Table of contents

We are glad to welcome you to the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Energy and Environmental Science (ICEES 2022) which was held on January 7-9, 2022. Due to the long-term impact of COVID-19, in addition to the travel restriction and in respect of the willingness of all participants, ICEES 2022 was entirely transferred as online conference instead of in Kuala Lumpur as scheduled. This is the 6^th edition in this series and the second time we have to meet virtually on ZOOM.

ICEES was held annually and covered a broad range of topics related to Energy and Environmental Science. This year, 45 presenters coming from China, Denmark, Germany, India, Malaysia, Perú, Philippines, Thailand, UK, etc., to present and discuss topics in their respective research areas. The conference was held for 3 days including the online test sessions on the first day, with a wonderful array of 6 guest speeches along with 4 technical sessions during January 8-9. The authors' presentations cover topics on Clean Energy and Renewable Energy; Energy Engineering; Environmental Management and Ecological Construction; Power and Energy Engineering. 15 minutes for each presentation, including 2 minutes for the Q&A. Delegates had a wide range of sessions to choose from and had enough time in deciding which sessions to attend.

Best regards,

Conference Chair

Prof. Saad Mekhilef, University of Malaya, Malaysia

Committees, Advisory Chair, Conference Chair, Conference Co-Chair, Program Chairs, Special Session Chair, Local Chair, Publicity Chair, Technical Committee Members, Statement of Peer Review are available in the pdf

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: iConf Conference System

• Number of submissions received: 60

• Number of submissions sent for review: 45

• Number of submissions accepted: 23

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 38.3

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3

• Total number of reviewers involved: 17

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Anne Laurent

Email: anne.laurent.de@gmail.com

Affiliation: University ofMalaya, Malaysia

This paper analyses how climate change affects electricity demand in the city of Huancayo, Peru, in order to find the relationship between electricity demand and temperature in degree Celsius in the last 20 years, using Spearman correlation, based on heating degree days (HDD), cooling degree days (CDD) and electricity demand data in Mw, the conversion of average temperatures to degree days showed that only heating degree days (HDD) were found, our statistical results show that there is a moderate inverse relationship, which means that in the last 20 years the increase in electricity demand was partially due to lower temperatures, since these cause higher heating needs and thus increased electricity demand. It is suggested that the research can be carried out in different parts of Peru, since the results may vary due to the diversity of climates and it is also of utmost importance to work carefully with the temperature data, to have accurate results. This gives us a notion that energy reserves should be prepared, and the use of renewable energies must be implemented with greater emphasis.

The complex cavity flow represented by the feedback mechanism and self-sustained oscillations of cavity shear layer are widely investigated in various publications either through analysing the aero-acoustic phenomenon occurring and its control or through examining the heat transfer mechanism in such a flow. Boundary layer separation, turbulence, unsteadiness, recirculation and reattachment complicate the flow phenomena at the cavity and may lead to substantial effects on heat transfer. Besides, in order to enhance the heat transfer in some applications, cavity flow was introduced, and thus the importance of understanding the cavity flow structure and its relation with heat transfer has become vital, where such a phenomenon occurs in many engineering applications. This paper presents a literature review on the studies that focus on examining heat transfer in cavity flow, by evaluating the effect of cavity geometry and inlet flow field on heat transfer at different cavity regions.

Industrial sector is the largest consumer of fossil fuels in India. Dependence on fossil fuels also increases carbon dioxide emissions. In order to steer the industrial sector towards a more efficient use of energy resources, Government of India and Bureau of Energy Efficiency launched the Perform-Achieve-Trade scheme to improve energy efficiency of select high energy consuming industries. From each of these industries, on the basis of their energy consumption, a set of plants were selected for implementation of the scheme. PAT has multiple cycles of implementation. This paper analyses the effect of PAT Cycle-II on the energy intensity of the cement industry for a sample period of 2004-05 to 2020-21, along with the effect of other control variables like gross fixed assets, R&D expenditure, imports, and FDI. Results show that in its second phase PAT has had a significant impact in reducing energy intensity of designated cement firms. The paper also estimates the amount of energy saved by the cement industry, and the fall in CO₂ emissions thereof. It has helped to achieve an energy saving of 3.964 Mtoe, and the concomitant fall in CO₂ emissions of 15.608 MtCO₂.

Wind Farm Layout Optimization (WFLO) is a complex multidisciplinary topic that requires a lot of expertise and is becoming an essential part of today's wind farm planning. Yet, selecting optimum wind farm locations is complex, time-consuming, and influenced by environmental factors and upstream turbines inflow wind. The present study attempts to develop an optimization approach based on the Genetic Approach (GA) to determine the most suitable wind turbine locations that maximize the net energy production while minimizing the Cost of Energy (COE) ($/kWh). The WFLO for the optimized objective function was performed for 500, 1000, and 1500 iterations. The best output was obtained for 1500 iterations with the lowest value for the objective function.

Air conditioning (AC) systems are the most energy-consuming systems in buildings in hot and humid climates. This study investigates the effect of mechanical dehumidification on the energy apportioning of the conventional cooling system in hot and humid regions. An energy audit was carried out in a classroom with a fan coil unit as a case study. Air characteristics, cooling load, and cooling capacity of the case study were measured. According to the energy audit results, for a room with 51% latent load and 49% sensible load, the mechanical dehumidification consumed 56% of cooling capacity, while 44% of cooling capacity was used for sensible cooling. It has been shown that mechanical dehumidification consumes the majority of the energy used by AC systems in hot and humid areas.

Wave energy technologies have been around for decades. But for a variety of reasons, including rising oil prices, technological advancements and the sheer grit of a handful of pioneer developers, it has made a huge splash since 2005. This paper presented the result of power absorbed by a single wave-energy absorber. The result showed that maximum mean power was quadratic with exciting force, and more damping coefficient was, the less maximum mean power it became. It was shown that maximum mean power was quadratic with velocity of the body, and the more damping coefficient was, the more maximum mean power it became. It was presented that maximum absorbed power for cylinder oscillating about an axis of symmetry was equal to maximum absorbed power for isolated symmetric bodies and half of the amount of two maximum absorbed power of "cylinder which completely spans the wave-tank and cylinder with cross section". It was illustrated that graph yielded parabola curve when plotted between maximum absorbed power and cylinder which completely spans the wave-tank, cylinder with cross section and cylinder oscillating about an axis of symmetry, Isolated symmetric bodies. It was depicted that maximum absorbed power is increased when depths of the wave-trains increased both cylinder which completely spans the wave-tank, cylinder with cross section and cylinder oscillating about an axis of symmetry, isolated symmetric bodies. It was finally showed that maximum absorbed power decreased when frequency of the wave-trains increased.

Because of greenhouse gas emissions generated by fossil fuels, it has become essential to find non-polluting alternatives. Hydrogen is generally produced from the steam methane reforming (SMR) process which generates a lot of greenhouse gases. However, there are many other processes to produce hydrogen that are cleaner and should be of interest. This study aims at comparing different existing technologies to produce hydrogen in a clean and non-polluting way, in particular biological and thermochemical processes from biomass and water splitting processes. Their comparison is made by analyzing several parameters such as the type of raw materials, energy sources, efficiency, waste generation, CO2 emissions and, hydrogen production rate. Among the biological processes to produce hydrogen from biomass, dark fermentation seems to be the best due to its high production efficiency. Thermochemical processes are also interesting because of their maturity, but they generate a lot of waste such as tar and ashes. Water splitting processes coupled with renewable energy have the advantage of being zero greenhouse gas generating. The electrolysis is the best from the point of view of production efficiency which reaches 80%.

The ability of bifacial photovoltaic (PV) modules to generate additional energy from the rear side makes the selection of a tilt angle more challenging than its counterpart monofacial PV. Multiple factors such as site conditions (albedo, average sun-hour ambient temperature, elevation from sea level, diffuse fraction, global horizontal irradiance, and latitude) and PV module specifications (such as bifaciality, power temperature coefficient, and efficiency) can influence the optimum tilt that ensures maximum annual yield of the bifacial PV modules. System Advisor Model (SAM) is used to generate a training dataset of optimal tilt that covers a global range of site conditions and module specifications. Furthermore, we used a Ranker-based feature selection approach to evaluate features and generate a rank-list based on their R-squared score to the dependent variable. From all the available features, the absolute latitude value, sun hour ambient temperature, global horizontal irradiance, and albedo are the most significant features. The best results offer a mathematical model to predict the optimum tilt with the lowest RMSE of 2.135° and an R² of 0.96 given 8 site and module features.

In the past few decades, the traditional method of coal-fired heating in rural area of northern China has been exposed many environmental problems. Therefore, as a kind of clean and renewable energy, solar resource has attracted more and more attention. To ensure long-term domestic heating requirement in the countryside, seasonal thermal storage was developed to overcome seasonal variability, the main drawback of solar energy. However, the application prospect of this technology in rural area of northern China still remains to be discussion. This study selected six identical country seats (with 1800m ² heating area) in Beijing as the model, and from three aspects of climate condition, thermal performance, economic and environmental impact, analyzed the application conditions of solar water heating system with seasonal thermal storage in space heating and domestic hot water. The results show that with 420m ² solar collectors and 905m ³ seasonal storage tank, the proposed system can meet most demand of space heating and domestic hot water for six buildings, and its equivalent annual cost is acceptable compared to other heating systems despite high one-time cost may become the main problem of its advancement in the countryside of northern China.

Depletion of natural resources and increasing demand of power, sustainable energy sources such as photovoltaics (PV) are becoming increasingly more reliable and important. However, the production PV output power is unable to meet in terms of supply and demand due to irregular of solar irradiance and temperature daily. Therefore, a proper method/tool of prediction is very crucial to manage photovoltaic performance system and optimize the corresponding energy management system. In this paper, the modified Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) architecture is investigated. The investigating was conducted to provide more accurate prediction and error for short-term period prediction. The networkcompromises of 2 inputs parameter; the module temperature and solar irradiance and 1 output parameter; AC Power. Early research was conducted based on forecast time period on May 2021 starting from 7am to 8pm (14 hour) daily from 3 different panels; monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film, which are located on the rooftop of PEARL lab building. The result obtained shows that polycrystalline panel performed the best compare to monocrystalline and thin film panels.

The development of energy-efficient cooling systems is a major challenge for Net-Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) in tropical climates. This study proposes a solar-assisted two-stage hybrid desiccant cooling system as an energy-efficient air conditioning (AC) system for use in tropical NZEBs. TRNSYS software was used to simulate the proposed model for application in a classroom with a high latent load (51%). The simulation results were analysed in terms of air properties, energy allocation, and potential energy savings. It was discovered that using two-stage dehumidification instead of one-stage dehumidification reduced regeneration temperature from 72 °C to 63 °C, which leads to considerable reduction in backup heater energy consumption. This study shows that by means of the proposed model instead of a fan coil unit, thermal comfort and energy savings of 37% can be achieved.

The manuscript proposes the design of a solar photovoltaic power (PV) plant for Ma'an, Jordan, a location of excellent solar energy resources. Both floating and ground-mounted plant configurations are presented. The ground-mounted plant configuration that showed maximum power out potential is modeled using System advisor Model (SAM) software to simulate the PV plant performance. Results showed that the proposed plant location at Ma'an site is an outstanding site with an annual average capacity factor is 32.2%. By considering a lifetime of 25 years, the Levelized Cost of Electricity LCOE is 3.54 c/kWh. Moreover, this will help and guide engineers and designers to comply with the country of Jordan's most recent energy policy. This policy focuses on increasing the renewable energy share of the country.

In this work, the electric energy generation from a parabolic dish/engine array of 16 dish/engine units is estimated using the simulation tool Energy3D. This array represents one of the concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies, and its performance was assessed assuming that it operates in Muscat, the capital of the Sultanate of Oman. The dishes are identical, having a rim radius of 4 m and a focal length of 3 m. Each dish is perfectly tracking the sun's position, while mounted over a pole with a height of 4 m. The dishes have a spacing of 10.9 m in the West-East direction, and a spacing of 11.9 m in the South-North direction. With a set thermal efficiency of 35%, optical efficiency of 70%, mirror reflectance of 90%, and receiver absorptance of 95%, the electric annual output from the array was predicted to be 26.3 MWh. With a foundation area of 2,024 m ², this gives an energy generation intensity (EGI) of 13.0 kWh/year/m ². The electricity generation in each of the 12 months of the year was also predicted, and was found to vary from 30.4 Wh/day/m ² in February to 42.2 Wh/day/m ² in May, leading to a favourable seasonality index of 1.39.

Vegetation degradation is associated with human activities and climate change leading to ecosystem changes and biodiversity losses. To reduce the impacts of vegetation degradation, forecasting of vegetation condition is vital in formulating measures to prevent and reduce the losses. Vegetation indices (VI) obtained from remote sensing data, such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are widely used to monitor and forecast vegetation condition. In the present study, a stochastic and artificial neural network (ANN) models were compared in modeling and multi-step lead forecasting of NDVI in the Middle Tana River Basin (MTRB), Kenya. Pixel-wise NDVI data for the period 2000 - 2019 was extracted from the MOD13Q1 product of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Time lags of NDVI was used as inputs for the models. The results showed that the ANN model outperforms the stochastic model, with a predicting accuracy of RMSE of 0.07207, MSE of 0.00589 and MAE of 0.06417. The multi-step lead forecasting produced satisfactory results indicating the suitability of the models as tools in forecasting NDVI.

It is widely accepted that industrial consumers can contribute to the goal of a cost-efficient energy sector by offering energy flexibility. The concrete and conscious actions on industrial processes ending up in a variety of consumption are named in literature "energy flexibility measures". From the consumers' point of view, the question is where the locally realizable energy flexibility measures can be offered with the highest cost reduction or profit. The identification of the most promising market segments or tariff schemes for the commercialization of energy flexibility measures, defined as "market options", is not a trivial activity due to the complex regulatory framework that characterizes the energy market. This paper aims at introducing a standard definition of market options that supports the energy-flexible customer to evaluate where the energy flexibility can be commercialized without specific knowledge of the energy market regulation. The definition is applied to the German energy market and the market options are identified. Through a price trend analysis, the market options with the highest potential for cost reduction or profit are investigated. The results show that in the German market consumers have the highest chances to reduce their energy supply costs through the market options related to network charges and energy-only market.

Traditional centralized power dispatching systems have inherent limitations in dealing with the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy generation in distribution networks. This study presents a flexible energy exchange mechanism for regionally interconnected aggregators in regards to VRE penetration. Direct energy exchange between neighboring aggregators is proposed as a promising method of maximizing social welfare (i.e. maximization of end-users benefits and minimization of energy costs). The main idea of the proposed mechanism is to develop a parallel energy exchange cooperation between physically connected aggregators ensuring operational efficiency of the power systems at a local level. Given that neighboring aggregators may have differences in their energy generation and usage patterns these differences can be utilized to bridge the mismatch of each other's supply shortage. An operational scenario of regionally interconnected aggregators is presented and investigated. The initial simulation results have illustrated the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed model and method.

The transmission tower earthing design is installed under the ground to protect nearby personnel and equipment, as well as to improve the line lightning performance. The previous tower earthing design in Malaysia's grid system was tailored for normal power frequency fault, which are low-frequency in nature. This tower earthing design was not suitable during lightning fault, which is of higher frequency. The previous earthing design practice involves installing radial counterpoises up to 120 meters horizontally from each tower legs to get the tower footing resistance (TFR) reading of 10 Ω or less. This practice is proven to be ineffective in lowering the resistance at higher frequency i.e. lightning strike. This paper discusses a new compact earthing design that has low impedance value at low and high-frequency. The performance of this new earthing design were simulated at various soil resistivity values over a frequency range, and were compared to the performance of previous tower earthing design. The new earthing design were also installed on a number 500kV, 275kV and 132kV towers and their TFR were measured using both low and high-frequency TFR meters. The proposed concentrated earthing design was shown to have low impedance value at both low and high-frequency domain.

The geothermal industry offers a big challenge during material selection. The engineering materials in this geothermal industry are exposed to brine, steam, and hydrogen sulfide at working temperatures ⩽370 degrees Celsius and pressure of ⩽17 MPa. The corrosion problem is a more complex issue to solve, but if material selection could be thoroughly evaluated, it can benefit the asset owner since uptime can be increased and maintenance costs and downtime will be minimized. A few Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRA) are described in this paper chosen for their corrosion resistance and outstanding mechanical properties. They can either be solid but employing them as cladding material will prove to be more economical while maintaining its integrity during service. This research aims to review the suitability of CRA weld overlay cladding application and its benefits in enhancing corrosion resistance of acidic wellhead piping systems for geothermal applications. This paper also describes the technical and economic benefits of using CRA clad material in the present condition which savings can be made up to 80%. However, there is a lack of established guidelines specifically for geothermal use for the systematic selection and qualification of materials. CRA selection is often based on limited data from literature or empirical testing on a case-by-case basis, which is time-consuming, costly, and often leads to overly conservative solutions.

To meet the objectives, the solid urban waste generated in Naranjillo is characterized and quantified and its adequate management is proposed. For this purpose, the methodology of the United Nations Urban Management Program, the calculation of the sanitary landfill through the guide for the design, construction, and operation of manual sanitary landfills, by Jorge Jaramillo, was used. The study determined 91.14% of usable solid waste and 8.86% of unusable solid waste whose final disposal should be in the sanitary landfill. 75.72% are organic waste that have the biological treatment in the composting plant; 15.42% of inorganic solid waste should be recycled through classification in the manual segregation plant, both components should enter the economic cycle. The volume of the landfill calculated until 2030 corresponds to 1555.80m ³ for a projected population of 4695 inhabitants in that year: with an urban solid waste production of 1575.86 Kg/day. The municipality of the district of Luyando by applying the proposed model of urban solid waste will improve the quality of life of its inhabitants by avoiding the contamination of water, soil, air, and the deterioration of the landscape.

With the ever-growing volume of waste around the world, the tackling methods have also expanded. Among these, currently the most prevailing technology is the municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration. If used right, the advantages of the said technology are incredible. In this paper, we will discuss some key points and best practices for a successful MSW incineration and will look into the noteworthy case of Japan in this area.

In the high mountain ecosystems of the Huaytapallana Regional Conservation Area (ACR-H) there are three species of flora (Krapfia macropetala, Gentianella scarlatinostriata and Senecio canescens) of social, economic, cultural and medicinal importance, however their population status and undefined local distribution make these species area more vulnerable to extinction. Therefore, the objective of this work is to determine the population distribution for repopulation purpose in the ACR-H from the potential distribution in Peru using Maxent algorithm and a local model developed with the Saaty pairwise hierarchy matrix, adding a soil sample for a better application of the final model. The results show that the Species Distribution Models (SDMs) have a high confidence because the Area Under the Curve (AUC) surpass 0.90. Otherwise, the local model is consistent by showing a Consistency Ratio (CR) of less than 0.10. As a final result, all species obtained optimal spaces for repopulation near the Huaytapallana Cordillera, where Krapfia macropetala obtained the largest extension (715.334 ha) and Gentianella scarlatinostriata is the smallest (650.096 ha). Further there were no differences in the parameters evaluated in the three soil samples, which facilitates the application of the models for the repopulation of these three species.

Plants can purify indoor air quality; in particular, plant transpiration can facilitate indoor air movement, purify air by removing pollutants effectively, and provide clean indoor air. In this study. The first and second stages mainly focused on selecting plants with superior performance in the indoor spaces. In the final stage, the effects of different arrangements of grow lights and air conditioners were investigated. The arithmetic mean and regression analysis results demonstrated that the plants illuminated with grow lights had superior performance. Plants that performed photosynthesis and transpiration simultaneously could lower the average temperature, increase indoor humidity (to make up for the lack of cold room humidity), and lower CO₂ concentration. Our results demonstrated that placing plants together at a location across the air conditioner and under grow light illumination afforded the most effective indoor air purification and CO₂ removal.

The aim of the paper is to study some properties of a model describing the wastewater treatment process with activated sludge. The process configuration consists of an aeration tank and of a secondary settler. The mathematical model is described by three nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The paper presents important results on existence and uniqueness of positive model solutions. Numerical computations establish the stability properties of the equilibrium points with respect to two important control model parameters and present the corresponding input-output static characteristics. The dynamic behaviour of the model solutions is illustrated through computer experiments carried out in the computer algebra system Maple. The results can be useful in designing real control strategies of the wastewater treatment processes with activated sludge.