Table of contents

International conference on Sustainable Coastal Management

SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT

SRCM 2021

(https://www.its.ac.id/drpm/id/srcm2021/)

List of Introduction, Objective, Conference Date and Platform, Participants, Sessions, Organizers, Documentation, Scientific Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 43

• Number of submissions sent for review: 41

• Number of submissions accepted: 37

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 86

• Average number of reviews per paper: 1.33

• Total number of reviewers involved: 10

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Ervin Nurhayati

Email: ervin@enviro.its.ac.id

Affiliation: Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Mass displacement to refugee camps often happens after an earthquake hits. Faecal oral transmission usually occurs causing disease outbreaks when people in mass displacement camps. Surabaya has a potential threat of an earthquake measuring 6.5 on the Richter Scale. However, equipment readiness in wastewater infrastructure is still low at 21% during the emergency response period. Therefore, this research is needed in formulating the concept of emergency wastewater infrastructure provision to minimize the side effects of disease outbreaks. This study obtained primary data from 17 respondents. The first objective uses content analysis method. Then the second objective adopted triangulation analysis derived from three types of data, respondent opinions, policies, and best practices. The first objective disclosed 46 criteria for the provision of emergency wastewater infrastructure. Meanwhile, the second objective presented 38 potential actions and 18 concepts adjusted to disaster management cycle (mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery). The mitigation phase focuses on stocktaking materials, establishing partnerships, training for volunteers, and optimizing the existing sanitation program. The preparedness focuses on forming a team to assess the needs of post-disaster conditions. The response phases divided into acute, general, and stabilization. The general stage focuses on determining suitable infrastructure, mobilizing volunteers and materials, and coordinating between agencies or clusters to handle wastewater. The acute stage focuses on rapid assessment and procurement of materials. The stabilization stage focuses on community involvement, determining the location of infrastructure, and handling waste from wastewater treatment. Finally, the recovery phase focuses on repairing the existing affected wastewater treatment plant.

In the last decades, the development of the Indonesian Continuous Reference System (InaCORS) that installed by Geospatial Information Agency (Badan Informasi Geospasial/BIG) and National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional/BPN) have been increasingly very rapidly. With the increasing development of InaCORS, it will be useful for purposes in various fields such as environmental disaster climate and hazard mitigation. The InaCORS sites should be installed in the selected area which services of positioning application can be maximized. There are several parameters that used to determine the location of InaCORS, such as existing location of InaCORS (BIG and BPN), tectonic plate boundaries, volcanoes, and land use system. By overlaying all parameters, We analyze using 50 km buffer for each site to determined which location that does not have service from InaCORS sites (blank are). The result shows that the distribution of InaCORS stations in the Papua island, Kalimatan island, small area in Sulawesi island and Sumatra island should be improved more. This information is very useful to analyzing the needs of InaCORS stations for Indonesia region, exspecially for as monitoring of environmental disaster climate and hazard mitigation

Coastal areas are one of the essential regions for the ecosystem. Consequently, monitoring and detecting the changes of coastal areas is thus necessary in order to provide valuable information for future mitigation and adaptation. Recently, the utilization of satellite images for coastal areas has been used widely and effectively as a viable alternative to in-situ observation and monitoring. In this study, multi-temporal satellite imagery data from Sentinel-2 have been used to find out the changes in the coastal area of Gianyar and Klungkung Regency - Bali, considering the capability which has good resolution with a wide swath and high revisit time. Sentinel-2 imagery data taken from 2016 and 2019 at an interval of about 4 years were collected to determine coastline changes. There are two main steps to detect the coastline. First is image classification by supervised classification where each pixel has been labeled with one or three classes. And the second is to make border segmentation between sand and water by applying the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). The areas that are experiencing erosion and accretion were determined by using the overlay method between two satellite images. Results show that about 9,248 m² of coastline were eroded in Gianyar Regency and 121,000 m² in Klungkung Regency for the period of 2016 to 2019. Meanwhile, the accretion area reached 158,615 m² in Gianyar and 32,159 m² in Klungkung Regency.

This study aims to determine physiographic characteristics based on the slope and land use which affect water control in Embung Hendrosari area, Gresik. The data used in this study are DEM data, Landsat 8 image data, and river data. The slope data processing is carried out through slope classification analysis. The Landsat 8 data processing is used for land use classification analysis. The slope classification maps and land use classification maps are used to classify flow coefficients. There are five land classifications obtained in land cover classification map including agriculture, settlements, industrial areas, plantations, and waters. There are 5 classifications obtained on the slope classification map, including flat, sloping, slightly steep, steep and very steep. The flow coefficient analysis is performed from the combination of land use data and slope data. The flow coefficient is influenced by the characteristics of the land cover and the slope of the slope. The average flow coefficient of Embung Hendrosari area is 0.31, which classified as medium flow coefficient. This indicates that 31% of the water is run off on the ground surface and 69% of the water is absorbed below the soil surface. There are changes in land function in Embung Hendrosari area, for example, agriculture area which changed into settlement and/or industry, which will significantly affect the value of the flow coefficient. The change in land use causes more water to run off the surface. This runoff water management requires a water reservoir that can be directed toward reservoir. The results of this study show such an initial step in hydrological engineering by its development, improvement, utilization, and control of water flow by utilizing the function of Hendrosari Gresik reservoir.

As an attempt in the improvement of economic interest and areal quality, Sunda Strait is appointed as a National Strategic Area. The strait is quite a busy passage for commerce vessels and also acts as link between provinces. The 2018 tsunami event that affect this area has reminded us the importance of coastal area planning based on disaster mitigation. Panimbang District is one of the areas heavily affected by the tsunami, where the population reside and having their livelihoods around the coast, hence coastal area planning of Panimbang is very much needed. This research was conducted to see the condition of Panimbang District coastal area after the tsunami and how the existing national planning policies is in sync with planning policies at regional level in terms of disaster mitigation. Results of spatial analysis show that coastal areas have not adapted and mitigated optimally, we can see some settlements and tourist areas around coastal area are not heeding the policy on protecting coastal areas, this could happened due to lack of law enforcement or lack of socialization to the local community. This paper might provide recommendation to the local government in arranging coastal protection to keep the residential areas and essential infrastructure safe by making the structural and non-structural approaches.

Sayung Subdistrict, Demak Regency is a low-lying coastal area prone to coastal flooding. This coastal area's flood susceptibility is not influenced by a single factor, but by the combined effect of excessive rainfall, the morphological characteristics of coastal areas, and tidal waves. As a reason, the objectives of this study were to (1) map coastal flood-prone areas using a combination of heavy rainfall and tidal waves; (2) determined the extent of inundation; and (3) provide feedback on potential flood-affected area management. The findings indicate inundation has increased by 2.4% per year. Therefore, the evaluation of the mitigation management has to be considered either on local communities' perspective, regional and national government planning and non-government implementation. Local communities, with or without the assistance of NGO and regional governments, adapt their mitigation strategies to the changing environment, whether through physical, economical, or social approaches. Meanwhile, the regional and national governments' management will be incorporated into the detailed spatial planning.

The high potential impact of an earthquake in Surabaya City increases the urgency of the city to prepare for the emergency due to the earthquake event. One of them is to equip the landowners with building emergency infrastructures to ensure disaster survivors can meet daily needs during emergencies. The proposed emergency infrastructures are building emergency utilities, emergency facilities, and building evacuation systems. The proposed emergency infrastructures should also be accessed by the building residents and all the communities surrounding the buildings. Those additional proposed emergency infrastructures complement current building regulations in Surabaya. Therefore, modifying current building regulations may fasten up the city in providing emergency infrastructures on a city scale.

There are approximately 4000 earthquakes happened in Indonesia per year, whereas earthquakes of a magnitude greater than 5.5, or earthquakes that can be physically felt on land, average around 70-100 per year, and destructive earthquakes around one to two times a year. Not all earthquakes cause tsunamis, but the majority of tsunamis are caused by earthquakes. Since the earth was formed, a number of tsunamis have been happening all over the world. The Aceh tsunami is one of the biggest tsunami history over past 2 decades which occurred on 26 December 2004, claimed the lives of around a quarter of a million people in areas surrounding the Indian Ocean. The very short tsunami arrival time of 10 – 60 minutes is a challenge for tsunami early warning. It also has a direct impact on evacuation procedures and means that evacuation times are very short as well. The objective of this study is to develop android real time earthquake & tsunami alarm as early warning system, evacuation directions and earthquake survivor detection for rescuer to reducing disaster risk. This study used the Research and Development method with the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluate) procedure. The result of this study the apps obtained less than 5 seconds respond time to proceed the earthquake & tsunami information from BMKG website to trigger early alarm in users android mobile phone. Android alert system more effective because it has a lower response time (< 5 seconds) than previous early warning system with a longer response time (13.48 seconds). In additions, developers improve the system not only distribute earthquake and tsunami information, but also provide evacuation route direction & survivor detection as a disaster risk reduction. Although in actual, this feature has the potential to be disrupted due to the large amount of user traffic. So it requires a large number of server resources if there are many active users.

Coastal regions have served as sites of social and economic development for many nations, especially the Third World. This cultural interface has been employed by the less developed states to attract commercial tourism, spiritual recreation, and large-scale fishing in the region. The dire social, economic, and political conditions triumphed over worrying environmental consequences. The Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda are born against the backdrop of this despicable overexploitation. Sustainable Goal 14 envisions sustainably managing and conserving marine and coastal ecosystems against detrimental impacts of pollution. This endeavour is to be pursued in the consistency of national and international law based on the best available scientific information. The overzealous emphasis on scientific edification systemically devalues local knowledge and participation in the conservation drives.

The prospect of the restoration of coastal regions sans community representation is at best futile and unimaginable. The paper attempts to explore an alliance of these international sustainable goals with the developmental objectives of the local communities dependent on these regions. The fruitfulness of this coalition can be advocated through the examples of Bangladesh and Indonesia, which are both costal dominated economies. The adoption of community-oriented development in these regions has to be adjudged in relation to the environmental assessments of coastal areas, the political will of the governments on these issues, and institutional capacities to resolve the environmental concerns. A critical evaluation of the consequential effect of these themes would facilitate arriving at an equitable proposition. The solution would encompass the spirit of emancipation and bestow the agency on people to be responsible for these regions. In the end, the recommendations put forth in the paper can be endorsed as a paradigm for other sovereign states (emphasis added on less developed states) for conservation of ecological zones, along with alternative livelihood models of sustainable development.

The purpose of this research is to formulate a strategy for the welfare of the people in the archipelago by increasing funds in the regions. Currently, there are still many problems faced by the provincial government, which is an archipelagic province with many marine resources but little distribution of general allocation funds. These include poverty and welfare issues. A special approach is needed to overcome this problem by finding solutions based on laws and regulations. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with a literature and legislation approach. The conclusion of this research, first, it is necessary to reformulate the calculation of the general allocation fund which includes the sea area as an indicator of the calculation. Second, urging the ratification of local government regulations on islands as mandated in local government laws. Third, accelerate the discussion and ratification of the Archipelago Bill.

Zero waste is a concept of managing waste in sustainable way by minimizing the waste to the minimum level. The adoption of this concept in Indonesia remain limited which causing overburden to landfills and the environment. University students have a good access to updated information on Zero Waste, thus are more ready in accepting the concept. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, this study explored zero waste behavior and psychosocial factors affecting the behavior. A cross-sectional design is applied for online survey on 122 university students enrolled in Medical Faculty of Udayana University, who were selected using systematic random sampling. Information includes demographic characteristics, behavior, attitude, perceived benefit, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and moral value relevant to Zero Waste concept. Bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed using simple logistic regression and binary logistic regression. Results show that 51.6% of respondents have good behavior regarding zero waste and 50.8% have positive attitude towards zero waste lifestyle. Bivariate analysis shows that students with high perceived benefit (OR 2.12), positive subjective norms (OR 2.36), less perception on barriers (OR 2.63) and positive moral value (OR 2.37) are more likely to perform zero waste behavior (p<0.05). From multivariate analysis, factors that associated with good behavior are gender (AOR=3.68; 95%CI=1.40-9.70), access to information (AOR=2.39; 95%CI=1.09-5.26), and moral values (AOR=2.23; 95%CI=1.03-4.81). These findings indicate that only half respondents adopting zero waste concept. Education and promotion targeting young generation in shaping values and norms towards the environments can support the adoption of zero waste lifestyle.

This study aimed to treat river water for domestic water supply purposes in the South of Vietnam by photocatalysis. Since the pre-treatment of traditional coagulation was effective in removing turbidity and other pollutants, the photocatalytic step was mainly applied for the removal of organics and disinfection of pathogens. The titanium nanotubes (TNTs) was synthesized by hydrothermal method using Degussa P25 precursor and the TNTs was then impregnated with 12 metal salts (i.e., MgCl₂, ZnSO₄, SnCl₂, MnSO₄, Fe(NO₃)₃, Cu(NO₃)₂, and Ni(NO₃)₂, Al(NO₃)₃, CrCl₃, Cd(NO₃)₂, Sr(NO₃)₂, and Co(NO₃)₂) under various molar ratios and different heating temperatures. Among these materials, the TNTs modified with Ni(NO₃)₂ solution provided the best organics and Coliforms treatment. Operating conditions of the photocatalytic process such as light irradiation, catalytic dosage, pH, and water sources affecting the pollutant treatment efficiency were evaluated. The results showed that TNTs which was prepared at pH 1.6, impregnated with Ni(NO₃)₂ at 1% molar ratio, and calcined at 400°C for 2 hours were able to treat organic contents at 83.33% removal efficiency and completely removed Coliforms under UVA irradiation for 20 min. We hence suggest this material as a promising photocatalyst for organic content removal and disinfection of surface water for drinking water supply.

COVID-19 is a type of disease that emerged at the end of 2019 and can cause respiratory system disorders, ranging from mild symptoms such as flu to severe symptoms such as pneumonia. According to data released by WHO, in October 2020, the fatality rate caused by COVID-19 in Indonesia was 3.5%. Long-distance sea transportation with a large passenger capacity, in a countrylike Indonesia, has the potential to be one of the main locations for the spread of COVID-19 virus. To obtain the proper information, a numerical CFD RANSE based simulation is carried out on aneconomy-class passenger deck. The deck has a size of 14.1 meters x 15 meter together with maximum capacity of 206 passengers. The CFD simulation involves 3 main components, namely, air inlet, air outlet and mouth inlet, and k-epsilon turbulence modelling is used because it predicts well far from theboundaries. Finally, the simulation is expected to reflect the real situation of indoor transmission in a sea transportation vehicle in order to reduce the victims and provide a mitigation plan due to the spread of virus.

Considering that maritime and sea is the direction of Indonesia's development going forward, it is necessary to study the development of Indonesia as a maritime and sea as the basis of development policies. But have the best campuses in Indonesia been thinking that way? need to be mapped by bilbiometric analysis. This study aims to analyze the bibliometric characteristics of articles on fisheries policy published in Scopus indexed journals by authors affiliated with the 10 best universities from Indonesia in Webometric 2021. Data entry is carried out in the range of 2010 to 2021. The method used is bibliometric analysis and publication content in the Scopus database. There are as many as 88 articles from Indonesia based on fisheries policy keywords published from 2010 to 2021 with affiliates of the 10 best universities in Indonesia. The findings show that from the affiliations of universities that have been categorized as the best, there are university of Indonesian as universities with a high level of productivity in publishing fisheries policies in Scopus publications. The highest ranking is based on the number of published articles and high citations. In conclusion, Indonesia with a country that has such a wide ocean or can be said as a maritime country is still not productive in discussing fisheries policy in the international world.

This study, the portable conveyor placement of ocean waste collection ships was numerically investigated by using computational fluid dynamics. Monohull ship models with different conveyor location variations are namely at the bow of the ship, on both sides of the ship, and on the bow and both sides of the ship. The three indicators used to assess ships in collecting ocean waste are flow patterns that indicate whether or not ocean waste is easy to get in closer to the conveyor, velocity contours that indicate whether or not ocean waste is approaching the conveyor fast, and ship resistance that affects fuel consumption. The results show that the conveyor on the bow model is the easiest to get the ocean waste closer to the conveyor. This model also produces the smallest ship resistance compared to other models. While the conveyor model on the bow and both sides is the fastest to make the waste approach the conveyor. This model also makes ocean waste that is not caught on the conveyor of the front ship can be caught by the conveyor on the side of the ship. However, this model produces the largest ship resistance compared to other models.

The trends of industry 4.0 transform a process design to a cost-effective development with digital simulation. The objective of this study was to simulate the separation and purification of triglycerides from crude Calophyllum inophyllum oil with a continuous countercurrent extraction method using Aspen HYSYS V.11 to find the appropriate binary parameter coefficients and predict the optimal conditions. It is expected that the oil's purity suitable with the edible oil standards (minimum 96% triglycerides and 0.3% free fatty acids). The variables used are the flow rate (n-hexane + oil) to methanol and the total mass ratio of solvent to oil. The C. inophyllum oil used contains 63.91% triglycerides, 15.76% free fatty acids, 12.25% diglycerides, and 4.66% monoglycerides. It was evaluated by applying NRTL (Non-Random Two Liquid) and UNIQUAC (Universal Quasi Chemical) fluid packages with binary interaction parameters of UNIFAC-VLE, UNIFAC-LLE, Immiscible, and Modified (fitting parameters). The most suitable fluid package and binary interaction parameter pairing was achieved by combining NRTL fluid package with Modified binary interaction. The highest purity of triglycerides was 92.86%alongside a simulation error of 0.01% while the free fatty acid was 2.17% and 0.91%, respectively, at solvents (hexane and methanol) to oil mass ratio of 6:1 with a hexane-oil to methanol flow rate ratio of 6:15 (LPH/LPH). By upscaling the n number in the extractor, this model can predict the best result of separation and purification of triglycerides with the highest purity of triglycerides and free fatty acids were 96.736% and 0,0001%, respectively. Thus, the edible oil standards can be met.

The economic benefit that the fishermen can obtain primarily depends on the quality of their catches. Therefore, it is essential to ensure that the caught fish stays fresh until entering the market. The most common fish preservation on traditional fishing boats in Indonesia is block ice, which must be carried in the fish hold from the home port. In comparison, another alternative method for fish preservation is the Flake Ice machine that can produce ice on-board. The study on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted on these two fish preservation methods to understand the environmental impact of each technique. For undertaking the assessments, LCA software known as SimaPro was employed. The system boundary for the LCA about fish preservation applied the "well to wheels" approach and covered the whole service life of the vessel for the full consecutive 20 years of operation. The functional unit for the assessment was fish preservation of 4 tonnes during a 7-day fishing trip. The input of the evaluation was the materials and energy required to produce the amount of ice or to operate a refrigeration system for each year of the vessel's operation, with a total of 30 trips per year. The paper explored the environmental impact of these two fish preservation methods in terms of Ozone Layer Depletion and Global Warming.

To achieve energy efficiency and emission reduction in the shipping sector use of alternative marine fuel is one of the programs implemented. This study on alternative fuels is an active response to increasingly stringent emission regulations and the limited supply of fossil fuels. In addition, an operational feasibility study is an important thing. The method used in this research is computational fluid dynamics to see how the engine performance, combustion, and emissions when using biodiesel B20 at a constant speed of 2200 Rpm compared to when using petroleum diesel. From the results of the numerical comparison study, the use of B20 compared to petroleum diesel, there was an increase in engine performance the level of fuel consumption was higher. The use of B20 causes CO and UHC emissions to decrease while NOx increases compared to petroleum diesel.

Derawan Islands is a marine tourism destination located in Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province. The archipelago has four main islands which are including Derawan Island, Kakaban Island, Maratua Island, and Sangalaki Island. To highlight the potential of each island, it is important also to develop the island according to the integrated tourism system to be able to optimize the existing eco-tourism potential and also support economic equity for coastal communities. This integration will then be known as the concept of integrated coastal zone management. In addition, with the condition of the COVID-19 Pandemic, it is also necessary to review the impact of this pandemic on the sustainability of Derawan Islands tourism. For this purpose, the SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis is expected to produce an appropriate development strategy so that it can also assist local stakeholders and the community in making decisions.

The availability of green open space in Banjarmasin City were minimal and limited, which is 2.52% of the total area. Based on Law number 26 of 2007 be appointed that the percentage of a city's public green open space is at least 20% of the total area. Banjarmasin City is currently experiencing a land use shifting of green land into built-up land which can damage the environment. Banjarmasin City is a city of a thousand rivers so that green open space and blue open space have a very strong role in tackling floods that often occur every year caused by high rainfall so that the water discharge increases, river area narrows and the lack of green open space to absorb excess water. Banjarmasin City Government are trying to meet the needs of green open space in one of the leading tourist destinations, namely Bromo Island. Bromo Island has a handling theme, namely Preserving the green open space area and developing ecotourism. This research aims to formulates the right strategy for the development of Bromo Island as a green open space ecotourism area in Banjarmasin City. To achieve this goals, an agreement was made on the development zoning criteria using the Delphi technique by conducting interviews with key respondents and then formulating a development strategy using the triangulation validation method. The results of this research is indicated that there are 3 development zones including the core zone, buffer zone and developer zone and also each zone has a different development strategy.

Over the last decade, the inevitable rise in temperature has resulted in more extreme heat events in Indonesia, despite very little research being conducted to investigate the heat-related vulnerability of the exposed population. The extreme heat vulnerability index (EHVI) was evaluated in this study to identify the most vulnerable districts to extreme heat events. We used both physical and sociodemographic to assess exposure, population sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. A multivariate analysis was applied from eight indicators to determine the extreme heat vulnerability in the chosen region, namely North Sumatra, East Java and Bali. The EHVI was computed by adding the normalized heat indicators and factor scores from the multivariate analysis. Our findings show that the most vulnerable populations are concentrated in the urban and coastal regions. The sources of vulnerability differed among the selected areas, with urbanization and population density increasing vulnerability in urban areas. These findings are helpful in identifying districts vulnerable to extreme heat and assisting regulatory bodies in developing effective adaptation and preparedness strategies to increase population resilience to excessive heat.

The southern coast of Java is an area that is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because the area is a meeting of the Pacific plate and the Indo-Australian plate meeting the South American continental plate, and the North American plate meeting the Philippine plate. The tsunami disaster can cause significant loss of life and material and cause damage to infrastructure in coastal areas. Casuarina equisetifolia is one type of vegetation that can grow in the southern coastal area of Java, where the coastal morphology is dominated by sand-type material used for protection from wind waves. The primary survey carried out in this study was to obtain the dimensions of coastal forest plants. The results of the Casuarina measurements were the age of 2 to 4 years at the Samas Coast area and 1 to 9 years were made at Teleng Ria Coast area. The analyzing show that increasing logarithmic function of Casuarina the trend of increasing growth of Casuarina tree height. It ages the older the tree height will increase, but this does not apply to the thickness of the tree canopy that grows to the side, because influenced by the position of the shoreline and the plant spacing factor.

Recruitment of coral juveniles could serve as indicator for potential of coral reef recovery and is a critical process in supporting population as well as facilitating recovery after event of disturbance. However, sediments suspended in the water column and settling on to reef surface can negatively influence the distributions and abundances of reef-building corals, including altering the settlement patterns and survival of coral larvae and new recruits. In this study, we compared the density and diversity of Scleractinian recruits on natural substrate and artificial reef (made of concrete; 2 years after deployment) in the relatively turbid water of Sepulu coastal water, Bangkalan – Madura Island, East Java. Observation of stony coral recruits were conducted in-situ at depth of 3-4 meter in two locations. At the end of the study, we identified 18 species of Scleractinians from 10 genera and 7 families; dominated by Goniopora (F. Poritidae), Galaxea (F. Euphyllidae) and Goniastrea (F. Merulinidae). There was no difference in term of species richness and composition among locations and type of substrate. However, in both locations, more recruits grown in concrete artificial reef (15.2±2.61 - 18.3±2.91 unit/m²) compared to natural substrate (4±1.25 - 4.1±1.29 unit/m²), respectively. These findings suggest that concrete artificial reef is applicable for coral reef restoration and rehabilitation in temporary turbid coastal water by providing suitable substrate for larval recruitments.

The availability of land cover in the form of forest is very important in the watershed system (DAS). The decrease in forest cover and the carbon content stored in a watershed also shows a decline in the quality of the watershed. The research aims to examine changes in land cover that occurred during the last twenty years in the Pengabuan Watershed. Changes in land cover were obtained by classifying Landsat imagery from 1996 to 2017. Classification was carried out using the supervised classification method and visual interpretation and then followed by change detection analysis. The result showed that from 1996 to 2017, secondary dryland forest cover and bare land in the Pengabuan watershed has been declining, the rate of secondary dryland forest decreased by 53.38% (11,186.47 ha / year), the rate of decline in bare land by 1, 26% (264.29 ha / year). Land cover with an increasing area such as settlements at 2.29% (479.24 ha / year), plantation forests at 17.31% (3,626.75 ha / year), dry land agriculture at 1.63% (341, 41 ha / year), plantations at 33.12% (6,940.13 ha / year) and water bodies at 0.30% (62.94 ha / year). Changes in land cover are caused by increased land requirements for various uses and implementation of government policies. Forest cover in Pengabuan Watershed in 2017 only covers 14.1% of the total area of the Pengabuan Watershed (419,114.49 ha). This shows that the minimum coverage of existing forest in this watershed area has not reached 30%. Changes in land use patterns are one factor in causing the decrease of carrying capacity of watersheds. Conversion of forest cover, especially forest areas into plantations, agriculture, bare land and others, has led DAS area vulnerable to the occurrence of floods, erosion, the threat of drought in the dry season, decreased water quality, land productivity and the threat of siltation of the estuary due to sedimentation.

The functions and uses of artificial reefs have evolved from a method of coral reefs restoration to a coastal protection system. The artificial reef can reduce the hydraulic load on the coast to the level required to maintain shoreline balance. Various materials and shapes of artificial reefs have been introduced. This paper discussed the wave transmission over the hexagonal-shaped artificial reef with six holes on each side. The study was conducted using the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) method integrated into DualSPHysics software to see the effect of gaps between structures with a predetermined configuration on the value of the transmission coefficient (Kt). It was found that the arrangement with no gap could absorb waves better than the configuration with a gap of 0.15 m and 0.112 m based on the Kt value obtained. In terms of hydrodynamics, it was found that: (1) The increment of the wave steepness, the smaller the Kt value obtained, (2) The larger the wave height, the smaller the Kt value at 0.1 m freeboard depth. However, on the freeboard with a depth of 0.2 m and 0.3 m, it was found that the greater the wave height, the greater the Kt value, (3) the increment of the wave period, the Kt was higher, and also (4) the higher the freeboard, the higher the Kt values.

Indonesia has 16.100 islands and 92 is outermost islands. These small islands are currently experiencing the impact of climate change from sea level rise and global warming. This study aims to determine vulnerability of small island through changes in coastline and dynamic change of area due to climate change especially from coastline changes. Nineteen islands selected as representation of Indonesia seas regions. The data were collected from satellite images range from 2000 to 2020. To analyze, this research method uses Coastsat method to detect coastlines and QGIS to process coastline data and change of the island areas. The results of this study indicate that the average reduction in the area of small islands in Indonesia reaches 5.084% for approximately 20 years. Overall, the change in the area shows that most of the small outermost islands in Indonesia have Medium vulnerability

Coastal paddy fields are areas that have distinctive land characteristics that affected local wisdom in the paddy cropping calendar. The local wisdom of the coastal paddy planting schedule is a cultural heritage that is aimed to accelerate the planting time, to minimize the risk, to adapt with the optimum planting time or to implement the local paddy varieties. This paper discusses the agro-climatology analysis to provide scientific strengthening to the local wisdom of the coastal paddy cropping calendar in Banyuasin, Kapuas, Tanah Laut, and Kutai Kertanegara Regency. The results of the analysis illustrate that the local wisdom of paddy planting time in Banyuasin is carried out before the beginning of the rainy season to avoid damage when salty water runoff occurs through rob at the critical paddy growth phase. The paddy planting time in Kapuas is done at the peak of the rainy season to avoid acidity poisoning during paddy growth. The paddy planting time in Tanah Laut is carried out before the start of the rainy season to provide the planting season duration with uses the long-lived local varieties. The paddy planting time in Kutai Kertanegara is done at the peak of the rainy season to avoid high salinity levels that have the potential to interfere with paddy growth and production. The information of the rainy season prediction and agro-climatology analysis provides an important role in determining the planting schedule according to local wisdom and rainfall condition in the four districts.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a tool that can assist community activities, especially in navigation and positioning for mapping surveys. This tool has an accuracy of up to millimeters for determining the position of latitude and longitude, but to get this accuracy requires an expensive cost, which is more than 200 million rupiah. Currently the development of GNSS receivers is very rapid, one of which is a low-cost GNSS product. The advantages of this receiver are that it has a low cost, light weight and an accuracy of up to centimeters for determining latitude and longitude positions. In this study, we have conducted trials using a low-cost GNSS receiver from several products such as U-blox, Trimble, and Comnav. For products from U-blox in this study, the F9P and F9R series were used. The F9R series is one of the receivers that has been integrated with the inertial measurement unit (IMU)/inertial navigation system (INS), the benefit of this integration is to improve position accuracy when data collection using the kinematic method. Products from U-blox have position accuracy below 1 meter. Meanwhile, the series used in Trimble and Comnav products are Trimble BD982 and Comnav Oem Board K708 which have accuracy below 1 centimeter. The purpose of this activity is to compare all these receivers by using Comnav OEM Board K708 data as validation data. Several parameters in this study will be analyzed such as the number of satellites obtained by the receiver, position accuracy and various other analyzes. The measurement methods that will be carried out in this study are static differential and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) measurements that utilize direct corrections from Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and deformation observations. The results of the first analysis obtained in this activity are the number of satellites obtained by the U-blox F9 series receiver which is more stable to receive satellites, namely as many as 24-29 satellites, then Trimble BD982 as many as 2-32 satellites, and Comnav K708 receivers as many as 3-28 satellites. Meanwhile, the Dilution Of Precision (DOP) values for 4 receivers, namely K708, F9P, and F9R, have stable values ranging from 0.5-1 compared to the BD982 receiver which fluctuated in several observation epochs, especially in the last observation epoch. In observations using the static differential method, using corrections from CORS for positioning this receiver can be used because the difference in position data is in the range of 0.009 m - 0.040 m from reference data (receiver K708). Meanwhile, the data receiver that has been integrated with IMU/INS (F9R) kinematic method has the smallest position difference value (K708) compared to other receivers, which is from 0.001 m - 8.091 m. In testing for deformation measurements, further research needs to be done because the data obtained is still in the form of a simulation.

The recovery of bittern is expected to obtain the added value products and minimize untreated wastewater disposal generated from the salt industry. Bittern is a waste stream resulted from the crystallization of the salt production process, consisting of a concentrated mineral in liquid form, known as the mother liquor of salt. The dominant minerals that can be recovered in bittern are calcium (Ca²⁺) and sulfate (SO₄^2-), and salts such as calcium chloride, potassium sulfate, sodium chloride, and calcium sulfate, which are commonly found in bittern wastewater. In this study, mineral recovery of bittern was conducted by applying cylindrical membrane electrodialysis technology, due to the high demineralization rate and the applicability on fluctuating composition of the feed. This study determined differences in applied electrical current, temperature conditioning, recirculation flow rate, and specific energy requirements based on the optimum process. This research was conducted in the applied current of 5A, 7.5A, and 10A. Then, the temperature conditioning in the feed tank with a range of 25°C – 35°C, 36°C – 45°C, and without conditioning. The applied flow rate recirculation was 30 L/h and 36 L/h for 5 hours electrodialysis time. The highest removal efficiency was 31.57% and 35.03%. This result was achieved at 30 L/hour of flow rate recirculation, 10 A, and 40°C for Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2-. Furthermore, the recovery efficiency of the ionic products was 30.17% and 27.62% for Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2-, respectively.

This study aims to determine the mangrove seedlings of Bruguiera sp, Rhizopora apiculata, and R. mucronata which have the best quality with the addition of extracts of natural ingredients, synthetic pgr and Vitamin B1. The study used 3 types of mangroves, namely Bruguiera sp., R. apiculata and R. mucronata, each consisting of 5 treatments; 100% shallot extract, 100% corn extract, Rhizattun F 0.1%, Vitamin B1 0.1% and water (control). The research used completely randomized Design (CRD). Parameters observed were number of leaves, plant height, number of roots and root length. Measurement of environmental factors includes pH and salinity. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's 5% test, if there was a significant difference. The results showed that the treatment of extracts of natural ingredients, synthetic pgr and Vitamin B1 resulted in varying effects on the growth of mangrove seedling. Treatment on Bruguiera sp, had a significant effect on root length with the control treatment having the highest length; while in R. mucronata, Rhizatun F treatment had a significant effect on the number and length of roots, while in R. apiculata the treatment given had no significant effect on the number of leaves.

Sustainability is one of the most important issues in the recent year for almost all country in the world. Good environmental monitoring and policy is needed to meet the sustainability. Hospital is one of the most important public facilities, especially during pandemic situation. Therefore, environmental monitoring for this building is necessary. The purpose of this research is to know the monitoring result of a hospital in Yogyakarta by using government regulation. Effluent of wastewater (BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, Coliform, etc.), ambient and emission air quality (SO₂, NO₂, CO, particulate, etc.) and solid waste management are investigated periodically by using standard regulation. The findings of the present study showed that almost all tested parameters are under the permitted level of the local regulation (Yogyakarta Province). Best practice of the hospital should be considered as a good contribution in term of sustainability.

Food waste generation has a significant impact on the economy, society, and environment. Indonesia as the second-largest contributor of food waste, face this problem. Food waste generation increased for 20 years and contributed to more than 40% of solid waste in Indonesia. The government has a strategy to reduce the generation and disposal of food waste in landfills. One of the methods used is by recycling used composting. The composting method that is usually used is aerobic composting. Several factors affected the process and the rate-limiting step in oxygen concentration. This paper aims to analyze the effect of oxygen on the temperature during composting. Temperature is one of the parameters that could be used to analyze the process and determine the maturity of compost.

The research in this paper utilized CFD modeling to describe the dynamic changes and spatial distribution of temperature in the aerobic composting process using mass-heat-momentum coupling based on microbial mechanisms. The equations used are based on several previous research and journals. Composting experiments were carried out with the aeration method at intervals to verify the proposed model. The microorganisms' growth affects oxygen concentration which then affects the temperature distribution of the composting process. The simulation results show that the model accurately predicts the dynamic temperature changes and their distribution on the composting substrate. The proposed CFD model shows promising results and simulates the actual working conditions of the aerobic composting process.

The development of urban areas often has an impact on changes in the surface run off area of water flow, a consequence that often occurs is flooding due to an increase in the value of run off drainage from housing/industries which burdens the capacity of urban land drainage channels. The analysis carried out is to calculate the value of the travel time (Tc) from the build area compared to the peak time (Tp) in the urban partial drainage flow. The value of time concentration is influenced by the slope of topography and watershed area of each rayon in Surabaya. The calculated Tc and Tp values will be combined to find the linear correlation value of the effect of watershed characteristics on development/change of land area in Surabaya. The results of the linear analysis of the relationship between the area of the build up area and the combined travel time in each rayon are not the same, this is due to the influence of land topographic slopes in each rayon and also the area of the watershed be different. the length of the channel on the drainage of urban area in each rayon have a separate drainage network sub system from one another. This is a consideration that the determination of the formulation of the relationship between the area of the build up area and the time and volume of the reservoir must adjust the characteristics of each rayon.

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles with sizes between <1 m to 5 mm. Microplastics are known to contaminate the environment and marine organisms. One type of marine organism that is often found on the east coast of the city of Surabaya is Lorjuk, namely bamboo shells or razor clams. Lorjuk is seafood and is known as a typical food of the city of Surabaya. This study aims to determine the potential for microplastic pollution in Lorjuk (Solen sp.) from 3 locations on the east coast of the city of Surabaya. Lorjuk observed were adult Lorjuk with a size of 5-6 cm. With the nature of Lorjuk as an infauna and filter feeder, microplastic observations were also carried out on sediment and water. The number, shape, color, size, and polymer type of microplastics were observed using an optical microscope and FTIR spectrophotometer. MPs were found in all samples of Lorjuk in the three locations, with an average number of 6-7 MPs/ind. The physical characteristics of microplastics indicate that fiber is the dominant form of microplastic (>90%) with the majority being blue. The MPs found in Lorjuk have an average size of 20-40 µm with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymer. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed that there was an effect of the relationship between the number of microplastics found in Lorjuk and microplastics in the environment around where Lorjuk lived (water column and sediment).

Tomato ketchup industrial sector is associated with various environmental problems including high concentration wastewater containing organic pollutant and suspended solid. While the industry always considers from an economic point of view, electrocoagulation can be the best alternative of treat wastewater which has the advantage easy in operation, minimum space requirements, low volumes of sludge produced, and can be used in high concentration wastewater. This paper investigated the effect of pH and current electricity on performance of removal of COD and TSS in tomato ketchup wastewater treatment. The research was conducted in continuous flow using cylindrical reactor with rod aluminum anode dan helical stainless-steel cathode, while the pH and current variations were 6, 7, 8 and 30 A, 35 A, and 40 A respectively. Based on analyzed data, aluminum has an effectiveness in COD and TSS removal. On the other hand, pH and current has a significant role on the process of removing COD and TSS. The best removal of COD and TSS was under the 35 A and pH 8 condition with 81,86 % (103.24 gCOD) and 82.61% (6.48 gTSS).

Karang Mumus River is one of the tributaries of Mahakam River in Samarinda. The utilization of this river is mostly for domestic activity and other activities by residents near the riverbank. Based on the regulation of local environmental bureau of Samarinda City, this river is not in accordance with the quality standards since some water quality parameters have reached above the threshold. Thus, it can be said that the Karang Mumus river is not suitable for use. This research was conducted using Karang Mumus River water modeling with the Qual2kw program conducted with the aim of being able to simulate both physical and chemical parameters. The data use both primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by sampling and measuring several related parameters to be such as BOD, COD, DO, NH₄ and TSS. The capacity of Karang Mumus River pollution load for TSS was 218.93 kg/day, BOD was 15.17 kg/day, COD was 127.1 kg/day and NH₄ was 2.46 kg/day. Pollution load capacity of the Karang Mumus River has exceeded the value that has been determined. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the pollution load so that the river can function properly as intended.

The Kobe River is one of the rivers in Central Halmahera Regency which is used for households, irrigation, fisheries, animal husbandry, and plantations. The Kobe River is located around the mining area which causes the condition of the Kobe River to decline. This study aims to determine the quality status of the Kobe River and identify the pollution that occurs in the river. The study began by collecting primary data in the form of water quality tests with parameters of temperature, DO, TSS, and Ammonium at 5 sampling locations. This study determines the Quality Status using the STORET method which refers to the Decree of the Minister of the Environment No. 113 of 2003 based on the value system of the US-EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The results showed that the determination of the quality status of the Kobe River was getting a score of 0 which was included in class A in the very good category with the status of the Kobe River meeting the quality standards so that it could be used according to its designation. Then obtained sources of pollution in the form of domestic waste and mining activities from PT Weda Bay Nickel and PT Tekindo Energy. Pollution control strategies that need to be carried out are determining the Pollution Load Capacity (DTBP) of the Kobe River, making communal wastewater treatment, making the study of the Kobe River DTBP as a basis for granting permits, and increasing law enforcement for activities/businesses that violate.