Table of contents

Preface

The International Conference on Physical Instrumentation and Advanced Materials (ICPIAM) took place in the Hotel Santika Premiere Surabaya, on October 27, 2016 and was organized by the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Airlangga University, Surabaya Indonesia.

This conference will conduct biannual regularly. The main objective of this conference is to bring together students, researcher and practitioners of physical instrumentation and advanced material to share and disseminate the research result.

We are fortunate to have world-known keynote speaker: Prof. Tamio Oguchi and Prof. Yoshitada Morikawa (Osaka University), Prof. Sulaiman Wadi Harun (Malaya Uniersity), Prof. Moh. Yasin and Febdian Rusydi, Ph.D. (Airlangga University), who are willing to share their perspectives on the current status of researches.

We would like to thank the member of local organizing committee who help with all the preparations required to make the conference success. Of course, special thanks also go to the reviewers, the authors and all of the participants for their contributions in making ICPIAM 2016 successful.

In addition, we would also thanks to Science and Technology Faculty and Institute of Research and Innovation Airlangga University in which, without their support we would not able to organize this conference. I believe that we will have high quality discussion in order to increase our excellence in scientific area of physical instrumentation and advanced material. I also hope that this will become a stepping stone of potential collaboration between academicians and professionals in Indonesia in the future.

Finally, the success of this conference lies not only in the quality of papers presented but also to a large extent upon the dedicated team efforts of the many volunteers, in particular members of the Organizing Committee and International Advisory Committee. Their dedicated contribution and encouragement have been exemplary. We would also like to thank the staff at Integrated Meetings Specialist, who have given their best to ensure the smooth running of the conference.

Last but not least, I would like to acknowledge with sincere thanks to our sponsors and supporters. To all our delegates, I hope the 1st ICPIAM 2016 will be memorable not only from the scientific perspective but in the joy of meeting old friends and making new ones.

Dr. Khusnul Ain

General Chair of ICPIAM 2016

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The properties of the electrical impedance of tissue are an interesting study, because changes of the electrical impedance of organs are related to physiological and pathological. Both physiological and pathological properties are strongly associated with disease information. Several experiments shown that the breast cancer has a lower impedance than the normal breast tissue. Thus, the imaging based on impedance can be used as an alternative equipment to detect the breast cancer. This research carries out by modelling of Electrical Impedance Tomography to detect the breast cancer by finite volume methods. The research includes development of a mathematical model of the electric potential field by 2D Finite Volume Method, solving the forward problem and inverse problem by linear reconstruction method. The scanning is done by 16 channel electrode with neighbors method to collect data. The scanning is performed at a frequency of 10 kHz and 100 kHz with three objects numeric includes an anomaly at the surface, an anomaly at the depth and an anomaly at the surface and at depth. The simulation has been successfully to reconstruct image of functional anomalies of the breast cancer at the surface position, the depth position or a combination of surface and the depth.

Electric Impedance Tomography with two frequencies is a system to detect the anomalies. This system is expected to detect the presence of a cancer in the breast. In this study, the objects are modelled in a circle phantom within 13 cm diameter. Those objects are equipped with 16 electrodes of copperplate. The objects, carrots, are functioned as a cancer and water as a medium of the normal breast. This electrode works to inject the current and to measure the voltage at a certain point. The position of the electrode current injection is controlled by a de-multiplexer, whereas the measurement of voltage at the electrodes is controlled by a multiplexer. The electric current source utilized has two frequencies; 10 kHz and 100 kHz. This electric current is generated from a circuit of Voltage Controlled Current Source using an oscillator XR2206. The microcontroller is utilized to control the current injection through a de-multiplexer and the measurement of output voltage through a multiplexer. This research has produced three images. Two images are obtained from both frequencies of 10 kHz and 100 kHz. Those two images cannot be achieved in the reality. The object condition of normal breast cannot be measured, since the normal breast of a person is different from others. In this study, the two images can be obtained when the potential background of the phantom can be measured. The third image is obtained from the reconstruction of the electrical potential difference between the low and high frequencies. This image is called as a functional image. This functional image makes the EIT system can be implemented, since it can be obtained without measuring the potential background. This functional image reveals that the anomalies are more obvious than the single frequency image.

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides ease to monitor and to gain sensor data through the Internet [1]. The need of high quality data is increasing to the extent that data monitoring and acquisition system in real time is required, such as smart city or telediagnostic in medical areas [2]. Therefore, an appropriate communication protocol is required to resolve these problems. Lately, researchers have developed a lot of communication protocols for IoT, of which each has advantages and disadvantages. This study proposes the utilization of MQTT as a communication protocol, which is one of data communication protocols for IoT. This study used temperature and humidity sensors because the physical parameters are often needed as parameters of environment condition [3]. Data acquisition was done in real-time and stored in MySQL database. This study is also completed by interface web-based and mobile for online monitoring. This result of this study is the enhancement of data quality and reliability using MQTT protocol.

Leakage current measurement which can follow IEC standard for medical device is one of many challenges to be answered. The IEC 60601-1 has defined that the limit for a leakage current for Medical Device can be as low as 10 µA and as high as 500 µA, depending on which type of contact (applied part) connected to the patient. Most people are using ELCB (Earth-leakage circuit breaker) for safety purpose as this is the most common and available safety device in market. One type of ELCB devices is RCD (Residual Current Device) and this RCD type can measure the leakage current directly. This work will show the possibility on how Helmholtz Coil Configuration can be made to be like the RCD. The possibility is explored by comparing the magnetic field formula from each device, then it proceeds with a simulation using software EJS (Easy Java Simulation). The simulation will make sure the concept of magnetic field current cancellation follows the RCD concept. Finally, the possibility of increasing the measurement's sensitivity is also analyzed. The sensitivity is needed to see the possibility on reaching the minimum leakage current limit defined by IEC, 0.01mA.

This paper presents the fabrication and simulation of tapered optical fiber. To characterize the properties of these tapered optical fiber sensors, sugar solutions ranging from 0 to 20 in weight percent were utilized. The measured reflection spectra obtained from this SPR sensor shows the observation of a dip originated from the light absorption by the generated surface plasmon wave. The dip reflectance shifts with the increase in the refractive index. A simulation of the experiment was made using OptiFDTD. The simulation and the experiment showed a similar result. The result suggests that a compact sensor based on this structure may be useful for refractive index sensors.

The research was focused on development of data acquisition system to monitor the content of methane, relative humidity and temperature on peatlands in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Methane is one of greenhouse gases that emitted from peatlands; while humidity and temperature are important parameters of microclimate on peatlands. The content of methane, humidity and temperature are three parameters were monitored digitally, real time, continuously and automatically record by data acquisition systems that interfaced to the personal computer. The hardware of data acquisition system consists of power supply unit, TGS2611 methane gas sensor, SHT11 humidity and temperature sensors, voltage follower, ATMega8535 microcontroller, 16 × 2 LCD character and personal computer. ATMega8535 module is a device to manage all part in measuring instrument. The software which is responsible to take sensor data, calculate characteristic equation and send data to 16 × 2 LCD character are Basic Compiler. To interface between measuring instrument and personal computer is maintained by Delphi 7. The result of data acquisition showed on 16 × 2 LCD characters, PC monitor and database with developed by XAMPP. Methane, humidity, and temperature which release from peatlands are trapped by Closed-Chamber Measurement with dimension 60 × 50 × 40 cm³. TGS2611 methane gas sensor and SHT11 humidity and temperature sensor are calibrated to determine transfer function used to data communication between sensors and microcontroller and integrated into ATMega8535 Microcontroller. Calculation of RS and RL of TGS2611 methane gas sensor refer to data sheet and obtained respectively 1360 ohm and 905 ohm. The characteristic equation of TGS2611 satisfies equation VRL = 0.561 ln n – 2.2641 volt, with n is a various concentrations and VRL in volt. The microcontroller maintained the voltage signal than interfaced it to liquid crystal displays and personal computer (laptop) to display result of the measurement. The result of data acquisition saved on excels and database format.

It has been created microcontroller-based ozone sterilization system which is used for E. Coli bacteria sterilization. The created system consists of a neon sign transformer, corona electrode, ozone gas chamber container and ozone gas metering systems. Neon sign transformer and corona electrode are then assembled into an ozone generator that works on the principle of corona discharge. The use of ozone generators is controlled by microcontroller system. Ozone gas is produced by ozone generators which housed in a chamber and equipped by ozone gas indicator. The results of ozone gas effect testing in E. Coli with varied exposure of 15, 30 and 45 minutes showed the decrease number of E. Coli colonies of tested bacteria samples compared to the control sample without ozone gas exposure.

The aim of the research is to detect the concentration of cholesterol by using the principle that a laser beam propagation is guided by optical fiber bundle in term of intensity profile through solution with vary concentrations of cholesterol from 0 to 300 ppm. The mechanism of cholesterol concentration detection is the propagation of He-Ne laser beam with wavelength of 632.5 nm through a fiber optic bundle and a solution of cholesterol, then is reflected by a flat mirror and enters receiving fiber. This signal is captured by a silicon detector (SL-818, Newport) in the form of output voltage. The result showed that the output voltage decrease linearly with the increase of concentration of cholesterol with a sensitivity of 0.0004 mV/ppm and the linearity more than 97%.

Powerline noise has been one of significant noises of Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal measurement. This noise is characterized by a sinusoidal signal which has 50 Hz of noise and 0.3 mV of maximum amplitude. This paper describes the design of IIR Notch filter design to reject a 50 Hz power line noise. IIR filter coefficients were calculated using pole placement method with three variations of band stop cut off frequencies of (49-51)Hz, (48 - 52)Hz, and (47 - 53)Hz. The algorithm and coefficients of filter were embedded to Arduino DUE (ARM 32 bit microcontroller). IIR notch filter designed has been able to reject power line noise with average square of error value of 0.225 on (49-51) Hz filter design and 0.2831 on (48 - 52)Hz filter design.

A wireless sensor network has been developed to monitor soil movement of some observed areas periodically. The system consists of four nodes and one gateway which installed on a scope area of 0.2 Km². Each of nodehastwo types of sensor,an inclinometer and an extensometer. An inclinometer sensor is used to measure the tilt of a structure while anextensometer sensor is used to measure the displacement of soil movement. Each of nodeisalso supported by awireless communication device, a solar power supply unit, and a microcontroller unit called sensor module. In this system, there is also gateway module as a main communication system consistinga wireless communication device, power supply unit, and rain gauge to measure the rainfall intensity of the observed area. Each sensor of inclinometer and extensometer isconnected to the sensor module in wiring system but sensor module iscommunicating with gateway in a wireless system. Those four nodes are alsoconnectedeach other in a wireless system collecting the data from inclinometer and extensometer sensors. Module Gateway istransmitting the instruction code to each sensor module one by one and collecting the data from them. Gateway module is an important part to communicate with not only sensor modules but also to the server. This wireless system wasdesigned toreducethe electric consumption powered by 80 WP solar panel and 55Ah battery. This system has been implemented in Pangalengan, Bandung, which has high intensity of rainfall and it can be seen on the website.

Leukemia is a type of cancer which is caused by malignant neoplasms in leukocyte cells. Leukemia disease which can cause death quickly enough for the sufferer is a type of acute lymphocyte leukemia (ALL). In this study, we propose automatic detection of lymphocyte leukemia through classification of lymphocyte cell images obtained from peripheral blood smear single cell. There are two main objectives in this study. The first is to extract featuring cells. The second objective is to classify the lymphocyte cells into two classes, namely normal and abnormal lymphocytes. In conducting this study, we use combination of shape feature and histogram feature, and the classification algorithm is k-nearest Neighbour with k variation is 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15. The best level of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in this study are 90%, 90%, and 90%, and they were obtained from combined features of area-perimeter-mean-standard deviation with k=7.

Lung tuberculosis detection is still identified from Ziehl-Neelsen sputum smear images in low and middle countries. The clinicians decide the grade of this disease by counting manually the amount of tuberculosis bacilli. It is very tedious for clinicians with a lot number of patient and without standardization for sputum staining. The tuberculosis sputum images have multi variant characterizations in colour, because of no standardization in staining. The sputum has more variants colour and they are difficult to be identified. For helping the clinicians, this research examined the Self Organizing Map method for colouring image segmentation in sputum images based on colour clustering. This method has better performance than k-means clustering which also tried in this research. The Self Organizing Map could segment the sputum images with y good result and cluster the colours adaptively.

Brachytherapy is one way to cure cervical cancer. It works by placing a radioactive source near the tumor. However, there are some healthy tissues or organs at risk (OAR) such as bladder and rectum which received radiation also. This study aims to evaluate the radiation dose of the bladder and rectum. There were 12 total radiation dose data of the bladder and rectum obtained from patients' brachytherapy. The dose of cervix for all patients was 6 Gy. Two-dimensional calculation of the radiation dose was based on the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) points or called DICRU while the 3-dimensional calculation derived from Dose Volume Histogram (DVH) on a volume of 2 cc (D2cc). The radiation dose of bladder and rectum from both methods were analysed using independent t test. The mean DICRU of bladder was 4.33730 Gy and its D2cc was4.78090 Gy. DICRU and D2cc bladder did not differ significantly (p = 0.144). The mean DICRU of rectum was 3.57980 Gy and 4.58670 Gy for D2cc. The mean DICRU of rectum differed significantly from D2cc of rectum (p = 0.000). The three-dimensional method radiation dose of the bladder and rectum was higher than the two-dimensional method with ratios 1.10227 for bladder and 1.28127 for rectum. The radiation dose of the bladder and rectum was still below the tolerance dose. Two-dimensional calculation of the bladder and rectum dose was lower than three-dimension which was more accurate due to its calculation at the whole volume of the organs.

The high performance of the elbow joint angle prediction is essential on the development of the devices based on electromyography (EMG) control. The performance of the prediction depends on the feature of extraction parameters such as window length. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of the window length on the performance of the elbow-joint angle prediction. The prediction algorithm consists of zero-crossing feature extraction and second order of Butterworth low pass filter. The feature was used to extract the EMG signal by varying window length. The EMG signal was collected from the biceps muscle while the elbow was moved in the flexion and extension motion. The subject performed the elbow motion by holding a 1-kg load and moved the elbow in different periods (12 seconds, 8 seconds and 6 seconds). The results indicated that the window length affected the performance of the prediction. The 250 window lengths yielded the best performance of the prediction algorithm of (mean±SD) root mean square error = 5.68%±1.53% and Person's correlation = 0.99±0.0059.

Calcium metabolism plays a very important role in neurons infected by Toxoplasma. Detection of change of calcium metabolism of neuron infected by Toxoplasma and Toxoplasma requires the calculation both quantitative and qualitative method. Confocal microscope has the ability to capture the wave of the fluorescent emission of the fluorescent dyes used in the measurement of cell calcium. The purpose of this study was to prove the difference in calcium changes between infected and uninfected neurons using confocal microscopy. Neuronal culture of human-skin-derived neural stem cell were divided into 6 groups, consisting 3 uninfected groups and 3 infected groups. Among the 3 groups were 2 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours. The neuron Toxoplasma gondii ratio was 1:5. Observation of intracellular calcium of neuron and tachyzoite, evidence of necrosis, apoptosis and the expression of Hsp 70 of neuron were examined by confocal microscope. The normality of the data was analysed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, differentiation test was checked by t2 Test, and ANOVAs, for correlation test was done by Pearson Correlation Test. The calcium intensity of cytosolic neuron and T. gondii was significantly different from control groups (p<0.05). There was also significant correlation between calcium intensity with the evidence of necrosis and Hsp70 expression at 2 hours after infection. Apoptosis and necrosis were simultaneously shown with calcium contribution in this study. Confocal microscopy can be used to measure calcium changes in infected and uninfected neurons both in quantitatively and qualitatively.

Overloading the vehicle on a highway cause the damage to roads, accidents and harm other road users. Required a weight sensor has a high sensitivity, resistant to corrosion and electromagnetic wave interference. Graded index optical fiber is a kind of fiber that has the potential to be used as a deformation sensor. This research aims to optimize the load sensor has been developed previously to detect a load on a ton scale. The weight sensor-based micro bending graded index fiber and LED as a light source capable of detecting a load from 0.7 to 1.93 tons with a standard deviation of 1.18 and 99.45% accuracy level in a static text using UTM. This sensor has been able to be used to detect heavy vehicles such as water truck wheels 6 and fuel trucks. The study will be further developed in order to detect the load to more than 8 tons.

The sensor device is required to monitor harmful gases in the environments and industries. Many volatile organic compounds adsorbed on the sensor material will result in changes of the optical properties including the refractive index and the film thickness. This study designed and realized a vapor detection device using the principle of Michelson Interferometer. The laser light beamed with a wavelength of 620 nm was divided by using a beam splitter. Interference occurredwhen the two separated lights were recombined. The phase difference between the two beams determined whether the interference would destruct or construct each other to produce the curved fringes. The vapor samples used in these experiments were ethanol and benzene. The results showed that the ethanol concentration of 1611-32210 ppm produced a fringe shift of 197 pixels, while the concentration of benzene of 964-19290 ppm produced a fringe shift of 273 pixels.

The ability of a measuring instrument is determined by the characteristics of the sensor used. One of the important characteristics of a sensor is its area of work. The working area of a sensor is determined by a linear relationship between the physical quantities to be measured with the actual measured physical quantity. A narrow sensor working area will limit the use of the instruments. Transformation equation of sensor characteristic curve is expected to widen the working area of this sensor. In this study, the magnitude of a magnetic field is used as an example of the physical quantity to be measured. Hall Effect sensors are used as sensing elements and the transformation equation performed on the sensor characteristic curve. Hall Effect sensor which is used as the object of widening the area of work is UGN3503UA while the reference sensor is A1302UA. The result of this equation transformation is embedded inside a micro-controller. The interpolation value of the magnetic field, as the result of the characteristic curve transformation, which compared to the actual value of the magnetic field provides an average relative error of measurement results of 3.83 %.

Detection of intra vena is very important technique in the medical clinic applications. For intravenous detection, some nurses usually have a mistake which can cause a pain or injured to the patient. When the nurses are headed with this problem, it becomes dangerous for the patient. To solve the problem, in this paper, vein finder with multi-tuning wavelength for intra vena detection is proposed and investigated. Vein finder is tested to various skin colour and body mass. The results show that vein finder was successfully designed with controllable wavelength in the range of 600-696 nm using RGB LED.

The research was done the optimization image of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) T2 Fast Spin Echo (FSE) with variation Echo Train Length (ETL) on the Rupture Tendon Achilles case. This study aims to find the variations Echo Train Length (ETL) from the results of ankle's MRI image and find out how the value of Echo Train Length (ETL) works on the MRI ankle to produce optimal image. In this research, the used ETL variations were 12 and 20 with the interval 2 on weighting T2 FSE sagittal. The study obtained the influence of Echo Train Length (ETL) on the quality of ankle MRI image sagittal using T2 FSE weighting and analyzed in 25 images of five patients. The data analysis has done quantitatively with the Region of Interest (ROI) directly on computer MRI image planes which conducted statistical tests Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Contras to Noise Ratio (CNR). The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) was the highest finding on fat tissue, while the Contras to Noise Ratio (CNR) on the Tendon-Fat tissue with ETL 12 found in two patients. The statistics test showed the significant SNR value of the 0.007 (p<0.05) of Tendon tissue, 0.364 (p>0.05) of the Fat, 0.912 (p>0.05) of the Fibula, and 0.436 (p>0.05) of the Heel Bone. For the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of the Tendon-FAT tissue was about 0.041 (p>0.05). The results of the study showed that ETL variation with T2 FSE sagittal weighting had difference at Tendon tissue and Tendon-Fat tissue for MRI imaging quality. SNR and CNR were an important aspect on imaging optimization process to give the diagnose information.

Recently, EBT has been proven as the marker of airways inflammation like asthma and proposed as the non-invasive tool. Although EBT device has already been made but this device is rarely used for patients in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to develop a prototype which accurately measures EBT and is comfortably used by patients including children. This prototype was made using SHT11 as a sensor of EBT which is integrated on a thermal flask 0.5L. This flask filled up patient breath and the temperature of air breath was measured. The EBT of twelve healthy samples and seven samples with asthma was examined using this prototype, the measurement was done within three minutes for all of them. The test results of EBT on healthy samples obtained the median is 33.9°C within of 33.0°C - 34.7°C and EBT on asthma samples obtained median is 35.0°C within the range 34.9°C - 36.0°C.

Optical to electrical converter is the main components for designing of the optical instrumentations. In addition, this component is also used as signal conditioning. This component usually consists of a photo detector and amplifier. In this paper, characteristics of commercial amplifiers from Thorlabs PDA50B-EC has been observed. The experiment was conducted by diode laser with power of -5 dBm and wavelength 1310 nm; the optical attenuator to vary optical power from 0 to 60 dB, optical to electrical converter from Thorlabs Amplifier PDA50B-EC; multimode optical fiber to guide the laser; and digital voltmeter to measure the output of converter. The results of the characterization indicate that each channel amplification has a non-linear correlation between optical and electrical parameter; optical conversion measurement range of 20-23 dB to full scale; and different measurement coverage area. If this converter will be used as a part component of optical instrumentation so it should be adjusted suitably with the optical power source. Then, because of the correlation equation is not linear so calculation to determine the interpretation also should be considered in addition to the transfer function of the optical sensor.

Characterization of radiochromic film density is accomplished through Source Axis Distance (SAD) technique in a slab phantom Linac with various depths and breadths of field. Type of the film used is gafchromic RTQA2. The dose of radiation exposure of the film may cause changes in the film density. This research aims to determine the relation between the density and the dose depth through the characteristic of curves to identify the depth of the dose and particular breadth of the field as a reference for the dose of radiotherapy patients. The result shows that the higher the dose is absorbed, the darker the film will be, yet the lower the density is obtained. The dose depth is determined by measuring the amount of dose received at various depths and breadths of field using film that is placed on the slab phantom with 6 MV linac radiation and dose of 300 cGy. The variation of the depth at 1.5 cm; 4 cm; 6 cm; 8 cm; 10 cm, the field size at 4 × 4 cm², and the dose depth at 359.7 cGy; 315.3 cGy; 281.4 cGy; 241.2 cGy; 220.5 cGy were settled. The field size 6 × 6 cm² takes the dose depth 354.6 cGy; 314.1 cGy; 282.6 cGy; 244.5 cGy; 224.7 cGy. The field size 8 × 8 cm² takes the dose depth 351.6 cGy; 313 cGy; 283.8 cGy; 247.2 cGy; 228 cGy. The field size 10 × 10 cm² takes the dose depth 348.9 cGy; 342.6 cGy; 248.4 cGy; 249.6 cGy; 231 cGy.

Blood contains several electrolytes with positive (cation) and negative (anion) ion load. Both electrolytes deliver impulse synergistically adjusting body needs. Those electrolytes give specific effect to external disturbance such as electric, magnetic, even infrared field. A study has been conducted to reduce blood glucose level and liver function, in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients, using Biophysics concept which uses combination therapy of permanent magnetic field, electric field, and infrared. This study used 48 healthy mice (mus musculus), male, age 3-4 weeks, with approximately 25-30 g in weight. Mice was fed with lard as high fat diet orally, before Streptozotocin (STZ) induction become diabetic mice. Therapy was conducted by putting mice in a chamber that emits the combination of permanent magnetic field, electric field, and infrared, every day for 1 hour for 28 days. There were 4 combinations of therapy/treatment, namely: (1) permanent magnetic field, direct electric field, and infrared; (2) permanent magnetic field, direct electric field, without infrared; (3) permanent magnetic field, alternating electric field, and infrared; and (4) permanent magnetic field, alternating electric field, without infrared. The results of therapy show that every combination is able to reduce blood glucose level, AST, and ALT. However, the best result is by using combination of permanent magnetic field, direct electric field, and infrared.

Damage on bone due to osteoporosis and cancer triggered high demand for bone implant prosthesis which is a permanent implant. Thus, a prosthesis coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) is required because it is osteoconductive that can trigger the growth of osteoblast cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum concentration of HA suspension in terms of the surface morphology, coating thickness, adhesion strength and corrosion rate resulting in the HA coating with the best characteristics for bone implant. Coating using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method with concentrations of 0.02M, 0.04M, 0.06M, 0.08M, and 0.1M was performed on the voltage and time of 120V and 30 minutes respectively. The process was followed by sintering at the temperature of 900 °C for 10 minutes. The results showed that the concentration of HA suspension influences the thickness and the adhesion of layer of HA. The higher the concentration of HA-ethanol suspension the thicker the layer of HA, but its coating adhesion strength values became lower. The concentration of HA suspension of 0.04 M is the best concentration, with characteristics that meet the standards of the bone implant prosthesis. The characteristics are HA coating thickness of 199.93 ± 4.85 μm, the corrosion rate of 0.0018 mmpy and adhesion strength of 4.175 ± 0.716 MPa.

Research on the effectiveness of photo inactivation of C.albicans biofilms led by a-PDT system mediated by chlorophyll-diode-laser-induced was done. This research was done using in vitro technique in order to effectively determine chlorophyll extract of ROS-generated Carica Papaya L. using in situ technique. This technique induced laser diode on different dose and C. albicans with reduced degree. This research is a preliminary study in efforts to find anew sensitizer agent candidate made of chlorophyll extract and antifungal of Carica Papaya L. The effectiveness of eradication has been tested with MDA's content and OD of biomass biofilms as well as analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey Test (α=0.05). The characteristic of chlorophyll extract of Carica Papaya L. has maximum absorptions on blue areas (λ_max = 420 nm) and red areas (λ_max = 670 nm). The MIC value of Carica Papaya L.'schlorophyll extract against C. albicans planktonic and biofilms cell is 63.8 μM and 31.9 μM respectively. The result shows that treatment using laser which was combined with chlorophyll extract is more effective than that with laser only or chlorophyll extract only. The treatment using laser combined with chlorophyll extract obtained more than 65% (α=0.05) (more than that of negative control) for P₂L₁ group with OD₅₉₅ 0.915. The MDA's content showed that group of laser which was mediated with chlorophyll extract had larger values than group of laser or chlorophyll extract only.

For the first time, cigarette filter waste, which is an environmental hazardous material, is used as basic material prepared for creating activated carbon (AC) via KOH chemical activation using a microwave input power of 630 W and irradiation time of 20 minutes. Active carbon was characterized by TGA, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, and absorption of methylene blue (MB). The results of x-ray diffraction showed that active carbon has a semi-crystalline structure with peaks of 2θ of 22.87° and 43.70°. Active carbon microstructure analysis showed that the layer height (L_c) is inversely proportional to the width of the layer (L_a), and the distance between the two layers is d₀₀₂ and d₁₀₀, which depends significantly on the ratio of AC: KOH. It was found that the optimum BET surface area and adsorption capacity for MB were 328.13 m² / g and 88.76 m² / g, respectively. The results revealed the potential to prepare activated carbon from cigarette filter waste using microwave irradiation.

Synthesis of breast-phantom-based on gelatine-glutaraldehyde-TiO₂ as testing material of breast cancer diagnosis using Near Infrared-Diffuse Optical Tomography (NIR-DOT) is presented. Glutaraldehyde (GA) is added to obtain optimum breast phantom which has same elasticity modulus with mammae. First, synthesis is conducted by mixing gelatine with various amounts of 1 g, 2 g and 3 g with saline solution on 40^° C temperature for 30 minutes until they become homogenous. Next, GA with concentration of 0.5 and 1.0% is added. The characterization includes FTIR test, physical test, and mechanical test used to identify group of gelatine's functions. Elasticity modulus of breast phantom of gelatine composition 2 g and 0.5% GA is obtained at 53.46 kPA which is the approximation of mammae culture elasticity. This composition is chosen to synthesise the next step. In the second step, TiO₂ is added with variation of 0.01 g, 0.015 g, 0.02 g, 0.025 g, and 0,03 g. With this variation, it is aimed to get a breast phantom providing image with optimum absorption. The test of this material uses Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), homogeneity test, and analysis of coefficient absorption. The result shows the sample has a good thermal property in the range of 40 – 70^° C with a good homogeneity and absorption coefficient of 0.4 mm^-1.

WHO data in 2012 shows that 5.3% of world population highly suffers from hearing loss and deafness. One of the deafness causes is rupture of tympanic membrane. Tympanic membrane damage which occurs often is perforated tympanic membrane, and it is also commonly known in medical term as tympanic membrane perforation. The causes, for instance, are high frequency of using earphones, traumatic accidents, noise, bacteria, viruses, and infectious microorganism. Tympanoplasty becomes the only treatment that can be widely accepted despite of deficiencies in postoperative complications. Therefore, this research aims to create artificial tympanic membrane made of natural materials such as type I collagen composited with chitosan and made of addition of glycerol to improve its mechanical strength and biodegradability. The method included the process of dissolving acetic acid in distilled water and mixation with chitosan. The solution is next added with glycerol and stirred to be homogeneous. After that, it was minted in petri dish and aerated before characterized. The sample characterization included tensile strength of which tensile test results showed that the value of the elasticity modulus tended to decrease with an increase in collagen concentration. The elasticity modulus values in a row for the variations of 7: 3, 8: 2, and 9: 1 were 35.10 MPa, 54,52MPa, and 47,45MPa respectively. The morphological test with 1000x, 2500x, and 5000x magnification showed their interaction in the formation of pores. Cytotoxicity results, moreover, showed that those samples were non-toxic and safe for the body due to the percentage of living cells. The sound absorption coefficient was between 1000 Hz - 2000 Hz which means that it could use as sound absorbing material. The antibacterial test results showed that all the sample variations were anti-bacterial due to the diameter of the clear zone. In conclusion, collagen and chitosan composite with addition of glycerol could be used for potential artificial tympanic for to its characterization

Wound healing is a physiological process that occurs progressively through overlapping phases. Tissue oxygenation is an important part of the complex regulation for wound healing. Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO) therapy is a method of increasing oxygen delivery to tissues. The therapy improves tissue oxygenation and stimulates the formation of H2O2 as a secondary messenger for Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF α), e-NOS, VEGF and Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta phosphorylation (NF-Kb) which play an important role in the rapid transcription of a wide variety of genes in response to extracellular stimuli. This study aims to determine the effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy in enhancing the expressions of e-NOS, TNF-α, VEGF and wound healing. This study is an animal study with a 'randomized control group of pre-test and post test design' on 28 Wistar rats. Randomly, the rats were divided into 4 groups with 7 rats in each group. The HBO treatment group 1 received 5 sessions of HBO 2.4 ATA in 3 × 30 minutes; the HBO treatment group 2 received 10 sessions of HBO 2.4 ATA in 3 × 30 minutes; and each of the control groups were without HBO. Each of the 28 male rats were given a full thickness excisional wound of 1 × 1cm. Examinations of e-NOS, TNF-α, VEGF expressions and wound healing were performed on day-0 (pre-HBO) and day-5 HBO or on day-0 (pre-HBO) and day-10 HBO. The resultsshowthat the Hyperbaric Oxygen therapy can improve e-NOS (p=0.02), TNF-α (p= 0.02), VEGF expression (p=0.02) and wound healing (p=0.002) significantly in the provision of HBO 2.4 ATA for 3 × 30 minutes in 5 sessions over 5 consecutive days. While the 10 sessions of HBO 2.4 ATA for 3 × 30 minutes over 10 consecutive days only increase e-NOS (p=0.02), TNF-α (p=0.04), VEGF expression significantly (p=0.03) but do not improve wound healing significantly (p=0.3) compared with no HBO. The study concludes that HBO can improve the expressions of e-NOS, TNF-α, VEGF and wound healing in the provision of HBO 2.4 ATA for 3 × 30 minutes in 5 sessions, while the 10 sessions of HBO 2.4 ATA for 3 × 30 minutes only increase e-NOS, TNF-α, VEGF expression but do not improve wound healing.

We attempt to study about the solvent effects of the stability of trans-HCOH molecules using the density-functional theory. Experimentally, trans-HCOH rearranges to H₂CO with half-life of two hours [1] which we theoretically proved that it occurs through quantum tunneling. [2] In this work, we calculate the rearrangement rate of the molecules in various solvents. The solvents are selected based on their dielectric constant values, from lower to higher ones; they are benzene, dichloroethane, benzaldehyde, acetone, methanol, ethanediol, dimethylsulfoxide, formic acid, water, and formamide. We use polarizable continuum to model the solvents (PCM). We begin from determining the reaction path from trans-HCOH to H₂CO and its corresponding energy barrier using intrinsic reaction coordinate calculation with PCM. Then, we use Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approximation to calculate the rearrangement rates. The calculation results showed a general trend in which there were arrangement rate was decreasing inversely proportional to dielectric constant value.

The study of a thin layer growth of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si: H) using the technique of plasma enhancing chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) has been conducted. Material a-Si: H is one type of materials that is applied as solar cells. In this study, a thin layer of a-Si: H grown on glass substrates by using CH₄ and without CH₄. Most sources Si gas were used in silane gas (SiH₄) 20% dissolved in hydrogen gas (H₂). The addition of CH₄ gas greatly affects the structure of layer morphology and energy gap in thin layers. Based on the results of characterization using AFM, it was obtained a layer thickness which was added by CH₄ 100 nm and layer thickness of 45 nm without CH₄. While the optical energy band gap were conducted, based on the data from characterization using UV-Vis in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm, it was obtained layer optical energy band gap added by CH₄ that was 1,95 eV and layer without CH₄ that was 1.89 eV.

A chemocapacitor consists of planar interdigital electrodes (IDE) made by two comb electrodes on a substrate. A dielectric film was applied on the electrodes in which the absorbed vapor will modify its permittivity. This study has fabricated chemocapacitor with the IDE distance of 0.5 mm, while the dielectric film was a sensitive layer consisting of a polymeric material. The deposition of the polymeric film was accomplished by drop casting. A sensor array consisting of four chemocapacitors coated with different polymers namely PEG-1540, PEG-20M, PEG-6000, and PVP was used to obtain the pattern of shift in the capacitance. The integrated circuit AD7746 was used as the capacitance to-digital converter (CDC). The organic solvents of ethanol, benzene, and aceton were used as the vapor samples in this experiment. The results showed that the change in the capacitance value increases proportionally to the concentration of vapour where sensors coated with PEG-1540 and PVP have higher sensitivity, i.e. 0.0028pF/part per thousand and 0.0027pF/part per thousand, respectively. Based on the capacitance to digital conversion capabilities, the system provides there solution of 0.4084ppm. The sensor array could produce a different pattern for each of the vapor sample. The Neural Network pattern recognition system could identify the type of vapor automatically with the root mean square error of 10^-5

The aim of this research was to find out the most effective energy dose of laser energy per unit area irradiated to the subject, used in T47D cancer cell photodynamic therapy. The experiment used three variations of energy doses and two exogenous photosensitizers. The laser used was the He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 632 nm. Laser exposure on the T47D cancer cells was conducted in vitro at a distance of 1 cm with energy doses of 30.4 J/cm², 18.8 J/cm², and 30.4 J/cm². The photosensitizers used in the experiment were chlorophylls isolated from sour-sop leaves and Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). The concentration of photosensitizers which is not toxic to cells, based on the toxicity test, is 300 ppm for chlorophylls and 350 ppm for PpIX. At the energy dose of 30.4 J/cm², the percentage of cell death was 96.25% with chlorophyll addition, while with PpIX addition, the percentage was 81.62%. At the same energy dose, cell death in apoptosis was 95.78% with chlorophyll addition and 80.56% with PpIX addition. Based on the result of this research, it was revealed that the energy dose of He-Ne laser output of 30.4 J/cm² was the most effective energy dose between the energy dose variation that could yield T47D cell death in an apoptosis way.

TiO₂ is one of semiconductor materials which are widely used as photocatalyst in the form of a thin film. The TiO₂ thin film is prepared by using the spin coating sol-gel method. The researcher prepared TiO₂ thin film with 3 coating variations and X-Ray Diffraction characterization, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, Electron Microscopy Scanning, and examined its hydrophilic and anti-fogging properties. The result of X-Ray Diffraction showed that the phase formed is the anatase on 101crystal field. The Electron Microscopy Scanning images showed that TiO₂ thin films had a homogeneous surface with the particle sizes as big as 235 nm, 179 nm, and 137 nm. The thickness of each thin film was 2.06μm, 3.33μm, and 5.20μm. The characterization of UV-Vis Spectrophotometer showed that the greatest absorption to the wavelength of visible light was in the thin film's thickness of 3 coatings with the band-gap determined by using 3.30 eV, 3.33 eV, and 3.33 eV Plot Tuoc. These results indicated that the rate of absorption would be increased by increasing the thickness of film. The increasing thickness of the thin film makes the film hydrophilic able to be used as an anti-fogging substance.

Chronic Low Back Pain (CLBP) is one health problem that is often encountered in a community. Inject-able hydrogels are the newest way to restore the disc thickness and hydration caused by disc degeneration by means of minimally invasive surgery. Thus, polymers can be combined to improve the characteristic properties of inject-able hydrogels, leading to use of Hyaluronic Acid (a natural polymer) and Polyethylene glycol (PEG) with Horse Radish Peroxide (HRP) cross linker enzymes. The swelling test results, which approaches were the ideal disc values, were sampled with variation of enzyme concentrations of 0.25 µmol/min/mL. The enzyme concentrations were 33.95%. The degradation test proved that the sample degradation increased along with the decrease of the HRP enzyme concentration. The results of the cytotoxicity assay with MTT assay method showed that all samples resulted in the 90% of living cells are not toxic. In vitro injection, models demonstrated that higher concentration of the enzymes was less state of gel which would rupture when released from the agarose gel. The functional group characterization shows the cross linking bonding in sample with enzyme adding. The conclusion of this study is PEG-HA-HRP enzyme are safe polymer composites which have a potential to be applied as an injectable hydrogel for intervertebral disc degeneration.

Pyrophyllite is one abundant mineral in Indonesia which has not been optimally processed. Hence, this study further processed natural pyrophyllite to be an advanced material usable for industrial sector as a molecular sieve (MS). Natural pyrophyllitewas chosen due to its ability to filter gas or liquid selectively. The MS made from natural pyrophyllite was prepared by using a simple method, in short time and with less cost via leaching process. NaOH was varied to 10 M (MS1), 15 M (MS2), and 20 M (MS3) of molarity. Such solution was subsequently dissolved in distilled water and followed by decantation and filtration processes to obtain the deposit. Eventually, the deposit was drained to form MS powders. The BET characterization showed that the respective surface areas of MS1, MS2, and MS3 are 0.350 m²/g, 2.869 m²/g, and 1.176 m²/g with the pore sizes of 30Å, 542 Å, and 550 Å, respectively. The XRF characterization results showed that the Al/Si ratio of MS10, MS15, and MS20 are 2.4, 2.2, and 2.3, respectively. Meanwhile, the XRD investigation pointed out that the primary phase of MS10 and MS15 samples wassodalite with cubic crystal system, quartz with hexagonal crystal system, and diaspore with orthorhombic crystal system, while the MS20 phase was pure in the form of sodalite phase. Moreover, the results of FITR characterization showed that the synthesized MS has a functional group of Si-O-Si bending, Si-O-Al, Si-O, Si-O normal to the plane stretching, inner surface Al-OH deformation, Si-O-Si siloxine, H-O-H, -OH, C-H stretching, and H-O-H bending water.

This study aims to analyze the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) low level laser therapy (LLLT) 650 nm in the experimental animals mice (Musmuculus) suffering from kidney organ damage in mice (Musmuculus) in vivo. Exposure laser acupuncture was performed on the kidney BL-23. The conditioning of kidney damage in mice used carbofuraan 35 at a dose of 0.041697 mg/mice. LLLT 650 nm exposure was done on a wide variety of energy (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 4.0; 5.0; 6.0; 7.0) J. The histopathological kidney cells in mice renal impairment showed that exposure to 650 nm laser energy 1 Joule resulted in the reduction of damaged cells (necrosis) and normal cells were increased with the improvement of renal tubular cells (64.14 ± 8:02)%. Therefore, exposure to 650 nm LLLT on acupuncture points Shenshu (BL-23) has the ability to proliferation of renal tubular cells of mice.

The main purpose of this research is to identify potential of Pheophytin A. as photosensitizer a agent to inactivate Streptococcus muttans using laser diode of 405nm. Pheophytina is known as chlorophyll derivate that losses magnesium ion at the center of porphyrin ring structure. In this research, phrophytin was extracted from Suji leaf (Pleomeleangustifolia). To determine the antimicrobial effect of treatments on S. mutans, samples were divided into three groups as follows: (1) Groups A(treated with Pheophytin A. and laser 405 nm at varying energy density of 2.5; 5, 7.5; 10.0; 12.5; 15.0; 17.5 and 20.0 J/cm²), (2) Group C^-(negative control, no treated), (3) Group C⁺ (treated only with pheophytin). The experiments were repeated at least three times for each group. The results were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Tukey test. A P value ≤0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. The decrement of percentage of number of bacterial colonyes growth was defined as: | (Σ sample colony - Σ control colony)/ Σ control colony | x 100%. The result showed that the incubation of Pheophytin A. using irradiation from laser diode of 405nm have a significant effect towards the decrement in bacterial growth. The most decreased percentage colony of S. mutans occurred on the incubation of pheophytin a treatment and laser irradiation 405nm with density 20 J/cm² is 61.9%. This showed that pheophytin a functions as a photosesitizer activator to inactivate S. mutans bacteria.

The synthesis of the bioceramics titanium dioxide on its template by polymethyl methacrylate to be a sample with forming TiO₂/PMMA was made with sol-gel process, and its pore membrane characteristics has also been studied. Different calcination temperatures 500^°C, 550^°C, and 600^°C were given to sample for 17 hours. This purpose themselves was to fill TiO₂ fissures with PMMA on different concentrations of 0.0, 2.0 wt%, 3.0 wt%, 4.0 wt%. Template leaching technique was used to remove PMMA from samples, and it was then sequentially found of the pore size of the membrane in approximate ranges (1900 nm - 2000 nm), (860.5 nm – 1669 nm), (312.8 nm-382.5 nm), and (136.1 nm - 269.7 nm). SEM test using and fourth it has average thickness in about 6.7 nm with Ellipsometer measurement. The percentage values of titanium and oxygen atoms are found by SEM-EDX from 3.03 at.% up to 66.81 at.% and there is amount 99.99% of the sample in anatase phase forming at 550 0C with angle of diffraction is 25.410 and it was prepared by XRD measurement.

Currently, nanomaterial is an interestingfield of study. This is due to its chemical and physical properties that are superior to that of large-sized materials. One nanomaterial widely studied is zinc oxide (ZnO). In this study, a synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles made by Sol-Gel method was conducted. The process parameters used are variations in pH, in increasing order, of 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; and 12. There are two principal reactions to produce a compound oxide, namely hydrolysis and condensation. NaOH is an agent for the hydrolysis of (CH₃COO)₂ Zn resultingin Zn (OH)₂. Subsequently, condensation produces ZnO. Calcination was carried out at a temperature of 80^°C for 1 hour. The ccharacterization of the samples showed that the condition of pH 12 produced the best sample with a size of 73.8 nm and ZnO percentage of 100%. Although pH 7 produced a particle size of 1.3 nm, the percentage of ZnO formed was only 42.9%. The calcination process was performed to remove CH₃COONa. However, the process can lead to aggregation of ZnO particles to each other, which increases the particle size.

The writers conducted a study about the synthesis and characterization of hydrogel chitosan-alginate by addition plasticizer lauric acid for wound dressing application. The purpose was to find out the impact of lauric acid concentration variation on hydrogel chitosan-alginate to get the best mechanical and physical properties to be applied as wound dressing in accordance with existing standards. This study used commercially chitosan from extract of shells crab, commercially-available alginate from the extract of sargassum sp, and commercial lauric acid from palm starch. The addition of lauric acid was aimed to repair mechanical properties of hydrogel. The composition of chitosan-alginate is 4:1 (v/v), while the lauric acid concentration variations are 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% w/v. The characterization of mechanical properties test (Tensile strength and Elongation at break) at hydrogel showed the hydrogel chitosan-alginate-lauric acid have the characteristic which meets the standard of mechanical properties for human skin. The best performance of hydrogel chitosan-alginate-lauric acid was obtained by increasing luric acid concentration by 4%, which has a thickness value of 125.46±0.63 µm, elongation 28.89±1.01 %, tensile strength (9.01±0.65) MPa, and ability to absorb liquids (601.45 ±1.24) %.

This study implemented DFT method into the C++ programming language with object-oriented programming rules (expressive software). The use of expressive software results in getting a simple programming structure, which is similar to mathematical formula. This will facilitate the scientific community to develop the software. We validate our software by calculating the energy band structure of Silica, Carbon, and Germanium with FCC structure using the Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) method then compare the results to Quantum Espresso calculation's results. This study shows that the accuracy of the software is 85% compared to Quantum Espresso.

Activated carbon (AC), black carbon (BC), and graphite were deposited onto ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) glass for counter electrode application in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. SEM-EDX was used to observe and analyse the morphology and composition of electrodes. The results showed that the particle distribution of the graphite electrode observed was approximately 34% with a size of 1 to 2 µm and BC electrode about 20% have a size of 0.5 to 1 µm, while AC electrode has a size of 0 – 0.5 µm observed around 20%. AC electrode has a more porous and uniform particle aggregates compared to BC and graphite electrodes. The efficiency of the counter electrode was measured using the solar simulator. The highest efficiency was at 0.011516% for the counter electrode that was fabricated by AC. Meanwhile, black carbon and graphite electrodes were achieved at 0.008744% and 0.010561%, respectively. The results proved that the porosity and the uniform aggregate of the particles were the most significant factors to improve the performance of DSSC.

One of the abundant natural resources along the coastal lines of Indonesia is silica sand. One of the beaches which has a lot of silica content is Bancar-Tuban beach. Silica can be used as a raw material of glass that has multiple properties in optic, dielectric, and other physical properties by introducing specific dopants. Some oxides have been used as dopant e.g. Al₂O₃, Fe₃O₄, and NiO. However, there has not been any comprehensive study discussing the multiple properties of natural silica-sand-based glass with Cr₂O₃ dopant so far. A series of samples have been prepared, which mean two solid steps to state melting technique. Cr₂O₃ was selected as a dopant due to its potential to control its color and to increase the dielectric constant of the glass. The synthesis of silica (SiO₂) sand from BancarTuban beach was conducted through the sol-gel process. The composition varied as the addition of Cr₂O₃on 50SiO₂-25B₂O₃-(6.5-x) Bi₂O₃-18.5Na₂CO₃-xCr₂O₃ (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08mol), later called SBBN glass. The samples' characterizations of the structure and morphology were conducted through the use of XRD, and SEM-EDX. The measurements were done by using a DC capacitance meter in order to investigate the dielectric properties of the sample, under the influence of light. It is shown that addition of Cr₂O₃ did not alter the crystal structure but changed the structure of the functional bond formation. It is also revealed that the dielectric constant increased along with the increasing of Cr₂O₃. An interesting result was that the dielectric constant of the glass was quantized decreasingly as the increase of light.

For corrosion mitigation of steels used in a fast nuclear reactor power plant, oxygen gas is one of promising candidates of inhibitors. Many experiments have been conducted to reveal the mechanism of corrosion and mechanism of how to overcome the corrosion. In the previous work, we had shown computationally that the oxygen atom can be used to reduce the corrosion and we had predicted the oxygen contents. In the current work, not only to explore deeeper the ability of oxygen gas to reduce the corrosion, but also to include the variation of used temperature. We still used iron material to represent a real steels. Using MD (molecular dynamics) simulation based on the Lennard-Jones interaction potential, we sought to understand the concentration of oxygen gas as variation of temperature used in the reactor for the best corrosion mitigation. From this work, we conclude that the temperature does not give effect in related with how concentration of injected oxygen. The temparature merely affects to rise the diffusion coefficient of iron in liquid lead, yet it does not influence how much oxygen needed for corrosion mitigation. In this work, all simulations on different series of temperatures (1023^°K, 1073^°K, 1123^°K, 1173^°K) reveals that oxygen content of 0.1151wt% will cause the lowest corrosion level of iron in liquid lead.

The electrical properties of Cellulose Acetate (CA), especially extracted from water hyacinth, is rarely informed. CA is generally more stable compared to its cellulose. It has a good potential for electronic application with specific modifications such as inducing metal oxide. A combination of intrinsic properties of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and CA is expected as a great potential for electrical and optical applications. CA-ZnO/ITO composite film was investigated in relation with its structure, dielectric constant, and the effect of light intensity on their dielectric constant. CA-ZnO composite films were prepared with different mass of ZnO i.e. 0; 0,02; 0,04; 0,06 and 0,08 grams. CA-ZnO solution was synthesized via the mixing method with PEG:DMF solvents by using a magnetic hotplate stirrer with the rotation rate of 1500 rpm at 80^°C. The CA-ZnO solution was then deposited onto ITO/glass substrate by using spin coating technique. The CA-ZnO/ITO films were annealed at 160^°C to remove the remaining solvents. The effects of ZnO composition on the structure (crystallinity and morphology) and dielectric constant properties were investigated by using X-Ray Diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and LCR meter. It was shown that cellulose can be isolated from water hyacinth with the yield of 67,72 % by Chesson method and can further be transformed into CA. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that there are 2 phases formed i.e. CA and ZnO. Furthermore, greater ZnO amount increased the crystallinity of composite films. The CA-ZnO films exhibit porous films with ZnO distributed on the CA surface films. Therefore, ZnO increases the dielectric constant of CA-ZnO composite films.

Manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MnFe₂O₄) have received increasing attention due to their remarkable magnetic properties and have been used for various biomedical applications. They have potential applications in magnetic resonance imaging and hyperthermia for cancer. Both novel applications require a delivery system that will allow nanoparticle to move easily and localization of nanoparticle to the target tissue. In our work, we developed human serum albumin coated manganese ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (HSA-MF NPs). The nanoparticles were prepared using solvothermal method and modified with folic acid for targeted delivery. Structure and morphology of manganese ferrite nanoparticle were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The size of folic acid conjugated HSA-MF NPs (HSA-MF-FA NPs) were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In the in vivo study, we used benzopyrene-induced cancer in mice. We successfully delivered HSA-MF-FA NPs through intravenous tail injection after induction of the tumour. We found that 54% of initial HSA-MF-FA NPs which previously injected localize in the target tissue. While obtained p-value from independent T-test is 0.013 which shows that there is a difference between the control group (HSA-MF NPs) and the treated group (HSA-MF-FA NPs)