Table of contents

On behalf of the organizing committee, we would like to welcome all participants to the Fourth International Conference on Emerging Electrical Energy, Electronics & Computing Technologies 2022 (ICE4CT 2022) here in Kedah, Malaysia from 28 - 29, December 2022. ICE4CT 2022 is our fourth conference, jointly conducted by Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP), Nandha Engineering College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India and Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy (CERE), UniMAP. The fourth edition was conducted in hybrid mode. The physical sessions including inaugural ceremony, keynote address and technical paper presentation sessions were conducted on 28, December 2022 and online technical paper presentation sessions and closing ceremony were conducted on 29, December 2022 in Google Meet online meeting platform.

ICE4CT 2022 is an important event that brings academics and researchers from around the world to share our professional experiences, expand our professional networks and receive updates on the latest advances in the field of Electrical Engineering & Computer sciences. The keynote speeches are among the events not be missed by all participants. A prominent and vast experienced speaker Prof Dr. Dylan Dah Chuan Lu, University of Technology Sydney, Australia shared knowledge as well as his latest research ideas and findings in his field.

Also, ICE4CT 2022 would have not been successful conference without the submissions of technical papers from researchers who have invested their time & energy writing about variety of topics which includes High Voltage Engineering, Insulation Technology, Power Electronics & Energy Efficient Drives, Computer Vision & Image Analysis, Data Mining & Cloud Computing, Wireless Communications, Medical Informatics, Internet of Things (IoT) applications & many more. As such, we would like to thank all the authors for supporting ICE4CT 2022 and wish you a fruitful discussion.

Finally, ICE4CT 2022 would not be possible without the dedicated work and efforts of the organizing committee and its cadre of volunteers who worked tirelessly to develop and strengthen every aspect of the conference. We wish to express our gratitude for your hard work and commitment towards making ICE4CT 2022 a grand success.

List of Committee is available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

1. Type of peer review: Double anonymous

2. Conference submission management system: Morressier

3. Number of submissions received: 157

4. Number of submissions sent for review: 96

5. Number of submissions accepted: 44

6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 28 %

7. Average number of reviews per paper: 3.30

8. Total number of reviewers involved: 88

9. Contact person for queries:

Name: Associate Professor Dr. Syahrul Ashikin Azmi

Affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia

Email: ashikin@unimap.edu.my

Harvesting energy by capturing vibration from low frequency energy have been explored extensively. In essence, a single piezoelectric transducer or an array of piezoelectric connections are used to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy in order to produce low frequency energy. In this paper, multi-configuration array piezoelectric connections are used to investigate the performances of different converter circuit types in low energy harvesting applications. This research utilized three pieces of circular piezoelectric sensor to test the combinations of array connection. There are four options for the piezoelectric sensor configuration: parallel (P), series (S), parallel-series (PS), and series-parallel (SP) while the full wave bridge rectifier (FWBR), parallel voltage multiplier (PVM), and parallel Synchronized Switch Harvesting on Inductor (P-SSHI) converter circuit are chosen AC-DC converter circuits. The system is assessed using a variety of load configurations, including 10 kΩ and 1 MΩ with a 3 Hz input frequency. In order to produce the highest possible output of collected power, the observation focuses on identifying the ideal combination of array piezoelectric connections with AC-DC converter. The result shows that 3-Parallel (3P) piezoelectric connection obtained a higher power output among the other types of array piezoelectric which was 5.97μW. The FWBR circuit generated the highest output power with 2.42μW for a combination of piezoelectric sensors array of 3P connection with the AC-DC converter.

The aim of the study is to find cheap catalysts for the oxidation of ethanol and the release of oxygen in alkaline alcohol fuel cells. The catalytic activity of gold-plated copper substrates coated with silver foam in an ethanol membrane-free fuel cell has been investigated. In this fuel cell, the phase interface between two highly alkaline immiscible liquids acts as a membrane. The highly alkaline medium allows the use of non-platinum catalysts, which, together with the absence of a membrane, can significantly reduce the cost of these fuel cells. It is shown that gold-plated copper substrates coated with silver foam have high activity compared only with gold-plated or only with silver-plated copper catalysts. The currents observed on the proposed catalyst are an order of magnitude higher than the currents on all other electrodes studied. The oxidation of ethanol on it also takes place at more negative potentials. Further stabilization of the silver foam is required due to its tendency to peel off from the substrate in order to successfully use this catalyst in this type of fuel cells.

Globally, biomass usage as a supply of non-depletable resources materials used in the production of energy at their rawest state is an issue. Pyrolysis is a method of thermally treating biomass that as a consequence in the formation of liquid, products, both solid and gaseous. Elevated heating is required to transform the complicated composition of the biomass's underlying structure matrix into usable products. Heating with a microwave oven has the potential to become a competitive option. to more traditional methods of heating. Owing to its ease of operation and rapid heating rate, it has recently been widely employed in pyrolysis. The goals of this research are to found the principles of MW-assisted pyrolysis action and to examine some critical issues characteristics of operation that have an influence on the yield of a product. This procedure appears to be governed by a number of operational factors for instance, microwave power and temperature degree, the addition of microwave absorbers and their concentration, initial relative humidity, primary sweep gas flow rate/time spent in residence.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is one of the renewable sources of energy and produced daily nowadays. Solar panel systems have efficiency influenced by different factors, such as ambient temperature, solar panel temperature, sunlight, weather, and irradiation. The increasing of the temperature of the solar PV panel decreases its efficiency and lifetime. Thus, to maintain and decrease the temperature of the PV cell, cooling system is required. This paper presents the hybrid (water and air) cooling system method for solar PV panel. The method has been designed and developed to lower and stable the operating temperature of the system considering different weather conditions. The results revealed that the hybrid cooling system has shown improvement of output power solar PV panel as compared with water cooling system only. Furthermore, the proposed method managed to improve efficiency approximately to 4.5%.

Renewable energy is very useful alternative source to replace the usage of conventional energy. Solar energy is one of popular energy that has been utilised as its irradiance can generate electricity when strike with the photovoltaic solar (PV) panels. This paper presents a design and simulation of 16.20 kWp of 405W Si-mono PV system connected to the grid. It is very crucial to do the simulation in order to do the analysis in terms of performance, efficiency, power losses, irradiance and other related factors. The design, operation, and maintenance of new grid-connected solar PV systems may benefit from performance analysis. PVsyst is used as the design and simulation tools for the PV solar system simulation. It was developed by the University of Geneva as a pedagogical tool to explain in detail the procedures and models used, as well as to provide an ergonomic approach to project development. The site involves is Kampung Bukit Tinggi. From the simulation results, the array nominal energy is 25.81 MWh. The output inverter energy available is 21.59 MWh which fed to the grid. The performances ratio is 80.21% due to the several losses. This study may be useful for future grid-connected design and operation.

This project was developed to harvest vibration energy using a piezoelectric energy harvester. The availability of home appliance vibration energy is a promising solution to get clean energy resources to manipulate wasted energy. When the appliances' vibration hits the piezoelectric energy harvester surface, pressure is applied to the piezoelectric transducers and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The piezoelectric energy harvester's efficiency depends on the availability of the home appliances' vibration energy; thus, using multiple piezoelectric transducers in series generates more power. The piezoelectric' alternating current (AC) output is fed to a Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier (CWVM) to convert into direct current (DC) and boost the output. Four piezoelectric transducers connected in series have successfully produced a voltage of up to 4.7 V. Its output voltage can be harnessed to power low-voltage electronic devices.

In this paper, a photovoltaic (PV) system based on modified duty cycle sweeping (MDCS) has been proposed to achieve the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The disadvantages of perturb and observe (P&O), such as diverging tracking directions and the inability to detect the global peak during partial shading (PS), are intended to be overcome by this method (PS). An intelligent double identification and tracking method consistently tracks the global peak under partial shading and the MPP under rapid irradiance fluctuations. Strict dynamic irradiance and partial shading tests are imposed in MATLAB/Simulink^@ and simulated to validate the suggested concept. Additionally, a laboratory prototype MPPT standalone PV system supported by Texas Instruments' Code Composer Studio is operated by a SEPIC converter in conjunction with the C2000 real-time microcontroller in order to conduct an experimental validation study. The effectiveness of the method is compared with the other well-known MPPT techniques, conventional P&O. The suggested method successfully follows the global peak under various patterns of partial shading as compared to the conventional algorithms. The algorithm's efficiency has been preserved at around 95-100%.

Most of the seaports are toward green technology with a focus on renewable energy and energy storage to reduce emissions that will affect the environment and health of people living near the place. This is due to the main port's activity as a hub for connecting to other places and also trade. However, the load consumption at the seaport is high at an average of around 1,581 kW per day depending on the application. This paper presents the method to design a giant battery for energy storage to reduce diesel and grid supply used. Therefore, to purpose this the mathematical model was developed by using the generic battery of lithium-ion type based on the Shepherd model. Generic battery models are available in MATLAB/Simulink library. In particular, this study investigates how voltage and state of charge can be determined with sufficient accuracy for a given load profile. Thus, the giant battery simulation model was developed based on the mathematical model. Finally, the giant battery model is included in MATLAB/Simulink simulation, and the procedure of determining the model parameters is discussed in detail. The results show that the model can accurately represent the dynamic behavior of the battery and is assumed to operate at a maximum SOC of 80%, with a total capacity is 126500 Ah. 20% to 80% of SOC is the safe limit for the battery to operate. Besides that, the return on investment (ROI) cost also considers in this paper.

The wind turbines is a main device that convert the kinetic energy from blades to electrical energy. Before installing wind turbines, the Weibull probability distribution must be calculated to determine the certain wind speed probability. Many problems will come if there no analysis the characteristics of wind in selected location, such as wind speed that not suitable for building wind farm to supply the population in that area. Shape and scale factors, which be controlled in a variety of ways, influence the Weibull distribution. Many studies have looked into which of the various Weibull parameter estimation methods is the most dependable. However, because the results of these investigations were inconsistent, research into more trustworthy Weibull parameter estimation methods is still ongoing. An analysis of data collected Chuping, Perlis for two years was conducted in this study (from 2018 to 2019). By using statistical analysis to evaluate the Weibull distribution method, this study used three methods to compared the Weibull parameters and identified the most reliable and effective method to obtain the Weibull probability distribution by using a three approach that compares the variances of RMSE, MSE and R², which provides comprehensive insight into level error and volatility. Modified maximum likelihood method, graphical method, and power density method are the three methods used in this study. Therefore, the graphical method has the best accuracy in the wind speed distribution prediction, several methods such as the modified maximum likelihood method, and the power density method have the worst prediction of the wind speed distribution based on all the statistical method variances for this region.

Faults can easily occur at transmission line because the line is exposed to the environment. The fast fault location after a fault occurrence will minimize the time to repair the faulty part thus reduce the stress of power system due to long outage time. This paper demonstrates the development of fault classifier and fault locator using neural network. The positive, negative and zero sequence values of three-phase voltage and current during fault time were used as the inputs to train the neural networks. Various fault conditions which have different fault types, fault resistance values and fault locations have been simulated to generate the training data for both neural network based fault classifier and fault locator. From the results, the fault classifier and locator successfully classified and located all the simulated fault conditions. One of the advantages of using sequence values as the inputs for the neural networks is only one fault type need to be simulated and used as the training data for single line-to-ground fault (RG, YG and BG), line-to-line fault (RY, YB, BR) and double line-to-ground fault (RYG, YBG, BRG).

In the present work an experimental investigation has been carried out to study the corona characteristics of a portable high voltage dc to dc booster device proposed and used by us for the first time as an innovation in corona charging of electrets. The experiments were conducted in a point-to-plane system to measure the corona current I as a function of applied corona voltage V and inter-electrode separation. Obtained results have been analyzed and discussed successfully in the light of cited works and show that both positive and negative corona produced by this device is consistent with the Townsend Relation adapted for point-to-plane geometry. This device is suitable and effective in applications where the local corona is required.

Traditional diagnostic technologies in the health sector are either bulky or expensive and invasive; hence, the breath analyzer era emerged, wherein it can be a single sensor for a single illness diagnosis or a multi-sensor array to diagnose a single disease with numerous biomarkers. Isoprene, commonly known as a biomarker for various diseases, mainly for oxidative stress/cholesterol abnormalities, is targeted in this study. A drop-casted layer of microwave-treated Titanium dioxide/Tungsten oxide (TiO₂/WO₃) nanocomposites (NCs) optically activated in the deep UV (λ-300nm) range is employed for the detection of Isoprene. An optimised moderately doped TiO₂/WO₃ NCs calibrated under 20 to 80 ppb of isoprene is considered from our previous work and thoroughly investigated for its sensing pattern discrepancy under optical activation. Our study aims to comprehend the reverse sensing pattern observed during optical activation of the sensing layer utilizing a precision scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) integrated with a deep-UV LED of λ-300nm. STM experiments confirm that the observed reverse sensing pattern, which contradicts the normal mode, is driven by an excess photogenerated surface n-type carrier concentration of 8.785 × 10¹⁵cm⁻³.

The open-source microcontroller Arduino is simple to program, erase, and reprogram at any moment. It is an open-source computing platform for creating and programming electronic devices based on basic microcontroller boards. In agriculture, soil moisture content must be monitored soil monitoring continuously to understand the relationship between soil moisture content status and plant water use to minimize under and over-irrigation. Current methods have a short lifespan due to possible corrosion on the electrode. In this project, we introduce a new indirect method for monitoring soil moisture, especially for soil in the container or pot, based on a low-cost bar-based load-cell sensor with an acrylic plate. This study's objectives were to compare the number of bar load cell sensors that affect the soil weight and to formulate a calibration model to predict soil moisture content using soil weight. A model design of 10kg and 5kg bar-based load cell sensors will be used to compare the number of bar load cell sensors affecting the soil weight. The measurement result of each method was very similar and constant for the various positions on the design. There is no significant difference in average soil weight for any technique, and there is no difference in average soil weight for each sample. R² values and the calibration equation were tabulated in Table 2.

Particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is suggested to discover fractional order PID (FOPID) controller optimal variables for a better performance of induction motor. This PSO algorithm is designed to handle multiple optimization issues, due to its ease of application. A Closed Loop Quadratic Boost Converter Multilevel Inverter Fed Induction Motor (QBCMLIIM) system is simulated to earn reduced switching losses and reduced THD by incorporating particle swarm optimization(PSO) tuned Fractional Order PID controller. PSO stands to be one of the popular Artificial Intelligence (AI) method. The PSO algorithm starts its process from the initial particles by allotting initial velocities to the particles. At each location the objective function and the corresponding best values are evaluated. The double loop feedback system enhances the performance and robustness by suppressing the oscillations and overshoots.

Using a frequency of 915 MHz as an operating point, this project has analyzed and refined the design of a Sphere Yagi antenna. In CST, we have begun the research phase and created a preliminary design for an antenna. The simulation results have been analyzed, and then fabrication, testing, and measurement have been carried out. To begin the manufacturing process, a single-sided copper board is cut into sphere shapes, with the length of each plate varying depending on the size of the sphere. Drilling machines are then used to create a hole in each of the plates. As a result, everything is coming together nicely. In addition, both indoor and outdoor settings have been used for testing and experiments. Therefore, the antenna design works well in 915 MHz frequency, but the signal weakens when it travels more than 100 meters away. An improved antenna transmitter's power output can fix this. This project can be extended to cover the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies. So, the antenna layout can be employed to improve the wireless connection of communication devices that need extensive range.

Rogowski is a special current transformer and has been categorised as a low-power stand-alone current sensor. This sensor is designed by using a Saw blade pattern with 50 turns and 100 turns. This number of turns will impact the increment of the sensitivity of the sensor. Rogowski coil is used for measuring the alternating current (AC) and high-speed current pulses. The PCB Rogowski Coil will detect the arcing fault that design with AutoCAD software after that import to CST software. An arc is created when the electrical current jumps the gap between two conductive materials. The most common causes of arcs include worn contacts in electrical equipment, damage to insulation, break in a cable and loose connections. In order to reduce the arc fault risk, the arc fault interrupter (AFI) technology and arc fault detectors (AFD) have been developed. However, these devices are most suitable for domestic application or low voltage (LV). This paper proposed a simulation using AutoCAD and CST software to design a Rogowski coil and the Rogowski Coil sensor will be tested by using CST software in terms of radiation pattern. The biggest radiation pattern in red colour is the saw blade pattern in 100 turns at 2 KHz frequency, the radiation pattern covering entire sensor area compared with other radiation patterns with other frequency. The main lobe magnitude for 2 KHz frequency is 46.8 dB, main lobe direction is 180 deg, angular width is 153.4 deg and the side lobe level is zero. This is the best number of turn and frequency compared to 50 turn saw blade sensor.

This work proposes an approach to estimate the parameters of capacitance and inductance in a boost converter using an explicit solution. A multiparametric programming (MPP) algorithm is fundamental to the suggested methodology, which aims to develop parameters as explicit functions of measurements. In this method, the generalised mathematical model of the boost converter is discretised into an algebraic equation. The parameter estimation problem is then formulated and solved using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker. Finally, an explicit solution of estimate parameters such as capacitor and inductor is formulated as an explicit function of the inductor currents and capacitor voltage. Finally, the state variables of the boost converter are numerically obtained and used to test the capability of the proposed work. The results presented in this work prove the MPP algorithm can estimate the boost converter's parameters, which can be extended to other power converters and filters.

This work presents the effect of surface roughness's effect on transmission characteristics and the sensitivity of unclad fiber optic sensor (FOS). A total of three samples with different surface roughness were fabricated using the chemical etching technique using different chemical solutions which are 49% hydrofluoric acid (HF), 5:1 Buffered Oxide Etchants (BOE), and 7:1 BOE to analyze the spectrum behavior and the performance of these samples. All samples were fabricated by immersing the 4 cm of sensing zone inside the chemical solution according to the etching rate of that solution. Every sample fabricated will be measured using five different concentrations of glucose which were 5g, 10g, 15g, 20g, and 25g as an experiment medium. From the measurement, the results obtained will be analyzed and the graphs were plotted. The power loss for all solutions were analyzed and the least recorded power loss is 32.49 dB exhibited by FOS fabricated in the 49% HF solution while the best sensitivity in terms of power loss is FOS fabricated in the 5:1 BOE solution with the highest sensitivity of 9.526 dB/g at 5g of glucose concentration.

Supercapacitor is a type of energy storage with higher capacitance value compared to the normal capacitor. But it has lower voltage level compared to normal capacitor. However, it can be charged with high current and provide higher current to the load when needed when compared to the same size energy storage such as battery. The Three Branch Equivalent Circuit is one of the simple yet accurate model that has been proposed. The parameter of the Three Branch model included the capacitance, resistance and a unit of voltage dependent capacitance. The Parameter needed to be calculated accurately as it depends heavily on the terminal voltage of the supercapacitor at respective time which obtained through a charging and self-discharging experiment under constant current charging. The different constant charging current give effect toward the parameter calculation as it manipulates the rate of charging and self-discharging. This paper will calculate the parameter of supercapacitor based on the Three Branch model under different constant charging current and compared the result using the simulation to show the accuracy of the model. The parameter obtained throughout the study shows a high accuracy especially the parameters obtained using higher charging current.

This study presents a comprehensive simulation of digital control applications for a grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) system using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) simulation approach that incorporates a Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The simulation is carried out using the MATLAB Simulink block set and employs a frequency domain controller as the control algorithm. The simulation inputs, which consist of voltage and current sensor readings, are processed by an ADC idealizer block that produces output based on a real-time DSP-based HIL system. The output is then utilized to generate a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, which drives the voltage source inverter (VSI). The simulation's primary objective is to demonstrate the simplicity and efficacy of the proposed frequency domain controller design for the GCPV-based DSTATCOM system. The simulation results validate the performance of the controller under various operating conditions, including steady-state, unbalanced loads, variable solar insolation, and day-to-night transitions.

This paper is focus on modelling of glass type insulator with voltage rating of 275 kV. The glass insulators are still widely served in overhead transmission line because of its high dielectric strength capability. However, their outdoor application has resulted in the exposure to the various service conditions such as weather, pollution and lightning conditions. Further, the inclination effect of the insulator under the nominal voltage and lightning impulse is modelling through Finite Elementary Method (FEM). Then, the model of glass insulator is constructed in three different inclination angles by using the Ansys Maxwell 3D for simulation purpose. The results show the inclined insulator due to the wind load effect has the lowest breakdown voltage at most 53.33% compared with the vertical insulator. Under the outdoor environment factors such as humid, wet and contamination, the localized electric field and current density had increased significantly. Consequently, this situation may cause the power losses, localized heating effect also reduces the electrical performance of the insulators.

Collective cell migration is involved in a variety of biological contexts, including tissue morphogenesis, wound healing, and cancer invasion. Many studies have revealed that chemical, mechanical, and electrical stimulation all affect cell migration. Although an acoustic stimulus has been shown to influence cell migration in the past, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. A computational model that accounts for acoustic–structure interaction was constructed in this study to simulate the formation of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) field and the application of the acoustic pressure field on collective cell migration. A group of cells within a microchannel device and two ports of interdigitated transducers (IDTs) with different wavelengths were modeled. The stresses within cells were investigated as it was influenced by substrate displacement and pressure acoustic in the cell media generated by the SAW device. As a result, we observed the local stress within cells near the solid-fluid interfaces. For propagating SAW, the shorter wavelength of IDTs (600 μm) attributed to high stress at the cell's top and bottom as compared to the SAW device with the longer wavelength (1000 μm). The standing SAW occurred underneath collective cells. The results of standing SAW on cell stress at the bottom confirm that the SAW device can be useful to regulate the abnormalities cellular activities associated with cell migration.

Light intensity is the result from the Kerr effect measurement that can be used in determining the electric field distributions in dielectric liquids as the analysis continues afterwards. One of the most important parameters to consider in designing the Kerr effect experiment is the Kerr constant of the test liquid. This paper aims to study and compare light intensity distribution in different dielectric liquids using Kerr effect method. Propylene carbonate, transformer oil and purified water are used as the test liquids. From the results obtained, the light intensities as a function of electric field of the test liquids are compared. With higher Kerr constant, low voltages can be applied to the test liquid but with larger optical signals. Furthermore, the length of the electrodes can be designed accordingly to suit the experimental setup.

Experimental works of dual, 5 volt DC outputs switch mode power supply (DOSMPS) is presented in this paper. To design, construct and evaluate the DOSMPS using forward converter topology are the objectives of this article. In this work, a 556 timer was picked as the pulse width modulator. The 556 timer was picked because it is widely used, cheap and capable of producing stable dual pulse width modulations. Since, this work targeted dual DC outputs, two forward converter circuits were built. However, switching frequencies at two transistors were controlled by only one 556 timer. The complete circuit of the DOSMPS consist of full bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor, two high frequency transformers and two forward converter circuits. At the first stage of this work, the DOSMPS circuit was designed using Proteus software. Later, the complete DOSMPS circuit was constructed on two breadbroads after all of the electronic components and devices were available. Important parameters such as the input and output voltages and duty cycles were measured using digital oscilloscope and multimeter. Results from these measurements have shown that the designed circuit can convert single-phase 24 Vrms 50 Hz AC voltage input into dual and stable 5±0.1 V DC outputs. Also from this work, it was observed that, pulsed DC voltages with peak value of 2 V and frequency less than 20 kHz are sufficient in controlling the switching frequencies of both BJT transistors. This allows the regulation of the output voltage within the desired range. Analysis carried out after the measurements has shown close correlation between the theoretical and experimental results, where the calculated and measured switching frequencies had only deviated by 1.1%.

A PLC controlled semi-automatic rotary indexing system for assembly of foot valve is modelled and simulated using CATIA and Automation Studio. It is comprised of part feeders (Conveyors and vibratory bowl feeder), face plate, fixtures, components of foot valve (Body, cap, seal carrier, seal and cover) and electro-pneumatic system (Electro-pneumatic pick & place system and electro-pneumatic press) which are modelled using CATIA. The kinematic model of rotary indexing mechanism is successfully verified with ADAMS. The electro-pneumatic system that involves an electro-pneumatic circuit, PLC input/output cards and necessary HMI is designed and simulated using Automation Studio. The electro-pneumatic system works under the PLC ladder logic to assemble the parts of foot valve. The semi-automatic rotary indexing system is integrated and synchronized with PLC controlled electro-pneumatic system to complete the assembly of foot valve. A digital prototype is developed and verified through simulation for kinematics and process control using ADAMS and Automation Studio respectively.

This paper introduces the design and analyses of a new planar parallel microstrip quarter-circled multi-resonator (PQMR) for the chipless radio frequency identification (CRFID) that works in ultra-wide band (UWB) frequency region. The proposed PQMR has identifying (IDing) and potential sensing capabilities to work as a tag-sensor. The PQMR works within 3.30 GHz – 6.53 GHz with a high -10dB quality-factor (Q_10dB) of 692, a good spatial density of as low as 7.05 mm²/bit, very good spectral density of 7.33 bits/GHz and a coding capacity of 17 bit with one-bit sensing ability. Different combinations of coding bit streams are also extracted to show the identification ability of the proposed design. This will motivate the CRFID designers to design small and high-capacity tag- sensors for UWB applications.

Passive Forward Scattering Radar (PFSR) is a great system that can be used to identify ground moving targets, especially in unsafe areas for reason such as protection and security. Although PFSR can detect any moving target, there are some limitations as PFSR cannot measure height and detect small target such as a drone flying in the sky. A drone is a good device based on the latest technologies, therefore it can also be very dangerous as it can fly in the sky entering prohibited areas that can, for example, breach a border protection system. By developing a system using ultrasonic range sensor interfacing with Raspberry Pi (RPi) and also implementing Internet of Things (IoT) using mobile phone application, which is Telegram, as a security alarm system, this system can integrate with PFSR to be a better system. This project aims to improve the PFSR system with an ultrasonic range sensor remote measuring device. When set up next to the PFSR system, the ultrasonic range sensor has large distance measurement capabilities and use low power to operate. Since ultrasonic range sensors cannot work by themselves, the RPi was used as an operating host that helped to operate and collect data. Then, the data collected was saved into Comma Separated Values (CSV) files to be sent to Telegram mobile application later to the user as notification. The data collected from both systems were compared in order to relate that the ultrasonic range sensor system can indeed support the PFSR system. Since the result was obtained and analysis was done successfully, it can be concluded that the system can support the PFSR system, whereby as the drone height (cm) increased, the signal captured in time (sec) decreased. In addition, this system can contribute in many areas such as borders or streets, to detect speed of vehicles or as a traffic surveillance system and for some other reasons such as protection, security and research.

Research has been conducted to support an automatic diagnosis system that will relieve clinicians of their weary work by detecting epileptic seizures. In this paper, we suggest a novel method to automatically identify epilepsy crises based on electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The work to detect epileptic seizures from EEG and ECG signals is carried out in three stages. In the first stage, simultaneous EEG and ECG recordings captured from 24 channels are segmented into 10-second periods (where 23 are the EEG signals and one is the ECG signal). In the second stage, the extraction of the parameters of each channel from the time domain and, finally, the classification of the EEG and ECG signals into epileptic seizure and normal have been done using ANN. Experiment analysis shows that using the ECG signal as extra information has a high capacity for classification.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a useful tool in detecting subsurface object or hidden structure defects However, the time-consuming problems and high requirement of professional manpower is required to analyse the GPR data. Machine learning is a tool that endowed with the ability to learn, and it can reduce time taken for the GPR data analysing. To simplify the identification process, a framework is proposed to classify the size of underground metallic pipe by using Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) as a feature extraction algorithm. Two machine learning algorithms namely Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Backpropagation Neural Network were proposed to classify the size of the underground metallic pipe. As a result, the accuracy from the identification is more than 98% for both classifier algorithm.

The mainstream waste separation methods – recycle bins and manual separation – are time consuming, prone to error, and human labor intensive. Robots have demonstrated their superior efficiency at repetitive task over human's time to time again. This research implements and evaluate a computer-vision-powered Automatic Waste Sorting Bin, which is capable to classify the waste types in a short time with high efficiency. Controlled and classified using a Raspberry pi and a camera, the bin can detect the waste type and drop it in the right bin accordingly. The dataset on which the model is trained on is relatively small. An image of the waste is first captured with the camera, and then analyzed using a YOLOv5 model. Parameters that yield the optimal result are 150 epochs with a YOLOv5l with an accuracy of 93.33 %. To improve the model's performance, we experimented with different epoch settings and measured the results. The setup proposed with this paper provides an automated solution to replace the mainstream methods of waste separation. This paper provides a low-cost and flexible solution that can be easily replicated and trained with a larger dataset to acquire a better result. Future research may reference this paper as a proof of concept and/or an implementation for a streamlined solution.

The Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal is widely contaminated by a physiological artifact, such as muscle activity, heart rhythm, and eye movement. The researcher has proposed a number of methods to clean the EEG signal. A group of these methods is called Blind Source Separation (BSS). In this paper, we suggest an approach that combines the BSS methods and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) algorithm, in order to evaluate the BSS methods after applying them to the approximation coefficients extracted using the DWT. The aim of this work is to identify which BSS algorithms, using which family of wavelet and at which decomposition level, would provide excellent performance. We used the Spearman Correlation Coefficient (SCC) to rate our methods. The technique that performs the best, as evaluated by the SCC between the generated component and the approximation coefficient obtained from the Horizontal EOG results, is AMICA, which obtains a value of 0.81 for levels 2 while using the wavelet symlet at scales 7 and 11. With a value of 0.70 and the use of the wavelet Daubechies at scale 9 and Coiflets at scales 2 and 5 for level 1, AMICA also has the best SCC value calculated between the separated component and the approximation coefficient recovered from the Vertical EOG. While employing the wavelet symlets at scales 5, 7, 8, and 11. for level 2, and level 3 when using the wavelet symlets at scales 1 and 2.

Robot navigation is a crucial aspect of any mobile robot system. Many path planners generate a path that is zigzag in nature and contains many sharp or angular turns. Such courses are not adequate for a mobile robot to follow as it has to slow down and then speed up at these sharp turns. Thus, the integration of the smoothing function is a vital aspect to generate smooth and continuous paths. Moreover, a collision check after path smoothing needs to be accounted for a possible collision with obstacles surrounding. Herein, a path pruning algorithm is utilized to reduce the total path waypoints. Then a piecewise cubic B-spline smoothing function is applied to ensure the path is smooth and continuous. In addition, a post-smoothing collision checking and improvement algorithm based on mid-point insertion for the collide segments is proposed. Experiments and comparisons with the geometric RRT-Connect path planner have shown that the inclusion of a path pruning algorithm, smoothing function and post-smoothing collision check generates better results with reduced path length.

Underground power cables are crucial for transmission and distribution. Lightning can stress their insulation, but not directly. So, impulse cable testing is studied. This research examines the cable's transient response to standard and non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms. MATLAB Simulink was used to model a 132 kV wire with standard and non-standard impulse voltages. The IEC60060-1(2010) lightning impulse test uses a conventional waveform impulse voltage with a front time and a tail time of 1.2/50μs half value, while the non-standard test uses a front time and a tail time of 0.8/12s half value. Non-standard impulse waveforms are more accurate than standard waveforms. The impulse test voltage is four to five times the underground cable's operational voltage and must withstand five applications without damage. Standard and non-standard impulse waveforms are injected with 132 kV and 550 kV to evaluate insulation failure or damage. Standard lightning and non-standard impulse voltage waveforms do not cause insulation failure or damage. When 132 kV and 550 kV are introduced into the normal and non-standard lightning impulse waveforms, the overshoot voltage increases. The peak voltage of a non-standard 550 kV impulse voltage waveform exceeds the IEC impulse withstand voltage. The finding shows that non-standard impulse voltage waves create increased cable voltage stress.

People with visual impairment use white cane as their traditional method for perceiving the surroundings. However, the utilization of a cane is limited by its length and orientation. In Thailand, the obstacles on paveway in daily life are not located only on the floor but also above knee level which sometimes could be harmful to pedestrians, especially blind people. A head-mounted assistive device is developed to be an enhancement used with a cane for the visually impaired to comprehend their environment both lower and higher the knee level. The assistive device is designed to be compact and light-weight. It could also send the tactile feedback as a warning from vibration motors mounted on the device. To generate a warning signal, YOLOv4 is used to detect the location of obstacles and depth map from the stereo camera is used to estimate the distance mapping into 4 defined ranges: dangerous, very close, close and fine. The results indicate that the head-mounted assistive device has the ability to perceive obstacles locating farther than 0.9 m. The prediction returned 9.23%, 14.63% and 7.86% error when estimating the depth of obstacles at 1.3 m., 2.8 m. and 4.2 m. respectively. The average execution time for the device to return the command controlling vibration motors is 0.13 second and the maximum estimated time for the motor to send the haptic feedback is 1.05 second.

This article discusses in detail the adiabatic models investigations of alpha Stirling engine with study the influence of performance factors; adiabatic analysis is a crucially effective method because it is close to the real and practical engines when compared to isothermal analysis. The numerical model was created using MATLAB software, an extremely useful tool for solving equations. The study includes two adiabatic analysis models: the ideal model, which considers heat transfer is the duty of the heater and cooler when the regenerator is ideal, and the simple model, which considers the loss and the transfer of heat between the regenerator matrix and the working fluid.