Table of contents

2^nd Annual International Conference on Information and Sciences

(AiCIS-2020)

Physics Workshop

Organized by University of Fallujah Fallujah, Iraq 24-25 November 2020

Conference Chair

Prof. Dr. Sabah Ibrahim Hamdi

President of University of Fallujah

General Chair

The 2^nd Annual International Conference on Information and Sciences was held in the campus of University of Fallujah, Fallujah, Iraq, from 24-25 November 2020. The conference provided a unique opportunity for establishing and maintaining professional relationships of widely recognized scientists between each other in different fields of specializations. The 2^nd AiCIS-2020 is a prestigious event, organized to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet the share cutting-edge development in their field of study and labor.

The Physics workshop of 2nd Annual International Conference of Information and Science "AiCIS-2020" has received 58 papers. However, it has finally accept of (33) papers.

The conference was held virtually due to travel restriction and in compliance with the health and prevention instructions due to the pandemic of Covid-19. Conference Proceedings were presented into two days sessions. This required the program to be organized in four parallel sessions, each on a specific theme, to provide each paper with sufficient time for presentation and to accommodate all of them within the overall time allocated.

List of International Steering Committee, Editing and Publishing Committee and Organizing Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: Microsoft CMT

• Number of submissions received: 58

• Number of submissions sent for review: 43

• Number of submissions accepted: 33

• Acceptance Rate : 57%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 45

• Contact person for queries : Saad Th. J. Alrawi, University of Fallujah, Saadalrawe@uofallujah.edu.iq

This study was conducted in Duhok Governorate (DG) to study the mineralogical and chemical properties of atmospheric falling dust (AFD) and to measure the fall rate of AFD. AFD samples were collected at different locations and times by a funnel on the nozzle of a plastic bucket (pail) of dimensions (1 m²) on the veranda of the building, ∼3-4 m high the ground level. To compare between chemical properties of AFD and street dust that people are exposed to, the dust accumulated on car engine air-filters (CAFs) have been examined. Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to study the chemical composition of the particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate mineralogical characterization. The result shows that the traffic emissions and increasing population density as anthropogenic sources, in addition to natural dust particles in Duhok governorate have been the main role in the dust fall rate. The results show that the monthly dust fall rate was recorded in Duhok (3.35 gm/m².month). The higher average concentration value for heavy metal was (Cu=11.5 ppm). The study includes qualitative identification of clay minerals by X-ray diffraction data. Peak height was used as a rough indicator of the relative abundance of minerals. The major minerals observed in the AFD sample are Calcite (CaCO₃), Quartz low, Silicon Oxide (SiO₂), and Dolomite (CaMg(CO₃)₂).

Wind speed prediction is very critical for clean energy electricity generation, commitment decision-making, and wind farms planning strategy studies. It is also important for the wind energy industry to determine the characteristics of wind speed for site selection and to know the output of the wind turbine. A prediction of Daily Average Wind Speed (DAWS) for Duhok city, Iraq using Feed Forward (FF) Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is investigated using weather records for Duhok city, Iraq. To build and train the suggested network, MATLAB software is used. The variables that used as inputs are a daily average of the Humidity (H), Pressure (P), Minimum Temperature (T_min), Solar Radiation (SR), Maximum Temperature (T_max), day (D) and month (M) to estimate DAWS. The suggested networks are analyzed using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as statistical values. The proposed network forecasts accurate daily wind speed values based on the outcomes. This suggested method helps to predict the weather and to estimate the output strength of wind turbines.

Albedo tests the total surface reflectance, offering plenty of useful details on the environment and a deeper understanding of the balance of environment features. Yet usually different sunlight wavelengths are not reflected equally, resulting in a variable surface color and variations in the absorption of certain wavelengths due to changes in the surfaces physical or chemical characteristics. Surface albedo differences can be measured using radiometers, or by using the general equation to extract the value of the albedo for surfaces if all the variables are available. Every space agency uses this equation according to its measured wavelengths. So, the general equation of the satellite landsat was chosen to extract the values of albedo. Surface whiteness is a modulus, and it represents a portion of the incident sunlight reflected by the surface of any feature, and the surface absorbs radiation that is not reflected. The study examined the effect of albedo on the climate of Fallujah and the thermal composition of that urban area. The study used a method that combines remote sensing and geographic information systems to achieve this. Basic samples representing the ten landmarks of Fallujah were taken, the coordinates of these points were measured, and simulated with the satellite images of Landsat 7 and 8 and the sensor (ETM +, OLI) to find the wavelengths of reflectance of these features. When applying the general equation, the albedo values were shown as follows (Buildings with a value of 0.19, Streets with a value of 0.20, Rivers and canals with a value of 0.16, Sand plains with a value of 0.16, River islands with a value of 0.16, Low density arable land with a value of 0.18, High density arable land with a value of 0.15, Gravel land and its value. 0.23, Industrial areas with a value of 0.20, Abandoned land and saline, a value of 0.21).

In this manuscript we use a very high spatial resolution CO (J = 6 - 5) data from Atacama Large Millimeter/Sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) focused to the center region of Arp 220, at distance D = 77.4 Mpc (1 arcsecond = 375 parsec). The CO emission is resolved efficiently by ALMA beam (0.43" x 0.26"). We use long-slit along different direction of our sample to study the kinematic properties of the warm molecular gas within the inner region of Arp 220. We find the observed position - velocity (PV) diagram for this galaxy from its emission line. The major part of the molecular gas in Arp 220 was located mainly in the east and west nucleus. We measure 0.23 × 10¹⁰ M_ʘ dynamical mass in the central of this galaxy.

The optoelectronic properties of Hg_0.8Cd_0.2Te/CdTe quantum wire laser are investigated, with emphasis on the effect of wire width (W) and barrier width (B) on the optical confinement factor (Г), the optical threshold gain (g_th) and the effect number of well (N_w) on the confinement factor have been calculated. The laser operation system has been studied in the two cases; the number of well (2 and 3). It found that in our theoretical study, the values affect the work of a multiple laser system operating a number of well 2 was (W= 65nm, B = 40 nm), the value of optical confinement factor equals (Г= 0.055) and the amount of optical threshold gain was (g_th = 38 cm⁻¹). Further, the suitable values for multi quantum wire system is running a number of well 3 was (W= 42 nm, B = 60 nm), optical confinement factor equal to (Г= 0.048) and the threshold gain (g_th = 42 cm⁻¹). Theoretically, the principle of operation of a laser device depends on the resonator, the effective medium, and the stimulated emission of light radiation which is represented the important process in the work of device. It is found that the effect of optical confinement factor causes an increase in the reflectivity of laser beam in the cavity therefore decrease in the amount of optical threshold gain, noted that the amount of reflection was installed to study the change of other electronic characteristics of the multiple quantum wire.

In this work, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used to investigate the concentration of elements in gallbladder stones for smokers and non-smokers. Many elements have been detected in the non-smoker gallstone samples. The most important elements include calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb). However, significantly, concentrations of the most toxic elements have been found within the group of the smokers. The maximum concentrations of toxic elements such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and cobalt (Co) were found in people older than 60 years. Furthermore, the minimum concentrations of the trace elements calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and sodium (Na) were detected in this age group. The relative statistics of Ca concentration in smokers' and non-smokers' were studied, and these groups were divided according to age. It was concluded that the maximum Ca concentration for non-smokers was found in the 20- to 40-year age group when compared with the other groups.

In this research, the optical properties refractive index, absorption spectrum, and fluorescence spectrum of solutions of different concentrations have been studied in order to prepare thin films to obtain an efficient waveguide. A wave guide consisting of three layers has been prepared in which the middle layer has a relatively higher refractive index than the upper and lower layers. This optical wave guide was prepared by using different solutions of two concentrations of poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) & poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers. Different concentrations of the rhodamine pigments RhB & Rh6G were prepared. It is added to the middle layer of the optical wave guide in order to raise its refractive index first and to obtain a laser profit. The practical results have proven that there are specific concentrations of polymers and dyes that can be used to obtain wave guides that have the ability to transmit and amplify the input signal and operate within certain wavelengths. The PVA + RhB(10-4M) model showed the best laser emission performance and the PVA + Rh6G (10-5M) model showed the best signal transmission performance. Finally, the plasmon effect is clearly appears when we added the AgNPs on our samples it's effecting on threshold pumping and increase the efficiency of wave guide.

The abilities of laser direct writing have been explored on thin films of permalloy (Ni₈₁Fe₁₉) for range of film thicknesses with two types of substrates for creating micro-scale magnetic structures. The thin films of Permalloy were deposited on both silicon and glass substrates using thermal evaporator with ranging from 5 to 100 nm. The permalloy films were successively patterned using a laser system containing of a pico-second pulsed laser with an 800 ps pulse width and wavelength of 532 nm. A series of magnetic wires were patterned then characterised by Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect system and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The patterned magnetic wires showed good responses to an applied magnetic field. The corresponding coercivities of the patterned magnetic wires were affected by their observed quality. These results can improve the understanding of laser direct writing technique to fabricate the micromagnetic structures for future application as easy, low cost and high throughput technique.

PVA:PANI/CuI thin film composites were prepared by adding (CuI) nanoparticles to the blend of the poly vinyl alcohol and conductive polyaniline with various concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% wt) using the casting method technique on glass substrate at room temperature. The type, concentration of charge carriers, and Hall mobility (µ_H) had estimated from Hall measurement and shown that the polymer thin films before additive of CuI nanoparticles were positive Hall coefficient (P-type). While the polymer thin films for all concentration of CuI nanoparticles have negative Hall coefficient (n-type) except of sample with concentration 6 %wt was remained positive Hall coefficient (P-type). In D.C measurement, increasing of temperature value leads to reduce the electrical resistance, also the D.C conductivity of the thin film composites rises with increasing additive concentration of CuI nanoparticles. The activation energy values for PVA:PANI polymer blend composites decreased when the concentration of CuI nanoparticles increased. Alternating electrical conductivity (σ_ac) increases when the frequency of all samples increases. While the alternating electrical conductivity (σ_ac) remains constant at very low frequency.

The anticorrosion effect and biocompatibility property of Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) materials have been used in a variety of commercially available products and medical devices for many years. In this work, the treatment of surfaces prepared PMMA films by oxygen, argon and nitrogen plasma, requires understanding the effect of low energy ions on the surface modification of the film of PMMA. Due to this, the samples of prepared PMMA were exposed to three different gases at the same discharge conditions. Changes within the morphology and surface hydrophilicity of the treated samples were characterized by optical microscope images and the measurements of contact angle. Treatment of PMMA with O₂, N₂, Ar gases displayed a decreasing in the contact angle that results in increasing surface free energy. Oxygen –plasma treatment of PMMA films leads to high aspect ratio topography, with increased roughness for (5-30) minute process durations.

This study describes the experimental results of the fatigue behavior manifested by fatigue strength, fatigue life, and fatigue limit composites for epoxy resin and its E-glass fiber (2,4,6) laminates, nano clay prepared in laboratory reinforced in with (2%, 4%, 6%) weight fraction. The evaluation of (S-N) curves of the tested specimens was depending according to the type of E-glass fibers, laminates number, and addition nano clays small granular volume which prepared in laboratory to a polymer. The fatigue tests showed high resistance to all samples after being immersed in water. Adding the nano clay reduced the brittle nature of the Epoxy resin as it is improved drastically.

In this manuscript, the S-parameters, reflection and transmission coefficients, of PTFE at different thicknesses for microwave absorption applications were investigated in conjunction with WR90 T/R rectangular waveguide. Subsequently, the reflection and absorption shielding effectiveness SE_R and SE_A values were calculated using the measured S-parameters values, in which an inversely proportional relation was found. Furthermore, using Nicholson-Rose-Weir (NRW) and Finite Element Method (FEM) approaches, the measured S-parameters were validated. Herein, the mean relative errors were calculated; in particular, it was found that the FEM delivers an upright agreement with the measured data in comparison to the utilized NRW. This suggests the usefulness of the FEM approach as a low-cost alternative for the actual laboratory investigation.

A polymeric blend nanocomposites were prepared using mixer of Epoxy and polysulfide rubber [EP+PSR] as a matrix material and the Zirconium Oxide Nano-powder ZrO₂ as a reinforcement material, in different particle sizes and same adding ratio of 2% wt . Hand Lay-up molding method was used to prepare the samples. Impact strength, compression resistance and thermal conductivity tests, were carried out for the polymeric blend and composites samples before and after immersion in tap water. The results showed that adding Nano zirconia powder to the polymer blend improved the mechanical properties, while the thermal conductivity of the polymer blend was higher than that of the composites. Also, it was observed that water immersion caused a decrease in impact strength, compression resistance, modulus of elasticity and thermal conductivity in a manner proportional to the immersion time.

The diabetes can be induced by injecting "Alloxan" into animals. it shows a good response in animals specially in "mice, rabbits, mice, dog, and rats". The drug dosage is between "90 and 200mg/kg of the body weight". The "Alloxan" motivate "blood glucose" and the experimental animals shows response to the injected drug. The samples which are used in this study are mice male gender with age ranging between three and four months and weight (20-25)gm, these mice are injected with "Alloxan" with a dose of alloxan(200mg/kg) to study effect of alloxan on blood compounds (The cells of white blood, the cells of Red blood and platelets) and study the effect of plasma jet on the infected mice for different time exposure, the component of blood shows different response to the plasma jet effect the White Blood Cells (WBC) and the Platelets(PLT) approach the normal case in the 30 second, the Red Blood Cells (RBC) , HGB the concentration of hemoglobin in whole blood and (HCT) the ratio of red blood cells to the volume of blood plasma approach the normal case in 50 second, the (MCV) mean cell volume approach the normal value in 10 second.

Electron beam therapy using linear accelerator done for patients with superficial cancerous tumors. Daily quality assurance is preferable to assess a good treatment for the patients. This study focuses on penumbra, flatness, and symmetry determination for four types of an electron beam using StarTrack 2D array for quality assurance. Eelectron beam with energies: 6MeV, 9MeV, 12 MeV, and 15MeV for both in-plane (x-axis) and cross-plane (y-axis) using Elekta synergy linac exposed to StarTrack 2D array readings during 16 weeks for testing the performance and stability of StarTrack. The testing protocol used is IEC.The beam profile estimation of variation, when compared with standard values of penumbra, flatness, and symmetry of electron beam energy at the time of commissioning, reveals that all had a variation but these variations are within the limits. It is concluded that StarTrack 2D array detector is favourable in the QA process. Their implementation is not only easy, but gives information about the beam's temporal stability and is particularly suitable for beam steering mounting.

Studying the effect of X-ray emitted from the CT scanner devices on blood samples taken from a eleven persons between the ages of 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 years. The measurements were many of parameters of blood such as "WBC" White blood cell, "RBC" red blood cell, and "PLT" platelet count. It was noted that the parameters of blood properties that are exposed to X-rays are affected every time in a simple and within the normal range.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an effective treatment planning technique for various types of tumors such as head and neck (H&N) or pelvis. A complexity algorithm was invented to predict the deliverability and the accuracy for IMRT plans called the Modulation Complexity Score ranging from 0 to 1. The %GP is a metric depends on %DD /DTA to find the variation between the calculated dose from TPS and the measured dose from the phantom during the QA. This study is trying to assess the correlation between the MCS and planning verification outcome. Thirty-four patients treated with step and shoot IMRT technique for anatomical sites: H&N and pelvis. The planning process performed using Monaco 5.1 TPS then exported to Elekta Synergy linear accelerator. The phantom is used for the QA procedure is Octavius 4D-1500 with Verisoft 7.1 software analysis to evaluate the gamma passing rate for commonly used criteria 3%/3 mm at a 5% threshold. The MCS calculated using MATLAB 2019a. It results that the H&N plans are significantly more complex than the pelvis once with p-value 0.0192. The analysis shows a weak correlation between the MCS and MU for both treated sites. The complex H&N plans give a good value for %GP. Also, simpler pelvis plans obtain better global %GP results. Thus, modulation Complexity score can give a simple indication for pretreatment verifications of the IMRT plans for H&N and pelvis sites.

In this study, fullerenes (C₆₀) thin film was prepared via a novel combination of laser pulsed and electrospray methods using wasted batteries' electrodes as precursor. The effect of the applied electric potential using electrospray process was investigated through the structural, morphological and optical analyses. These in turn were examined using x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and photoluminescence techniques. In particular, using Williamson-Hall relation, the average crystallite size of the prepared nanoparticles was estimated in which it was found in the range of 41.46-111.84 nm. While sample treated with 5.6 kV of electric potential exhibited particle size of 6.35 nm using FESEM technique as compared to 7.4 nm for sample prepared under free potential. It is believed that the applied electric potential plays a vital role in reducing the particle size which in turn provides an alternative pathway for fabricating future optoelectronic design.

The success of Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) therapy in movement disorders is highly reliant on the number of electric charges delivered to the brain through the implanted contact electrodes. A high electrode impedance will count the flow of these changes, affecting the clinical benefit of the treatment. DBS patients show impedance variation, and many of them lose therapeutic benefits after a while because of high impedance. The aim of study is to reveal the effect of long-term electric stimulation on the impedance of the electrical electrodes of DBS lead contacts in vitro. This study is conducted from March 2019 to November 2019 in the Department of Physiology and Medical Physics at the College of Medicine, Al-Nahrain University. The electric impedance of DBS electrodes is measured regularly for nine months in vitro. These measurements are conducted using two pairs of lead DBS electrodes: one inserted in normal saline impregnated with a carbidopa-levodopa pill and activated by a DBS electric pulses generator, and another pair as the control without stimulation. The recorded data shows an increase in the impedance of DBS electrodes over long-term electric stimulation and reversing the polarity of the stimulation may cause the impedance of the electrodes to decrease.

In this study, a double frequency Nd: YAG deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition (laser beam 1064 nm, 6 Hz repetition rate and 10 ns pulse duration) were used for a thin Cr₂O₃ deposit on glass substrate. Many growth parameters have been considered to specify the optimum condition, namely substrate temperature at room temperature, oxygen pressure (2.8×10-4 mbar), laser energy (600) mJ and the number of laser shots was 500 pulses. The thickness was of about 160 nm and annealing temperature at (300, 400 and 500) °C. Using DC method, the conductivity and Hall coefficient of Cr₂O₃ films were measured. The sensing properties of the p-type (Hall coefficient was positive) films for NO₂ gas have been studied, and the result revealed that the Cr₂O₃ films have low sensitivity at room temperature, and it's improved by increasing the annealing temperature to 500° C.

Mixed nanostructured thin films composed of In₂O₃ – Ag_xO, were synthesized on glass and porous silicon to produce NH₃-gas sensor. The films' structure of the sensor was analyzed by XRD and AFM. The results obtained that polycrystalline nanostructure thin films were prepared. The optical properties indicate that the transmission and the energy gap were decreased with the increase in Ag_xO ratio. The sensor conductivity changed from n-type for In₂O₃ up to 10 Vol% Ag_xO to p-type with mixed oxides. The synthesis gas sensor gives sensitivity toward 40 ppm NH₃ gas at different temperatures (50, 100, 150 and 200) ˚C. The maximum sensitivity of mixed films on porous silicon for 15% Ag_xO ratio is 94.13% with a response time of 11.85 s and a recovery time of 20 s. Porous silicon improves the sensitivity of the prepared sensor by a factor of two with respect to the sensor over the glass. The good sensor properties of In₂O₃ – Ag_xO nanostructure mixed oxide at a low temperature indicated as highly efficient NH₃ gas sensor.

Magnetite nanoparticles have been synthesized by a green method. For this process, ferricchloride hexahydrate, ferrouschloride tetrahydrate (2/1 molar ratio) solution was mixed with different amounts of carob leaves extract and NaOH solution was added to get pH(2, 5,8 and 11) heated for 30 min at (30,60,80 and 100) °C . In this report, a description was introduced for the synthesis of Fe₃0₄ nanoparticles (NPs) in order to obtain the optimum (pH8 ,temperature and amount of extract) that have small particle size MNPs. The magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, through Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the absorbance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of magnetite nanoparticles synthesized with different parameters, were observed a single visible peak located in the range of (290-519) nm and it was related to spherical monodisperse, peak shifts to shorter wavelength (blue shift) with change parameter. FESEM images confirm the Fe₃0₄ NPs synthesized with different parameters were spherical shaped and lower than 50 nanoscale. AFM images of magnetite nanoparticles with different parameter. It is observed that each nucleus magnetite Nanoparticles is spherical in geometry

The nuclear structure of the ground state for even ^12,14,18N isotopes are studied within the shell model framework through the longitudinal elastic electron scattering. The generate wave functions from two-body interaction of Cohen and Kurath in the p-shell for ^12,14N, and psdsu3 interaction for ¹⁸N nucleus. The exact value of the center of mass correction in the translation invariant shell model (TISM) are re-examined for longitudinal form factors. The contribution of a higher 2p-shell configuration resolves some discrepancies with the experiments for the form factors at q-values. The inclusion of the core polarization effects through an effective nucleon charge gives a reasonable agreement for the present results with available data. The occupancy percentage with respect to the valance nucleons is also calculated.

Effect of adding silver nanoparticles on Bi_1.7Pb_0.3Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O_10+δ superconductor phase by solid state reaction technique. It was studied the significant variations in the superconducting, magnetic and structural properties of Bi-2223 phase. Ag NPs concentration of tiny particles varied, (0 - 1,25) % from the total weight mass of the BPSCCO compound were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and EDX spectrum measurements. It was found that adding Ag nanoparticles to BSCCO was enhanced the (Bi, Pb)-2223 phase formation up to x=1.25 wt%. On the other hand, the low concentrations of Ag nanoparticles of 0.25 wt% retarded the high-T_c phase formation and (T_c) measured that had the maximum improvement in Tc for most samples. The surface morphology investigated were examined by SEM, which the grain size increased with an increase Ag NPs, while the grain size examination showed that both the size and number of voids were reduced. Magnetization variance was measured of the samples by M - T curve, where the highest value for x = 1.25 wt%, and it become clear when the magnetic and resistance transition points are close to each other. Moreover, Critical current density (J_c) characteristic curves were measured at temperature range (2-150) K.

The linear accelerator is used in radiotherapy to treat tumors whether it was benign or malignant. The megavoltage electron beam is used to treat superficial tumors that do not exceed 5cm depth. In this work the dose distribution before irradiating the patient to check whether the prescribed dose is matched with the irradiated dose to help the physicist to fix the errors or deviations if it is detected. The quality assurance (QA) measured of electron beam with energy 12 MeV at common different depths and field sizes using StarTrack 2D detector and to ensure that it does not exceed the recommended limits. The equipped QA device is a StarTrack 2D detector under the linear accelerator infinity from Elekta at 100 cm from source-to surface distance SSD. The tested energy 12 MeV at depths 0.5 cm and 1.5 cm for field sizes 6cm×6cm, 10cm×10 cm and 14cm×14cm as limits measured according to the International Electrotechnical Commissioning (IEC) protocols. Results show that the revealed an error in the output dose at 6cm×6cm and 10cm×10 cm field sizes for 1.5 cm depth but for 14cm×14cm field size at 0.5 cm depth, the dose found to be above the tolerance. Also it's found that the output dose is highly reached to 1.5 cm depth than the 0.5 cm. Furthermore, all the rotation axis of the collimator are within the limits with a few noises in the signal at the inline and the crossline axis. We conclude that there was an error in the output does need to be recalibrated before irradiating the patients to electron beam therapy at 12 MeV to assure that the treatment is qualified and efficient.

The M1 inelastic scattering form factors from ⁴⁸Ca nucleus have been investigated through nuclear shell theory. The nuclear effective two body interaction fpbm of Richter has been utilized to generate the two body wave vectors with Harmonic oscillator wave function as a single particle wave function in Fp shell model space. Core polarization effect has been used to include the discarded space (core+ higher configuration) via model space with realistic interaction of Skyrme Sly5 to couple the model space active particles with the pair (particle-hole) excited in energy of 2ћω. Calculated results has been compared to available experimental data.

Natural radioactivity is common in the environment. As well as in geological formations such as soil, rock, air, water and plants. Which required extensive researches in many countries are due to the global interest in exposure to natural radioactivity. Ten different samples of milk collected from Iraqi markets were evaluated for concentration of alpha radioactivity (uranium concentration, effective radium content and radon concentrations) using CR-39. After exposure, the detectors were etched in a (NaOH) solution of normality (6.25 N) at a temperature of 70 °C for 8 hours. The tracks were calculated by the microscope track-counting system. At a rate of 0.171 ppm, uranium concentrations ranged between 0.079 – 0.263 ppm. While, the effective radium content varied from 53.724 - 178.47 mBq/kg with an arithmetic rate of 116.096 mBq/kg. The variation of the radon exhalation values for the mass unit and for the area unit was also observed between 0.406 - 1.349 mBq/kg.h and 3.076 -10.217 mBq/m².h, at a mean rate of 0.943 mBq/kg.h and 6.646 mBq/m².h, respectively. The average of annual average internal effective dose (AAIED) due to ingestion of 222Rn in milk samples in children and adults has been found 0.60 nSv/y and 0.2 nSv/y respectively, there are excellent correlation between radium concentrations and radon exhalation rate and uranium concentration(R²=1). Thus, the results of this study do not constitute a health hazard to the lives of people because they are within the limits allowed internationally.

Radon (²²²Rn) is created in the soil by radioactive decay of Radium (²²⁶Ra) and then emitted from the ground into the atmosphere (exhalation), environmental assessments of radon gas (²²²Rn) are keys to the assessment of air pollution. The major objective of the current study was to examine the (²²²Rn) exhalation rates and the (²²⁶Ra) concentrations in the soil samples. Thirty soil samples have been collected from ten streets in the region. The (²²²Rn) exhalation rate and concentrations of (²²⁶Ra) in soil samples were calculated using "Can Technique". The measurements have shown that the surface and mass exhalation rate were varied from 3.9∓0.3 to 18.3∓0.3 μBq.kg⁻¹.s ⁻¹, with a mean value of 7.8∓0.3 μBq.kg⁻¹.s⁻¹, and 12.9∓0.5 to 60.7∓1 μBq.m⁻².s⁻¹, with a mean value of 25.5∓0.9 μBq.m⁻².s⁻¹, respectively. In addition, the results showed that the values for ²²⁶Ra concentrations ranged from 1.8∓0.04 to 8.7∓0.1 Bq.kg⁻¹, with a mean value of 3.7∓0.1 Bq.kg⁻¹. Overall, the indications showed that the levels of (²²⁶Ra) in soil samples are less than the hazardous levels of human health 370 Bq.kg⁻¹.

The nuclear binding energy calculated by the quark model has been used in the current research to quantify alpha decay energy (Qα- value). The research dealt with the odd-even and even - even type of heavy and super-heavy nuclei within the range (78≤ Z ≤ 118). By knowing the number of Z and N for a given nucleus, regardless of its mass, it became possible to calculate the energy of alpha decay. By correlating the experimental nuclear binding energy values of the parent nucleus and its daughters with the theoretically computed values, the quark model was adapted. Graphically extracted calibration equations have been used to produce a modern version of the alpha decay energy by linear and logarithmic matching. As essential statistical instruments, the square root rate and standard deviation were determined to show the utility of adjusted models in testing decay energy and nuclear binding energy. The analyses revealed that the experimental results have been approved.

Tin oxide (SnO₂) nanoparticles synthesized by hydrothermal method and kept at sintering temperatures (800-1200 ºC). The tin (II) chloride dehydrate (SnCl₂.2H₂O) used to prepared the SnO₂ precursor solution. The Tin oxide nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electronic spectroscopy (FESEM), and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The nanoparticles size of SnO₂ depends on the degree of sintering temperature, it found crystallite size (22.12,27.34 , 36.11 and 42.02) nm of the SnO₂ at800, 900, 1000 and 1200°C, respectively. XRD shows a pure tetragonal rutile crystalline structure for SnO₂ nanoparticles. FESEM images revealed the particles size increased with increasing sintering temperature. The transmittance and absorption are affected by an increased degree of sintering temperature. The band gap of SnO₂ nanoparticles decreased with increasing sintering temperature (2.6 to 2.4) eV when temperature raised from 800 to 1200 ºC, which belongs to the effect of particle size

This study presents new construction design stacks for optimal narrow band pass filters in two different spectral regions. The new design of narrow pass band filters have optimal specifications as narrow pass band, high transmittance, and zero transmittance at stop band along wide range of wavelength. Procedures were given to design such filters by adjusting metal with dielectric materials. We investigated the construction stacks to have proper number of coating layers with controlling the thickness of each layer.

This work concerned with effect of zinc oxide concentrating on the structural and optical properties of (MgO)_1-x(ZnO)_x thin films. (MgO)_1-x(ZnO)_x compounds were produced by mixing the two oxides powders accordance to the atomic ratios and compressed as pellets, these pellets were sintered in an oven at temperature1273K for five hours. Thin films from (MgO)_1-x(ZnO)_x compounds were obtained using pulsed laser deposition technique using Nd:YAG laser . The results of x-ray diffraction as well as UV-Visible- spectrophotometer measurements transmittance of (MgO)_1-x(ZnO)_x thin films were presented From the x-ray pattern it was observed reflection peaks (200) and (111) for cubic structure MgO and (100),(002) and (101) for ZnO wurtzite-phase reflections planes corresponding to the MgO cubic structure and ZnO wurtzite-phase while the prepared thin films with x content from 0 to 0.75 seemed to gather and rearranges their atoms until reveals some little peaks reveals at x=1.0 which give an indication to attend polycrystalline structure. The optical results declare a reducing of band gap i.e. red shift by the growth of ZnO incorporation in the prepared thin films.The data reveals that energy gap reduces from 4.0 eV to 3.20 eV . This affirms that the ablation of ZMO targets results in a tuneable band gap ZMO thin films. The calculated optical constants are greatly effected by ZnO incorporation in the prepared thin films.

The Maxwell's equations are a basic formulation using for solve propagation equations within a waveguide. In this research, the wave propagation inside the waveguide was studied and some basic parameters of wave propagation were measured through MATLAB 2013. Silicon with a refractive index 3.46 was chosen to study this propagation and the use of core and cladding with a lower refractive index 2.46 and some parameters were extracted for the waveguide including propagation constant, cutoff wavenumber, cutoff frequency, cutoff thickness and normalized parameter. These parameters are studied at the wavelength 0.6 μm for transvers electric TE and transvers magnetic TM we changed the core thickness at wavelength constant and found that the number of modes increases as the increase of core thickness and the waveform is thinner in TM than it is in TE. We note from the measurements that the value of cutoff frequency and cutoff thickness are equal in the two types TE and TM. Moreover, when two modes (m=0, 1) and core thickness 0.24 μm the value of propagation constant in TE is equal (34.8901, 30.7737) while in TM (30.6440, 26.1967) respectively, we find that the values in TE are greater than TM. Also, the results obtained from Finite Difference Method were compared with the method used (Maxwell's equation through wave equation solutions). This work represents a short pathway for the theoretical analysis concerning the electromagnetic waves propagating through Si planar waveguide with both modes (TE and TM) considered.