Table of contents

International Postgraduate Conference for Energy Research 2022 (IPCER2022) was held in Pullman Hotel Kuala Lumpur Bangsar, Malaysia on 19 December 2022. It was organized jointly with co-organizers of Research Universities, Technical Universities and Private Universities. The objective of the conference was to create a stimulating environment for graduate students to discuss their on-going research work on energy with peers and experienced researchers from academia. The target audience of the forum is PhD students, recently graduated PhDs, supervisors, and master students in the related area of Energy. The conference was held in hybrid mode (Face-to-Face and Virtual). In IPCER 2022, both local and international researchers from various research backgrounds were gathered in the conference, which gave the participants the opportunity to increase their knowledge and build the research network for long-term collaboration opportunities. We thank the organizing committee and participants for their support and advice throughout the process.

List of Editors, Conference Committee, Co-Organizer, National Advisory Committee, International Advisory Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 121

• Number of submissions sent for review: 57

• Number of submissions accepted: 45

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 37.2

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 45

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Md Hasanuzzaman

Email: hasan@um.edu.my

Affiliation: UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC) Level 4, Wisma R&D, University of Malaya 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

German Malaysian Institute (GMi) has a great potential for utilising solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity. In this study, the performance of a 3kW grid-connected solar PV (GCSPV) system is monitored using Sunny Portal web in conjunction with Sunny SensorBox. The daily solar energy that strikes a PV array cannot be totally transformed into grid-compatible electricity. As a result of power losses, the production of solar PV systems falls short of expectations. The primary objective of this study is to examine the influence of solar insolation and PV module temperature on the actual output of the GCSPV system compared to the predicted output system by considering elements that affect the conversion of solar power to electrical power in GCSPV systems. The study prediction method based on calculations was carried out. Prediction of output system considered all losses, including efficiency of PV module, solar insolation, temperature of PV module, dirt, manufacturer's tolerance and module mismatch, the voltage drop in DC cables to inverter, and inverter efficiency. The data indicate that the average power generation is 7.26% lower than predicted by the system. The GCSPV system's performance efficiency is diminished by the temperature increase and somewhat enhanced by an increase in solar insolation. Temperature has a crucial impact in the energy conversion process of PV module. The effectiveness of the PV module in generating energy and power is dependent on its operating temperature.

Climate change is an important issue with rapidly increasing significance. The demand for housing is rising every year and this can lead to more carbon emissions and environmental impact from the residential sector. Carbon emission over the whole lifecycle of a building are key for sustainability and BIM can play an important role in assisting designers and stakeholders for better decision making, from design to operation, in order to reduce these emissions and improve efficiencies. This research focuses on BIM-LCA at the early design stages with a proposal for BIM-LCA implementation for housing in Thailand, where no formal process for this currently exists. It reviews relevant processes from other countries and proposes a framework for implementation for Thailand. It argues that the government, organisation firms and those involved in Thailand's construction industry should be more aware of problems surrounding global warming and the importance of sustainably designing housing in Thailand from construction in order to reduce the impact to the environment.

This study investigates the performance potential of a simple direct-drive wavepower generation system utilising an oscillating water column (OWC). The OWC was selected due to their ability to operate in places with low wave power density, low wave height, and shallow water. This is owing to the fact that the average wave power in the Malaysian sea has been just 8.6 kW/m, which is quite low compared to other coastal nations that use wave energy technology. In this study, the OWC has been scaled down and utilised for laboratory experiments. The experiment is divided into two different parts, which are Procedure A and Procedure B. Procedure A is to determine the maximum wave height (cm), air pressure differential (psi), and upward air speed (m/s) without the air turbine installed. Procedure B, on the other hand, employs a different type of bottom profile to calculate the voltage output (V), current output (A), and power output (W). The results indicated that circular-bottomed sloped seabed is superior, as they can generate the greatest amount of electricity, approximately 0.0105 W, at air speeds of 1.3-2.0 m/s and wave heights of 4-5 cm. The findings suggested that wave energy can be harvested to operate an air turbine, but more research is needed to figure out how to convert wave energy efficiently in Malaysia, where the wave heights are smaller.

A magnetic generator is not like a conventional generator that is produced by the coil. Consequently, this generator used the permanent magnetic field to produce magnetic flux energy. Although, most of the permanent magnet designs produce less aggressive copper winding. This paper provides an overview of axial flux permanent magnet generators for small-scale industries. First of all, the classification and a detailed overview of permanent magnet generators are presented first. The main characteristics of the generators together with their benefits and drawbacks are highlighted. Additionally, an overview of the most recent machine developments is also presented. The design of convenient permanent magnet generators that have been used to create small-scale generator varieties is then reviewed to conclude the most suitable design among axial flux which is the sandwiched construction.

Nowadays, it is essential for some areas that there would be implemented such ways for electricity cost reductions in the areas, equipment durability and minimal technical labour demand maintenance. There are many type of generator that can help to generate the electricity such as steam turbines, gasoline turbines, electrical generators, solar or wind turbines, internal combustion engines, and biogas engines. However, there are many drawbacks of using these generators. One of the major drawbacks of these non-renewable generators are the released of hazardous exhausts into the environment such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, or any other dangerous exhaust. These will produce air pollution, although it imposes environmental costs through manufacture and construction. One of the well-known energy sufficient generator is the permanent magnet generator. The main aim for this project is to design a Free Energy Magnetic Generator (FEMG) using conventional induced voltage generating principle for industrial and residential appliances. The design will be used JMAG Designer Software from designing and observing the generator. It can be concluded that this generator can give a continuous output power supply due to the capability of the generator to produce high output power with low cogging torque which is 2.1Nm. Perhaps, the maximum value of magnetic flux between coil is 2.1066 while the minimum value is 0.0418.

In a renewable energy system, the amount of power generated by a renewable energy source constantly evolves. Furthermore, with the smart energy approach, small distributed renewable energy can be included into an industrialized network, enabling real-time optimization, and enabling communication with other facilities. A magnetic generator is one of the renewable energies that use the permanent magnet. As a result, this generator generated magnetic flux power by using the permanent magnetic field. An overview of the radial flux permanent magnet generator for small industry is provided in this study. First, a categorization and in-depth description of radial permanent magnet generators are reviewed. The important features of the permanent magnets are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, an overview of the most recent machine developments is also presented. Lastly, an overview of the conventional radial flux permanent magnet generator designs that have been used in the development of small-scale generators is as follows.

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is an energy conversion technology that is capable of converting temperature difference into electrical output. This manuscript focused on different design setups of TEG module in recovering waste heat captured from hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (FCV) into useful electrical energy. Effects of single cell (SC) and double stacked (DS) TEG configurations were analysed before an additional heat sink (HS) was installed in the heating section for heat transfer enhancement. The performance of all design setups was tested under waste heat temperature (T_wh) of 53°C and 58°C. Under T_wh of 58°C, the maximum power point (MPP) was enhanced from 0.23mW/cm² (SC TEG design setup) to 2.8mW/cm² (DS TEG configuration with HS addition design setup), by approximately 92%. Rapid increase in MPP was obtained as HS was applied in the TEG module due to higher rate of waste heat capturing. The installation of HS is proved to be a successful add-on to the TEG module for WHR from low temperature waste heat.

The palm oil industry in Malaysia has aided our economy, but with any thriving industry comes the baggage of industrial waste. This paper focuses on palm oil mill effluent (POME), a waste product formed by palm oil milling operations. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the ability of POME to generate biogas through acid and heat pre-treatment methods. The feasibility of producing biogas at pH levels lower than 5 was investigated. The inoculum is effective microbe 1 (EM1), and the substrate is a liquid POME. Hydrochloric and phosphoric acid were used in this study, and the effect of low initial pH on biogas generation was investigated. The results show that POME alone produced the highest biogas volume (20.1 Nml). However, POME incubated with activated EM1 inoculant at low pH (3.74) generated consistent biogas during 57.75 hours of digestion. In conclusion, the EM1 is a good source of inoculum for POME treatment at low pH, with no pre-treatment required. The pre-treatment methods proposed in this study could have opened new doors for bio-renewable energy research, particularly in agricultural biomass, since substrate pre-treatment can enhance biogas production.

Designing a data logger for an Arduino-based PV analyzer. The goal is to analyze the energy yield of PV. The sensors used are current and voltage sensors integrated into the data logger board to measure parameters that affect the efficiency value of the PV array. Analyzers help measure and record output parameters of PV systems such as current, voltage, and power. The device also can store parameter data such as Temperature affecting PV performance. The advantage of using data loggers is that data can be collected automatically over some time. Additionally, the data can be displayed in the form of V-I and P-V diagrams for analytical purposes. This sequential design can be used for PV systems that provide many components with a specific power. Test-bench results were recorded at a maximum output of 20,016W. This type of data logger can be used as a portable recorder for measuring PV performance in different areas.

Solar energy is the most prospective renewable resource that humankind has access to, for acquiring the most usable energy. Photovoltaic thermal systems (PVT) are deemed to be one among the most efficient methods for capturing solar energy because of their distinct ability to produce electrical power by photovoltaic conversion while simultaneously dissipating the heat generated in the process. The necessity of financial investment is a major stumbling block in putting this strategy into action in actual application. This paper delivers updated literature on the economic aspects of PVT-Phase change materials (PCM) systems (installation, operation, and maintenance) that several researchers had carried out. Payback time is taken into account while calculating the profitability of PVT systems. Finally, the performances of several PVT-PCM systems were compared, and the economic analysis confirmed that the PVT system is financially viable. PVT system holds tremendous potential to be incorporated in residential/commercial buildings. The PVT system is a promising technology that still needs refinement in terms of overall efficiency and environmental factors, according to the available literature assessments.

This paper provides an economical solution and advanced method by tuning and optimizing system for power in the transmission line. The proposed system uses PID Genetic Algorithm (GA) controller in three phase four wire system for Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) minimization under balanced load conditions. In this article, traction load model is taken into consideration to evaluate the designed Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) for reduction of harmonics in three phase four wire system. Many existing SAPF models were tested using non-linear diode rectifier load for analysis. The GA technique for the reduction of harmonics is used to tune PID parameters such as a proportional (K_p), Integrator (K_i), and Derivative (K_d). In contrast with other controllers such as PI Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Hysteresis Controller (HC), Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) and Synchronous Reference Frame Theory (SRFT), the performance of the proposed controller is compared. The performance of the designed controller with GA adjusted PID is validated at various loading conditions by comparing it to the performance of the existing system. The outcomes are addressed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the created system.

In this paper, a high-current DC-DC converter with bidirectional capability is presented. The proposed converter topology combines a series capacitor bidirectional converter and a conventional bidirectional converter in a cascaded manner, thus achieving a quadratic voltage gain. The proposed topology is compared with other contemporary high current topologies in terms of voltage gains, component count and conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the converter performance is validated using the Simscape SimPowerSystems toolbox of MATLAB Simulink. It is determined that this topology demonstrated a conversion efficiency of 96% and 98% in step-up and step-down mode respectively, for a 250 W load. Moreover, a current gain of 12.5 was observed in step down mode for a switch duty cycle of 0.4. Lastly, current sharing between inductors and low current ripples were also demonstrated.

Optimal solar energy utilization can be achieved with a Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) system, which simultaneously produces electricity and heat. PVT generally uses water as heat transfer fluid to cool the PV cells while transporting heat for other purposes. However, water has low thermal conductivity and capacity as a heat transfer fluid. Nanofluid, which is popular in heat exchanger applications, has also been researched and tested for use in improving the performance of PVT systems. The superior thermal conductivity of nanofluid could produce a PVT system efficiency of up to 89.75%. However, nanofluid applications in the PVT system still face challenges, especially in their preparation and properties. This study determines the properties of nanofluids that could improve the electrical and thermal performance of PVT systems. The authors found that preparation procedures for manufacturing nanofluids were essential for researchers to consider before applying nanofluids. Also, some disadvantages of nanofluids are still an obstacle in their application, especially economic issues and adverse environmental effects.

Solar water heating (SWH) systems have yet to be widely employed despite their promising features for hot water production, especially in rural areas. This paper discusses several setbacks to the implementation of SWH systems. Generally, the setbacks are related to weather issues, the collector's technical damages, and financial constraints. A few potential countermeasures to these setbacks are also listed.

Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technique that is considered a very desirable technology with a high potential to overcome the gap between demand and supply. Phase change materials (PCMs) are considered to be a highly favourable thermal energy storage materials. Besides that, PCM has certain drawbacks, such as lower thermal conductivity and higher light transmission; owing to this, the heat transfer rate and energy storage density are less. The performance of the PCMs can be improved by adding highly conductive nanoparticles. In this study, various weight percentages (0.1% - 5.0%) of Copper (II) oxide nanoparticles are dispersed with salt hydrate phase change materials with melting temperature 50 °C and investigated the thermal and chemical properties using Thermogravimetric analyzer, thermal conductivity analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectrum. Results shows that the prepared nanocomposites have chemically and thermally stable up to 467 °C. The thermal conductivity was increased by 62.64%, at 3.0 wt% Copper (II) oxide with salt hydrate PCM. The developed nanocomposites have better thermophysical properties than pure salt hydrate, which may be applied for TES applications like solar water heating, photovoltaic thermal systems, and electronic cooling systems.

The commercial application of flexible dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is somewhat limited due to the devices' low conversion efficiency. The low sintering temperature in preparing the photoanode has caused poor interparticle contact, low charge transfer and low efficiency. Hence, this research aims to improve the interparticle contact of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photoanode with the novel use of lead (Pb) nanoparticles as sintering aid at low temperature. TiO₂-Pb composite photoanode was prepared with different composition of Pb including 4% and 7% sintered at low temperature of 250°C. The research discovered that TiO₂ photoanode mixed with 4% Pb composition showed the lowest charge transfer resistance (R_CT) even at low sintering temperature. The R_CT value was even lower than a commercial TiO₂ photoanode sample that was sintered at 450°C. The addition of Pb sintering aid has improved interparticle contact in the photoanode via the neck formation at the TiO₂-Pb interface and enhanced charge transfer despite the low temperature. The prepared photoanode samples displayed potential in developing highly efficient flexible DSSC.

As evidenced from recent policies encouraging renewable energy (RE) penetration in Malaysia, it is envisioned that solar photovoltaic (PV) in the country will receive a significant boost in growth as well. The proliferation of solar PV systems is viewed as a great leap in assisting the decarbonization of our energy generation systems, yet concerns have been raised on the sustainable management of the emerging waste PV modules. Currently, the common treatment methods for the majority of end-of-life (EoL) PV modules in many countries including Malaysia, are landfill disposal or bulk recycling in pre-existing recycling facilities. Even though these methods are simpler in operation due to minimal efforts required to sustainably manage these EoL modules, there is a high probability for environmental issues to occur including leakage of toxic materials and loss of valuable resources. As a result, high-value closed-loop recycling has been proposed to remediate these detrimental effects, but its execution could introduce challenges in Malaysia which this paper attempts to examine upon. Consequently, recommendations to alleviate the challenges faced are proposed, along with potential trade-offs that may arise from the solutions suggested. In essence, research and development (R&D), support from the authorities, as well as cooperation between governmental and private organisations, are necessary in establishing a sustainable and holistic framework for managing PV waste in Malaysia.

Phase change materials (PCMs) is a unique material that been widely explored for thermal energy storage (TES). PCM nature of low thermal conductivity limits the performance and heat transfer characteristics. Nano-filler been used widely to enhanced PCM thermal conductivity and improved the thermal physical properties. This research work study the nano-filler impact of graphene nano plate (GNP) enhanced paraffin-based PCM with different surfactant (cetryl trimethyl ammonium bromide; CTAB and SDBS) being added. Two step method being applied to fabricate the composites of RG (RT44HC with GNP), RGC (RG with CTAB) and RGS (RG with SDBS) in different weight percentage. The analysis on Fourier transform infrared spectrum shows stable results chemically and physically. The thermal stability shows an improvement as GNP prolong the weight degradation temperature of the composite. An improvement in thermal conductivity to 59.1% achieved as the SDBS surfactant added to RG composite. The addition of GNP and surfactant gives promising results and improvement in RG composite development for TES application in photovoltaic thermal (PVT) system.

In recent time, Organic Solar Cells (OSCs) have made a great progress in pursuing high power conversion, reaching the application threshold. Researchers have advanced past basic concepts of charge carrier dynamics in organic semiconductors to create devices with an experimental power conversion efficiency of about 18%. This review highlights the progress of OSC efficiency and investigate the state-of-art of organic cells in various factors such as temperature, energy conversion efficiency, solar shedding, operation and monitoring that affect the solar panel efficiency. Literature has shown how organic solar cells are seen as the solar technology of the future where it is offering the lowest energy payback times, ecology sustainability, while its energy efficiency still dropping, and a high energy loss is observed.

This paper is on working on energy assessment of generator's voltage, current and power output based on the generator speed. Today, demand of power is increasing because of technology advancement and increasing electrical devices being manufactured and installed. For this reason, the generator applied in renewable energy is recommended. It must be improved because it is an important component inside the energy system in producing enough power. This research is used the DC Motor function as prime mover and direct shaft to the shaft connection of AFPM165. The parameters of the investigational research are generator speed (rpm), DC current value form generator output (Amp), and voltage value (V). The speed of DC Motor has been gradually increases, from 0 ∼ 300 rpm by adjusted speed adjustment knob. The series circuit 15-ohm resistor and 5 Watts lamp to make it total 19-ohm constant as a load. The result is presented that the more speed of generator, the more voltage, and current it can be inducted. The findings of the study are presented that there is a difference between the factory specification and the experiment where the experimental value is more than the factory specification value which is 11.43% variation.

Drones and other aerial vehicles are commonly used in Search and Rescue (SAR) Operations to locate, stabilise, and extract distressed individuals. A drone is essentially a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously via software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, in conjunction with onboard sensors and a global positioning system (GPS). There are a variety of applications for drones today, and their use is expanding globally. It is a safe bet that the use of drones will continue to increase as technology continues to develop. Constantly raised by drone players is the issue of limited flight time due to poor battery life. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the most recent research on the energy performance evaluation of battery-powered drones for search and rescue (SAR) operations.

Conventional flux-switching permanent magnet brushless machines (PMFSM) gained a lot of attraction due to their high torque densities, simple and robust rotor structure, and the permanent magnets and coils on the stator. The sandwich PMFSM machine has been proposed to improve the torque density of the machine in which two PM pieces are sandwiched in one stator pole to enhance the PMs usage efficiency. 2D finite element analysis (2DFEA) method is employed to compare the performance of sandwich PMFSM with salient rotor topology with that of sandwich PMFSM with modular rotor, in terms of flux linkage, flux distribution, flux strengthening, induced back EMF, cogging torque and average torque. From the results it is shown that the salient sandwich PMFSM and sandwich PMFSM modular rotor produces 9.28Nm and 6.7Nm, respectively.

The Phase change materials (PCMs) possess the great potential to store renewable and sustainable thermal energy that can mitigate the issue of energy to a great extent. However, the low thermal conductivity hinders the extensive use of PCM in various applications. To alleviate this deficiency, the PCMs are often incorporated with highly conductive nanoparticles. The carbon-based nanoparticles are highly regarded to be a promising option because of their elevated thermal conductivity like Multiwall carbon-nanotube (MWCNT). However, these highly conductive nanoparticles sometimes exhibit the issue of non-uniform dispersion with PCM. In this paper, we report the use of surface-modified MWCNT by using stabilized Sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate surfactant (SDBS) with Paraffin wax (PW) RT47 at wt% 0.1 and 0.3 of MWCNT. The sample is created by using two-step method. Further, for characterization; chemical composition by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal conductivity by thermal property analyzer (TEMPOs) and for thermal stability, thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) is used. The results showed a significant enhancement in the thermal conductivity of composite PCM, the inclusion of 0.1 and 0.3 wt% of surface-modified MWCNT increased the thermal conductivity up to 51.29% and 76.5% respectively. The FT-IR confirms that the components are physically mixed in NePCM composite, no chemical reaction appeared as no displacement of characteristic peaks or a new peaks appeared. TGA results showed the prepared nano-enhanced phase change material (NePCM) is stable. Thus, surface modification of MWCNT by using SDBS for PW can be the effective method to boost the overall performance of NePCM without losing its basic characteristics. Therefore, based on results, it can be concluded that the surface modified Paraffin/MWCNT NePCM is well suited for applications like energy storage, photovoltaic thermal system, and battery thermal management. PCM showed enhanced thermo-physical properties. Therefore, it might be the candidate for energy storage and other thermal practical applications in future.

Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is widely understood to be a robust substitute feedstock for a wide array of petroleum-derived products such as plastic and fuel. Previous research delved into the use of waste (i.e., biomass) to produce HMF. These waste products stemmed from sugarcane bagasse, algae, bread, and banana. Our study is the first to report the use of sago pith waste (SPW), a by-product of the sago starch industry, for HMF production via simultaneous conversion in one pot. The production of HMF in such a manner not only yields an industrially important product (i.e., HMF) but also confers a sustainable waste management solution to the sago starch industry. SPW primarily consists of starch and fiber, and since the density of SPW affects the feed rate of the reactor, it is necessary to optimize the reaction temperature, sample volume, and amount of activated carbon to elucidate reaction conditions with a high HMF yield. By adding activated carbon and sodium chloride into the reaction mixture with a Bronsted-Lewis acid, we obtained 50-60% mole of HMF from SPW in a simultaneous reactor system at 160°C for 8 minutes.

Feed-in Tariff (FiT) policy is proven to be an effective mechanism for enabling and accelerating the growth of wind energy industry. The determination of remuneration level in designing FiT system is a critical component that governs the extent of success for adoption of the policy. This study conducts a generation cost-based approach, applying the Net Present Value method, to determine the baseline FiT rate for the case of onshore wind energy in Myanmar. The analysis result indicates that USD 0.1453/kWh is required as a baseline rate to attract the energy producers for investing in Myanmar wind energy sector at the weighted average cost of capital of 11.25%, with debt-to-equity ratio of 70%. The sensitivity analysis is carried out to minimize the uncertainties associated with parameterization. It is found that baseline FiT rate is very sensitive to initial investment cost, and capacity factor whereas it is less sensitive to operation and maintenance cost. It is also found that lower cost of debts and higher debt-to-equity ratios could result in lower FiT values.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology transforms sunlight into electricity and is expected to play a significant role in Malaysia's renewable energy growth. However, as the temperature of the cell rises, so does its electrical efficiency. Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems combine a PV system with a solar thermal collector (STC) to capture heat energy from solar cells and boost their efficiency. In this study, back flow thermal absorbers PV/T were designed utilizing cooper pipe, and the systems were constructed using monocrystalline cells, tempered glass, and epoxy lamination. Various designs of spiral, horizontal, and vertical pipes were used. The experiment was carried out between December and January at Wisma R&D, University of Malaya, with real-time data recording on power output, water, and surface temperatures at the peak sun irradiation of 735 W/m² in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The spiral PV/T system had the maximum daily electrical efficiency of 15.2%, compared to horizontal PV/T, vertical PV/T at a flow rate of 0.5 LPM, and PV system-only, which had daily electrical efficiencies of 14.4%, 14.36%, and 13.65%, respectively. The spiral PV/T system also had the highest daily thermal efficiency of 23.78%, compared to the horizontal and vertical PV/T systems, which had 23.02% and 13.95%, respectively. When compared to a PV system, the PV/T system increased the electrical efficiency of the module, with the spiral design having the highest efficiency among the designs.

Machine Learning (ML) Algorithms have demonstrated their tremendous application in optimizing and enhancing the performance of various complex operations in the field of science and technology. In this research work, ML is applied to address two of the most critical factors affecting the drilling performance in the Oil and Gas Industry, which are drilling bit selection and drilling parameters optimization. Rate of Penetration is a key performance indicator of drilling efficiency, higher ROP signifies higher drilling efficiency. In this research work, a hyperparameter tuned Random Forest Regressor algorithm with an accuracy of 0.73 based on the coefficient of determination i.e., R2 Score, is used to develop ROP prediction model and subsequently drill bit selection and drilling parameters optimization is performed using Particle Swarm Optimization. The developed model has practical applicability in the selection of drill bit and optimization of drilling parameters in the Oil and Gas field. Higher ROP results in less drilling time, which correspondingly results in less capital expenditure on the project.

This study intended to evaluate the catalytic activity of Ni/MgO-ZrO₂ to produce syngas through dry reforming of methane (DRM). The catalyst was prepared by using co-precipitation method followed by impregnation of Ni metal. XRD, BET and FESEM were used to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of the prepared catalyst. A stainless steel vertical reactor fixed with a catalyst bed inside was used to run the DRM process at 800°C, 1 atm and 1:1:1 ratio of CO₂:CH₄:N₂. From the three catalysts studied, Ni/MgO-15%ZrO₂ had the maximum conversion for CH₄ and CO₂ compared to the other two catalysts. The high conversion achieved was because of zirconium oxide. The result obtained from the DRM reaction was further supported by the characterization results, which included average particle size, the morphology of the catalyst, and catalyst peaks.

DC Series motor armature reaction causes EMI. EMI generates noise signals that affect feedback sensor readings, feedback controller function, and controller halting. This paper discusses software discrete filter and RLC hardware filter noise cancellation and filtering. The filter eliminates EMI-induced IGBT gate firing noise. Matlab/Simulink tests the filter circuit and digital filter control method, confirming software and hardware filter implementation.

The most common need for electric car is to be able to carry a maximum load of 850-1300 kg. The expected maximum speed of the electric vehicle (EC) is about at 110-120 km/h and the acceleration is for 60Km/h in less than 10 seconds. To determine whether the DC Drive EV performance is up to a standard requirement for the end user's such as maximum speed, cruising speed, acceleration, deceleration, stability, safety, etc., an EV's full design must go through some sort of testing. This study examined the use of a series motor and a four-quadrant DC chopper (FQDC) for typical driving cycle tests like the New European Driving Cycle to test these special requirements of a DC drive electric automobile (NEDC). Using Matlab/Simulink software and vehicle dynamics equations, a simulation model of the DC Drive EV is created in order to examine and investigate the performance under the NEDC test applied to the FQDC in order to make sure that it complies with the NEDC requirements. From the test findings, it can be inferred that the FQDC is capable of meeting all NEDC standards.

Harmonic currents are high in conventional rectifiers. The previous work proposed a new battery charger circuit to reduce harmonics effect and improve total harmonic distortion (THD). The design and development of a home charging electric vehicle battery charger circuit should anticipate potential issues. For this reason, the proposed battery charger, buck chopper, and zero cross circuits must be simulated before real hardware implementation. Simulation and simulation models are needed to describe system behaviour because experimentation might be dangerous, expensive, and time-consuming. This paper describes a simulation model of a zero-crossing circuit and its control algorithm, that provide control signals to a five-level single phase Multi Level Rectifier (MLR)) to draw the MLR for a clean sinusoidal line current with low harmonics. The proposed circuit and the algorithms perform as expected when tested using MATLAB/Simulink and PROTEUS software.

Poor battery state of health (SOH) or unit cell replacement of a damaged battery may cause an imbalance in the state of charge (SOC) or battery voltage terminal of electric vehicle (EV) batteries, which can negatively impact EV performance and EV batteries when charging. Battery Management System (BMS) monitor charges safely and efficiently. BMS can maximize battery life, can estimate SOC and State of health (SOH). EV Charger charge batteries individually in sequence (parallel) or, at once while in series connection. BMS cell balance controls battery charging in series or parallel using macro charging circuits. This study discusses series motor DC drive Electric Car (EC) Battery Management System (BMS) utilizing macro charging circuit and cell balancing control method. The MATLAB/Simulink software used to test the control algorithm shows that the proposed BMS cell balancing algorithm works effectively and meets our expectations.

An energy audit is an important process for determining a building's energy efficiency. This process includes verification, monitoring and analysis of energy usage and recommending ways to improve energy consumption. This paper presented a study on energy balance, utility system description, methodology to calculate the energy consumption, load apportioning and room data survey on luminance for a 7-storey educational building. The resulting data is then analysed to assess energy performance, identify opportunities for improvement without compromising safety, usability and comfort levels, and suggest potential energy savings measures that can be implemented later. As a result, it shows that the building consumed a total of 669,840.84 kWh of energy over the year of 2016 and 53.64% of the energy usage comes from lighting system. The proposed energy saving measure on lighting system for this building were expected to give 167,873.28 kWh reduction of energy per year by retrofitting an 18 watt and 36 watt of fluorescent lamp to 10 watt and 18 watt of light emitting diode lamp. The room data survey on luminance measurement also shows that 69% of the interior space is overlit, and delamping can result in a total energy savings of 45,550.08kWh per year. Lastly, the total energy saving can also contribute to 116.50 ton/year of CO₂ reduction.

Hybrid gold-graphene/ethylene-glycol (EG) nanofluid past a permeable leaning cylinder is devoted in the current investigation under the effect of thermal radiation and stratification. The governing partial differential equations are reformulated into nonlinear ordinary differential equations by implementing similarity terms. A shooting approach is elected to reformulate the equations into a boundary value problem which is determined by applying a bvp4c code in MATLAB. The effects of selected parameters regarding the recent model on dimensionless velocity and temperature disseminations, reduced skin friction coefficient and reduced Nusselt number are analyzed and presented in graphs and tables. It is perceived that by rising the value of the thermal stratification and radiation parameter, the reduced Nusselt number for the preferred mono and hybrid nanofluids will be declined. The reduced Nusselt number is reported to be the highest value when considering hybrid gold (ϕ_s1=0.02)-graphene (ϕ_s2 = 0.04)/EG nanofluid.

The CO₂ waste gas from the gas industry contributes to global warming hence it needs to be reduced or further processed. One of the pathways to utilize CO₂ produced from the gas industry is used as a raw material for manufacturing chemicals. This study aims to evaluate techno-economic of CO₂ hydrogenation to blue methanol. CO₂ sources originated from gas fields located in Central Sulawesi and Central Java and hydrogen from PV electrolysis. The process system was simulated using Aspen HYSYS V.12. The technical analysis was performed using CO₂ mass consumption, CO₂ conversion, and PV area requirement. The economic analysis was performed using a levelized cost of process. The result shows that CO₂ mass consumption for gas fields in Central Sulawesi and Central Java were 1.45 and 1.42 ton-CO₂/ton-MeOH, respectively. The CO₂ conversion was 94.8% and 96.0% for Central Sulawesi and Central Java, respectively. To produce 1-ton of methanol required PV area of 38,146 m² in Central Sulawesi and 34,965 m² in Central Java with methanol production cost in Central Sulawesi and Central Java were 1,960.87 and 1,196.21 $/ton-MeOH, respectively.

Photovoltaic (PV) modules are among the most efficient, environmentally benign, and long-lasting systems. The amount of solar radiation impacting these modules that is converted to electricity is quite little. The remaining radiation is transformed into heat, which causes the PV module to overheat and lose efficiency. This experiment examines the effects of changing several operating parameters on the performance of PV modules, including irradiation intensity, and cooling fluid mass flow rate. To reduce cell temperature, a heat exchanger was placed on the PV module's back surface. For PV modules, findings indicate that as solar cell temperature rises by 1.2°C, the module's electrical efficiency falls by 5.64%. Meanwhile for PVT, as the temperature of module rises by 1.2°C, the electrical efficiency similarly drops by roughly 0.22%. The solar cell temperature rises by 0.7°C and the output power rise by 2.26W, yet the efficiency falls by 0.25%. In conclusion, the performance of PV modules is greatly influenced by temperature of the solar cell, intensity of solar radiation, and mass flow rate of cooling fluids.

Solar collector hybrids called photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collectors use solar energy to produce both electrical and thermal energy. System simulations are widely used as a first stage before testing in real-world applications to discover the best solutions and new applications for PVT collectors. Therefore, the construction of well-validated PVT collector models is a vital effort at this time. In this paper, the authors validated the experimental data with the simulation results obtained from TRNSYS software under similar conditions. The analysis was carried out with water as the working fluid, and at different mass flow rates for PVT collectors for varying operating conditions during the day. The authors compared outlet water temperature values from the PVT collector obtained through experiments and simulation. The minimum and maximum deviation of estimated outlet water temperature from the simulation is -3% to 8% respectively for different mass flow rates.

This paper proposes an initiative of Power Electronics Learning Equipment (PELE), a power electronics learning tool that functions as an isolated gate signal generator to enable the operations of controlled power switches and semi-controlled power switches in AC-DC, AC-AC, DC-DC and DC-AC power converters circuits to provide a significant contribution towards students learning pedagogy. Before the introduction of PELE, a performance analysis of PELE is implemented and discussed with the objective to improve the equipment in 2 criteria which are its accuracy and precisions. Therefore, the performance of PELE is validated by measuring and comparing its input and output signals while varying the circuit parameters via laboratory experiment. Based on the power converter circuits experiments results, PELE has successfully and safely adjusted and regulated the operation of power converter circuits according to the stipulated targets.

This paper approach for the performance analysis of a dc-dc flyback converter for low power application. Modelling is done with parasitic components for non-ideal flyback converter. Ac and dc input characteristic of the flyback converter are analysed and investigated by PSIM simulations and calculations. The influence of parasitic effects in converter components on input characteristic is studied in continuous conduction mode (CCM). The results of the calculation based on analytical formula and averaged models are in a good accordance with PSIM simulations and calculation. The goal of this project is to compare an ideal and non-ideal condition in order to see the effect on the efficiency and ability of the converter to control the output voltage. The converter is expected to be operated in continuous conduction mode at all time and focus application is low power application that less than 100W.