Table of contents

It is our great pleasure to present the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Mechanical, Aeronautical, and Automotive Engineering (ICMAA 2024), held virtually from February 2-4, 2024. We are happy to report that the meeting went exceptionally smoothly, safety protocols were followed, and an enjoyable and stimulating meeting was held.

This year, ICMAA is sponsored by Singapore Institute of Electronics (SIE), with support from Sichuan Institute of Electronics, China, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology and Multimedia University, Malaysia, with an emphasis on theoretical and practical aspects, ICMAA 2024 provided a comprehensive platform for researchers and scholars to share their knowledge, insights, and experiences.

The Proceedings of the conference contain many excellent papers representing the participants' research and innovative thinking. All the papers have been checked through rigorous review and processes to meet the requirements of publication. These papers featured a wide range of topics, including but not limited to Applied Mechanics, Automation, Aerospace Propulsion, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Combustion and Emission Control, and Energy Management. We want to express our sincere gratitude to all the authors who contributed their papers to ICMAA 2024. We would also like to thank the members of the organizing committee, the technical program committee, and the reviewers for their hard work and dedication in ensuring the quality of the conference.

We hope that the papers included in these proceedings will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in mechanical, aeronautical, and automotive engineering. We also hope that ICMAA 2024 has provided a platform for fruitful collaborations and new research initiatives.

We look forward to welcoming you to future editions of ICMAA and continuing our journey of exploration and discovery in mechanical, aeronautical, and automotive engineering.

Prof. Jia-Yush Yen

National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Conference Chair of ICMAA2024

List of Organizing Committees and Peer Review Statement are available in this Pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 39

• Number of submissions sent for review: 29

• Number of submissions accepted: 17

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 43.6

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 27

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Mei Lin

Email: neo_meilin@sie.sg

Affiliation: SIE, Sinagpore - Excutive Office

Additive manufacturing enables the production of complex shapes with a large degree of freedom compared to conventional manufacturing techniques such as injection molding, thermoforming or pressing. In particular, the creation of moving parts, complex structures and large-scale printing remains underexplored and research is constantly expanding. Due to design limitations related to the construction of currently available printers, 3D printing technology is increasingly being combined with robotics. Using a robot to 3D print products eliminates the need to design complex printer structures, which ultimately should simplify the process of manufacturing large-scale products and shorten the time required for preparation and production. The paper deals with the description of the designed 3D printing system and the procedure of the steps of creating a robotic simulation model with the generation of a control program for the FDM 3D printing process by an industrial robot.

This paper presents a cyber-physical production system that consists of a simulation, an industrial robot cell, and sensors. The industrial robot hardware, used for welding and additive manufacturing applications, is connected or "in-the-loop" with a real-time target machine on which simulations are running. These simulations are updated in real-time by the data provided by process sensors. Particular focus is given to wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). Still, the cyber-physical system allows use in other robot-based material processes, such as sheet forming, (dis)assembly and material handling applications. It is also argued that the proposed cyber-physical system can be used so that it competes against the concept of using machine learning to optimize manufacturing processes. The proposed cyber-physical system enables the transition from traditional robot automation to autonomous robot systems.

In the realm of conventional affordance detection, the primary objective is to provide insights into the potential uses of objects. However, a significant limitation remains as these conventional methods merely treat affordance detection as a semantic segmentation task, disregarding the crucial aspect of interpreting affordances for actions that can be performed by manipulator. To address this critical gap, we present a novel pipeline incorporating the Intelligent Action Library (IAL) concept. This framework enables affordance interpretation for various manipulation tasks, allowing robots to be taught and guided on how to execute specific actions based on the detected affordances and human-robot interaction. Through real-world experiments, we have demonstrated the ingenuity and dependability of our pipeline, effectively bridging the gap between affordance detection and manipulation task planning and execution. The integration of IAL facilitates a seamless connection between understanding affordances and empowering robots to perform tasks with precision and efficiency. The demo link is available to the public: https://youtu.be/_oBAer2Vl8k

One of the most important elements of barrier-free design is the door entrance system, particularly door closers. Door closers ensure that doors are easy to operate and do not pose any physical barriers to users. However, existing electro-mechanical door closers are relatively heavy, costly and have reliability issues in cases of power outages. Purely mechanical door closers, such as cam action with guide rail and rack-and-pinion with scissors arm, offer a more affordable option due to simpler design and fewer components used. Static forces and torque with geometrical constraints of the door closer guide rail system are considered in deriving the mathematical expressions of a door closer guide rail system using similar approaches as slider-crank mechanism. The formulation considers the effects of pinion torque of a door closer, installation inputs as design parameters, door angle and efficiency. The mathematical model and experimental results show close agreement. The contribution of this paper is that it demonstrates the underlying physics of the door closer guide rail system, thereby aiding in understanding the door behaviour. Additionally, the model can predict the behaviour of the system under different operating conditions, which can be useful for design and optimization purposes. More importantly, this model can be utilised to identify the most effective strategies in reducing opening forces on doors thereby providing design insights to barrier-free application in the future.

The present study focuses on the numerical investigation of heat transfer from a battery cell surrounded by phase change material (PCM) with longitudinal fins embedded in it. Three-dimensional transient heat conduction equation is solved numerically in the battery domain, whereas the solidification-melting model adopting Enthalpy-Porosity approach is solved in PCM to obtain liquid fraction and temperature distribution. PCM with 16 fins was found to be quite effective in reducing the battery surface temperature compared to 12, 8, and 4 fins. However, the effectiveness of 16 fins is observed up to 1500 sec till the PCM completely melts into liquid. A maximum reduction of 25 K has been achieved at 1500 sec by adding 16 fins to PCM. Beyond 1500 sec, the temperature rises sharply, exceeding all other cases at 2200 sec. Fins play an essential role in augmenting heat transfer, which benefits in achieving the phase change process in less time to restrict the temperature rise; however, at the same time, when the phase change process completes, fins become detrimental to the system since the temperature of the battery starts rising sharply.

The advent of affordable three-dimensional printers has unlocked new possibilities for small business owners and hobbyists to convert their digital designs into tangible objects. However, during the production process, a lot of material ends up as waste because of improper storage or unused plastic fibers. This paper discusses the existing market products that aim to tackle these issues. Additionally, we introduce a specially designed pair of welding tongs that make it effortless to join plastic fibers utilized in fused deposition modeling printers. The paper presents a prototype of the tongs and provides a summary of the optimal welding temperatures for different printing materials. Finally, the conclusion evaluates the strength of the fibers after the welding process based on the results obtained from a testing mechanism.

Friction stir welding is an emerging solid-state joining technology. With the advantages of small post-weld deformation and high connection performance, it is widely used in the aerospace field. In this paper, the FSW welding process of 7055-T61 Al and 2197-T8 Al-Li dissimilar T-shaped stiffened panel was investigated. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of tool shoulder structure and welding parameters on the morphology and mechanical properties of T-joints. It is found that compared with the shoulder inner concave surface without spiral, the weld defects of shoulder inner concave surface with spiral are less. When the welding speed v is 60 mm/min, the rotation speed w is 350 r/min and the plunge depth h is 0.21 mm, the transverse tensile strength of T-joint is 408 MPa, which reaches respectively 68.0% and 71.6% of the base materials 7055-T61 and 2197-T8. It shows that the welding quality of T-joints is better when it is implemented under the optimal combination of welding process parameters.

Carbon-Aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy has been used extensively in the aerospace and automobile industries. The combination of high-strength carbon fiber and the high toughness of aramid fiber is believed to be beneficial to the structural behavior of composites. In the current study, Aramid fiber was sandwiched between carbon fiber layers to maintain high strength and toughness simultaneously. The behavior of the laminate with the presence of an open hole and single-edge notch was investigated. For justification, the response of the hybrid laminate was compared with two other laminates, one is made totally from carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy (CFRP) and the other is made from aramid fiber-reinforced epoxy (AFRP). The effect of an open hole was assessed by a tension test, while the single-edge notch effect was evaluated by the flexural test. Tensile and flexural tests were also performed on the regular samples. As per the current results, the notch sensitivity of hybrid laminate was found to be less than that of CFRP laminate. The CFRP laminate failure type was dominated by delamination. AFRP composite laminate failure was dominated by fiber breakage and crack propagation through the matrix. The hybrid composite laminates were dominated by fiber breakage of the AFRP laminates and delamination of CFRP outer layers. The flexural modulus of hybrid laminate resulted in the greatest value, followed by CFRP and AFRP. The hybrid laminate's fracture toughness is significantly higher than that of CFRP but lower than that of AFRP.

For the scenario of edge computing tasks' offloading between multi-user and multi-server, the number of offloading strategies increases exponentially with the number of users which makes it difficult to find the optimal solution through brute force search. The task offloading model for this scenario is established, and a combined algorithm using potential game method to avoid the premature convergence of the particle swarm optimization is proposed in this paper. The simulation results have shown the proposed algorithm outcomes have lower system cost and better quality of service.

Integral windup refers to a prevalent phenomenon that can occur in Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control systems that employ integral control where the control output generated exceeds the operating limit of an actuator. Despite the system's inability to respond further due to control output limitations, the integral controller perseveres in accumulating errors. The accumulation of error can lead to system instability and undesirable oscillations. Additionally, the dynamic response of the PID controller is also limited by the coupled tuning gain characteristics, complicating the process of gain tuning. The coupling and decoupling of the tuning gains are depending on the separation of the gains in the error dynamics of the system. In this study, a concept of semi-decoupled tuning gains in anti-windup controllers is proposed. The performance of the proposed controller was investigated through hardware simulation against conventional PI and existing anti-windup schemes and has demonstrated an overall improvement in its dynamic behaviour such as faster settling time and its ability to tune the system without significantly altering its damping ratio.

Aiming at solving the thermal protection problems of the nose cone for hypersonic vehicles, a novel combinational spike and transpiration cooling concept is proposed in this paper. Although the temperature of the nose cone structure can be effectively reduced by traditional transpiration cooling, the cooling effect is not ideal due to the extremely high heat flux and pressure near the stagnation point. In the combinational configuration, the bow shock wave at the leading edge of the nose cone is pushed away by the spike, so that the pressure and heat flux along the nose cone surface are reduced obviously, and the cooling effect is also improved significantly. The flow field generated by this innovative concept has been thoroughly examined through numerical simulations employing the compressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations in conjunction with the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. The fluid-thermal interaction is considered by using the conjugate heat transfer approach. The performance of three configurations based on the nose cone are numerically investigated, including transpiration cooling, spike, combinational spike and transpiration cooling. The numerical results show that, compared with the traditional transpiration cooling, the temperature at the stagnation point of the nose cone for the combinational configuration is reduced by about 64%, which proves the feasibility and high efficiency of the novel combinational concept. With the increase of coolant mass flow, the temperature along the nose cone surface for combinational configuration decreases, while the magnitude of the temperature reduction decreases. Therefore, under certain incoming flow conditions, the appropriate coolant mass flow should be considered to achieve better thermal protection effect.

In recent years, reducing oil consumption and pollutant discharge in transportation industry has become an important measure to alleviate energy crisis and environmental pollution. Therefore, the fuel economy and emission characteristics of the engine have become an important index to evaluate the quality of an engine, so EGR technology has gradually become the standard of gasoline engines. But EGR is not always good. In order to alleviate the adverse effects of EGR on combustion, further research on engine combustion is needed. In order to study the effect of multiple injection strategy on engine combustion characteristics, this paper takes a high pressure direct injection gasoline engine equipped with low pressure EGR system as the research object, and verifies the designed multiple injection strategy on special test equipment. A large amount of combustion data of the engine under the same load, different fuel injection stages and fuel injection ratios were collected. By comparing the evaluation indexes of main pollutant emission, fuel consumption and combustion stability, it is found that with the increase of injection times, the combustion characteristics and knock of the engine show a trend of improvement. After using multiple injection strategies at 2000r/min, it can be seen that the optimized injection strategy has better emission characteristics and lower fuel consumption lower knock intensity than that before the injection mode optimization without affecting the power performance.

This paper presents the results from conducting a series of experiments with a Hsu-Nielsen Source, accompanied by corresponding numerical simulations on a solid block. The aim being to illustrate a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) approach for simulating Acoustic Emission (AE) wave propagation in a Hsu-Nielsen Source, by employing virtual sensors to enhance existing AE research methodologies. The objective was to examine and establish the actual unload rate derived from Pencil Lead Breaks (PLBs) by comparing results from simulations and experimental trials. These experiments and simulations were conducted using a solid cylindrical steel block, capturing the propagating Acoustic AE waves from both sources over a two-second span. When comparing the experimental data with the simulation results, it is evident that replicating the structure of an impulsive AE source is feasible for brief durations. Furthermore, both the experimental and simulated signals on the steel cylinder displayed comparable patterns in the initial 25-30 µs. The methodology presented in this study demonstrates the effectiveness of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in precisely identifying the specific modes present in AE wave propagation, including the actual unload rates affecting the AE signals recorded.

This research is centered on achieving full-flight fuel consumption fitting using a single model, with a specific focus on emphasizing the potential lag effects in aircraft fuel consumption. The proposed LSTM-Attention model integrates the capabilities of the LSTM network to effectively extract correlation features and sequence features from the data. Simultaneously, the attention mechanism assumes a crucial role in accentuating temporal dependencies and lag effects associated with fuel consumption in distinct flight segments. The parameters of the model undergo meticulous optimization through adjustment experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that compared to traditional models like BPNN, ELMAN, and RNN, the proposed model more efficiently extracts fuel consumption features throughout the entire flight, reducing the average prediction error by 66.5% and improving stability by an average of 38.8%. This model not only contributes to advancing fuel-saving research based on Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data but also holds promise for fault diagnosis applications in aviation.