Table of contents

Understanding the rheological properties of materials and their rheological behaviors during their manufacturing processes and in their applications in many cases can help to increase the efficiency and competitiveness not only of the finished goods and products but the organizations and societies also. The more scientific supported and prepared organizations develop more competitive products with better thermal, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties and the leading companies apply more competitive equipment and technology processes.

The aims of the 2^nd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials (ic-rmm2) and the parallel organized symposiums of the 1^st International Symposium on Powder Injection Molding (is-pim1) and the 1^st International Symposium on Rheology and Fracture of Solids (is-rfs1) are the followings:

Promote new methods and results of scientific research in the fields of modeling and measurements of rheological properties and behavior of materials under processing and applications;

Change information between the theoretical and applied sciences as well as technical and technological implantations.

Promote the communication and collaboration between the scientists, researchers and engineers of different disciplines, different nations, countries and continents.

The international conference ic-rmm2 and symposiums of is-pim1 and is-rfs1 provide a platform among the leading international scientists, researchers, PhD students and engineers for discussing recent achievements in measurement, modeling and application of rheology in materials technology and materials science of liquids, melts, solids, crystals and amorphous structures. Among thr major fields of interest are the influence of materials structures, mechanical stresses, temperatures, deformation speeds and shear rates on rheological and physical properties, phase transformation of foams, foods, polymers, plastics and other competitive materials like ceramics, nanomaterials, medical- and biomaterials, cosmetics, coatings, light metals, alloys, glasses, films, composites, hetero-modulus, hetero-viscous, hetero-plastic complex materials, petrochemicals and hybrid materials.

Multidisciplinary applications of rheology and rheological modeling in material science and technology encountered in sectors like alloys, ceramics, glasses, thin films, polymers, clays, construction materials, energy, aerospace, automotive and marine industry. Rheology in food, chemistry, medicine, biosciences and environmental sciences are of particular interests.

In accordance to the program of the conference ic-rmm2 and symposiums is-pim1 and isrfs1 we have received more than 250 inquires and registrations from different organizations. Finally more than 240 abstracts were accepted for presentation. From them 12 were PLENARY lectures and 112 ORAL presentation. Researchers from 41 countries of Asia, Europe, Africa, North and South America arrived to Miskolc-Lillafüred (Hungary) and participated in the events of the conference. Including co-authors, the research work of more than 700 scientists were presented in the SESSIONS and SYMPOSIUMS of ic-rmm2 conference.

Prof. Dr. László A. Gömze chair, ic-rmm2

THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD (ISAB)

Prof. Dr. Igor EMRI, President of International Committee of Rheology (Slovenia)

Prof. Crispulo GALLEGOSPresident of European Society of Rheology in 2010-2014

Prof. Jozef L. KOKINI, University of Illinois Urbana (USA)

Prof. Jae Chun HYUN, Korea University (Korea)

Prof. Dr. László A. GÖMZE, University of Miskolc, (Hungary)

Prof. Dr. Sergei N. KULKOV, Tomsk State University (Russia)

THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (IOC)

Dr. Fares BEAINY, Volvo Construction Equipment (USA)

Dr. Dmitry BORIN, Technical Universizy of Dresden (Germany)

Dr. Adorján BOROSNYÓI, Technical University of Budapest (Hungary)

Dr. Fatiha BOUDJEMAA, Université de Khemis Miliana (Algeria)

Dr. Suraj S. DESHMUKH, Dow AgroSciences LLC (India)

Dr. Ivica DURETEK, Montanuniversitat Leoben (Austria)

Dr. Nicky Eshtiaghi, RMIT University (Australia)

Dr. Ludmila N. GÖMZE, IGREX Engineering Service Ltd. (Hungary)

Prof. Dr. Maxim KHRAMCHENKOV, Kazan Federal University (Russia)

Prof. Dr. Sergey N. KULKOV, Tomsk State University (Russia)

Prof. Dr. Vasily LEBEDEV, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (Russia)

Dr. Gizéla LECOMTE-NANA, ENSCI Limognes University (France)

Dr. Martin LEDERER, University of Viena (Austria)

Prof. Dr. André MOLENAAR, Delft University of Tecnology (The Netherlands)

Prof. Dr. Blaise NSOM, Université de Bretagne Oc. (France)

Prof. Dr. Saoshi OGATA, Tokyo Metropoliten University (Japan)

Prof. Dr. Tomasz SADOWSKI, Lublin University of Technology (Poiand)

Dr. Maria Angelas VARGAS, University NAM (Mexico)

Dr. Hao WANG, Wuhan University of Science and Technology (China)

Prof. Dr. Ichiro YONENAGA, Tohoku University Sendai (Japan)

CHAIR OF THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Prof. Dr. László A. GÖMZE, University of Miskolc, (Hungary)

The financial organizer of the conference: IGREX Engineering Service Ltd(Hungary)

SESSIONS AND SYMPOSIUMS

Rheology and Modeling of Clays, Minerals, Rocks and Soils

Rheology and Modeling of Polymers

Rheology of Foods and Dairies

Avalanche Dynamics in Rheology and Phase Transitions

Experimental Study and Modeling of Complex Flows

Rheology and Modeling of Petrochemical Materials and Asphalt Pavements

Multiscale Mechanics of Materials

Rheological Fluid Mechanics

Rheology and Modeling of Biological Systems

Rheology and Modeling of Construction Materials, Mortars and Concretes

Rheology of Emulsions, Suspensions and Foams

Rheology of Ferrofluids and Magneto-reological Materials

Rheology and Modeling of Fluid Interfaces

Rheology of Melted Metals and Glasses

Rheology of Nanofluids

Rheology of Drugs and Cosmetic Materials

Rheology Measureme Methods, Equipments and Errors

Rheology of Carbon Structures (RCS)

Rheology and Modeling of Hetero-modulus, Hetero-viscous Complex Materials and Composites

is-pim1 The 1st International Symposium on Powder Injection Molding

is-rfs1 The 1st International Symposium on Rheology and Fracture of Solids

Some of the presented works of the ic-rmm2 conference were selected by the Editorial Board of scientific journal Építőanyag-JSBCM and were published in it as the followings:

R. Bansil, J. Hardcastle and M.Constantino 2015 Építőanyag-JSBCM 67 150 http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.25

Y. Wang, D.A. Lakho and D. Yao 2015 Építőanyag-JSBCM67 132 http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.21

S.O. Umerova, I.O.Dulina and A.V. Ragulya 2015 Építőanyag-JSBCM 67 119 http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.19

A. Slobodov, A. Uspenskiy, R. Ralys and D. Kremnev 2015 Építőnyag-JSBCM 67 159 http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.27

S.N. Kulkov, S.P. Buyakova, M. Chatzinikolaidou and I. Kocserha 2015 Építőanyag-JSBCM67 155 http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.26

A. Slobodov, A. Uspenskiy, S. Yavshits and A. Mischenko 2015 Építőanyag-JSBCM 67 164 http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.28

L.A. Gömze, L.N. Gömze, S.N. Kulkov, I. Shabalin, I. Gotman, F. Pedraza, G. Lecomte, T. Mayorova, E. Kurovics and A. Hamza 2015 Építőanyag-JSBCM 67 143 http://dx.doi.org/10.14382/epitoanyag-jsbcm.2015.24

H. Hornahad, E.A.B.Koenders, K. van Breugel 2015 Építőanyag-JSBCM 67 135

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ic-rmm Conference Boards I would like acknowledge and say many thanks to our following sponsors for their support in press-campaign and contributions the news and information about The 1^st International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials between their members and in their media:

AIPEA – Internatonal Association for the Study of Clays

AIR – Associazione Italiana di REOLOGIA, (Italy)

biomat.net – The Biomaterials Network, (Portugal)

GFC – Groupe Francais de la Céramique, (France)

ICG – International Commission of Glass

ICR - International Committee of Rheology and its member organizations

IGREX Engineering Service Ltd, (Hungary)

Journals:

Academic Journals

APPLIED RHEOLOGY

cfi - Ceramic Forum International

ÉPÍTŐANYAG, Journal of Silicate Based and Composite Materials

refractiries WORLDFORUM

Rheology Bulletin

ME – University of Miskolc (Hungary)

NRC – Nordic Rheology Society (Europe)

RAS – Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science (Russia)

SOR – The Society of Rheology (USA)

TSU - Tomsk State University (Russia)

Many thanks to colleagues of ISAB, IOB and to chairs of the SESSIONS for their support and help in organization work and in successful transaction of conference ic-rmm2 the 2^nd International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials

I would like to say many thank personally to Prof. Dr. Igor Emri (the president of the International Committee of Rheology), Prof. Dr. Sergey N. Kulkov (Tomsk State University), Dr. Giséle Lecomte-Nana (ENSCI Limognes University), Dr. Martin Lederer (University of Viena) and Prof. Dr. BlaiseNsom (Université de Bretagne Oc.) for their excellent organization works in their countries and in continents of Africa, America, Asia, Australia and Europe. Especially many thanks to editors of journal Applied Rheology (Switzerland) Építőanyag-JSBCM (Hungary) and Rheology Bulletin (USA) for their strong support in scientific press and media.

Prof. Dr. László A. Gömze chair of ic-rmm2 conference board

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Examining the rheological properties of different asphalt mixtures at different temperatures, pressures and deformation conditions on the combined rheo-tribometers the authors have found that the generally used Burgers-model doesn't explain the deformation properties of asphalt mixtures and pavements under loading forces and loading pressures. To understand better the rheological and deformation properties of such complex materials like asphalt mixtures and pavements the authors used Malvern Mastersizer X laser granulometer, Bruker D8 Advance X-ray diffractometer, Hitachi TM 1000 Scanning Elektronmicroscope, Tristar 3000 specific surface tester and the combined rheo-tribometer developed and patented by the authors. After the complex investigation of different asphalt mixtures the authors have found a new, more complex rheological model for the asphalts including self-healing asphalt pavements.

In this experimental work, we study the viscoelastic behaviour of in vitro brain tissue, particularly the white matter, under oscillatory shear strain. The selective vulnerability of this tissue is the anisotropic mechanical properties of theirs different regions lead to a sensitivity to the angular shear rate and magnitude of strain. For this aim, shear storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') were measured over a range of frequencies (1 to 100 Hz), for different levels of strain (1 %, to 50 %). The mechanical responses of the brain matter samples showed a viscoelastic behaviour that depend on the correlated strain level and frequency range and old age sample. The samples have been showed evolution behaviour by increasing then decreasing the strain level. Also, the stiffness anisotropy of brain matter was showed between regions and species.

The main idea of this work is using a physical model to prepare a virtual material with required properties. The model is based on the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties. The macroscopic (global) mechanical properties of steel are highly dependent upon microstructure, crystallographic orientation of grains, distribution of each phase present, etc... We need to know the local mechanical properties of each phase separately in multiphase materials. The grain size is a scale, where local mechanical properties are responsible for the behavior. Nanomechanical testing using depth sensing indentation (DSI) provides a straightforward solution for quantitatively characterizing each of phases in microstructure because it is very powerful technique for characterization of materials in small volumes.

The aim of this experimental investigation is: (i) to prove how the mixing rule works for local mechanical properties (indentation hardness H_IT) in microstructure scale using the DSI technique on steel sheets with different microstructure; (ii) to compare measured global properties with properties achieved by mixing rule; (iii) to analyze the effect of crystallographic orientations of grains on the mixing rule.

Zeolites are a valuable material having a wide variety of applications. We have examined the effect of mechanical activation on physical-chemical properties of commercial brands zeolite SAPO-34 and SCT-323. It has been shown that the amount of amorphous phase and the specific surface area depends on mechanical treatment. Specific surface area of the zeolites decreases strongly during the grinding process in mills. With the increase of milling time the particles size of zeolites decreased. An increase in amorphisation was observed. Specific surface area of zeolites after mechanical activation in a tumbling ball during 96 hours and annealing up to 800°C with an isothermal holding time of 1 hour does not lead to marked changes and decreases strongly after annealing at 1000°C/h. It has been shown that the milling time of ball milling is a powerful method to obtain the necessary specific surface.

The purpose of this study is going to investigate properties of alkali-activated powder (calcined kaoilinitic clay and granulated blast furnace slag) prepared as a geopolymer paste and modified by various amount of organic resin. Hybrid organic-inorganic binders were prepared as a mix of organic resin and geopolymer inorganic paste under vacuum conditions. The process of solidification was investigated by measurements of storage (G') and loss modulus ( G') in torsion. The measurement was conducted in oscillatory mode by constant strain of 0.01 %. This strain is set in linear visco-elastic region for minimization influence of paste structure. The effect of organic resin is presented and determined by changes of viscosity ('n*), modules in torsion and tangent of loss angle (tan 8). Results indicate that addition of organic resin significantly affects the initial viscosity and hardening kinetics.

Wood plastic composites (WPC) are a young generation of composites with rapidly growing usage within the plastics industry. The advantages are the availability and low price of the wood particles, the possibility of partially substituting the polymer in the mixture and sustainable use of the earth's resources. The current WPC products on the market are to a large extent limited to extruded products. Nowadays there is a great interest in the market for consumer products in more use of WPC as an alternative to pure thermoplastics in injection moulding processes.

This work presents the results of numerical simulation and experimental visualisation of the mould filling process in injection moulding of WPC. The 3D injection moulding simulations were done with the commercial software package Autodesk^® Moldflow^® Insight 2016 (AMI). The mould filling experiments were conducted with a box-shaped test part. In contrast to unfilled polymers the WPC has reduced melt elasticity so that the fountain flow often does not develop. This results in irregular flow front shapes in the moulded part, especially at high filler content.

The powder injection molding (PIM) process is a cost efficient and important net-shape manufacturing process that is not completely understood.

For the application of simulation programs for the powder injection molding process, apart from suitable physical models, exact material data and in particular knowledge of the flow behavior are essential in order to get precise numerical results. The flow processes of highly filled polymers are complex. Occurring effects are very hard to separate, like shear flow with yield stress, wall slip, elastic effects, etc. Furthermore, the occurrence of phase separation due to the multi-phase composition of compounds is quite probable.

In this work, the flow behavior of a 316L stainless steel feedstock for powder injection molding was investigated. Additionally, the influence of pre-shearing on the flow behavior of PIM-feedstocks under practical conditions was examined and evaluated by a special PIM injection molding machine rheometer.

In order to have a better understanding of key factors of PIM during the injection step, 3D non-isothermal numerical simulations were conducted with a commercial injection molding simulation software using experimental feedstock properties. The simulation results were compared with the experimental results.

The mold filling studies amply illustrate the effect of mold temperature on the filling behavior during the mold filling stage. Moreover, the rheological measurements showed that at low shear rates no zero shear viscosity was observed, but instead the viscosity further increased strongly. This flow behavior could be described with the Cross-WLF approach with Herschel-Bulkley extension very well.

Heatsink is one of the solution to optimize the performance of smart electronic devices. Copper and its composites are helping the electronic industry to solve the heating problem. Copper-graphene heat sink material with enhanced thermal conductivity is the ultimate goal.Powder injection molding (PIM) has advantages of high precision and production rate, complex shape, low cost and suitabality for metal and cremics.PIM consists of four sub sequential steps; feedstock preparation, molding, debinding and sintering. Feedstock preparation is a critical step in PIM process. Any deficiency at this stage cannot be recovered at latter stages. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the injectability of copper and copper graphene composite using PIM. PEG based multicomponent binder system was used and the powder loading was upto 7vol.% less than the critical powder loading was used to provide the wettability of the copper powder and graphene nanoplatelets (GNps). Corpper-graphene feedstock contained 0.5vol.% of GNps . To ensure the homogeneity of GNps within feedstock a unique technique was addopted. The microscopic results showed that the feedstock is homogeneous and ready for injection. The viscosity-shear rate relationship was determined and results showed that the addition of 0.5vol.% of GNps in copper has increased the viscosity upto 64.9% at 140˚C than that of pure copper feedstock. This attribute may be due to the large surface area of GNps. On the other hand, by increasing the temperature, viscosity of the feedstock was decreased, which was recommended for PIM. The overall viscosity and share rate lies within the range recommended for PIM process. It is clear that both feedstocks showed pseudo plastic behaviour which is suitable for PIM process. In the pseudo plastic behaviour, the viscosity decreases with the shear rate. It may be due to change in the structure of the solid particles or the binder. The molding results showed that both copper feedstocks were successfully molded and free from the physical defects.

Pavements are made of different grades of mineral aggregates and organic binder. The aggregates are sorted in different sizes and different amount which are mixed together with bitumen. The finest mineral fraction (d<0.063 mm) is called filler. This component has an important role in asphalt mixture - it fills the gaps between the aggregates and if mixed with bitumen (which is called asphalt mastics) it sticks the larger particles together. Particle size, microstructure and surface properties of fillers highly affect the cohesion with bitumen, therefore the aim of our research was to investigate the microstructure of mineral fillers (limestone, dolomite) which are used in Hungarian road constructions with the use of different techniques (particle size distribution, scanning electronmicroscopy tests, mercury intrusion porosimetry, BET specific surface tests, determination of hydrophobicity). After the tests of fillers, asphalt mastics were prepared and rheological examinations were obtained. These examinations served to observe the interaction and the effect of fillers. The stiffening effect of fillers and the causes of rutting were also investigated. Based on our results, it can be stated that particle size, hydrophobic properties and the amount of fillers highly affect the rheological properties of mastics.

The viscosity of slag is an important characteristic of liquid slags regarding its lubricating effect and mass transfer. For measurement, however, they exhibit considerable differences in the values reported. Therefore, the rotation method, mostly used for high temperatures areas, is investigated regarding the impacts of any geometric inaccuracies. Furthermore, problems in the centering and use of calibration slags are discussed. It appears that, with the use of a more precise rheometer with air bearing, an error of less than +/- 3 % is possible in compliance with geometric critical values and online monitoring of the central operations. The verification was carried out with a blast furnace slag, which is also proposed as a calibration slag.

This work presents the results of modification of rheological properties of screen printing paints containing gold. 15 wt% glossy gold paste and 15 wt% glossy liquid gold were used as modifiers containing gold. The study showed that the gold paint for screen printing can be obtained by evaporation of the 15 wt% liquid gold and the golden luster. The compaction process of liquid gold by evaporation is slow and easy to perform in industrial conditions.

The second way to adapt the 15 wt% gold ceramic paint for screen printing application depended on adding the aniseed oil and the pine oil. The course of the flow curve of the gold paste without modification indicates that it is shear thinning and shows the desired effect of thixotropy, and even anti-thixotropy, at low shear rates (<50^-1 s^-1). The introduction of the essential oils eliminates this phenomenon and the paste converts itself from the non-rheostable to the rheostable liquid.

The model of the process of reactive sintering assisted by mechanical loading is suggested. The conjugate heat exchange of powder mixture is taken into account. The powder mixture motion is described as viscous liquid with effective viscosity. Mechanical sub problem is one dimensional because friction near the wall is assumed negligible small. Conjugate thermal conductivity problem includes thermal conduction equations for various materials (reactive mixture and walls of the camber. Heat release is possible due to external electrical heating, viscous dissipation and chemical reactions. Kinetical equations correspond to detailed reaction scheme. The problem is solved numerically with special algorithm. As a result the composition of the mixture is obtained for different time moments. The final composition is not uniform.

During extrusion through the extrusion die, heavy-clay compounds are usually show plug flow with extensive slip at the wall of the die. In this study, the viscosity and the thickness of the slip layer were investigated. For the examination a brick-clay from Malyi (Hungary) deposit was applied as a raw material. The clay was characterised by XRPD, BET, SEM and granulometry. As the slip layer consists of suspension of the fine clay fraction so the clay minerals content of the clay (d<2µm) was separated by the help of sedimentation. The viscosity of suspension with different water content was measured by means of rotational viscosimeter. The thickness of the slip layer was calculated from the measured viscosity and other data obtained from an earlier study with capillary rheometer. The calculated thickness value showed a tendency to reach a limit value by increasing the extrusion speed.

The paper compares hydrodynamic properties of three-dimensional flows of polymer melts. A modified Vinogradov and Pokrovskii rheological model is used for the mathematical description of nonlinear viscoelastic fluid flows in a planeparallel channel with a sudden convergence. Discrete analogs for partial differential equations were obtained via the control volume method separating physical processes. The numerical implementation is carried out using the GPU-based parallel computing technology. Velocity and pressure fields have been calculated for two samples of polyethylene melts and the circulating flow at the entrance of the slit channel is noticeable. It is shown that the size of the vortex zone depends significantly on melt rheology.

It have been studied zirconia-based powders and sintered ceramic. It was shown that in the porous structure of zirconia-based ceramics there is a critical value of porosity the material divides into two sub-systems, being variously deformable under external loading. It have been shown that m-phase in ZrO₂ is formed due to increase in the microdistortion level which destabilizes the nanocrystalline t phase. It has been found out the correlation between the sizes of crystallites and porosity, which associated with transition of the isolated porous structure to the continuous one and the porosity of 20%, corresponds to the first percolation threshold.

The main goal of this study is differences in rheological behaviour of hen (ISA BROWN), goose (Anser anser f. domestica) and Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) egg white and egg yolk.

The rheological behaviour of egg white and egg yolk was studied using a concentric cylinder viscometer. Rheological behaviour was pseudoplastic and flow curves were fitted by the Herschel–Bulkley model and Ostwald–de Waele model with high values of coeficients of determination R².

The meaning of rheological parameters on friction factors during flow of egg white and egg yolk in real tube has been shown. Preliminary information on time–dependent behaviour of tested liquids has been also obtained.

In this study, the rheological properties of wood plastic composites (WPC) with different polymeric matrices (LDPE, low-density polyethylene and PP, polypropylene) and with different types of wood filler (hardwood flour and softwood flour) have been investigated by means of high pressure capillary rheometry. The volume fraction of wood was varied between 0 and 60 %. The shear thinning behaviour of the WPC melts can be well described by the Ostwald - de Waele power law relationship. The flow consistency index K of the power law shows a good correlation with the volume fraction of wood. Interparticular interaction effects of wood particles can be mathematically taken into account by implementation of an interaction exponent (defined as the ratio between flow exponent of WPC and flow exponent of polymeric matrix). The interaction exponent shows a good correlation with the flow consistency index. On the basis of these relationships the concept of shear-stress-equivalent inner shear rate has been modified. Thus, the flow behaviour of the investigated wood filled polymer melts could be well described mathematically by the modified concept of shear-stress-equivalent inner shear rate. On this basis, the shear thinning behaviour of WPC can now be estimated with good accuracy, taking into account the volume fraction of wood.

Stress concentrations at the tip of a sharp crack have extensively been investigated in the past century. According to the calculations of Inglis, the stress ahead of a mode 1 crack shows the characteristics of a singularity. This solution is exact in the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). From the viewpoint of multiscale modelling, however, it is evident that the stress at the tip of a stable crack cannot be infinite, because the strengths of atomic bonds are finite. In order to prevent the problem of this singularity, a new version of strain gradient elasticity is employed here. This theory is implemented in the commercial FEM code ABAQUS through user subroutine UEL. Convergence of the model is proved through consecutive mesh refinement. In consequence, the stresses ahead of a mode 1 crack become finite. Furthermore, the model predicts a size effect in the sense "smaller is stronger".

It is a well known fact that linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) predicts stress singularities at the tips of sharp cracks, at sharp edges, at corners and at the surface of material transitions. However, from the viewpoint of the strengths of atomic bonds it is clear that only finite forces may be present at the tip of a stable crack. Therefore, theories of strain gradient elasticity were developed which reduce the values of stress concentrations. Within these theories a bending modulus is postulated which introduces an increased stiffness of the crystal lattice against bending. In the present study, the value of this bending modulus is evaluated on the basis of the electrostatic energy of a bent crystal lattice. This is done for the face centred cubic structure of NaCl. In fact, results for the bending modulus could be obtained although they depend on the crystal size.

The possibility of computer models of T-x-y diagrams for analysis two-, one- and zero-dimensional concentration fields are demonstrated using T-x-y diagram of systems CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃ and MgO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃. The characteristics of processes proceeding in the concentration fields can be analyzed with the help of diagrams of vertical mass balances, which show the increase or decrease of phases portions for each phase region. Calculation of crystallization paths was made.

The poly(sodium acrylate)/sodium silicate hydrogels were synthesized in the presence of sodium thiosulphate and potassium persulphate as the redox initiators and N,N'-methylene-bisacrylamide as the cross-linking monomer. 20 wt% aqueous solution of sodium acrylate was polymerized together with water glass with different silicate modules (M) from 1.74 to 2.29, in three mass ratio of the monomer solution to the water glass 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2. Such obtained hybrid composites were rheologically tested using the oscillation method. It allowed to designate the crossover point during polymerization, as well as to define the viscoelastic properties of the casted hydrogel samples one week after the reaction.

The obtained results of the oscillation measurements showed that cross-linking reaction proceeds very quickly and the lower the silicate module is, the process starts faster. After the completion of the reaction the silicate-polymer hydrogels are strongly elastic materials and the highest elasticity characterizes systems with the mass ratio 1:2, i.e. with the highest water glass content.

State of the art line of powder metallurgy is application of initial powders as micro-composites with additional components - premixes. Usage of premixes inhibits segregation of added components and implies the homogeneity of powder charge composition, and finally it has a significant impact on structure formation and properties of end products. The aim of the present work was to design the new production technology of premixes based on iron powder which is layer-by-layer plated by aluminium and copper. We propose to carry out production of Cu-Al-Fe premixes in two stages: cladding of iron powder by aluminium and coating of the obtained composite by copper. The self-developed technique of vibration treatment of iron and aluminium powder mixture was chosen for this purpose. The uniform in thickness and unbroken copper-plating of Fe-Al powders were carried out by chemical technique. Physico-chemical properties and production conditions of premixes-powders were studied, besides optimal parameters of production and further heat-treatment were selected. In the result of the present study the Fe-Al-Cu premixes with laminated structure comprising of iron core, Fe-Al and Cu-Al intermetallide shells were synthesised.

It has been analytically proved that using concrete's rate of set ε as a measure of damage, instead of decreasing of tensile strength R, increases freeze-thaw resistance's accuracy of estimation a lot under otherwise equal conditions by the time of freeze-thaw cycling. Also it has been experimentally shown that ratio of relative decreasing R to ε in direction, perpendicular to compression, is assumed to be independent on values R and ε for a given concrete and on the ways of achieving them during mechanical or freeze-thaw cycling. Taking this into account patented methods for estimation of concrete's freeze-thaw resistance as per values R and ε received after freezing and thawing cycles of some specimens and their postliminary failure by linear compression was substantiated.

At the liquid-solid interface, the energy of the liquid is different from the bulk resulting from surface tension due to the balance between the attraction between molecules to each other (cohesion) and the attraction to the surface (wetting). While capillary effects are well known and described at the air/liquid/solid interfaces, much less is known on the effects induced in the bulk close to the wall. The present experimental study reveals that non-negligible interfacial effects can be revealed in the bulk of the liquid using the high wetting power of ceramics. Close to the wall, thermal measurements reveal a progressive temperature drop in the liquid (about 0.15°C). This zone extends up to several millimeters, creates a non-equilibrium/equilibrium interface within the liquid and is balanced at larger distances by a temperature increase. This localized effect is highlighted with strong wetting metal oxide surfaces as ceramics.

The flow through the pharynx from the glossopalatal junction (GPJ) to the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) has been numerically investigated with a non-Newtonian fluid obeying the power-law with similar rheological indices to a contrast medium used in videofluroscopy. For that purpose, a three-dimensional model of the transport of food bolus along the pharynx has been proposed using the immersed boundaries method, which allow representing the shape of the pharynx using Cartesian grids. The pharyngeal wall has been considered to be an elastic membrane. Flow fields in terms of the axial velocity, pressure, shear rate and strain rate were obtained. Results show that the highest velocity concentrates in the central stream as the fluid enters into the pharynx. In addition, as the flow quits the pharynx, a recirculation zone appears inside the cavity, resulting in low velocity zone, which increases with the coefficient of elasticity. A strong dependence on the coefficient of elasticity was observed on the pressure fields; so that as such a coefficient increases, the pressure in the pharyngeal wall will increase. It has been also observed that the bolus head travels faster than the bolus tail, which indicates that the bolus is not only subjected to shear but also to elongation. Results from this work can be further used for a rheological characterization (shear and extension) of oral nutritional supplements for patients suffering from swallowing disorders.

Thermal degradation of polymeric materials used in microelectronic packages was studied by means of experimental modal analysis in combination with finite element methods. The devices were subjected to vibrational loads subsequent to various stages of high temperature storage and their modal response was recorded. Statistical methods and finite element analysis were applied to quantify and evaluate the alteration of the modal response of the packages due to the degradation / delamination of the silver filled epoxy adhesive and the glass filled epoxy resin molding compound. It was shown that changes in the material properties of the molding compound due to surface oxidation is the dominant cause for alteration of the modal response of encapsulated packages exposed to high temperatures.

Rheological properties of new anhydrous proton conducting membrane based on PVA, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS),sulfosuccinic acid (SSA), titanium dioxide (TiO₂)was examined at various stoichiometric ratios. SSA was used as sulfonating agents to form a crosslinked structure and as proton source, whereas TEO Sand TiO₂were utilized to improve the thermal and mechanical properties of the membrane. In order to verify that all the substances were immobilized into the matrix, the membranes were analysed by means of FT-IR. The rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of the membranes were investigated using rheometer ARES G2 and thermogravimetic analyser (TGA).The analysis of mixed PVA solutions exhibited a unique behaviour of viscosity with increased crosslink density. The dynamic storage modulus G´ of dried composite membranes shows better mechanical resistance and increased tolerance to pressure applied during membrane electrode assembly (MEA).

This work describes a rheological characterization in terms of shear and extensional properties of whole milk, modified with food grade thickening agents (xanthan and carboxymethyl cellulose) with the purpose of being utilized in dysphagia treatment. Shear viscosity of the thickened fluids (2% wt. of xanthan and CMC) were measured in a stress-controlled rheometer and for extensional viscosity, a custom-built orifice flowmeter was used, with elongation rates from 20 to 3000 s^-1. Such elongation-rate values represent the entire swallowing process, including the pharyngeal and esophageal phases. The steady-state shear and extensional flow curves were compared with the flow curve of a pudding consistency BaSO₄ suspension (α=05), typically used as a reference fluid for the specialized commercial dysphagia products. The modified fluids presented non-Newtonian behavior in both, shear and extensional flows, and the comparison with the reference fluid show that the thickened milk prepared here, can be safely used for consumption by patients with severe dysphagia.

In this study, the rheological behavior of geopolymeric inorganic binder was determined. This binder was synthesized by alkaline activation of mixture, comprising calcined claystone powder and milled blast furnace slag. As an alkaline activator of hardening process, the potassium silicate solution was used. For the investigation of hardening kinetics, the strain controlled small amplitude oscillatory rheometry was used with strain of 0.01%. The reproducibility and versatility of this method is demonstrated for determination of hardening process evolution. The changes of loss tangent shape were studied in this experiment and applied for determination of gelation time. All experiments were conducted at isothermal conditions in temperature range 27-70°C and parallel plate geometry. The results indicate that reaction kinetics is directly depending on temperature. The hardening kinetics was mathematically described and these calculations were compared with self-contained experiment conducted at 2°C. This experiment is described in details and the results of gelation time measurements confirmed calculated data.

This study is aimed for investigation of fly ash binder with suitable properties for civil engineering needs. The fly ash from Czech brown coal power plant Prunerov II was used and mechanically activated to achieve suitable particle size for alkaline activation of hardening process. This process is driven by dissolution of aluminosilicate content of fly ash and by subsequent development of inorganic polymeric network called geopolymer. Hardening kinetics at 25 and 30 °C were measured by strain controlled small amplitude oscillatory rheometry with strain of 0.01 % and microstructure of hardened binder was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Strength development of hardened binder was investigated according to compressional and flexural strength for a period of 180 days. Our investigation finds out, that mechanically activated fly ash can be comparable to metakaolin geopolymers, according to setting time and mechanical parameters even at room temperature curing. Moreover, on the bases of long time strength development, achieved compressional strength of 134.5 after 180 days is comparable to performance of high grade Portland cement concretes.

The aim of this paper is to document suitability of partial substitution of magnetic carbonyl iron (CI) microspheres with iron nanorods to obtain dimorphic magnetorheological (MR) suspensions with comparable MR performance to conventional MR suspensions exclusively based on (CI) microspheres while the sedimentation stability is considerably improved. The morphology of CI and iron nanorods was analyzed via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively, and magnetic properties via vibrating sample magnetometry. The steady shear flow and small-amplitude dynamic oscillatory shear measurements were carried out to confirm effective MR performance. The sedimentation test showed positive role of dimorphic composition of dispersed phase on the sedimentation stability.

A basic understanding of soil behavior on the mesoscale resp. macroscale (i.e. soil aggregates resp. bulk soil) requires knowledge of the processes at the microscale (i.e. particle scale), therefore rheological investigations of natural soils receive growing attention. In the present research homogenized and sieved (< 2 mm) samples from Marshland soils of the riparian zone of the River Elbe (North Germany) were analyzed with a modular compact rheometer MCR 300 (Anton Paar, Ostfildern, Germany) with a profiled parallel-plate measuring system. Amplitude sweep tests (AST) with controlled shear deformation were conducted to investigate the viscoelastic properties of the studied soils under oszillatory stress. The gradual depletion of microstructural stiffness during AST cannot only be characterized by the well-known rheological parameters G, G'' and tan δ but also by the dimensionless area parameter integral z, which quantifies the elasticity of microstructure. To discover the physicochemical parameters, which influences the microstructural stiffness, statistical tests were used taking the combined effects of these parameters into account. Although the influence of the individual factors varies depending on soil texture, the physicochemical features significantly affecting soil micro structure were identified. Based on the determined statistical relationships between rheological and physicochemical parameters, pedotransfer functions (PTF) have been developed, which allow a mathematical estimation of the rheological target value integral z. Thus, stabilizing factors are: soil organic matter, concentration of Ca²⁺, content of CaCO₃ and pedogenic iron oxides; whereas the concentration of Na⁺ and water content represent structurally unfavorable factors.

In laboratory and clinical conditions was studied rheology of pus and sulfuric tubes after their interaction with aqueous solutions of drugs from different pharmacological groups. It is shown that solutions of almost all medicines can influence or not influence on their rheology, because local action is determined not by the name, dose or route of administration of medicines. It is established that only physical-chemical properties of fluids and physical-chemical factors of their interaction with dense pus can give them the ability to dissolve or thickening pus. We found that deliberate change physical-chemical properties of medicines solutions from various pharmacological groups, namely, raising the temperature to +42°C, increasing the alkalinity above pH 8.1 and aeration as for example by introducing carbon dioxide under pressure of 0.2 ATM, or by introducing hydrogen peroxide in 0.5 - 3%, turning them into solvents of pus, ear wax and sulfuric tubes. Discovered that solutions of drugs with such physical-chemical activity may turn thick pus and solid sulfur tube in a homogeneous liquid after a few minutes after injecting them into these biological mass.

It is found that the absolute values of temperature and color infrared image of the fingers and palms in healthy volunteers and in patients with hemorrhagic shock are in the same range, so they don't represent precisely their condition. It turned out that what really matters is the dynamics of temperature and color infrared image of the palms after cuff occlusion test. In healthy volunteers and in patients with high resistance to shock, there is a rise in temperature and change in color from blue to red in the infrared image of the fingers and palms for 1 - 1.5 minutes after elimination of ischemia, but in patients with low resistance to shock there is a decrease in temperature and expansion of blue color in the palm surface in the infrared image. On the other hand, to assess the resistance to hypoxia in a fetus inside a mother's womb it is proposed to determine the duration of the period of the fetus stationary state during apnea period in pregnant women by using ultrasonography or during period of uterus tonic contractions during childbirth. We found that if fetus has high resistance to hypoxia, the duration of stationary state during the apnea or uterus contraction is greater than 20 seconds, and after exhaustion of reserves for adaptation to hypoxia it approaches zero. It is shown that growing hypoxia causes decrease in the local temperature of the central area of the skull and vice versa.

This is the first systematic analysis of mammalian blood of species with a high (horse), medium (man), and low (sheep) erythrocyte (RBC) aggregability by small amplitude oscillation technique. Amplitude and frequency sweep tests (linear viscoelastic mode) were performed with blood from healthy adult volunteers, horses, and sheep in CSS-mode. Blood samples were hematocrit (HCT) adjusted (40%, 50%, 60%) and tested at 7°C, 22°C, and 37°C. Generally, storage modulus (G´) increased with HCT and decreased with temperature in each species, but the gradient of this increase was species-specific. The lower dependency of G´ on the equine HCT value could be a benefit during physical performance when high numbers of RBCs are released from the spleen. In sheep, an HCT-threshold had to be overcome before the desired quasi-static condition of the blood sample could be achieved, suggesting that the contact between RBCs, and between RBCs and plasma molecules must be very low. The frequencies for tests under linear viscoelastic condition were in a narrow range around the physiologic heart rate of the species. In horse, time-dependent influences concurred at frequencies lower than 3 rad.s^-1probably due to sedimentation of RBC aggregates. In conclusion, blood is a fragile suspension that shows its best stability around the resting heart rate of the species.

The piping erosion in soil is highly unexpected in civil engineering. Elimination of such damages is difficult, expensive and time-consuming. One of the possibility is the grouting method. This method is still developed into direction of process automation as well as other useful properties of suspensions. Main way of modernization of the grouting method is connected it with rheology of injection and eventuality of fitting them to specific problems conditions. Very popular and useful became binders based on modified clays (clay-cement suspensions). Important principle of efficiency of the grouting method is using of time-dependent pseudothixotropic properties of the clay-cement suspensions. The pseudo-rheounstability aspect of the suspensions properties should be dedicated and fitted to dynamic changes of soil conditions destructions. Whole process of the modification of the suspension rheology is stimulated by the specific agents. This article contains a description of practical aspects of the rheological parameters managing of the clay-cement suspensions, dedicated to the building damages, hydrotechnic constructions etc.

Polymer hydrogelshave shown to exhibit improved properties upon the addition of nanoparticles; however, the mechanical underpinnings behind these enhancements have not been fully elucidated. Moreover, fewer studies have focused on developing an understanding of how polymer parameters affect the nanoparticle-mediated enhancements. In this study, we investigated the elastic properties of silica nanoparticle-reinforced poly(acrylamide) hydrogels synthesized using crosslinkers of various lengths. Crosslinker length positively affected the mechanical properties of hydrogels that were synthesized with or without nanoparticles. However the degree of nanoparticle enhancement was negatively correlated to crosslinker length. Our findings enable the understanding of the respective roles of nanoparticle and polymer properties on nanoparticle-mediated enhancement of hydrogels and thereby the development of next-generation nanocomposite materials.

Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) was used to evaluate the ground settlement in local scale at housing areas. ERI and Borehole results were used to interpret the condition of the problematic subsurface profile due to its differential stiffness. Electrical resistivity of the subsurface profile was measured using ABEM SAS4000 equipment set. ERI results using electrical resistivity anomaly on subsurface materials resistivity shows the subsurface profile exhibited low (1 – 100 Ωm) and medium (> 100 Ωm) value (ERV) representing weak to firm materials. The occurrences of soft to medium cohesive material (SPT N value = 2 – 7) and stiff cohesive material (SPT N ≥ 8) in local scale has created inconsistency of the ground stability condition. Moreover, it was found that a layer of organic decayed wood (ERV = 43 ∼ 29 Ωm & SPT N = 15 ∼ 9) has been buried within the subsurface profile thus weaken the ground structure and finally promoting to the ground settlement. The heterogeneous of the subsurface material presented using integrated analysis of ERI and borehole data enabled ground settlement in this area to be evaluated. This is the major factor evaluating ground instability in the local scale. The result was applicable to assist in planning a strategy for sustainable ground improvement of local scale in fast, low cost, and large data coverage.

In this study, the effects of explosion hardening on the microstructure and the hardness of austenitic stainless steel have been studied. The optimum explosion hardening technology of austenitic stainless steel was researched. In case of the explosive hardening used new idea means indirect hardening setup. Austenitic stainless steels have high plasticity and can be cold formed easily. However, during cold processing the hardening phenomena always occurs. Upon the explosion impact, the deformation mechanism indicates a plastic deformation and this deformation induces a phase transformation (martensite). The explosion hardening enhances the mechanical properties of the material, includes the wear resistance and hardness [1]. In case of indirect hardening as function of the setup parameters specifically the flayer plate position the hardening increased differently. It was find a relationship between the explosion hardening setup and the hardening level.