, the developed computer program allows for the correct distribution of water resources of the Morgunenkov (Khan) canal, taking into account the demand for water in the entire system, to prevent water shortages in the downstream areas of the canal. The benefit from the practical application of the program will be at the expense of improving the efficiency of water resources management.

Measuring and controlling water levels at water management facilities is one of the important tasks. In this research work, we, the authors, have studied the available means of measuring water level. Some of their drawbacks were brought to light throughout the investigation. For instance, if you take a water level control gauge, you have to keep an eye on it all the time, and automation is challenging. These water level measurement devices are not up to date with modern standards. At present, there is a need for systems for continuous monitoring of water resources, collection of necessary information and, if necessary, delivery of processed information to the user or decision-making in complex situations. Taking this into account, it was aimed to develop an intelligent system for measuring and controlling the water level that meets the requirements of the time. As the basis of the intelligent system, the JSN SR-04T ultrasound sensor, which is resistant to various aggressive conditions and has high measurement accuracy, and the Arduino Nano board were taken. This intelligent system was tested at the facility and the developed system performed all tasks reliably and qualitatively.

This paper presents the results of field studies to determine the actual morphometric characteristics of water bodies of the Amudarya River delta, in particular the Mezhdurechye reservoir, Muynak and Rybachy bays. In connection with the deteriorating environmental situation and the need to stabilize it, based on the research results, the main characteristics of reservoirs were determined, in particular their actual volumes, and a watering regime for these objects was developed, as well as an assessment of the productivity of reservoirs.