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The 1st International Conference on Fundamental, Applied Sciences and Technology (ICoFAST 2021) is organized by Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) and Hadhramout University (HU). It was successfully held online through Zoom on March. 15-16, 2021. Due to COVID-19 and the pandemic-related nationwide lockdowns and other coordinated restrictive measures, the organizers decided to hold a conference in a virtual format with the organization of access for all participants to the presented reports with comprehensive discussion for ensuring the event at a high scientific level. ICoFAST 2021 is to bring together researchers and professionals from the academic, industrial and public sectors in the context of multi and inter-disciplinary forum and discussions on Fundamental, Sciences and Technology. The primary goal of the conference is to provide an excellent opportunity of knowledge sharing and research ideas exchange in the abovementioned disciplines for a better quality of life to meet future challenges. This conference is open to all researchers, postgraduates and post-doctoral students from all over the world. The conference will be held every two years to make it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in Sciences and Technology and related areas. The safety and well-being of all conference participants is our priority.

ZOOM platform has been used for ICoFAST 2021, so all presenters, researchers, and audience were attended accordingly. ICoFAST 2021 was divided into four sessions through two days, including two keynote speaker's speeches, oral presentations, and online Q&A discussion. Every keynote speaker was given one hour to deliver his talk whereas 15 minutes for each presenter to perform their oral presentations one by one via ZOOM.

More than 150 participants attended the meeting. We were greatly honoured to thank Prof. Dr. Khaled Ahmad Al-Wasabi (Minister of Higher Education, Yemen) and Major General: Faraj Salmeen Albahsani (Hadhramout Governor and Commander of Second Military Region) for their attending to the conference opening ceremony.

The first keynote speaker, Prof. Dr. Prayoot Akkaraekthalin from King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok was invited to present his talk titled: Sensor Technology and Applications. Prof. Dr. Yousuf Pyar Ali Hassan for Hadhramout University was our second keynote speaker. He presented a talk titled: Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Developments, Current Status and Future trends

The proceedings of ICoFAST 2021 span 5 tracks: Organic and Applied Chemistry, Applied physics and New Technology, Annals of Agriculture and Biological Science, Pure and Applied Mathematics, Environmental scientific Research and other related fields. All the papers have been through rigorous review and process to meet the requirements of International publication standard.

We would like to express our gratitude to everyone involved. Without this dedicated cooperation, it would be impossible to hold the conference at such a high level and prepare the ICoFAST 2021 proceeding

The Organizing Committee of ICoFAST 2021

Committee member and logos are available in this the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: EDAS

• Number of submissions received: 42

• Number of submissions sent for review: 38

• Number of submissions accepted: 24

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 63.16

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3.7

• Total number of reviewers involved: 139

• Any additional info on review process: All submitted papers preliminary reviewed to match the conference theme and scientific merit, then the papers have been evaluated through double-blind peer review, with at least three reviewers for each paper

• Contact person for queries: Salim F. Bamsaoud; Samir Salem A-Bawri saalem88@hu.edu.ye; samir@hu.edu.ye)

In this paper, a new concept of generalized convexity is introduced for E-differentiable vector optimization problems. Namely, the concept of KT-E-invexity is defined for (not necessarily) differentiable vector optimization problems in which the functions involved are E-differentiable. The sufficiency of the so-called E-Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions is established for the considered E-differentiable multiobjective programming problem under assumption that is KT-E-invex at an E-Karush-Kuhn-Tucker point. Further, the examples of KT-E-invex optimization problems with E-differentiable functions are constructed to illustrate the aforesaid results. Moreover, the so-called vector Mond-Weir E-dual problem is also derived for the considered E-differentiable vector optimization problem and several E-duality theorems in the sense of Mond-Weir are derived under KT-E-invexity hypotheses.

2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: 90C26, 90C29, 90C30, 90C46.

The heated aluminium containers were added to a solution of 8.0 M H₂SO₄ solution, which eventually yielded a solution of Al₂(SO₄)₃ after a series of stepwise precipitation reactions. Al₂(SO₄)₃ was presented in large quantities of H₂SO₄ in the white semi-fluid solution; there were some unreacted aluminium parts. The solution was subjected to filtration and then mixed with anion in a ratio of 2:3, this resulted in the formation of a white layer Al₂(SO₄)₃•18H₂O. Thereafter, Al₂(SO₄)₃•18H₂O was calcined in an electric oven for 2 h at various calcination temperatures (500, 700, 900, 1100, and 1300°C). The mixtures were heated and cooled at a rate of 10°C/min. XRD was employed to investigate variations in temperature and determination of elemental accumulation of alumina produced. Ah(SO₄)₃•18H₂O was due to a series of aluminium compositions produced from dehydration. All transitions from low temperatures to aluminium phases were converted to high-temperature α-Al₂O₃. The results obtained from X-ray disintegration showed that the α-Al₂O₃ phase was obtained at a reaction temperature of about 1150°C and above.

Different kinds of carbon (Raw date stone, baked date stone and activated carbon) were prepared and characterized as inexpensive, high surface area, large micropore volume and Effective adsorbents. Material characterization was done using XRD, SEM-EDAX, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The activated carbon (AC) possesses a surface area of 571 cm².g⁻¹. The micropore volume and total pore volume of AC were found to be 0.4785 cm³.g⁻¹ and 0.7267 cm³.g⁻¹ respectively. The effect of backing temperature and activation treatment on surface area and micropore volume were studied. Taguchi factorial design method was used to get the maximum MB dye adsorption onto the surface of AC sorbent. Contact time (60 min), initial dye concentration (10 mmol), adsorbent dosage (0.25g) and solution temperature (293°K) were found to be the best conditions for the more effective absorption process.

This study represents the solution of the Harry Dym equation (HDE) that was calculated using the Lie symmetry group method. This method transforms the controlled partial differential equation with boundary and initial conditions to the problem that containing boundary value of ordinary differential equation. The Chebyshev spectral approximation method is used to solve this problem numerically. This approach is performing by using the highest order derivatives of Chebyshev approximations, as starting steps, followed by getting approximations to the derivatives of lower order. Our obtained numerical results were compared with other works is done. It is seen that the proposed method for the Harry Dym equation gives more accurate results comparing with mentioned works.

In the present study, silver nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized using an aqueous leaf extract of Ziziphus spina–Christi (ZSC). The volume and the concentration of the aqueous silver nitrate (AgNO₃) were studied to evaluate their effects on the synthesized SNPs. A various AgNO3 volume of (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mL) having a constant concentration were mixed separately with a fixed concentration of ZSC leaf extract. Moreover, AgNO₃ with various concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mM) were investigated to synthesize SNPs. The optical, surface morphological, and antibacterial properties were studied for these SNPs. The optical properties were characterized using UV-Visible spectra. The particle size and morphology were checked using a dynamic light scattering (LDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). All the synthesized particles were spherical in shape and well-dispersed with average sizes (21-42 nm). The SNPs prepared by varying AgNO₃ volumes have an average size of (23 nm). The variation of AgNO₃ concentration has a redshift in the surface plasmon resonant (SPR) band which indicates an increase in the size of particles (25-42 nm) as confirmed by TEM. The biosynthesized SNPs exhibited good antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (Esch. coli) bacteria.

There are several factors that affect the efficiency of phagocytic activity in diabetic patients. In this study, a significant difference of phagocytosis efficiency showed in diabetic patients and controls (non-diabetic). The means of phagocytic activity were 43.05%, 52.70% and 71.35% for diabetic foot ulcer, diabetes mellitus patients and controls respectively. Age groups, mean blood glucose levels and controlling fasting blood glucose were significant factors effects on phagocytic activity (P-value = 0.022, 0.013 and 0.045) respectively. There was reverse significant correlation between the mean blood glucose and phagocytic activity (P-value = 0.049; r =-0.314). Wagner grade ulcers classified I and II were the most prevalent 30% for both in diabetic foot ulcer patients. And we found that there is a weak negative correlation between the phagocytic activity efficiency and the grades of the classified ulcers (r =-0.323). In this study, we revealed that the efficiency of phagocytic activity was affected by many factors. Level of blood glucose control was the most important factor.

The present paper, some well-known theorems have been improved, such as a proof of one theorem and the inverse direction of another theorem in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. We prove one theorem by use less conditions in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. Also, we prove the equivalent definition of semi open sets in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space. Additionally, the equivalent definition of the closure operator in the fuzzifying topological space and the fuzzifying bitopological space has been also proved. Finally, some supporting examples are provided.

ZnO NPs are manufactured using pulsed laser ablation in double distilled water (DDW). Nd:Yag laser used as a source of energy for this research by immersing the zinc-target in DDW water. The glass container with laser pulses was rotated to prevent etching effect and getting homogenous distribution particles. By changing the parameters (laser energy and number of pulses), the results were collected and examined using an ultra violet-visible spectrum and electron scanning microscope. The calculations revealed the colloidal spherical shape and the homogeneous structure for the ZnO NPs. The band gap plot display varies in the band gap proportional with particle size, this result agree with effective mass model.

Physicochemical properties of different biodiesel generations synthesized from 11 vegetative oils have been reviewed in purpose of comparing the values of biodiesel physicochemical properties and determination the required feedstock for preferable biodiesel. According to the review, two main factors are affecting the physicochemical properties of yielded biodiesel; the first factor is the raw material of vegetative oil that leads to inherent properties like the energy content, cloud, pour, flash points, kinematic viscosity, cetane and iodine numbers. The other factor is synthesis method and handling procedures of biodiesel production which results in properties such as alcohol and glycerin content, suspended solids, and acid value. This review focuses on 9 important physicochemical properties; Density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, cloud, pour, and flash points, heating value, acid value, Cetane number, and iodine number. The standards of ASTM D6751, EN 14214, IS 15607, and MS 2008:2008 are provided to check matching with the physiochemical properties of reviewed biodiesels.

Many researchers have studied problems with non-local conditions of the second-order differential equations. In this work we study the ordinary differential equation v''(t) + g(t, v(t)) = 0, t ∈ (0,1), with the nonlocal conditions v'(1) = 0, v(0) = D^αv(t)|_t=1,α ∈ (0,1). First, we study the existence of at least one positive continuous solution under some assumptions on the function g. Then we discuss the uniqueness of solution by assume that there exist a constant k > 0 such that |g(t,v)-g(t,)| ≤ |v-|, ∀ t ∈ [0,1], ∀v, C[0,1] for this ordinary differential equation, a clarifying example was given as an application. The main idea in this paper is to study ordinary differential equations with a fractional order condition.

AL-Diss Ashrqiya, known for its hot springs water. This study was performed to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of Assaiq and Senah springs water that located in AL-Diss Ashrqiya. The study was already done for the period (January 2017-December 2018) to assess water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The results showed that the values of water temperature, the electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, sulfate SO₄^2-, fluoride F⁻, manganese Mn⁻, calcium Ca⁺², potassium K⁺, are not within the permissible levels of Yemeni and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Therefore, the water of Assaiq and Senah can be classified as undrinkable water. In comparison with the Eaton classification, the water of Assaiq and Senah springs are not suitable for irrigation purposes due to the higher conductivity, as it is water with acute problems. Also, in comparison with the standards of the World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) results show that water of Assaiq and Senah can be used to irrigate crops that are more tolerant of salinity.

Measurements of gamma-emitting radionuclides were performed on soil samples collected at various depth levels from different locations in the Hadhramout region, Yemen. The activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K, and ¹³⁷Cs were determined by gamma spectrometry detector. The measurement concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K in the soil samples ranged from 9.25 to 423.84 Bq/kg, 7.85 to 667.23 Bq/kg, and from 31.54 to 373.12 Bq/kg, respectively. The concentrations of these radionuclides are compared with the recommended values. According to the present lower concentration levels of ¹³⁷Cs, it does not pose any radiological complication. However, this data may provide a general background level for the area studied and may also serve as a guideline for future measurement and assessment of possible radiological risks to human health in this region.

The main aim of this work is to study a new version of normality called epi-partial normality, which lies between epi-almost normality and epi-mild normality. A space (X, T) is called an epi-partially normal space if there exists a topology T', which is coarser than T, such that (X, T') is Hausdorff partially normal. In this work, we investigate this property and present some examples that illustrate the relationships between epi-partial normality and other weaker kinds of both normality and regularity. We show that this property is a topological, a semi regularization and an additive property. Some properties and relationships of epi-partial normality are presented and proved.

Heritage buildings are historically exceptional in their landscape and specific attention must be paid to their architectural element and components. Recently, the techniques that are utilized for the study and protection of cultural heritage have been on the rise in the research field. Studies have shown that project life cycle phases can be implemented to determine the performance of a given building in general. However, heritage buildings and their need were not considered. The project life cycle phases include: 1) planning, 2) manufacturing, 3) transportation, 4) construction, 5) operation and 6) maintenance phases. In addition, there is a need for an encompassing rating system that is capable of determining the most optimal pathway for rehabilitating heritage buildings. Hence, this article aims to present a comprehensive life cycle energy analysis model that optimizes expenditure over all building components by optimizing the budget. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, two case studies are applied in this research-GN in Canada and MP in the KSA.

Water rainfall prediction is one of the most difficult tasks in hydrology because rainfall events are extremely random. This research presents a comparative analysis of different models that predict rainfall in an arid region. The forecasting models comprise the feed-forward, general regression, recurrent, cascade, and Elman neural networks. The performance of the aforementioned models is assessed using three evaluation metrics, namely the correlation coefficient, coefficient of efficiency, and Willmott's index of agreement. Furthermore, the statistical significance of the neural network models is evaluated using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. Finally, the correspondence of the neural network model results compared to the observations is examined using the Taylor diagram. The findings reveal that the general neural network exhibits the best performance compared to other models using the tropical rainfall measuring mission dataset at Suez city in Egypt. The Egyptian water municipality is intended to benefit from the proposed model in monthly rainfall forecasting in this arid region. The precise modeling of rainfall is vital for managing water resources such as food production, water allocation, and drought management.

In the course of a construction project, the project manager's task is to ensure timely and cost-effective execution of the job. However, it is common that delays and over-budgeting to be experienced during the project execution. This schedule acceleration requires resource planning to account for the project's limited resources. Therefore, this study proposes an integrated method that allows for joint consideration of project scheduling and resource planning while accounting for activity splitting. The objective is to determine the project's optimal cost and duration while considering some input parameters such as the crew's size and project's activities' cost and duration. The proposed method utilized the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize the project duration and cost. Accordingly, the Weighted Sum was used as a multi-criteria decision support method to choose an optimal solution from the optimization results. The developed scheduling and optimization method is coded in Python as a stand-alone, automated, computerized tool to facilitate its application. A numerical example, utilizing the developed method, is employed to show the method's robustness and assess its performance against other previously developed methods. Results indicated the developed method's dominance in finding optimal solutions in a reasonable time avoiding local minima entrapment.

This study was amid to assess Arsenic and Cadmium in whole blood in participate with occupational and environmental exposure to toxic metals. Metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry ICP-OES after digested by dry ashing in the microwave muffle for 99 samples collected at different stations and occupations in Sana'a, Yemen and applying biomonitoring human model BHM on the evaluation of metallic toxicity among a human population. From the results, it is noted that the range and average concentrations measured in ppb were 0.41-2.43 for Cadmium, 0.59-1.22 for Arsenic. It can be concluded that Cadmium contaminating blood samples. However, the possibility of Arsenic poisoning cases might be encountered in the future unless it would be avoided. The concentrations of Arsenic in some many categories lying within the normal ranges and slightly approaching the hazard limits. Interestingly, the hazard trend of metallic toxicity was increased in the order: Arsenic > Cadmium and that younger and junior workers of unsafe harder occupations.

Cadmium is poisonous to living species even at low doses. In the cadmium-nickel battery industry, cadmium is commonly associated with nickel and cobalt. In this paper, the experimental results revealed that in recovering cadmium from spent nickel-cadmium batteries, sulfuric acid was much less potent than nitric acid. The effect of nitric acid quantity, molarity, temperature, and recovery time are studied to improve the process of recovering cadmium from spent Nickel-Cadmium batteries. The optimum values of nitric acid quantity, molarity, temperature, recovery time, and wasted material are 70 ml, 5 M, 70°C, 180 min, and 2g respectively. The recovered materials were investigated using an x-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX). An atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used to analyze the chemical composition of the leached samples.

Electrocardiogram (ECG) wearable smart textile shirt has widely been investigated due to its high flexibility, reusability, comfort, and the possibility of being used for home-based, real-life activities and real-time measurement. ECG smart textile shirt is an embedded textile sensor inside a cloth that can capture ECG data in more convenient ways and ease user-friendly, especially for continuous and long-term ECG data acquisition outside the laboratory environment. However, the current challenge with ECG smart textile shirt is the reliability and quality of data acquired by the wearable smart textile. This review will mainly focus on the research strategies in the early stages regarding data acquisitions in ECG smart textile shirt. It will introduce researchers' data acquisition methods in the biometric recognition system using wearable ECG smart textile. The Scopus and Mendeley databases review may help future researchers consider different parameters, which affect the reliability and data quality when selecting data acquisitions strategies in a biometric recognition system using wearable ECG smart textile shirt.

Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) is a mass detection sensor capable of measuring mass sensitivity at nanogram levels when based on a thickness shear mode piezoelectric crystal set at high frequencies. These sensors detect with high accuracy while benefiting from simple geometry, low costs, and ease of fabrication. Researchers prefer piezoelectric crystal sensors to the recent methods of gas chromatography/mass chromatography (GC/MC), high pressure liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which are time-consuming and not cost-effective. Unlike conventional QCM sensors that are limited to a single-electrode structure—which minimizes their scope of detection—the Multichannel QCM (MQCM) incorporates multiple sensors fabricated on a single crystal wafer. Each sensor is selectively coated with a sensing material that promotes the adsorption of target vapours. One of the widely used application of QCM sensors is in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) detection. This paper imparts a critical overview of recent publications on the application of MQCMs with various sensing materials.

This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of ethanolic and water extracts of Ocimum basilicum and Peganum harmala cultivated in Yemen against some pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Kebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus). The antimicrobial activities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the plant extracts have been determined using Agar well diffusion method. The activity was expressed as inhibition zone diameter (IZD). A significant difference was noticed in the antibacterial activities and in the values of MIC at a significant level of α = 0.05. The aqueous extract of O. basilicum caused the highest IZD (2.2± 0.28 cm) against E. coli at 20%, whereas for alcoholic extract, the highest IZD (2.90 ± 1.27 cm) was achieved against K. pneumoniae at the same concentration. The increasing of aqueous and alcoholic extract concentration reduces the ability of the solvent to extract the active compounds from plants and weakens their inhibitory effect. The MIC values were varied depending on the source of extract, the type of bacteria and the type of solvent. In conclusion, the plant extracts used in this work could be of great value as natural antimicrobials. Further studies are needed to develop new alternative pharmacological possibilities for applications.

The concentrations of nutrients as well as some physico-chemical parameters were evaluated at the surface seawater of eight stations in Aden city coasts during winter 2019 and summer 2020. The results indicated that the concentration of nutrients were high in the study stations, exception the reference station which was far from the sources of pollution, where the domestic sewage effluents that discharge to sea. Seasonal variations showed that nitrite and nitrate concentrations in all stations were higher during winter (0.053 and 5.460 mg/L) compared to their corresponding values in summer which were 0.029 and 3.130 mg/L respectively. On contrast, seasonal distributions of phosphate and silicate exhibited significantly higher values in summer 0.746 and 1.004 mg/L compared to their corresponding values in winter, which were 0.451 and 0.881 mg/L, respectively. The results of the study confirm the importance of protecting Aden coastal waters from various pollutants, especially wastewater pollutants.

Recommendations: Maintaining and repairing the sewage network and reconnecting cities with Al-Arish station. The waste is not directly discharged to the sea until after it has been treated, provided it is safe. The application of legislation and regulations related to the protection of the marine environment.