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The 12^th International Physics Seminar (IPS) 2023 was held at Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia on June 24th, 2023. IPS was organized by the Department of Physics and Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Jakarta. This year's IPS 2023 featured a hybrid format, allowing participants to attend virtually and in person. The seminar covers various topics, such as material physics, instrumentation and computational physics, medical physics & biophysics, earth physics and space science, theory, nuclear and particle physics, energy and environmental physics, and physics education. "The Diversity Research and Development of Physics for Stronger Recovery" is the theme for this year's seminar. The following scopes were selected to cover most of the scientific program and highlight an area where new ideas have emerged over recent years:

1. Material Physics

2. Instrumentation and Computational Physics

3. Medical Physics & Biophysics

4. Earth Physics and Space Science

5. Theory, Nuclear, and Particle Physics

6. Energy and Environmental Physics

7. Physics Education

The seminar's itinerary comprised three main segments: opening ceremony, keynote speaker sessions, and oral presentations. The opening session included reports from the Chair, Dean of FMIPA, PSI Physical Society of Indonesia (PSI) Jakarta and Banten Chapter Chair, and the Rector of Universitas Negeri Jakarta, each allotted 5 minutes for their addresses. The second segment shows presentations from keynote speakers, who presented their groundbreaking research within 40-minute time slots, including Q&A sessions. The third segment featured parallel sessions with 15-minute oral presentations from presenters, researchers, and lecturers, followed by discussions. The parallel session was held in a hybrid (13 rooms), which contains three offline rooms and ten virtual rooms, accommodating an average of 14 presenters in each room. Competent moderators and operators guided each parallel room. Special acknowledgment is extended to PSI Jakarta and Banten Chapter for their invaluable support. This essential scientific platform seminar saw an enthusiastic gathering of 233 participants, including students, lecturers, researchers, and practitioners, all actively engaged as presenters and attendees. The Morressier system facilitated the submission of 153 papers, from which 99 were meticulously selected for publication in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series, with a focus on physics and related disciplines. The rigorous assessment conducted by reviewers evaluated the papers based on criteria such as scope, novelty, originality, scientific impact, accuracy, and clarity of expression. We are grateful to all participants from Indonesia and 42 participants from Czech, Turkey, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Pakistan, Vietnam who have joined our seminar. We invite all participants to join us again for the 13^th IPS 2024, hosted by the Department of Physics and Department of Physics Education at Universitas Negeri Jakarta.

The Chairman,

Dr. Firmanul Catur Wibowo

12^th International Physics Seminar (IPS)

The Diversity of Physics Research and Development for Stronger Recovery

Proceedings of International Physics Seminar (IPS) 2023

Jakarta, Indonesia

June 24^th, 2023

List of Editors, Conference Details are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IO‵P Publishing.

1. Type of peer review: Single anonymous

2. Conference submission management system: Morressier

3. Number of submissions received: 153

4. Number of submissions sent for review: 151

5. Number of submissions accepted: 85

6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 55.5 %

7. Average number of reviews per paper: 1.3

8. Total number of reviewers involved: 30

9. Contact person for queries:

Name: Dr. Firmanul Catur Wibowo

Affiliation: Universitas Negeri Jakarta

Email: fcwibowo@unj.ac.id

A study was conducted to determine the morphology and structure of Natural Zeolite obtained from Pahae, Tapanuli Utara, Indonesia. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the zeolite contained primarily mordenite and clinoptilolite crystals. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the presence of TO₄ ([SiO₄]⁻⁴ and [AlO₄]⁻⁵ groups), which appeared at a wavenumber of 1045.42 cm⁻¹ and shifted to 1037.30 cm⁻¹ after the hydrothermal process. Furthermore, porosity testing demonstrated that the samples exhibited higher porosity values with increasing hydrothermal temperature, leading to enhanced water adsorption. Chemical composition analysis using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) revealed an increase in silicate content from Pahae Natural Zeolite (PNZ) to Pahae Natural Zeolite–Hydrothermal Activated (PNZ-HA).

3D printing has revolutionized the manufacturing industry, offering unique opportunities for rapid prototyping and customized production. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) are widely used thermoplastics in 3D printing due to their versatility and mechanical properties. Tensile strength is a critical mechanical property that determines the load-bearing capacity of printed parts. However, the orientation of the printed layers during the additive manufacturing process can significantly affect the printed parts' tensile strength and overall mechanical behaviour. The effect of printing orientation on the tensile strength of 3D printed ABS and PLA materials was investigated. The printing orientation of printed tensile samples varies from 0°, 45°, and 90°, layer thickness of 0.1 mm, and refers to ASTM D638 standard. Tensile testing is carried out with the Tensilon machine. The results showed that the orientation influence the tensile strength of the ABS and PLA samples. The change of orientation from 0° to 90° causes a decrease in tensile strength of 44.3% of ABS and 52.8% of PLA materials. The findings of this study will provide valuable insights into the mechanical behaviour of 3D printed parts and inform design considerations for optimizing printing orientations to achieve enhanced tensile strength.

The extract of mangosteen fruit hull has been found to have strong antioxidant activity. However, it has low solubility in aqueous solution. Thus, we incorporated the extract of mangosteen hull (EMH) into a nano-sized carrier, particularly nanofibers. The objective of this research was to fabricate cellulose acetate (CA)/gelatine nanofibers embedded with EMH using the electrospinning technique. CA/gelatine/EMH precursor solution was spun at various flow rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mL/h yielding nanofibers with average diameters of 525 (CGE1), 640 (CGE2), and 698 (CGE3) nm, respectively. An antioxidative assay using the DPPH method indicated that all samples (EMH, CGE1, CGE2, and CGE3 nanofibers) exhibited strong antioxidant activity, whereas the smallest nanofibers had the lowest antioxidant activity. Moreover, the XRD pattern of composite fiber (CGE2) implied that the electrospinning process altered the structure of EMH. Furthermore, in vitro release study of CGE1, CGE2, and CGE3 nanofibers indicated a rapid release pattern of EMH from the nanofibers. The rate of EMH released from the fiber was related to the fiber diameter, with smaller fiber facilitating a faster release rate of the EMH. Therefore, the results provide a promising approach to enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of mangosteen fruit hull extract, potentially expanding its therapeutic applications.

Variations of nozzles are studied for Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS). The CAFS is a self-contained fire suppression system with the capability of injecting compressed air into the foam solution to create a dense mist. Even though this type of foam has a tighter, denser bubble structure that allows it to adhere to vertical and horizontal surfaces and penetrate the fire more deeply before the bubbles burst, thereby making it more effective, the nozzle of CAFS is weak. The experimental study has been done in order to find the expansion ratio of the nozzle. Four sizes of diameter nozzles are 5 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm, and three holes are 20 mm. Nozzle diameter size has a correlation with bubble size. The highest expansion ratio is found in the nozzle with three holes 20 mm in diameter. It is followed by a nozzle with a 20 mm diameter, then a 10 mm diameter. The last finding is a nozzle with five diameters. The other founding is the linear correlation between nozzle diameter size and bubble size. But it is on the other way than the correlation between nozzle diameter and bubble size. The shorter the nozzle diameter, the faster the fire extinguishing time.

Magnetoresistance has been calculated for a range of magnetic fields. The calculation has been carried out using a periodic DNA structure. The magnetic field affects electron hopping constants in a tight-binding Hamiltonian regime through the Peierls phase. On the other hand, the internal electric field, as a result of the voltage difference across the molecule structure, affects the magnitude of electron hopping parameters. Green's function method has been employed in computing the electron transmission probabilities. Then, the Landauer-Buttiker formula is used in computing currents at a certain voltage. The magnetoresistance was observed oscillating as the magnetic field increased, just like the current. At several voltages, the magnetoresistance changes sign with the change in the magnetic field.

Bonded permanent magnets are made by mixing a magnetic powder material Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) commercial MQP type 16-7 with a polymer material powders phenol formaldehyde (Bakelite) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Comparison between the composition of NdFeB powder and the polymer powders were varied at 80:20, 90:10, and 95:5 wt%, respectively. This mixture is then pressed with a hot press system and then carried out magnetic alignment axial flux using a magnetizer machine, Magnet Phisyk-Germany, with an impulse system. Magnetic properties were characterized by permagraph Magnet Phisyk-Germany. The best value obtained for the composition of 95: 5% NdFeB-pvc resin powder to the value of remanence magnet (Br) = 0.604 Tesla (T), the value of coercivity (Hc) = 480 kA/m and maximum energy product (BH)max = 50.05 kJ/m³. Fabrication is done by the size of the magnetic 50 mm diameter, 8 mm thick and was applied to the axial flux generator. The output voltage of the generator has been tested with variations of 50 to 300 rotations per minute (rpm) using a Hantek 6022BE oscilloscope, and the measurement results obtained values of 1.9 to 12.2 Volts.

Currently, the use of 3D printing is growing rapidly. Uneven temperature distribution in the printing chamber causes problems such as warpage, shrinkage, geometric accuracy, and decreased mechanical properties. The proper environmental temperature is needed to produce a good part. The heated chamber is needed to regulate the temperature during the printing process. Simulation of CFD is carried out, knowing the temperature distribution inside the heated chamber. Simulations and experiments were carried out with variations in temperature of 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C, and 100 °C with an airflow rate of 3 m/s. The correlation of temperature distribution in a chamber between simulation and experiment was investigated. Experiments on FDM 3D Printing with 70 × 30 × 30 mm3 ABS material dimensions. Meanwhile, variations in printing orientation on the x, y, and z-axes. The results show a fit correlation between simulation and experiment. The temperature in a heated chamber has increased and the temperature distribution is even during the printing process, along with increasing temperature variations from the heater. The heat flux distribution shows different temperature variations in each part build orientation. Therefore, the orientation and temperature rise of the chamber play a pivotal role in quality.

A spinning magnet is an alternative engineering approach to produce the Ni layer. In the present research, the Ni layer was plated on Cu alloy substrates influenced by a spinning magnet. Various rotating speeds (0, 500, and 800 rpm) were used to influence the Ni layer's properties were formed. A digital scale was used to measure the deposition rate and cathodic current efficiency. XRD, SEM-EDS, potentiostat, and hardness tests were performed to determine the properties of the Ni layers. A rotating magnetic field can reduce the deposition rate and cathodic current efficiency by reducing the ionic movement from the anode to the cathode. The XRD and SEM results revealed a distinct crystallite size and surface morphology. Exhibiting a spinning could result in a decrease in oxygen in the Ni layer and a slight change in the corrosion rates. Different hardness is also seen in the various sample due to crystallite size.

Liquid crystal composite is a material made from monomer liquid crystal with other materials. These composites are very useful because they combine good properties of each material for many applications. Liquid crystal diacrylate resin of 2-methyl-1,4-phenylene bis(4-(3-(acryloyloxy) propoxy)benzoate) that combined with monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) using casting solution method. Process casting solution of that material using variation weight percentage of each material. Result of casting solution was photopolymerized using preparate glass to make a thin layer polymer. Characterization thin layer polymer liquid crystal diacrylate resin with MMA using instrumentations FTIR for identify of chemical group functions molecules. FTIR spectrum showed peak at 1155 cm⁻¹-1160 cm⁻¹ for identifications stretching vibration of C-O-C in ester molecule and 2925-2960 cm⁻¹ for identifying the stretching vibration of –CH₃. Its band for identify bond formation between MMA with diacrylate resin. Diffractogram XRD showed thin layer polymer of PMMA-diacrylate resin has amorphous properties, because there aren't sharp peak diffraction at 2θ 16.33°, 24.02°, 44.68°, and 72.54°. This result indicates that thin monomer methyl methacrylate blending perfect with diacrylate resin. Therefore analysis morphology of thin layer liquid crystal composite of PMMA-diacrylate resin homogen in some regions but in a little surface seen agglomeration of polymer.

Creep is a phenomenon where a particular material tends to deform due to highly subjected parameters, such as temperature and pressure. This deformation is promoted by the diffusion of the material across the grain boundary, as critically assessed by Coble in 1963. This phenomenon is primarily crucial since the most critical application of materials is subjected to high temperature and pressure. This study intends to assess the effect of temperature of polycrystalline Cu-Ni alloy by utilizing molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation is run with different temperatures, thus allowing studying the critical differences between the applied parameters. The results show that the temperature affects the creep rate at every creep stage, primary and secondary, by a significant value. This is due to the deformation promoted by the diffusion of atoms across the grain boundary, decreasing the crystallinity of polycrystalline Cu-Ni alloy. Although the effect of temperature on the creep mechanism of polycrystalline Cu-Ni alloy seems straightforward, it is necessary to assess whether it increases the creep rate at a low temperature in further detail.

Incorporating non-metal elements through doping proves to be a highly effective strategy for expanding the photoresponse range of ZnO. This study prepared pristine ZnO and 1%S-doped ZnO through an environmentally friendly approach, employing the biosynthesis method using bidara leaf extract. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and UV-Vis spectroscopy to investigate the structure, morphology, and the optical properties of ZnO, respectively. The XRD analysis revealed a noticeable shift in the diffraction pattern towards smaller angles, indicating the successful incorporation of sulfur into the ZnO lattice. Additionally, FESEM images displayed a distinct modification in the morphology of the ZnO particles upon sulfur doping, accompanied by a reduction in particle size. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed that both ZnO and sulfur-doped ZnO exhibited optical absorption predominantly in the ultraviolet (UV) region. Notably, the presence of sulfur doping led to an increase in the optical absorption of ZnO, while simultaneously narrowing its energy bandgap. These findings highlight the potential of sulfur doping as an effective means to enhance the structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO semiconductor materials, thereby opening up possibilities for various optoelectronic applications.

We report the effect of Ni-doped ZnO thin films on the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible irradiation. The Ni-doped ZnO thin films were deposited on a silicon substrate by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) at 450 °C for 15 minutes. The ZnO thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern for all samples confirms that the crystalline phase of Ni-doped ZnO thin films is polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite. However, due to the Ni incorporation into the ZnO site, there is a change in the crystal plane. All ZnO films confirmed photocatalytic properties, indicating methylene blue (MB) degradation under visible irradiation. Nevertheless, the degradation of the MB dye increased by about 76% with increasing Ni incorporation. Therefore, we confirmed that Ni incorporation affects the photocatalytic properties of the ZnO thin films.

Dye waste produced from the textile industry is an organic compound that is difficult to decompose, dangerous, and can pollute the aquatic environment. On the other hand, the textile industry has also had a major impact on 20% of global wastewater pollution. One of the wastes generated is methylene blue. As a step in overcoming these problems, an effective and economical waste treatment method is needed, such as the adsorption method. This research was conducted by utilizing natural zeolite clinoptilolite type as an adsorbent for methylene blue using hydrochloric acid (HCl) through two processes, namely zeolite activation and adsorption of methylene blue waste by varying the adsorption time. The result shows that the activated zeolite can adsorb methylene blue in solution. The activation process strongly determined the capability of zeolite to adsorb the methylene blue. From our research, we obtained zeolite activated with 0.1 M HCl has the highest capability as methylene blue adsorption.

Nickel (Ni) layers are commonly utilized in various applications, such as automotive components. By using a magnetic field during the electroplating process, it is possible to achieve better properties. Ni electroplating was conducted in 0.5 M nickel sulphate in this research. Various low intensities of the magnetic field (0.08 T and 0.14 T) were applied during the electroplating process. In the past, it has been demonstrated that an increase in low magnetic field could result in a decrease in crystallite size and a rise in hardness. Samples were weighed with a digital scale to determine the deposition rate and current efficiencies. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and hardness tester were performed to investigate Ni layers properties. The magnetic field influences the deposition rate, cathodic current efficiency, surface morphology, structure, and hardness properties. The increase in the magnetic field caused a wider grain and smaller crystallite sizes. The crystallite sizes of the NiS - 0, NiS - 8, and NiS - 14 samples are 33.536 nm, 33.083 nm, and 28.540 nm, respectively. The hardness of the NiS - 0, NiS - 8, and NiS - 14 samples are 212.33 HV, 255.01 HV, and 267.214 HV, respectively. Higher hardness could be reached by reducing the size of crystallites. The influence of the magnetic field could enhance hardness during the electroplating process.

To broaden the scope of a novel microwave absorbing material inside the x-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz), Ca-substituted barium hexaferrite nano-crystalline were successfully synthesized prepared via standard ceramic route and mechanical milling method. The sintered BaFe₁₂O₁₉ (x=0) and Ba_0.9Ca_0.1Fe₁₂O₁₉ (x=1) at 1100°C for three hours were obtained the formation of magnetic phase and hysteresis behaviour and indicative of ferromagnetism. The analysis of x-ray diffraction was resulted to investigate the composition and magnetic phase. The dependence of complex permeability on frequency (μ = μ' – jμ'') and the permittivity (ε = ε' – jε'') were obtained. The reflection loss, RL-values were calculated and resulted multi–broadband with a thickness of 9.7 mm. It proved that Ca-substituted barium hexaferrite nano-crystalline material has a great potential for microwave absorption and electromagnetic applications.

This research synthesized two types of materials, namely M-type barium hexaferrite Ba_0.6Ca_0.4Fe₁₂O₁₉ and Ba_0.6Ca_0.4Fe₁₂O₁₉/Fe₃O₄/SiO₂ nano composite by using ceramic and mechanical milling method. To characterize obtained powder properties, we employed permagraph and vector network analyser (VNA) measurement. Furthermore, complex permeability (μ) and permittivity (ε) were calculated based on VNA measurement signal in The samples have shown a lowest reflection loss of –40.43 dB at 8.46 GHz and –21.14 dB dB at 12.4 GHz for barium hexaferrite Ba_0.6Ca_0.4Fe₁₂O₁₉ (0%) and Ba_0.6Ca_0.4Fe₁₂O₁₉/Fe₃O₄/SiO₂ (20%) nano composite, respectively.

Zn-doped Cu₂O-Cu nanocomposite decorated with Ni cocatalyst was prepared by electrodeposition technique. The catalytic activity of the material was investigated from methylene blue (MB) degradation. The morphology, chemical composition, and structure of Zn-doped Cu₂O-Cu/Ni were characterized by FESEM, EDAX, and XRD, respectively. The photoelectrochemical properties and photocatalytic activities measurements were carried out under visible light irradiation. The result showed that decrease of resistance charge transfer (R_ct) reached to 2240 Ω by the addition of Ni. This low R_ct produced a high current of 10.66 mA/cm². The photocatalytic activity analysis showed that Zn-doped Cu₂O-Cu/Ni exhibited higher methylene blue photodegradation compared to those without Ni cocatalyst. The high MB photodegradation was due to the role of Ni cocatalyst that could suppress the electron-hole recombination by acting as a photo-generated electron acceptor and promote the electron transfer in the Zn-doped Cu₂O-Cu composite.

A quiet room is essential for acoustical instrument calibration, such as the sound level meter. A small acoustic chamber can be utilized to create an environment that is free from noise. Commonly, it is built with a passive noise-blocking system using high-density absorber material such as rock wool or glass wool. However, this approach results in a room that is both heavy and costly. This paper proposes a mini acoustic chamber that utilizes an active noise cancelling (ANC) system to block the noise. A filtered-x least mean square (FxLMS) algorithm was implemented for the ANC system. A simulation of the system with the recorded actual noise data was conducted to find the optimum filter parameter. The results show that the ANC system could reduce the noise up to 2 dB for certain types of noises. The sound outside the chamber was recorded and processed offline to tune the filter parameter. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed noise reduction system was performed by measuring the sound inside the chamber.

Flow measurement is one of the critical points in the industrial process measurement. Mass flow measurement, as an alternative flow measuring method, is usually chosen to prevent temperature effects to the density that would be impacted directly to the flow measurement. One of the most popular direct mass flow measurements is Coriolis Mass Flowmeter (CMF). CMF which has an accuracy of mass flow measurement up to 0.1% of reading, recently became widely used for valuable fluids mass flowrate measurement. The challenge of the flow measurement will not stop in the selection and the smart capabilities of the flow instrument itself; another issue that appears during process measurement is the absence of the installed CMF as a mandatory installed, local pressure measurement could be a physical parameter that could be used to predict the mass flowrate using statistical and machine learning algorithms. This virtual flow measurement method will be an approach to face the absence of physical flowmeter issues, especially in critical or remote operation processes.

Organic molecules have several characteristics based on optical absorption. A molecule absorbs a specific light wavelength that represents electronic energy in the material. The absorption wavelength is also related to atomic binding of molecules that interact with material during light exposure producing electronic instability in the material. Molecular absorption can be measured using several optical spectrometer configurations that contain a light source, optical path, and light detector. The measurements of molecular optical absorption have been reported in several research and have been collected into a material database. In this paper, we developed a model for predicting organic molecular optical absorption using deep learning. The model can predict molecular absorption energy based on extracted features of molecular structure using Mordred descriptor features extraction. Our model used 1625 molecules of absorption in several solvent datasets that split into 80% training and 20% testing dataset. The result show that our model has a good agreement with experimental data with correlation coefficient 0.96 and mean average error 0.172 eV.

While implementations of speech recognition grow rapidly in recent years and are slowly being integrated into our daily devices, the problem of noise robustness is still a challenging task, even with the recent advancement of deep learning technologies for speech recognition. The presence of noise may cause a mismatch between training, which is performed in clean conditions, and noisy testing conditions. This paper proposes a method to extract features for speech recognition by employing features derived under the power law scale, i.e., the Power-Normalized Cepstral Coefficient (PNCC). The power-law can provide better compression in low-energy regions so that it is not sensitive when the speech signal is distorted by noise. The features are implemented on speech recognition based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The experiments were carried out by TensorFlow's Speech Command Dataset mixed with various signal-to-noise ratio to evaluate the method. The experimental findings indicate that the accuracy ranges from 81% to 86%.

Measuring viscosity can be done using either Tracker software or a digital viscometer. However, the Tracker software proved to be ineffective due to the need to manually set the object's center point for obtaining its final velocity. On the other hand, the digital viscometer was costly. Hence, a novel approach is needed to measure viscosity with high precision, efficiency, and affordability. To tackle these concerns, the study combined measuring instruments and computer programming with YOLOv3. The YOLOv3 model was applied to measure the B30 Biodiesel viscosity in a falling ball viscometer. The stages were: using a 10.07 mm ball size, the YOLOv3 model tracked the iron ball in the experimental videos to obtain the velocity. Next, based on the velocity, B30 biodiesel viscosity can be obtained. The formula of velocity and viscosity of the falling ball viscometer is integrated into the algorithm. The results are then compared to the reference data. The result showed that the final velocity and viscosity error relative were 1.30% and 2.04%. With an error relative below 5%, The data indicates that the algorithm effectively measures the velocity and viscosity of B30 biodiesel. This study was provided as a foundation for automatization in the quality control process for the biodiesel industry.

This work observes rubber-based frame structures for wide helix-shaped-macrobending fiber optic sensors intended for measuring an object with high load levels. In this fiber sensor, the working principle is to measure the power loss (due to bending) of the light traveled in the employed fiber optic. During the applications, it needs a particular mechanical structure to accommodate a reversible fiber bending in the context of load measurement. In this work, a cylindrical-shaped rubber structure mixed with calcium carbonate compound (CaCO₃) is constructed as the fiber bending frame (housing) in which a spring wire is inserted into the structure in the two models, i.e., outer and inner-spring structure. Several investigations of static load pressure reveal the optimum structure design for high load measurement. Using the inner-spring model, a rubber structure with 10wt% CaCO₃ exhibits the preferable performance with a sensitivity of 0.15 V/Kg.cm² and measurement load range until 210 Kg.

The aim of this study is to develop a garage monitoring system using RFID and ATMEGA328P Microcontroller-Based vehicle sensors and ESP32-CAM. It is to design a garage monitoring system, create a garage monitoring system, and also to test a garage monitoring system. This research was carried out using the R&D research method by Borg and Gall, which included four stages, namely the research and information gathering stage, planning, initial product development, and preliminary field testing. The process of designing a garage monitoring system is carried out, starting from making tool designs using 3d modeling software and also making interfaces from Android applications. Making a garage monitoring system starts with making the PCB that will be used, then making the vehicle sensor device and ESP32-CAM box using the 3d printing method, and continuing with making the RFID and Arduino Uno boxes. The tests carried out showed that the RFID sensor is able to detect the appropriate card, the PIR sensor is able to detect human movement, the Vehicle sensor can detect the presence of a vehicle when the sensor is stepped on by a vehicle, the GPS sensor has an accuracy with a maximum error of 6 meters, the OV2640 camera, and ESP32-CAM is able to send images and notifications to android applications so that all components can function properly.

The Seebeck effect of NiCl₂ has been explored by using first-principles calculations under the LDA+U to include the Coulomb repulsion. The exploration was conducted for two cases, namely, close to the critical temperature and room temperature. We found the slight difference of the peaks of Seebeck coefficients, i.e., the highest peak has been observed near the critical temperature. As the Coulomb repulsion was considered, the peak was shifted both two cases. It suggested that the Seebeck effect was influenced by the Coulomb repulsion.

Implementation of LDA+U approach has been employed to investigate the Seebeck effect of FeCl₂ monolayer. The calculation was carried out by keeping the out of plane magnetism in the primitive cell. After obtaining the convergence calculation, we then used the semi classical Boltzmann transport to calculate the Seebeck coefficient. To see the effect of magnetism, we plotted two Seebeck coefficients near the critical temperature and room temperature. The peak of Seebeck coefficient near the critical temperature was higher than that at room temperature. This implies the magnetism may influence the Seebeck effect in thermoelectric material.

The water pollution, flooding, and recycling issues in Indonesia are exacerbated by the critical level of underwater plastic waste. Furthermore, the lack of visibility makes it difficult to collect plastic waste in the water. In this research, a plastic detection instrument was developed to detect water pollution using a deep learning method with the You Only Look Once version 3 (YOLOv3) algorithm. The study was conducted in four steps: 1) create a custom dataset of plastic waste images, 2) annotated the plastic waste dataset, 3) configurated and train the model, 4) validated the result. The proposed model has achieved an overall mean average precision (mAP) of 83.12% This result indicated that the model is effective in detecting plastic waste in underwater environment.

Solar energy utilization as electrical energy can be achieved by using solar panels and thermoelectric generators (PV-TEG) combination. Solar panels convert solar energy into electrical energy based on the principle of the photovoltaic effect. Meanwhile, the heat potential on the solar panels surface can be used to produce electrical energy using a thermoelectric generator based on the Seebeck effect. The electrical power generated by the PV-TEG is then fed into a DC-DC buck converter to lowering the electrical voltage according to the battery voltage capacity. This research aims to control the power transmitted from the PV-TEG to the battery to obtain optimal performance. Therefore, a circuit simulation of the DC-DC buck converter is conducted using LT-Spice to determine the converter's efficiency. The DC-DC buck converter circuit is designed using a lowpass filter with its cut-off frequency of 1000 Hz (R=50Ω, L=33.8mH, and C=750nF). PV-TEG characterization is conducted to determine the input power range of the converter. The input power range obtained from the PV-TEG characterization is 18.98-20.55 V. The efficiency obtained through the LT-Spice simulation of the converter circuit is 72.94 %, with a maximum output voltage of 12.14 V.

This study aimed to synthesize chitosan biodegradable films and cellulose microcrystals (CMC) from coconut fibres (Cocos nucifera) with quercetin as a filler. Chitosan (CS) film is mixed with cellulose microcrystals with a composition of 1% w/w, and quercetin bioflavonoids are added with various concentrations (0%;1%;3%;5%;7% w/w) by solution casting method. Adding quercetin to the chitosan-microcrystalline cellulose film is expected to add antioxidant properties. Cellulose microcrystals were isolated from the primary material of coconut fibres by delignification, bleaching which was then hydrolysis by 58% w/w sulfuric acid. Isolation results were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The results of research for the synthesis of chitosan-microcrystalline cellulose-quercetin films showed the addition of quercetin 7% resulted in tensile strength of 17.21 MPa, biodegradation rate of 1.62 mg/day, antioxidant activity of 79.95%. However, adding 7% quercetin decreases the nature of film development and water vapour permeability, with the optimum quercetin concentration for film development being 1% and water vapour permeability being 3%.

L-lysine is an essential amino acid not synthesized by the body and is used as a nutritional supplement, and is considered an index of the nutritional quality of foodstuffs. The level of L-lysine consumption depends on age, where an imbalance in L-lysine levels can cause certain disease conditions. This study identified the effects of L-lysine contained in food supplements using the yeast-based amperometric biosensor Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which measures dissolved oxygen (DO) levels due to cellular respiration of yeast with an analyte assay sample. The measurements were made by calibrating pure L-lysine at 100, 200 and 300 mM concentrations. The results show that the higher the concentration of L-lysine, the smaller the level of DO remaining detected, where the percentage range of DO is 13.47% - 26.02%. The dietary supplement sample test, namely Curcuma Plus, has an error of 1.01% which states that the biosensor used can detect L-lysine levels in samples with high sensitivity and selectivity and can be applied to the food and health industries. The measurement results are clustered using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to see the resulting clusters and data patterns.

Sweat contains numerous biomarkers, including glucose, which can provide valuable insights into an individual's metabolic state. Noninvasive glucose monitoring eliminates the need for frequent finger pricks or blood samples, offering greater convenience and reducing discomfort for individuals with diabetes. These biosensors are designed to detect and quantify glucose levels through various sensing mechanisms, such as enzymatic reactions or electrochemical measurements. The integration of biosensors into wearable devices, such as smartwatches, patches, or flexible electronics, allows for mobile glucose monitoring in sweat. Accurate glucose measurements require calibration and validation against reference measurements, such as blood glucose levels. Research focuses on developing calibration algorithms and improving the accuracy and reliability of mobile glucose biosensors in sweat.

The expression radionuclide in nuclear medicine is preferred than radioisotope which widely used in physics. Radionuclides have been used regularly in nuclear medicine. Their radiation provide information about the staging of a person's specific organs and to specify what is triggering the symptoms, injury or disease to treat diseased organs or cancerous tumours in a patient called theranostic. Technetium-99m radionuclide is the most frequently used radionuclide in nuclear medicine. The quality control of technetium-99m (99m Tc) product from 99Mo/99mTc generator is crucial. One that have been highlighted in this paper is the radionuclide molybdenum-99 (99Mo) breaktrough which can be effectively measured using caliberated gamma spectrometer. The stability test of the gamma spectrometer detector is done using control chart and chi square method from 137Cs radionuclide measurement. The calibration process of liquid standard sources of mix 133Ba, 137Cs and 60Co including energy and efficiency calibration, are performed with the same geometry as Mo99 breakthrough measurement in a lead shield canister with 2.5; 4.5 and 8.5 cm distance from the HPGe detector. The result from the calibration of liquid standard sources of mix 133Ba, 137Cs and 60Co showed the required polynomial equations needed to calculate the 99Mo breakthrough of 99mTc eluted product from the 99Mo/99mTc generator.

The calculation of an individual total number of decays or time-integrated activities (TIAs) of a radiopharmaceutical for kidneys is desirable for dosimetry in molecular radiotherapy. The accuracy of the TIAs calculation relies heavily on the chosen fit model. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the best mathematical model of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) using the nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) and model selection method. Pharmacokinetics data of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE in the kidneys of ten PRRT patients were obtained from the literature (PMID: 33443063). Eleven sums of exponential (SOE) functions were fitted to the pharmacokinetics data in the NLME framework. The model selection was performed based on the goodness of fit test and the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc). The goodness of fit was evaluated based on the fitted graphs visualization, coefficient of variations (CV<50%), and the off-diagonal elements of the correlation matrix (-0,8≤CM≤0,8). In general, all SOE functions were successfully fitted to the pharmacokinetic data of ¹⁷⁷Lu-DOTATATE in kidneys. The function ${f}_{4e}(t)={A}_{1}/\{(\frac{\alpha }{{\lambda }_{1}+{\lambda }_{phys}})-(\frac{1-\alpha }{{\lambda }_{2}+{\lambda }_{phys}})-(\frac{2\alpha -1}{{\lambda }_{bc}+{\lambda }_{phys}})\}.{e}^{-{({\lambda }_{phys})}^{t}}.\{\alpha {e}^{-{\lambda }_{1}t}-{(1-\alpha )}^{{e}^{-{\lambda }_{2}t}}-(2\alpha -1){e}^{-{\lambda }_{bc}t}\}$ was selected as the best mathematical model with an AICc weight of 77.58 %.

Solar flares are explosive events resulting from the release of stored magnetic energy in active regions. In this study, the Spaceweather Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager Active Region Patch (SHARP) data is utilized to extract nonpotential magnetic parameters of the NOAA 12887 active region, which produced an X1.0 class flare in October 2021. The analysis revealed that the electric current became non-neutral and unstable before the X-class flare due to an increase in the shear angle, exceeding 90 degrees through a collision of positive and negative polarities. We also assessed the magnetic nonpotentiality parameters, including free energy, vertical current, current helicity, and current neutrality. At the beginning, the parameters exhibited elevated values, reflecting the complex nature of the active region. Subsequently, it became even more complex following the collision event. Flare Ribbons and filaments were also observed by the AIA/SDO 1600 Å and 304Å images on this phase. However, the overall complexity decreased over time, with temporary increases after the collision event and subsequent flares. The development of new complex areas outside the collision zone had a lesser impact on the parameter values. The current neutrality value increased after the collision, implying an increasingly unstable region, but sharply decreased after the X-class flare, indicating a return to a more stable state for the active region.

The study location is in the southernmost region of Simeulue Island near the Indo-Australian subduction margin. The deformation and geodynamic evolution around the island have been studied through some geophysical and geological studies. However, information regarding crustal seismic anisotropy around this region is less investigated, which may be very useful in delineating the deformation process in this area. In this work, we conducted an initial crustal anisotropy study using shear wave splitting analysis for two seismic stations from two datasets. One seismic station is from temporary deployment data recording data between December 2005 and March 2006, and the other one is from IA permanent network data. The objective of using these two different datasets is to assess the splitting analysis's consistency and constrain the dominant cause of crustal anisotropy around the study area. The anisotropy orientations at all seismic stations are parallel to the regional stress direction. This situation may imply that anisotropy around the study area is mainly due to stress-induced anisotropy. Furthermore, the delay time distribution with depth suggests that the anisotropic source is concentrated around 15-20 km depth of the crust. This indicates a strong influence from the interaction between the lower crust and the upper part of the subducting slab.

Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone is one of the most active tectonic areas in the world. Understanding seismic risk in this region is important for hazard mitigation. One of the crustal physical properties is attenuation. Attenuation structure may affect the seismic propagation through the medium. It expresses the seismic wave amplitude decay when wave propagates through a medium. In this preliminary result, we report the seismic attenuation characteristics in Northern Aceh, Indonesia. We estimate coda waves attenuation from a single station from GE network. using a single back-scattering model. We analyze about 123 waveforms from local earthquakes (less than 3°) with magnitudes between 3 and 6 using a single back-scattering model. The depth of the events is selected to be shallower than 40 km depth. We estimate coda quality factor (Q_c) for each event at frequencies 1 – 8 Hz. The coda window is estimated from two times of S-wave arrival time with different window length ranging from 20 to 80 s. Reference coda quality factor (Q₀) is selected at frequency of 1 Hz. We obtain that Q₀ varies from 74.34 ± 10.04 to 160.2 ± 5.96 at 20 s and 80 s window lengths, respectively. The frequency dependence factor (η) decreases from 1.12 ± 0.06 to 1.05 ± 0.03 at 20 s and 80 s window length, respectively. An increase of Q₀ with window length may suggest the depth dependent of seismic wave attenuation at reference frequency of 1 Hz. Low Q₀ and high η are also consistent with this region's high tectonic activity.

The vertical seismic deformation of the Palu earthquake magnitude of 7.4 on the Richter Scale, which occurred on September 28, 2018, has been analyzed using InaCORS (Indonesian Continuously Operating Reference Stations) stations. The stations used are CBAL, PALP, CTOL, CMLI, CPAL, and CBIT. The analysis was conducted using GAMIT, GLBOK, and GMT software. The analysis focused on the period of 100 days, starting from August 6, 2018 (DoY 218) to November 28, 2018 (DoY 318), encompassing the preseismic, coseismic, and post-seismic phases. During the preseismic phase (DoY 218-270), the InaCORS stations experienced a slight deformation ranging from -10.9353 mm to 6.5525 mm. Tectonic manifestations influenced the direction of movement in Sulawesi. The deformation significantly increased in the coseismic phase (DoY 271-272). The InaCORS stations experienced deformations ranging from -169.8 mm to 8.755 mm, which differed in the direction from the preseismic phase. The stations in the northern region predominantly moved towards the north, while those in the southern region moved towards the south. During the post-seismic phase (DoY 273-318), the movement of the InaCORS stations followed the direction of deformation observed in the coseismic phase. However, the displacement was relatively smaller, ranging from 11.5909 mm to 17.23733 mm.

Lombok Island is situated in east Indonesia. Its heterogeneity is very complex. It is one of the seismically and volcanically active regions in Indonesia. Several earthquakes occurred on Lombok Island in July-August 2018. Lombok Island is also known as the place of an active volcano (Mt. Rinjani) and geothermal resources in Indonesia. We applied the morphological and elemental composition analyses to know in more detail the rock heterogeneity in Lombok Island by using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), field emission-scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDS), and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD). In this study, we chose the Sebau hot springs as the study area and collected the rock sample in the study area in August 2022. The FESEM-EDS result shows that the crystalline structures of the rock sample have a compact, unconsolidated, and fine structure with some layers. The significant elements of the rock samples by applying XRF analysis are Si (36.91%) and Fe (30.787%). It is also supported by the XRD analysis that revealed the dominant compounds in the rock samples are pyrite (FeS₂) and cristobalite (SiO₂). Therefore, there is an indication of the study area is the surface manifestation of the past Mount Rinjani volcanic activity.

Rejang Lebong is a regency in the province of Bengkulu, located in the Bukit Barisan mountainous region. The area is dominated by fault earthquakes due to its proximity to the Musi and Ketaun faults. This article presents the results of a study on earthquake hazard analysis through microtremor measurement using the HVSR method to determine the value of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). Measurements were taken at 10 points for 60 minutes with a 2 km interval. The HVSR method was used to obtain the dominant period value. The determination of PGA value was based on historical fault earthquakes in RejangLebong in 1943 with a magnitude of Mw 7.4. The largest PGA value obtained was 627.34 gal, which was in the western part of the study area. This is significantly correlated with the earthquake hazard in 1943, which caused the highest damage in the Tes village located in the western part of the study area. This research is useful for pre-disaster earthquake mitigation plans through risk management to reduce the impact of earthquake hazards.

Sungai Nipah Village is one of the coastal areas of Mempawah Regency, where most people utilize dug wells to meet their clean water needs. The problem faced by the community is that the clean water from the drilled well still has a brackish to salty taste. This study aims to observe seawater intrusion that is estimated to cause the problem based on the distribution of resistivity and chargeability values in the subsurface. The methods used are electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and induced polarization (IP). The field measurements used a Wenner-Schlumberger configuration with three lines that have a length of 200 m each. The resulting research showed that the study area in Sungai Nipah village is prone to seawater intrusion. The seawater intruding the shallow unconfined aquifer is indicated by resistivity and chargeability values of less than 1 Ωm and 5 ms – 25 ms, respectively. The aquifer layer is composed of sand and clay at a depth of about 13 to 17 m. The seawater intrusion extended from the southern part of the study area to the north and covered about half of the study area.

While threats from the subduction zone off the Java south coast remain persistent, potential sources of a tectonic earthquake centered in the Java northern areas come into play. Despite their enigmatic presence and a clear shift of the sources from the mainland to the north from hypocentre relocation studies, this poses a danger to the community in the Java northern coastlines, increasing vulnerability to earthquake and tsunami hazards. The main aim of this study is thus to evaluate seismic hazards and corresponding analysis, hence assessing vulnerability with respect to the presence of active faults in the northern regions. The methods used here included a-value and b-value calculations inferred from seismogenic zonation made available for the study area and source mechanism determination derived from seismic inversion for two recent events recorded at the Java Sea. The results revealed that the a-value reached 8.55 in Zone 1, reflecting a high seismicity rate over the northern areas of West Java and Banten provinces, and the b-value was about 0.8 in Central Java and East Java, implying a relatively high-stress tectonic regime. The moment tensor solutions yielded sizes M_w 6.7 at a depth of 539 km and M_w 7.0 at a depth of 594 km with a major double-couple component for the normal faulting types of mechanism, consistent with reference. The results suggest the significance of awareness of seismic threats possible to occur in the Java northern regions; hence more investigations into detailed seismicity in the regions of interest for future research direction.

The West Coast of Sumatra has a significantly higher annual rainfall than its surrounding areas, making this region crucial in controlling precipitation in Sumatra. The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) heavily influences the West Coast of Sumatra. MJO is an intraseasonal activity that occurs in tropical regions and can be recognized by the eastward movement of convective activity from the Indian Ocean towards the Pacific Ocean for 30-60 days. Using Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite data from 2014 to 2020, this study investigates the influence of MJO on rainfall on the West Coast of Sumatra. The data used in this study is the attenuation-corrected reflectivity (dBZ) of Ku PR (Z-Ku) and Ka PR (Z-Ka) from GPM DPR Level 2 data. For convective rainfall, the Z-Ku and Z-Ka reflectivity values are higher during the inactive MJO phase than the active MJO phase, consistent with previous research in Sumatra. Thus, during the inactive MJO phase, strong convection occurs, leading to updrafts and increased formation of larger raindrops through coalescence processes. During the active MJO phase, there is a significant decrease in raindrop size, indicating dominant break-up processes.

In this paper, we address a gap in the conventional interpretations of quantum mechanics, specifically the requirement for a more comprehensive description of particle and light phenomena. We introduce an alternative interpretation underpinned by the traditional mathematical framework of quantum mechanics, thus ensuring compatibility with established principles. Central to our proposition is the concept that particles and light fundamentally manifest as a ubiquitous wave field, each point of which is imbued with unique energy characteristics. This perspective provides a consistent resolution to the long-standing quantum measurement problem and offers a fresh lens through which to understand the intricacies of phenomena such as the double-slit experiment. Our proposed interpretational approach represents a crucial first step towards more comprehensive research, aiming to provide analytical proof and design experiments that verify this wave field interpretation.

The aim of this study is to derive the fourth-order KN potential matrix-element. The matrix element is derived in 3D basis. Previous study about the-second order KN interaction shows that the result need to be improved, so we continue the study to the fourth-order. Potential matrix-element is derived from KN Interaction potential which is developed by Büttgen (Nucl. Phys. A506) dan Müller (Nucl. Phys. A513). The meson being exchanged in the fourth-order KN interaction is pion with intermediate state are NK* and ΔK*. Potential matrix-element is formulated from potential on 3D basis. We apply 3D technique in this study as a good alternative to Partial wave technique. That technique does not expand the free state in partial wave so it is useful in high energy scattering. Potential matrix-element derived from this study can be used to calculate differential cross section which can be used to calculate the contribution of pion exchange in KN scattering.

A design of low-cost electron accelerator is currently being initiated by utilizing a magnetron that is widely commercially used. One such activity is designing an RF cavity test module consisting of a magnetron as an RF source, a waveguide to transfer the RF waves, a cavity where the RF waves resonate and a coupling as a connecting bridge between the cavity and the waveguide. Starting with selecting a magnetron, it was decided to use the commercial magnetron which has an operating frequency of 2.45 GHz. The next stage is to design the cavity. By using CST Studio software, a series of executions using parameter sweep was carried out to obtain the optimal cavity dimension. This leads to a cavity that is 4.74 cm in radius and 3.96 cm in width. These dimensions generate an eigenfrequency of 2.450 GHz and a maximum electric field of 225.7 MV/m by normalizing the stored energy to 1 Joule. To transfer RF waves, a W340 type waveguide is selected. Concerning the coupling, simulation by CST Studio gives iris dimensions of 3.31×0.90 cm² as the best design. These dimensions give a coupling efficiency of 5.51 and a maximum electric field of 216.4 MV/m.

This work presents the design of a side-coupled standing wave accelerator structure operating in S-band resonant frequency. It consists of cavity cells, side coupling cells, a power coupling cavity cell, a waveguide structure, and a magnetron operating in an S-band frequency regime. It was designed to use a more commercially available magnetron (a frequency range of 2445 to 2465 MHz). Electromagnetic analysis was performed using CST Microwave Studio's electromagnetic field eigenmode, time domain, and PIC solvers. A cavity cell design was obtained with Q₀ of 20288 and a shunt impedance of 96.247 MΩ. The multi-cavity structure is side coupled and operates in ${^\pi }/{_2}$ mode at 2453.835 MHz with a quality factor of 13376. A power coupler with a width of 1.3 cm and length of 2.9 cm transfers the RF power through a WR340 waveguide into the cavity with minimal loss. The total structure length was 52.17 cm. We achieved a peak accelerating gradient of about 22.1 MV/m at 1 Joule of stored energy and calculated a beam peak energy of 4.535 MeV.

Phase change materials are substances that utilize their ability to change phases for latent heat storage. PCM for energy storage must meet the parameters of thermophysical properties. One commonly used material is calcium chloride hexahydrate, which can be applied to reduce electricity consumption associated with air conditioning regulation. Meanwhile, eggshell waste containing calcium has not been maximally utilized. In this study, calcium derived from eggshells was processed into calcium chloride hexahydrate, which could potentially be an alternative to PCM. The preliminary results to get the thermal analysis in the form of the T-History method were done using the heating and cooling process of PCM with reference liquid. Based on the experimental results, it was challenging to determine the phase change occurrence in the eggshell derived PCM due to its unique texture. Consequently, the T-history test could not provide conclusive findings. Although a thin liquid layer was observed at the top of the PCM, it remained uncertain whether it indicated the melting process. Therefore, this material needs to be explored for improved processing methods to establish its potential as a sustainable PCM candidate.

Direct injection technology in 2-stroke motorcycle engines can be a hope for overcoming exhaust emissions and optimizing ignition 2-stroke engine performance because direct injection engines use high-pressure pumps based on injection time and duration. On the TPS (throttle position sensor) to produce the optimal fuel mixture. This research will focus on Remapping the Arduino Uno-Based Electronic Control Unit (ECU) Module to Analyze Optimal Engine Rotation Speed in Spark Ignition 2-Stroke Direct Injection Machines. Experimental method using a Spark Ignition 2-Stroke Direct Injection engine with a capacity of 110cc. Variation of injection time angle 5°, 10°, and 15° Before BDC, 0° BDC, and 5°, 10°, and 15° after BDC, variations in injection duration based on TPS opening 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, as well as the fuel injected duration of 3ms, 3.25ms, 3.5ms, 3.75ms and, 4.25ms. Arduino module as a control system for timing and duration of fuel injection. Then tested alternately to get the optimal engine speed using a tachometer. Optimal results are obtained on the injection time curve 15 before BDC produces optimal engine speed with a value of 5480 rpm with a duration of 3.75 ms based on TPS openings of 61-80%.

The emergence of hot springs along the volcanic shelf in Indonesia is a feature of geothermal manifestations. The geothermal system is affected by heat sources, reservoir rocks, cap rocks, and meteoric water that fills and escapes as hot springs through fractures. The Rawadanau geothermal field in Serang Banten is low enthalpy prospects. Geothermal maintenance is defined by the chemical composition of the hot springs, one of which can be determined by the ion exchange rate, namely the chloro-alkaline index (CAI) method. There are 16 hot spring samples, with temperatures (31.2 - 54.6 °C), pH (6.2 – 7.3), and EC (1190 – 4460 μS/cm), respectively. The water types encountered are Na-Cl in the southern and Mg-Ca-HCO₃, and Na-Mg-Ca-HCO₃-Cl in the northern and western, respectively. Generally, samples taken in the rainy show negative CAI and positive CAI in the dry, while Cl-type is positive in two seasons. Based on water type and CAI show that the Na-Cl type tends to be positive in the two seasons. While the Ca-Mg-HCO₃ type is positive in the dry and negative in the rainy, and the Mixed-type shows a negative CAI. The results of this study provide information for the maintenance of geothermal fields as they are developed.

The investigation focused on analyzing the energy usage patterns of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics in Pardubice. The recorded energy consumption data were examined and discussed. The average heating energy consumption in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics building in 2020, 2021, and 2022 is 686.45 MWh or 57% of the total energy equivalent value. Meanwhile, the average electricity consumption in the building during the same period is 518.97 MWh or 43% of the total energy equivalent value. The average fluctuation in heating energy consumption used in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics building tends to increase by 2.9% per year, while the average fluctuation in electricity consumption tends to increase by 3.3% per year. According to the findings, the average comprehensive energy consumption per unit area in the building was 146,03kWh/m². It was the sum of the energy use intensity for heating and the energy use intensity for electricity. The average energy use intensity value for heating in the building was 83.16 kWh/m², while the average energy use intensity value for electricity was 62.78 kWh/m².

Recently, increasing energy consumption and CO₂ emissions buildings and construction together are accounted globally for 36% and 37%, respectively. This situation implies that buildings consume over one-third of energy demand and emitter CO₂ globally. Hence, energy-efficient practices were applied in green building certification to reduce energy consumption and CO₂ emission. Each green building certification follows the energy baseline created to take a step further for better future equipped energy end-use. This research objective explains the comparison of different energy baselines referring to GBCI (Green Building Council Indonesia) and ASHRAE standards. Eight buildings using different energy baselines were observed in this research. By integrating energy-efficient practices in green building certification, three energy savings methods were used to calculate different energy baselines, specifically EnergyPlus simulation, worksheet calculation, and EDGE simulation. Through the energy savings method, thus outcome energy savings estimate was obtained. The energy savings estimate in the boxplot graph showed GBCI baseline results in huge savings compared to ASHRAE baseline.

Vehicles parked under the direct sun cause an increase in the cabin temperature drastically. The extreme increase in vehicles cabin temperature will increase air conditioning (AC) energy and fuel consumption, can damage interior equipment, and increases the health risk to passengers in the car. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the thermoelectric as a cooling system for a parked car integrated with solar energy. The solar panel on the car roof generates electricity as a cooling system energy source. The cooling system consists of 4 thermoelectric coolers equipped with heatsinks and axial fans on the hot and cold side of thermoelectric. The test was conducted on passenger cars during the day for 4 hours of parking. The result shows that the cabin car temperature decrease by 6,1°C or 13% compared to without cooling, which will increase passenger comfort and reduce energy consumption.

In 2021, the IPCC reported that the rate of global warming has reached 1.1°C. The BMKG also states that many regions in Indonesia are experiencing warming. Two indicators of global warming are surface air temperature (SAT) and albedo. Changes in these two variables contribute to an urban heat island (UHI). Recent research reveals an increase in the UHI index in Pondok Betung area. Variations in SAT and albedo values can be obtained through the Automatic Solar Radiation System, and Automatic Weather Station provided at the Pondok Betung BMKG Station. The data obtained are SAT and two types of albedos, namely the albedo of direct radiation and the albedo of diffuse radiation on a grass surface. The results obtained show a small increase in SAT and a small decrease in the two albedos. Such a result is to be expected in January 2021-June 2022. The lowest SAT was 26.16°C in January 2021, and the highest was 27.92°C in March 2021. The lowest direct albedo was 0.158 in July 2021, and the highest was 0.178 in October 2021. The lowest diffuse albedo was 0.173 in June 2021, and the highest was 0.183 in October 2021.

Distribution transformers are electric power equipment that plays a role in distributing electricity to consumers from medium voltage to low voltage through transmission lines. Factors affecting the life of the transformer are overloading and ambient temperature are the main factors affecting the life of the transformer. This study aims to analyze the increase in transformer load, the age losses that occur in the transformer, and the age of the transformer. The time series method is used to calculate the load forecast that occurs each year, and the Montsinger Method is used to obtain the relative speed values of the transformer. In this study, the data used were ten types of transformers at ULP Panakukang. The results are in the form of a yearly increase with different increases. Calculation of the remaining service life of the transformer obtained from each substation is 13 years for GT PHB016, six years for GT PHB021, two years for GT PHB031, 14 years for GT PHB 095, 18 years for GT PKS073, seven years for GT PKS075, six years for GT PTP024, nine years for GT PTP034, 16 years for GT PRC024 and six years for GT PBG002.

In the last 100 years, river water pollution has continued to increase along with industrial, agricultural, and human population developments. Various attempts are being carried out continuously to characterize river water quality. The status of water quality needs to be determined as an effort to monitor water systems for clean water need and the biota life need. The purpose of this study was to examine the water quality status of the Bekasi River based on Physics parameters (Temperature, Turbidity, TDS, Salinity, and Electrical Conductivity) and Chemistry parameters (pH, COD, content of Iron, Nitrite, Zinc, Chromium, and Copper), as an effort to river water pollution monitoring. Parameter measurements were carried out from August to September 2022 at six observation locations along the Bekasi River. The procedure for collecting samples refers to SNI 03-7016-2004. The data obtained were then compared with water quality standards based on applicable government regulations and analyzed using the STORET method. The index calculation results show that the six locations are lightly polluted, with a negative score of -8. Based on these results, the waters of the Bekasi River in the October-September period belong to class B with the "Good" category.

Lenard conducted a study on the photoelectron-emitted energy that varies with the intensity of the light. Lenard observed that the maximal energy of the emitted electron was independent of the light color but noted that shorter wavelength light with higher frequency resulted in increased energy of the ejected electron. Lenard received the Nobel Prize in 1905 in recognition of his contributions to the field of cathode rays. Lenard's research on cathode rays is a historical plot that is rarely presented on the photoelectric effect material in schools. Because of these conditions, students are less interested in studying concepts and phenomena in physics. The essential criterion for captivating visual learning media is the effective and enjoyable delivery of information. One of the strategies to enhance educational outcomes is the provision of captivating alternative learning resources, such as comics. This is because comics possess the unique ability to amalgamate information, creativity, and enjoyment, so fostering an engaging learning experience. This study resulted in comics about Philip Lenard and his research on cathode rays presented as simple cartoon images. The results of user's perceptions show that the comics produced are worthy of being an alternative learning media in schools.

This research is motivated by the frequent emergence of news regarding the issue of tidal floods that occur due to a lunar eclipse, which is related to Newton's law of gravity. On the other hand, it is known from the 2018 PISA results that, in general, students' scientific literacy in Indonesia is low. One of the efforts to increase students' scientific literacy is to provide teaching materials in the context of socio-scientific issues (SSI). This study aimed to determine the results of the reconstruction, assessment, and students' responses to teaching materials with the SSI context on Newton's Gravity-Tidal Flood content. This research was conducted by Research and Development (R&D) method, by design is ADDIE. This research has succeeded in reconstructing digital teaching materials with the SSI context on Newtonian gravity-tidal floods, which consists of four sub-chapters. Teaching materials are evaluated in 2 ways: validity based on general criteria and validity based on Badan Nasional Standarisasi Pendidikan (BNSP) criteria. The assessment score is 89.50%, showing that the material teaching materials are feasible and meet the requirements for the physics learning process. Student response score of 87.79% indicates that the teaching materials with the SSI context on Newton's gravity-tidal flood material have been understood and meet student learning expectations. The book "Newton's Gravity & Tidal Flood Based on Socioscitific Issue" can be accessed at https://online.fliphtml5.com/mcvyo/tvnu/#p=1.

This study aims to analyze the difficulties of teachers and prospective physics teachers in applying problem-based learning models to advance students' 4C skills. The research method is a qualitative descriptive method. The research subjects were 11 physics teachers and ten physics teacher candidates. Qualitative data were collected using questionnaires and lesson plans and analyzed descriptively. The study results show that teachers and prospective teachers experience difficulties implementing PBL in learning. The teacher's difficulty designing PBL-based learning was 72.73%, executing 63.64%, and assessing 18.18%. Meanwhile, the difficulty for prospective teachers in designing PBL-based learning is 80%, implementing is 70%, and assessing is 40%. The most serious difficulty for teachers and prospective teachers in designing PBL is designing unstructured problems that are the focus of PBL. Difficulties in implementing PBL include facilitating, guiding, and providing scaffolding in the form of cognitive questions, supporting student initiatives, and creating group social interaction during the learning process. Difficulties in assessing learning include difficulties in making judgments to measure 4C skills. For this reason, physics teachers and prospective teachers still need training in implementing PBL in physics learning to improve 4C skills.

In order to enhance students' critical thinking skills, this study is creating a digital book about tectonic earthquakes that can improve students' critical thinking skills. The benefit of this book is that it can improve students' critical thinking skills, which was proven to physics study program students at the University of San Pedro Kupang, NTT, Indonesia. The development model, ADDIE, which stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation, is used in this research method, known as research and development (RnD). The network can access knowledge enrichment books created with the Page-Flip Pro 3D application and accompanied by videos, pictures, content of materials, presentation, language, and graphics. A sample of 49 current participants in the physics study program was selected using a simple random sampling technique. Experts in media, material, and learning conducted the validation. The validation results of media experts were 82,5 (very good), material experts were 76 (very good), and learning experts were 81 (very good). Then this digital book was tested on physics students' critical thinking skills. N-Gain critical thinking test produced a score of 91.34% (effective). So, the development of a tectonic earthquake knowledge enrichment digital book can improve students' critical thinking skills.

This study aims to reveal the condition of high school students' conceptual knowledge of transverse and stationary wave topics in Malang. The significance of waves in human civilization necessitates students' excellent comprehension of waves. However, deepening the condition of students' understanding of this topic is still rarely done in Malang. Through cluster random sampling, 103 students who studied transversal and stationary wave topics took a part in this study. Using a three-tier test instrument that has been proven to be valid and reliable by previous researchers, the understanding of students regarding waves was examined. Students' understanding of the transverse and stationary wave topics is mapped deeply using Rasch Wright Map and graph-percentage analysis. According to the study's findings, only about 0–14.56% of students have an understanding of each concept on this topic. Furthermore, more than 30% of students had a misconception about two of the ten wave concepts examined. Additionally, on nine of the ten wave topics examined, more than 30% of students reported no understanding. The most difficult concepts to be understood for students are wave propagation and superposition. Finally, high school students in Malang stated still have less understanding of transverse and stationary waves.

Elasticity is one of the materials that students learn through laboratory experiments. In general, real and virtual laboratory conditions are still limited to spring elasticity experiments where the elasticity properties can be observed directly to determine the material's elastic modulus. While on other objects and materials, elasticity experiments are still problematic to do because of the limitations of measuring instruments and microscopic observation scales. This study aims to produce a virtual laboratory of the Elasticity of various materials using wire for physics learning in universities. This study chose the Development Research (DDR) design with the ADDIE model for its development. The feasibility of the virtual laboratory is seen based on the results of the expert validation test. This research produced a Virtual Laboratory on Elasticity using aluminum, steel, iron, brass, nickel, copper, and tin wire. This virtual laboratory has four variables that can be varied, namely the type of wire material, the mass of the object, the diameter of the wire, and the initial length of the wire. The validation results with expert input show that the Elasticity virtual laboratory is valid and can be used for learning physics in universities.

We applied smartphone technology to deliver key concepts in light and sound in the Physics Laboratory course. We used the Physics Toolbox Sensor Suite app to demonstrate the spatial and material dependence of the sound intensity level and illuminance. Self-contained modules, which consist of instruction, handouts, and analysis, are provided on the University's Learning Management System platform to allow students to perform self-directed study on the concept through self-exploration and collaborative experimental activity. This work provides an example of an alternative but potentially powerful learning ecosystem for the future.

Vocational High School (VHS) is a secondary school that offers skill-based education with the main aim of providing students with knowledge and skills that are suitable to apply in the workplace after graduation. Digitalization in the industrial revolution 4.0 era requires VHS graduates to think analytically, adaptive, creatively, and innovative at a higher level. Therefore, a more weighty test instrument is needed to determine students' thinking skills by measuring higher-order thinking skills or HOTS. This study aims to confirm the extent to which the indicators in the instrument items can measure the achievement of material or learning competence in engineering mechanics and the implications of measurement models for HOTS questions on engineering mechanics. Engineering mechanics is a concept of physics that discusses structures and their working loads. This study used is Research and Development (R&D) method with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) data analysis techniques. The number of samples used in the study was 200 VHS students with property construction technology expertise. The analysis process is carried out with the help of JASP software. The results obtained in this study are 11 measurement models obtained using JASP, namely the fit measurement model.

Collision events are often encountered in daily life, such as free-falling balls. The falling ball will cause momentum, which is influenced by the speed and mass of the object. When an object falls, its speed before and after colliding with the reflecting plane will determine the coefficient of restitution (e). In this study, an apparatus for physics experiment was made using a 110 mm diameter by 125 cm height PVC cylinder pipe with two photodiode sensors attached to detect light reflection on the falling object. A vibration sensor was installed on the base to detect the bouncing ball and authenticate the time measurement. Sensor readings and measurements occur once an automated actuator triggers the sensor. The experimental results showed that the ball falling on the aluminum reflecting plane experienced the longest oscillation with a time of 4.19 Seconds, followed by ceramic at 3.59 seconds and wood at 3.29 seconds. The contact time experienced by the ball is 0.8487 seconds on aluminum, 0.8093 seconds on ceramic and 0.7830 on wood. This experimental apparatus can help students understand physics material.

Mobile learning (m-learning) has emerged as a promising educational approach that utilizes mobile devices to enhance learning experiences. In the field of STEM education, the integration of m-learning with PjBL as means to foster student engagement and facilitate deep learning. This Systematic Literature Review (SLR) aims to examine the existing research on integrating m-learning in STEM-PjBL specifically focused on physics learning. The research method used is an SLR collected 214 articles and then selected 50 articles based on themes about m-learning integration, STEM-PjBL, and physics learning from scientific international literature indexed by Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate, Elsevier, ERIC, Springer, Taylor & Francis Group. The synthesis of existing studies informs about 1) the effectiveness of integration m-learning in STEM for kinematics, magnetism, and other physics topics; 2) the benefits obtained are knowing the media for learning, increasing students' motivation, HOTS, problem-solving skills, and science process skills; and 3) the challenges of technological development in education are very fast and associated with this instructional approach. With 18 articles or 36% of the entire article, devoted to the quantitative method, those three primary topics are the device/m-learning, PjBL, and learning models. Based on the findings of this literature review, m-learning materials for physics instruction, m-learning that is integrated with different learning models, and STEM-PjBL implementation for improving students' 21st-century skills.

This study aims to analyze an instrument that measures the creative thinking abilities of high school students regarding renewable energy. The research model used is the ADDIE model, which consists of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. CreaTSIT was tested on 27 high school students in Bandung using a targeted sampling technique. Analysis of the Rasch model shows that the overall component of creative thinking skill is reliable and valid in the "very good" category, with a Cronbach alpha score of 0.83. A personal credibility score of 0.82 is in the "good" category. An item reliability score of 0.81 is included in the "good" category. Students' creative thinking skills must be enhanced through models, methods, and media supporting them. CreaTSIT can be used to assess students' creative thinking skills. We hope this research can contribute to the Indonesian educational community, especially physics teachers and educational researchers.

Critical thinking ability is one of the higher-order thinking skills. Assessing critical thinking ability requires a valid and reliable instrument. The assessment instrument for critical thinking ability is a measurement tool used to test critical thinking skills based on predefined indicators. This research aims to examine the development of research on critical thinking ability instruments, including methods of development, instrument forms, indicators, analysis, and instrument validity. The research utilizes the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. Data is 72 articles collected by documenting and reviewing articles in journals related to the development of instruments for assessing critical thinking ability using the Publish or Perish with the Google Scholar and Scopus databases from 2017 to 2023. The results of the study show that the assessment instrument for critical thinking ability can be developed through the R&D development model. The forms of the instruments used to measure critical thinking ability include Two-Tier Tests, Four-Tier Tests, Open-Ended, and Multiple Choice. The indicators developed in these critical thinking assessment instruments refer to the theories proposed by Ennis and Facione. Additionally, the feasibility of the critical thinking assessment instruments is evaluated through validity and reliability testing. The more research is conducted in this field, the more the understanding of the best ways to measure and develop critical thinking skills in physics lessons grows, which can also enhance the quality of physics learning.

The purpose of this research is to identify the challenges in implementing project-based learning (PBL) in physics among physics teachers in Johor, Malaysia. The qualitative research methods were employed using the case study design. The data were analysed using ATLAS.ti application and were carried out for five teachers. The key result indicates the five main challenges of implementing PBL that the teachers faced, which are management commitment, sources, students' readiness, students' time, and teachers' time. Based on the analysis of data with ATLAS.ti, how the challenges are connected to one another based on the quotes that each teacher wrote represent. PBL has numerous benefits for both teachers and students, but it also provide challenges that they had to deal with. The challenges identified will help other physics teachers if they are to implement PBL in their lessons, especially in making PBL successful. For further recommendation, other aspects of project-based learning, especially the concepts of PBL among physics teachers, may be studied. Method

The primary objective of this study is to create an innovative Android app that serves as an interactive educational tool, utilizing transformative learning principles, to facilitate the understanding of circular motion. The Research and Development (R&D) method is employed in this study using the ADDIE development model. The research instrument used is a Likert scale questionnaire. The Android application has undergone validation with a percentage of 89% by subject matter experts, 82% by media experts, and 80% by learning experts. Additionally, the Android application incorporates the stages of transformative learning, namely the first stage of "becoming aware of initial understanding," the second stage of "questioning existing understanding," the third stage of "constructing new knowledge," and the fourth stage of "applying new understanding in everyday life." The application has been tested with 30 tenth-grade science students and physics teachers in a secondary school in Jakarta, with a satisfaction percentage of 81.67% according to students and 76% according to teachers. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that the Android application, as a transformative learning-based learning medium for the circular motion topic, is suitable for physics education.

This paper presents an analysis of the use of the Learning Management System (LMS) as a learning media for students of the Department of Physics Education at Universitas Syiah Kuala. It aims to determine student and lecturer perceptions, assess the advantages and challenges of LMS, and study its correlation with learning outcomes. Data was collected through a survey distributed to 13 lecturers and 35 students. The survey questionnaire included 7 statements on LMS use by lecturers and 5 questions on student access frequency during learning. Data were analyzed with quantitative descriptive and descriptive statistics with correlation analysis to determine the correlation of LMS to student learning outcomes. The results showed that most students and lecturers had positive perceptions of LMS and often used it for physics courses. This study also found a significant positive relationship between the frequency of LMS use and student learning outcomes. LMS is highly beneficial, enabling flexible learning. However, some lecturers' technical skill gaps hinder LMS-based lectures in some courses. Encourage instructors and administrators to support LMS use. This study contributes to the literature on LMS in higher education, especially for physics education.

Basic Concepts of Science is a course for first-semester students of the elementary school teacher program in which there are concepts of biology, physics, and chemistry concepts. Learning strategies aim to achieve goals by integrating creative problem solving in the basic concepts of science. This study aims to understand blended learning in the Basic Science Concepts course. Through meaningful learning with creative problem solving, it is hoped that students and lecturers will become more interactive in applying the blended learning model. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. This context study explains the characteristics of blended learning and creative problem-solving models. After conducting interviews and distributing questionnaires, it means that there is interaction in the mixed learning model with creative problem solving techniques to improve learning outcomes of basic science concepts, selecting types of online interactions, and optimizing teaching styles. From the results of the first questionnaire, 92% said they responded positively to the blended learning model. It was concluded that students were enthusiastic and motivated in blended learning in basic science concepts courses to solve creative problems in face-to-face and virtual classes.

Technology is very influential on education, where technology cannot be separated from life; technological progress will go according to the development of education. Therefore, this study aims to produce e-learning based on PjBL products assisted by integrated Microsoft Sway STEM with the hope that these products can be helpful for the wider community, can broaden teachers' insights about various forms of appropriate learning media as alternative learning materials in the learning process glasses in class, and can be used for students to study physics independently at home. The research method used is research and development (R&D) with ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) as a development model with several stages, namely analyzing the needs of Sway e-learning learning media, product design, design validation, design revision, product trials, product revisions, final products. The results of this study are based on an average proportion of the material validation test of 96.25%, the media validation test of 73.62%, the learning validation test of 80%, and product assessment by the teacher's perspective of 89.23%, and product assessment by students by 88.4%. With an overall average of 85.5%, based on product validation and trials, a proportion of 85.5%, Sway's e-learning learning media is in the very feasible category, and it was also found that the n-gain score of 0. 58 was in the medium category. From the results of the n-gain value, it is concluded that e-learning based on PjBLintegratded to STEM products using Microsoft sway on parabolic motion material can improve students' critical thinking.

Since the covid pandemic, learning has continued to innovate, especially in the technological era. This innovation is urgently needed to improve the quality of education, including in learning Physics. Teachers are required to be able to integrate ICT to produce electronic teaching media. One of the media that high school physics teachers can develop is an e-module based on contextual learning for high school optical devices. In this study, the e-module used was validated, so the researchers immediately collected data on the effect of using the module on students' conceptual knowledge of optical devices. In this study, researchers used qualitative methods. The instrument used was a survey using Google Forms, while the t-test was used to test the hypothesis. The study results provide information that e-modules based on contextual learning on optical devices Topic at the high school level was improved in the moderate category. The results of testing the hypothesis t-test where the value of t_count > t_table then Ha is accepted, that is there is a significant influence between the use of contextual-based optical devices e-modules on conceptual knowledge of optical devices in class XI high school students. This means that the e-module has been successfully developed and can be used to increase students' conceptual knowledge. Although it does not rule out other variables that can still affect students' conceptual knowledge.

The design of this light refractive index practicum tool aims to design and make developments from existing tools. This research uses the Borg and Gall method, which is limited to the initial development stage. In the first stage, researchers made field observations about this practicum tool and conducted literature studies to find references for tool design, namely determining materials. The second stage determines the components of the tool and makes a design in the form of a 3-dimensional image to determine the scale of the tool size. Furthermore, the third stage is the development of researchers realizing the design in the form of tool drawings into prototypes for laboratory scale trials and revising if there is still unstable data. After the data generated is stable, the tool is made according to the design with a size that matches the practicum tool until it is ready for a limited trial. The limitation of this research is because it is still in the laboratory scale trial stage to see the stability and accuracy of the data results on the tool.

Refractive index practicum in sugar solution medium is carried out with the limitation of measuring the refractive angle of light using one type of solution, namely laboratory-scale sugar solution. The purpose of this study was to test the development of refractive index practicum tools for limited use with specifications of 10-watt lamps, 0°-90° arc scale, laser arc arm with a wavelength of 589 nm, laser chamber, vertical regulator position, limiting media in the form of glass and parallelogram-shaped solution cross-section. The variables used were solution concentrations in the 15% - 75% range and with incidence angles of 15°, 25°, and 35°, respectively. The results showed that the refractive index practicum tool has the advantage that it can be used more precisely both in light and darkness. The light used uses a laser with a wavelength of 549 nm and can measure the refractive index of a solution. The measurement results obtained the refractive index gradient value of the sugar solution at each concentration. The use of tools based on the processes science skills students in implementing activities practicum bias index in sugar solution.

Indonesia's energy consumption needs to reduce its dependence on fossil energy. The Ministry of Education and Culture plays a role in developing renewable energy through vocational education by improving the quality of vocational education graduates through the Merdeka Learning curriculum. The three advantages of the Merdeka Learning curriculum are that it is simpler, in-depth, independent, relevant, and interactive. The STEM Research Center, Syiah Kuala University has initiated STEMC which can fulfill its excellence. STEMC consists of ISLE-based STEM learning activities which are one of the inquiry learning models. Electrochemistry and renewable energy educational materials have been developed using this model, to study the concepts of electric current in wires, electrolysis, and fuel cells. SMTI Banda Aceh Vocational School students are enthusiastic and happy to take part in the practicum stages. They better understand the concept of science because it combines theory and real practice. This learning module is designed with stages that help the constructivism process to increase the effectiveness of learning to be more meaningful. This module also helps students solve real-life problems by honing cognitive skills, designing experiments, utilizing technology, applying knowledge, and combining cognitive, affective, and psychomotor knowledge. As well as arousing curiosity and triggering students' creative imagination and critical thinking.

This study aims to determine the profile of scientific argumentation in elementary school teachers by using Toulmin's Argumentation Pattern (TAP) in the Natural Sciences chapter. This type of research used survey research with research subjects, namely 24 elementary school teachers. The instrument used was the PISA-Physics test on drinkable materials. Data analysis techniques using quantitative descriptive. The results of the scientific argumentation research of 24 teachers showed that 37.5% were entered as level 1 in the first question, and 59% were entered as level 1 in the second item. This is because the teacher only gives statements in the form of data and claims on the questions that have been given. The teacher has not been able to provide a strong rebuttal accompanied by evidence and support in accordance with Toulmin's Argumentation Pattern (TAP).

This research is motivated by the development of education in the 21st-century, which demands students to master the 4C skills (creative thinking, critical thinking, collaboration, and communication), particularly in the field of physics. The nature of physics learning requires active and interactive teaching methods that can be implemented through project-based activities for students. One effective instructional media is the student worksheet designed based on STEM-PjBL (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics project-based learning) principles. This research aims to assess the suitability of STEM-PjBL student worksheets as a learning media, which can serve as a recommendation to assist teachers in teaching renewable energy topics. This study uses the ADDIE model to adopt the Research and Development (R&D) method. This research results in a STEM-PjBL student worksheet as a physics learning media to understand renewable energy topics. The STEM-PjBL student worksheet is expected to assist students in mastering 21st-century skills effectively.

The Physics Practicum is learning in the laboratory. The learning process in the laboratory must develop critical thinking skills and creativity. Modern physics practicum must be supported by modules that guide the formation of 21st-century competencies in learning abstract modern physics. Research and development of modern physics practicum modules using the Dick and Carrey stages. The Practicum Module was developed for constructivism learning. Students are guided in collecting data, processing data into graphs, reading and interpreting graphs, and finding data regularities so that they are able to build modern physics concepts that are practiced. The feasibility of the practicum module product was validated by experts using a questionnaire. The components assessed are the feasibility of the content, the feasibility of the learning process, and the feasibility of the media. The learning process in practicum module products includes the stages of forming 21st-century competencies, namely: the accuracy of the practicum stages, creativity in building measurable data tables, creativity in processing data and critically finding regular data forms, converting data tables into graphs, finding relationships between variables, so as to be able to build concepts modern physics put into practice. The feasibility of modern physics content reaches 94%, the feasibility of the learning process is 96.8%, and the eligibility of the media is 96.3%. Overall, this product is considered feasible to be used to build 21st-century competencies for students of physics education at universities.

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in physics education. The study aims to explore the fundamental concepts of AI, its diverse applications in physics learning, and the benefits and challenges associated with its implementation. Through a systematic search of academic databases, a collection of relevant research articles, journals, conference papers, and books related to AI in physics education was obtained. The selected studies were analyzed and synthesized to develop a coherent framework for understanding the various ways AI is utilized in physics education, such as concept introduction, individualization, social interaction, and assessment. The findings underscore the positive impact of AI on enhancing conceptual understanding, providing personalized instruction, promoting social interaction, and improving assessment methods. However, challenges in terms of technical infrastructure, teacher training, data privacy, and ethical considerations were also identified. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, addressing these challenges, and fostering effective implementation of AI technologies in physics education. This review provides valuable insights for educators, researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders seeking to leverage AI's potential to revolutionize physics education.

The most common student problems are frequently forgetting concepts, lots of memorized formulas, difficulty imagining magnetic phenomena, and lack of motivation. The uses of Augmented Reality technology can help students to visualize magnetic phenomena, increase their mastery and motivate students. This study aims to design a monopoly-based augmented reality game as a practice media in learning physics of magnetism concept. This study uses the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The results of this study are Augmented Reality-Based Monopoly Games as practice media in learning the physics of Magnetism Concepts. The game developed is very feasible according to the results of feasibility test with likert scale of 1 to 5 by media experts, software engineering experts, subject matter experts, and readability testing score by teacher and students. The results are 87.37% from media experts, 86.58% from the software engineering experts, 87.78% from subject matter experts, 87.92% from teacher, and 91.77% from students. So, it can be concluded that the Augmented Reality-Based Monopoly Games developed is very feasible as practice media in learning the physics of Magnetism Concepts.

In the digital era, students use smartphones as a platform to seek help and information, implement learning strategies, and online collaborative learning. Android is an operating system that is widely used in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to produce learning media in the form of dynamic fluid electronic module (E-module) with the STEM approach assisted by android applications. The research method used is Research and Development with the ADDIE development model. The results of this study have been tested for validation by material experts with an average percentage of all aspects of 80% (valid), by media experts with an average percentage of all aspects of 93.75% (very valid), by learning experts with an average the percentage of all aspects is 77.86% (valid) and by physics teachers with an average overall percentage of 99% (very valid). Then a product trial questionnaire was distributed to find out user responses to e-module involving high school students. The percentage of product trial questionnaire results by students is 95.74% (very valid). Based on the results of validation tests and product trials, the dynamic fluid e-module with the STEM approach assisted by the android application is declared valid so that it can be used as a instructional media for class XI high school students.

Based on the interview with accelerated second-grade senior high school students, most of them had difficulty remembering many physics subject matter in a short time, such as when facing a final exam. Likewise, from the literature study, it was found that there was no presentation of physics material that was easy to remember quickly in a short time. One solution idea that can be given is to use a Mind Map. This study aims to improve high school students learning outcomes in Physics by using Mind Maps and finding types of Mind Maps that are easy to learn. The research method used is a class action research method consisting of three cycles. Before using mind maps, the average physics learning outcomes were obtained at 48.3. In the first cycle using mind maps of the cobweb type, the average result obtained was 60.54, an increase of 25.34%. While the second cycle using tree root mind maps, the average obtained was 71.5, experiencing an increase of 18.1% from cycle 1. Meanwhile, cycle III using tree root mind map types obtained an average student physics learning outcome of 86.5, increased results by 20.97%. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the use of mind maps in physics learning can improve student learning outcomes. In comparison, the type of mind map that has the greatest influence is the type of tree roots. In other words, tree root-type mind maps can present physics material that is more easily understood by students.

This study aims to develop test instrument to measure critical thinking skills. The research respondent were 32 students senior high schools. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D). Researching using Mc Intire Development model. The result of the instrument validations showed 0.86-0.90 for V Aiken of material expert. Based on the result of the validation of material expert, this instrument test was valid. Based on the reliability, this instrument test was proper with Alpha Cronbach scores 0.86. This separation toward person with score H=3,46 and item reliability score 0.95 with separation value score H=6.21. Difficulty level value -2.23 until 2.90. The most difficult item was number 3. This instrument adequate of dimensionality with raw variance data 63.4% with expectation 63.9%. The respondent 02P was the most consistent in answered the test.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the flipped classroom model using a video based on contextual learning in distance learning in senior high school. The research has carried out at Public School in Jakarta with 36 participants. This study uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques used are interviews, observations, reflective journals, and open-response questionnaires on the effectiveness of the flipped classroom model. The learning process was using a buffer solution video based on contextual learning with a flipped classroom model consisting of three stages, namely learning activities before classes, learning activities during classes, and learning activities after classes. There are four indicators of the effectiveness of the flipped classroom model analyzed, including indicators of student involvement, indicators of understanding the content of the subject matter, indicators of working on tests, and indicators of students' perceptions of teaching with the flipped classroom model. The finding of this research concluded that the flipped classroom model using a video buffer solution based on contextual learning is effective for use during distance learning in high school because of the achievement of all competencies in each indicator of the effectiveness of the flipped classroom model.