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The International Conference on Applied Sciences Mathematics and Informatics (ICASMI) is a biennial event hosted by University of Lampung that brings together academics, scholars and researchers from around the world to meet and exchange the latest ideas, networking, opening collaboration research and discuss issues concerning all fields of sciences, mathematics, informatics and their application. It also allows representatives of industry, government employers and postgraduate students to have an opportunity to discuss with experts on some issues they concern. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this time the conference was held virtually.

This conference was held from 3rd to 4th of September 2020, in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Zoom Meeting was utilized as a means of the conference. Each keynote speaker was given 30-minutes for his/her presentation with 15 minutes discussion, while for the oral presentation was held in a parallel session of three or four speakers where each participant was given 10 minutes for presentation and 15 minutes for panel discussion. The participants came from across several institutions and universities from 4 countries. Our initial target participants were 150, fortunately, on the closing date of registration, there were 178 participants who registered from 5 main fields of natural sciences. The main drawback of such virtual conference was the internet connection. A few numbers of speakers had this problem, so they were unable to give their best presentation, however, this drawback did not affect much the quality of this conference.

The theme of this year's conference is "Natural Sciences, Mathematics and Informatics in the Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)." The conference will provide researchers and scientists from mathematics and computer science, researchers from various application areas such as physics, chemistry, life sciences, and engineering, as well as in education and social fields, to discuss problems and solutions in the area, to identify new issues, and to shape future directions for research.

We would like to acknowledge all of those who have supported the 3^rd ICASMI. Each individual and institutional help were very important for the success of this conference. We would like to thank the keynote speakers who are competent in their field of study and come from different countries, such as, Japan, Malaysia, Turkey and Indonesia, and the organizing committee for their valuable advice in the organization and helpful peer review of the papers.

We hope that this conference would be a forum for excellent discussions that put forward new ideas and promote collaborative research. We are sure that the IOP proceedings publication will serve as an important research source of references and the knowledge, which will lead to not only scientific and engineering progress but also other new products and processes.

Chair,

Prof. Dr. Rudy Situmeang

List of Garantor, Director, Division of Secretarial, Division of Papers and Review, Division of Program, Division of Information System and Publicity, Division of Paper Publication, Division of Equipment, Division of Accommodation, Division of Documentation are available in this pdf.

List of Confference Photographs are avilable in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

Conference submission management system: The submission process used was Google form

Number of submissions received: We received 171 papers submitted plus 7 keynote presentation but the keynote speakers were not ready on the due date to submit their full paper, so their papers were not reviewed

• Number of submissions sent for review: 152

• Number of submissions accepted: 112

Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): The acceptance rate was: (112/152) x 100% = 73.68%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3.38

• Total number of reviewers involved: 45

Any additional info on review process: The review process was carried using single-blind review process was to minimize the expenses we had to spent as the ICASMI committee, although not much, gave certain amount of payment for per article reviewed by reviewers, thus if we used double-blind review, it will cost double.

Contact person for queries: Prof. Dr. Sutopo Hadi, M.Sc.

Department of Chemistry

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Universitas Lampung

Jl. S. Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung 35145 Indonesia

E-mail: sutopo.hadi@fmipa.unila.ac.id

• Phone: +62 813 69059733

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and M be a comodule over R-coalgebra C. It was already well-known that any C-comodule M is a module over dual algebra C* where C* is the set of all R-module homomorphisms from C to R. Furthermore, the category of comodule is a subcategory of the category of C*-module. Hence, any C-subcomodule of M is a C*-submodule of M, and the conversely is not true. For any non zero element m in M, C*m is a C*-submodule of M. In general, C*m is not to become a C-subcomodule of M. By using the theory of exact sequences in modules and the theory of categories, we give a condition such that C*m to be a C-subcomodule of M.

Recently, Geotextiles are widely used for coastal protection in Indonesia. Geotextile is one of the implementations of a submerged bar as a breakwater. Here, we will study the damping mechanism of the Geotextile to reduce the incoming wave amplitudes through a mathematical model. The model that we use based on the Shallow Water Equations. Analytical solutions for wave transmission coefficient are derived using the Separation of Variables Method. Numerically, we construct a scheme using the Riemann Invariant Method to approximate the analytical model. For validation, the numerical results are compared against the analytical wave transmission coefficient, which resulted in a very good agreement between the two findings. Further, we investigate the effect of the changes in the dimension of a submerged bar to the reduction of the transmitted wave amplitude.

The quantification of the reflection waves is of paramount importance in coastal engineering. The reflection wave that affects the incoming waves over time will gradually affect the calculation of the transmitted waves after passing through a submerged breakwater. In this study, the reflection waves that affect the incident waves will be separated so that the appropriate transmission coefficient is obtained. The accuracy of this separation method of the incident waves and reflections will be evaluated using a numerical scheme. The numerical scheme that we use here is a staggered finite volume method. A small error in the comparison indicates the wave separation process is good enough to produce a reflection coefficient following the numerical results.

This study will determine the length of time for large-scale social restrictions, in Indonesia is known as the Large-Scale Social Distancing (LSSD), which requires in a region to reduce the number of different covid-19 cases. Associated with the implementation of the LSSD, it turns out that many things can influence the LSSD to be able to run effectively in the community, from internal and external factors. This research was conducted for 15 days from 1 June 2020 to 15 June 2020, to find out the factors that had a significant influence on the effectiveness of LSSD using Cox Proportional Hazard Regression. The dependent variable used in the study is the length of time the LSSD system (Y). From the results can concluded that the socialization variable (X1) has a significant effect to the effectiveness of LSSD.

In this paper, we investigate a suitable weir design which yields in an undular jump phenomenon using both hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic models. We solved the hydrostatic model using numerical and analytical methods. After that, we validated the output from both methods using the experimental data. In order to simulate the undular jump better, modification towards the hydrostatic model is needed. Hence, for the non-hydrostatic model, we consider the existence of hydrodynamic pressure and solved the model numerically. The outcome of this paper can be beneficial for hydraulic structures design and the management of water resources.

We derive a detailed determination of the solution formula for the compressible viscous fluid flow in three dimensional Euclidean space using Fourier transform. For the further research, we can not only generalized the model problem to the N-dimensional Euclidean space (N>3) but also we can estimate the solution operator families of the model problem.

Depression, as the most common mental worldwide disorder, has been the major contributor to suicide deaths. In this paper, we model how depression is contagious among the population using Agent-Based Modeling approach. A sufferer can be affected due to contagion effects of social interactions, particularly from close relationships, then undergo a depressive episode that categorized by mild, moderate, severe. Every episode can be recovered by doing therapy. Those transition processes are described based on gender in a flowchart diagram and simulations, which depend on time using software. Our simulation results represent that the greater contacts rate with someone who affected depression, the more severe of depressive episodes that will be experienced. Further, the greater probability of someone who is going to a therapy can reduce the number of depressed persons over time, especially for contagious depression. Thus, these program simulations and modeling method will be used to calculate and handle the contagion of depression, helping for sufferers' recovery, and decreasing number of depressed people who commit suicide.

The locating-chromatic number was introduced by Chartrand in 2002. The locating-chromatic number of a graph is a combined concept between the coloring and partition dimension of a graph. The locating chromatic number of a graph G is defined as the cardinality of minimum color classes. In this paper, we discuss about the locating chromatic number of three types modified path with cycle having locating chromatic number four.

The minimum number of colors in a locating coloring of G is called the locating chromatic number of graph G, denoted by χ_L(G). Split graph of cycle with a set of vertices {υ₁, υ₂, υ₃, ..., υ_n} is graph obtained by adding on vertex υ_i as many new k vertices ${\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{1},\,{\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{2},\,{\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{3},\,\mathrm{\ldots }\,,\,{\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{k}$, so that each vertices ${\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{1},\,{\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{2},\,{\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{3},\,\mathrm{\ldots }\,,\,{\upsilon }_{{}^{i}}^{k}$ neighbouring with each vertex that is neighbouring to vertex v_i in the cycle graph. Split graph of cycle, denoted by spl(C_n) In this paper will be discussed about the locating chromatic number for split graph of cycle.

The discrete modified Korteweg–de Vries (mKdV) is a class of discrete integrable systems that may be distinguished as integrable partial difference equations (PΔE) and integrable ordinary difference equations (OΔE). By considering traveling wave solutions, the OΔE mKdV can be obtained from PΔE mKdV. Meanwhile, a mapping can be constructed from an OΔE mKdV. In this paper, we will focus on producing a new map using a process (replacement), the interchange of a single parameter, and an integral and investigate its properties.

Survival analysis is one of the statistical procedures analyzing data in the form of survival time and variables that affect survival time, namely survival time data starting from the beginning of the study (time origin/start point) until the time an event or endpoint occurs. In the field of health data is obtained from observations of patients who were observed and recorded the time event of each individual. The event in question can be in the form of death, recurrence of new diseases, or recovery. This study will discuss the application of cox proportional hazard regression to determine the cox proportional hazard model on DHF patients. Determine the factors that affect the recovery rate of DHF patients and determine the hazard ratio value of DHF patients at Abdul Moeloek Hospital in Bandar Lampung in 2019. Regression Cox proportional hazard is used because the cox proportional hazard model does not depend on the assumption of the distribution of the time of occurrence; the results are almost the same as the parametric model. They can estimate the hazard ratio without knowing the baseline hazard. Based on the selection of the best model with backward elimination and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), the best model is obtained with a four-variable model, namely Leukocyte, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, and Thromobocyte. These four variables are factors that have a significant effect on the patient's length of stay. Then this study also looked at the value of the hazard ratio which thrombocyte are the variables with the largest hazard ratio value, which means the thrombocyte variable has the highest risk level.

Multivariate time series are widely used in various fields such as finance, economics, and the stock market. One analysis model that is widely used for multivariate time series data is the VAR model. Vector autoregressive (VAR) is a model used to describe the relationship between several variables. The VAR model provides an alternative approach that is very suitable for forecasting purposes and is very suitable for solving economic data problems. The variables used in this study consisted of endogenous variables with closing prices of ICBP and INDF shares and exogenous variables with exchange rates collected from January 2017 to July 2020. In this study, the best model, VARX (1,0), was obtained. also the relationship between variables through the impulse response function and granger causality. Furthermore, forecasting is also carried out for the next 30 days using the best model, VARX (1,0).

Time series analysis (time series) is one method with the aim to find out events that will occur in the future based on data and past circumstances. Time series are widely used in economics, business, environmental science, and finance. The analytical tool that is widely used to answer quantitative research problems is the Autoregressive Vector (VAR). The VAR model is used if the data is stationary. If the variable has cointegration and stationary at the first difference value, the VAR model is modified to become the Error Correction Model (VECM). Then we can find out the influence of variables with other variables by looking at the Impulse Response Function and Granger Causality. In this research, PT Kalbe Farma Tbk's stock data will be analyzed. (KLBF) and PT Kimia Farma (Persero) Tbk (KAEF). The data used are weekly data from January 2010 to June 2020. Based on data analysis, it is known that the data is not stationary and there are unit roots. Furthermore, first differencing is done to make the data stationary. Because there was cointegration, a VECM analysis was performed and a VECM (p) was obtained with a lag of p = 4. So the best model for this research is VECM (4) with rank = 2. Causal relationships between variables using Granger Causality showed that KLBF influenced KAEF in the past. Based on IRF analysis, each variable gives a fluctuating response with itself and with other variables.

The Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model is a statistical model that can be used for modeling multivariate time series data which is commonly applied in the fields of finance, management, business and economics. However, economic data, especially return values, have quite high data fluctuations, so we need to add the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model in the analysis to obtain efficient results. This study will discuss the formation of the best model for multivariate time series data, namely return data of PT. Indofarma Tbk. (INAF) and PT. Kimia Farma Tbk. (KAEF) from June 2015 to July 2020, where data retuned for the two variables tended to have a high volatility shock at some time and low volatility at other times which characterizes the data as having an ARCH effect so that the GARCH model will be used in this analysis, namely the BEKK-model. GARCH. This model proposes a new parameterization which is easily given a restriction, namely the requirement that H_t must be positive for all values of ε_t and x_t in sample room. Based on the selection of the best model using the AICC, HQC, AIC and SBC criteria, it is found that the VAR (1)-GARCH (1,1) model is the best model for the data used. Then this research will also examine the behavior and relationship between INAF and KAEF based on Granger Causality and Impulse Response. In addition, based on the forecasting results of the VAR (1)-GARCH (1,1) model, it shows that this model is good for short-term forecasting.

The Constant Conditional Correlation-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (CCC-Garch) model as one of the multivariate time series models is used to model economic variables, especially in stock price data with high volatility characteristics that result in heterogeneous variations. The higher the volatility, the higher the level of uncertainty of the stock returns that can be obtained. The CCC-Garch Multivariate model is the simplest model in its class. The principle of this model is to decompose the conditional covariance matrix into conditional standard deviation and correlation. In this study, we will discuss and determine the best model that can describe the relationship between two vector data timeseries, namely stock return data for companies engaged in mining and construction in Indonesia, namely United Tractor Tbk (UNTR) and Petrosea Tbk (PTRO) where the data is the daily stock return data for the period July 2015 to August 2020. Several models that involve modeling the mean and variance with CCC-GARCH parameterization are applied to data such as the VAR (1)-Garch (1,1), VAR (2)-Garch (1) model., 1), VAR (3) Garch (1,1) and VAR (4)-Garch (1,1). The result was that the VAR (1)-Garch (1,1) model was selected as the best model with the criteria for selecting the AICC, SBC, AIC and HQC models. The dynamic behavior of both UNTR and PTRO stock return variables is explained by Granger Causality and Impulse Response. Furthermore, the forecasting of this data was carried out for some time in which the VAR (1)-Garch (1,1) model which was selected as the best model was only suitable for forecasting in a short time.

Vector Error Correction Model is a cointegrated VAR model. This idea of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which consists of a VAR model of the order p - 1 on the differences of the variables, and an error-correction term derived from the known (estimated) cointegrating relationship. Intuitively, and using the stock market example, a VECM model establishes a short-term relationship between the stock prices, while correcting with the deviation from the long-term comovement of prices. An Impulse Response Function traces the incremental effect of a 1 unit (or one standard deviation) shock in one of the variables on the future values of the other endogenous variables. Impulse Response Functions trace the incremental effect of the marketing action reflected in the shock. The data used in this analysis are 4 (four) daily plantation stocks prices in Indonesia with time period of January to July in three years which are 2018, 2019, and 2020. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship among 4 (four) stocks prices with VECM and to know the behaviour of each stocks prices with Impulse Response.

The locating-chromatic number of a graph combined two graph concept, coloring vertices and partition dimension of a graph. The locating-chromatic number, denoted by χ_L(G), is the smallest k such that G has a locating k-coloring. In this paper, we discuss the locating-chromatic number for certain barbell Origami graphs.

There are several ways to describe data mathematically. Likewise with the computing tool. As a computational aid, Mathematica® is designed to make it easier for users to carry out the calculation process symbolically or numerically. This article will discuss the use of Mathematica® to describe banking data through quantitative methods. A case study that discussed in this article is the results of the analysis of the influence of Non-Performing Financing (NPF) against the financial performance of PT. Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM) through indicators of Return on Asset (ROA). Research conducted using a quantitative approach to the data of the financial statements of PT BSM. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling criteria the Public Sharia Banks publish annual financial statements in the period 2009-2018 with > 75 trillion rupiahs in assets. Based on quantitative method using Mathematica® programming, the research data has a normal distribution and no deviation from the rules of classical assumptions. In addition, the diversity of the data being used can explain the regression models constructed by the NPF variable towards the ROA variable, and the hypothesis testing results show that the variables of NPF have a significant, negative effect on ROA.

This study will examine the characteristics of the Bayes estimator in the Binomial distribution with prior Beta theoretically and empirically. The theoretical result shows that the Bayes estimator in this distribution is an asymptotically unbiased and consistent, but inefficient estimator. Meanwhile, empirically, Bayes's estimator is an unbiased estimator, efficient, and consistent.

This study aims to examine the unbiased, minimum variance (efficient), and consistent characteristics of Bayes estimator in the Geometric distribution with prior Beta. Based on the results of simulation studies it is found that the Bayes estimator in the Geometric distribution with prior Beta are symptotically unbiased estimator for values θ < 0,5 and is biased for others, are efficient for the number of samples sizes large and values θ ≤ 0,6 and not efficient for others and consistent when value θ ≤ 0,5 and inconsistent for other.

Cluster analysis is a multivariate technique for grouping observations into clusters based on the observed values of several variables for each individual. The existence of outliers in the data can heavily influence standard clustering methods, i.e. the outliers will cause the standard clustering results to be not optimal. Therefore, it is necessary to use a robust clustering method. Trimmed clustering is one of robust clustering methods which is non-hierarchical and known for its good performance in cluster analysis when data contain outlier. The purpose of this study is to classify 34 provinces in Indonesia based on the 2019 Human Development Index (HDI) indicators and see the achievements of human development in each province. The results of this study indicate that there are three optimal clusters. The first cluster consists of 17 provinces with good HDI criteria, the second cluster consists of 9 provinces with a fairly good HDI, and the third cluster consists of 7 provinces with the lowest HDI criteria.

The notion of the sub-exact sequence is the generalization of exact sequence in algebra especially on a module. A module over a ring R is a generalization of the notion of vector space over a field F. Refers to a special vector space over field F when we have a complete inner product space, it is called a Hilbert space. A space is complete if every Cauchy sequence converges. Now, we introduce the sub-exact sequence on Hilbert space which can later be useful in statistics. This paper aims to investigate the properties of the sub-exact sequence and their relation to direct summand on Hilbert space. As the result, we get two properties of isometric isomorphism sub-exact sequence on Hilbert space.

If for every pair of vertices in a graph G(V,E) there exist minimum one path joining them, then G is called connected, otherwise the graph is called disconnected. If n vertices and m edges are given then numerous graphs are able to be created. The graphs created might be disconnected or connected, and also maybe simple or not. A simple graph is a graph whose no paralled edges nor loops. A loop is an edges that connects the same vertex while paralled edges are edges that connecting the same pair of vertices. In this research we will discuss the formula to count the number of connected vertex labeled order six graph containing at most thirty edges and may contain fifteen parallel edges without loops.

If there exist two vertices on a given graph that are not connected by a path, then we call that graph is disconnected. Given a graph with n vertices and m edges, then a lot of graphs can be constructed. In this paper, we discuss the number of disconnected vertices labeled graphs of order six (n = 6) with the maximum number of parallel edges is twenty. Moreover, a maximum number of edges that connect different pair of vertices is ten (parallel edges are counted as one) and containing no loops (isomorphic graphs are counted as one).

The coronavirus pandemic has spread to all provinces in Indonesia within a few months. Coronavirus has entered East Kalimantan province in early March 2020. The number of people confirmed as COVID-19 increased dramatically after March. In this paper, we propose a simple mathematical model to predict coronavirus cases in East Kalimantan province. We applied the Richards growth model to the active case and probable case (PDP case) curves. We used the initial parameter values obtained from China's Jiangsu province. This means that the strategy for handling coronavirus in East Kalimantan province is assumed to be the same as in China's Jiangsu province. We have presented the final prediction for the coronavirus pandemic over a range of periods.

A labeled graph is a graph where each vertex or edge is given a value or label. A line/edge with the same starting and ending vertex is called a loop. If given n vertices and m edges, then there are lot disconnected vertices labeled graphs that can be formed. Among those graphs, there are graphs with maximum seven loops and whose non-loop edges are even. In this research, we will discuss the formula for finding that kinds of graphs.

ARIMA method is one method that can be used in predicting the movement of company shares. This study aims to obtain a time series model with the ARIMA method and predict stock price data of PT Unilever Indonesia Tbk from January 2020 to June 2020. The best model that fits the data based on the MSE value is the ARIMA(1,1,1) model. The ARIMA model (1,1,1) shows a match between real data and the predicted value. This model is then used for forecasting the next 14 days. Data on UNVR stock price from January 2020 to June 2020 are below 8000, this seems to correlate with the current conditions, namely the Covid-19 pandemic. Forecasting for the next 14 days (two weeks) from July 1, 2020 to July 14, 2020, the forecast values have a trend decrease, the trend of PT. Unilever Indonesia Tbk has been going down since January 2020. This seems to have occurred as an implication of the Covid-19 pandemic from January 2020 to the present.

The Noetherian property of the generalized power series module can determine in several ways. This paper uses the sub-exact sequence of modules over a ring R to determine this property. This investigation not only determines the Noetherian property of the generalized power series module but also the Noetherian property of its submodule. Furthermore, we give a construction of R[[S]]-homomorphism between the generalized power series modules.

Differential equations arise in many fields of science and technology, when the deterministic relationships involving a continuously changing quantity (modeled by a mathematical function) and its rate of change (expressed as a derivative) are known or postulated. This can be seen for example in the problem of heat transfer. The problems raised in this study are how to model the heat equation and how to solve the heat equation model. The research was conducted to find a model of the heating equation in a rice dryer and solve the heat equation using the variable separation method. This discussion is carried out in two conditions, namely the steady state (constant time) and unsteady (changing time).

Structural equation modelling is a multivariate statistical analysis technique that is used to analyse structural relationships. This technique is the combination of factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, and it is used to analyse the structural relationship between measured variables and latent constructs. The purpose of this study is to use structural equation modelling to better understand student motivation in thesis preparation and its causal determinants. The study creates a plausible structural equation model (SEM) and tests it. The data used were students' responses of a questionnaire survey about the student motivation in thesis preparation. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the relationship between lecturer and student and the environmental conditions have significant influence to student motivation in thesis preparation.

Post-Translational Modification (PTM) identification is carried out to determine the position of the PTM in protein. Acetylation in the lysine protein is one of the many types of PTM that play an important role in biological processes. In existing research, identification of lysine acetylation was developed by computational methods, using several available protein descriptors along with classification methods. Research on protein classification usually only uses the length of the protein sequence to describe the state of the whole protein, not its local state. Knowing the local state of the protein sequence will have a good effect on the classification results. To find out the situation, the protein sequence segmentation approach is done by adjacent and overlapped segments. Adjacent and overlapped segments divide the length of the protein into several segments, then numerical features will be calculated, so that information about the protein is also obtained locally. Calculation of numerical features using the Amino Acid Composition and Dipeptide Composition descriptors, then the data is classified with Support Vector Machine. The experimental results show that protein segmentation increases the performance of protein classification by 0.7-2.5%. Segmentation using adjacent and overlapped segments provides improved performance. In this research, it was found that protein segmentation affected the performance of protein classification, especially in overlapped segments.

In the banking world maintaining customer data is very important so as not to experience various risks, including leakage of customer data. Leakage of customer data is one of the big risks that may occur in the banking world, whereas customer confidentiality should be guaranteed. Possible risks such as misuse of identity or theft of transaction data by unauthorized parties. This will certainly harm both the customer and the bank. So that customer data is not leaked, lost or misused, it is necessary to have a regulation or verification system of customer data that can be reviewed for security and use. The solution that can be done to prevent this event is to use the FMEA methods that can be used to reduce errors and system failures. Information system security has a positive and very significant effect on decision making, therefore it is necessary to have an information system risk analysis that supports it comprehensively so that it can help in decision making.

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major problem in the public health sector, even in 2016 Indonesia was included in the five countries with the highest TB case burden in the world. In 2017, the number of TB cases in Lampung Province was 7,040 cases and one of the obstacles faced was the tendency for TB sufferers to be difficult to open so that many cases were not detected. Based on these facts, a Geographical Information System (GIS) is proposed which can process data into maps to see high risk areas where TB disease was found in Bandar Lampung. It will make it easier for health agencies to make policies in handling or preventing TB disease in Bandar Lampung. In this study, a decision-making system with Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method was also proposed to produce a map of the area with the level of TB risk factors. The criteria used to summarize the weights are TB cases, population density, mortality, healthy and clean behavior, and health facilities. The result of data processing is presented in a color polygon map that has 4 levels of risk factors, namely very high, high, medium, and low.

Thalassemia is known as one of the blood disorder diseases that is inherited by parents. There are several types of Thalassemia, namely as Thalassemia major, minor, and intermedia. Among them, Thalassemia major is the most dangerous and needs more attention. Generally, it can be detected since the child is one year old. Late detection of this disease can have adverse consequences and various complications. This study aims to develop a new model for the prediction of thalassemia for children. The model adopts a fuzzy-based rule. The novelty in this article is that our model has 4 outputs, namely thalassemia major, intermedia, minor and not thalassemia. In the previous article it only had 3 outputs. In this study, we intend to implement a model that we developed using a fuzzy-based approach to classify thalassemia diseases based on CBC data. This article describes how to build a model and implement it in software. We compare the test results with the opinion of pediatricians regarding thalassemia. The final results of testing 4 CBC data show that our proposed model has successfully identified the type of thalassemia.

Indonesia has recorded 14.9 million hectares of peat forest that continue to be deforested due to fire across Sumatra and Kalimantan. To operate a successful firefight, fast detection is a key element. Hotspot that appeared consecutively in more than two days is a strong indicator of fire existence. As the interest in data mining arose, an advanced technique can be implemented toward hotspot dataset into finding solutions. Many previous works have been carried out to mine sequence patterns and succeeded in determining as well as predicting areas with high occurrence of fire. However, none of the studies analyses the outliers, such as several hotspots which confidence decrease significantly in an adjacent interval of time. Confidence determines the quality of hotspot, with a value above 70% strongly indicates that fire spot exist. This study generated sequence patterns using the SPADE algorithm and analyses 21 hotspots considered as outliers using the Landsat-8 image. The result shows that 85.71% of hotspots have decreased confidence due to haze cover.

Lampung Province is located on the island of Sumatera. For the immigrants in Lampung, they have difficulty in communicating with the indigenous people of Lampung. As an alternative, both immigrants and the indigenous people of Lampung speak Indonesian. This research aims to build a language model from Indonesian language and a translation model from the Lampung language dialect of nyo, both models will be combined in a Moses decoder. This research focuses on observing the effect of adding mono corpus to the experimental statistical machine translation of Indonesian - Lampung dialect of nyo. This research uses 3000 pair parallel corpus in Indonesia language and Lampung language dialect of nyo as source language and uses 3000 mono corpus sentences in Lampung language dialect of nyo as target language. The results showed that the accuracy value in bilingual evalution under-study score when using 1000 sentences, 2000 sentences, 3000 sentences mono corpus show the accuracy value of the bilingual evaluation under-study, respectively, namely 40.97 %, 41.80 % and 45.26 %.

Used goods/secondhand can be found anywhere during the buying cycle. Used goods are also can be reused and even still have value. Used goods such as books, clothes, bags, shoes that are still suitable for use, can also be donated to others needy. In the current technological development, many donations have been made online. This can provide donors and social institutions in raising donations. But the donations consist only of money and are not goods. In overcoming this, the eDonation apps can help donors in donating their used goods. This application also helps social institutions in raising broader donations. By utilizing location-based services, donors can find out the location of social institutions in the vicinity, so donors can choose the location of the nearest social institution that receives donations in the form of used goods that are suitable for use.

South Lampung is a regency with the capital of Kalianda which has an area of 2,007.01 km² that dominates the agricultural area. Based on the data of corn crops in the South Lampung Regency Agriculture Office through BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics), showing several areas with corn crops that vary in number. Therefore, a grouping of potential corn-producing regions is required to know which areas produce large or small amounts of corn. The distribution of crops is usually done based on the name of the corn-producing sub-district. The K-Means clustering method is one of the data mining methods that is non-hierarchical clustering that groups data in the form of one or more clusters. Data that have the same characteristics are grouped in one cluster and the remaining is grouped into another cluster so that the data that is in one cluster has a small degree of variation. So the authors tried to apply the K-Means clustering method from the corn crop data of the last 2 years to produce feasibility information from each sub-district.

Information security is an important aspect of information. The importance of the value of information in every aspect can result in attempts to transfer access or theft of data and information by unauthorized parties. One technique for securing data and information is by applying the digital image steganography technique. Many methods can be used in steganography, some of which are Least Significant Bit (LSB), Pixel Value Differencing (PVD), and Modulus Function (MF). Good steganography must produce a stego-image with an image quality that is not different from the original image or what is called a cover image and has the storage capacity to store confidential data and is resistant to robustness. The purpose of this study was to compare the LSB, MF, and PVD methods to serve as alternatives to the use of steganography techniques. The results of this study indicate that the LSB method has the best image quality compared to the MF and PVD methods. For storage capacity, the PVD algorithm has a better capacity than the LSB and MF methods. Meanwhile, the robustness of the LSB, PVD, and MF methods has resistance to cropping with a percentage of 10% at the bottom of the stego-image.

Personality disorder is known as chronic psychological disorders. It is a serious problem of the individual character and behavior that affect work, family and social life of a person. In many cases, the possibility of people do not realize that they have a personality disorder as a way of thinking and behaving seems natural to the patient, and the patient may blame others. To diagnose a personality disorder early, it is necessary to develop a system that is able to predict personality disorders and recommendation type of therapy patients should undergo. Artificial Intelligence is a technique that is very popular today. Various kinds of approaches and algorithms can be applied in the world of health, such as expert systems, neural networks and fuzzy logic. The aim of this study is to assess the artificial intelligence approach in predicting and recommending the type of therapy for patients with personality disorders.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One type of cancer that causes death in the male population is prostate cancer. This disease occurs only in men because in women they do not have a prostate appearance. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the model with the predictions of prostate cancer specialists. Prediction is made based on prostate specific antigen data, age, and patient prostate volume. The independent variables in this study were prostate specific antigen, age, and prostate volume. The dependent variable is the risk of prostate cancer using a fuzzy model. The novelty of this study is that the model has a low, moderate, high, and very high prostate cancer risk level output. In the previous article only PCR values were produced. The results show that the proposed fuzzy model provides a PCR value that is within the PCR interval predicted by a specialist doctor can be used properly to help diagnose and analyze the possibility of prostate cancer and is one of the considerations for doctors to decide whether or not a biopsy is needed for these patients.

Jurnal Komputasi is an online journal written by researchers and published by the Department of Computer Science, University of Lampung. Specific scientific information contained in journals is difficult to find because journals have not been structured and are classified into more specialized categories of computer science. Text mining can convert the shape of a journal into structured by homogeneous data form in it. 144 journal abstracts are collected into one corpus document in CSV format used as a research dataset. Journal abstract classification is done using one of the supervised machine learning methods, namely Support Vector Machine (SVM) so that the classification process is faster than the manual method. The TF-IDF technique is used to transform sentences in the abstract into vector so that they can be modelled with SVM. The classification model will be validated by applying the 10-fold cross validation technique. From these classifications a calculation of the resulting performance will be calculated based on the confusion matrix calculation of the resulting performance will be calculated based on the confusion matrix calculation and the use of 3 SVM kernels. The conclusion based on this research is that there are two factors that affect classification accuracy, that is the number of members between scientific classes that are not balanced and the number of features generated from text mining. The highest accuracy of testing result obtained on the use of 205 features and SVM Linear kernel with a value of 58,3%.

The outbreak of delphacid planthoppers has been detected across corn-growing regions in South Lampung. Survey study was conducted in three corn fields in Natar District, South Lampung Regency. In each study site, five corn plants were randomly sampled. In each sampled plant, one leaf with maximum number of planthoppers was selected for population recording. Based on the morphological identification results, there were two types of corn planthoppers attacking corn fields during sampling periods: the white bellied-planthopper, Stenocranus pacivicus Kirkaldy and Peregrinus maidis Ashmead. During sampling periods, S. pacivicus was most abundant species, while, the Peregrinus planthopper was almost undetectable. There was similar trend peak of density S. pacificus brachypters & nymph and macropters among the three corn fields. The maximum number of S. pacificus brachypters & nymph 412.38 ±23.12 individuals' leaf⁻¹ was recorded at 70 days after planting (DAP). While the S. pacificus macropters reached the highest population number 43.81 ± 5,76 individuals leaf⁻¹. Extended feeding activity by planthoppers caused the chlorosis and necrosis of the leaf, reduced plant vigor, and stunting, resulting hopperburn symptoms. The results of this study confirm that the explosion of delphacid planthopper sand corn hopperburn are real and become a threat for corn production in Lampung Province.

Iron (Fe) toxicity is one of the limiting factors that can lead to the decrease of rice yield in paddy fields. Association studies to identify potential alleles or markers linked to iron toxicity tolerant trait can be carried out using high throughput single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We conducted an association study for Fe toxicity tolerance characters, using Forty-five double haploid lines derived from reciprocal double-crossing, i.e. IR54 / Parekaligolara // Bio110 / Markuti in high Fe wetland rice field. Genome-wide association study was carried out using 384 SNP-plex markers distributed on 12 rice chromosomes. A total of 77 SNPs were significantly associated with the Fe toxicity tolerance-related traits. Functional annotation allowed us to shortlist four SNP markers associated with Fe toxicity tolerance trait, i.e.: TBGI204006, TBGI310247, id9006377, and id10000498. The research suggests that association studies followed by functional annotation can effectively detect potential alleles and candidate genes for the trait. The identified QTL and genes provided valuable sources for future genetic improvement of Fe tolerant rice lines.

The aim of study was to determine any anticancer potential from Avicennia marina leaf extract compare to taurine on cytotoxic and anti-proliferation activities against HeLa cervical cancer cell line by using the MTT method (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl))-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). The results indicated that methanol extraction of A. marina leaf as well as taurine did have cytotoxic and anti-proliferation effects on HeLa cell line with IC50 values of 321 ppm and 603 ppm 1000 ppm. While the doubling time value for anti-proliferation of A. marina leaf methanol extraction and taurine showed higher values than the control group (72.19 hours).

Banana is a fruit that is very popular in the community because it is easy to find and available in various types, besides is the price is very affordable, bananas also have a fairly complete nutritional value. One type of banana that is widely used by the community is pisang kepok. Pisang kepok has more diverse cultivars than other types of bananas. These cultivars have different morphological structures, one of which is the flower. Flowers have a role in the breeding of a plant. This study aims to determine the differences in the morphological structure of flowers among the pisang kepok cultivars with each other. The research was carried out in two stages. Frst, field sampling in residential area of Bandar Lampung City, Pesawaran Regency and South Lampung Regency. Second, morphological characterization based on the parameters determined conducted in the Biology Department of the FMIPA Unila Laboratory. The results obtained were cultivar of pisang kepok which had been observed to have almost the same morphological structure except in kepok batu The specific character of pisang kepok batu can be seen in the character of the color of pollen sacs, compound tepal pigmentation, free tepal color, free tepal apex shape and pistil shape.

Sinking pellets disintegrates easily in water, hence reducing water quality and fish productivity due to oxygen-consuming biodegradation of the unconsumed feed. Modifying sinking pellets into more stable floating pellets using an edible tempeh mould through solid fermentation has previously been studied as an alternative to the more expensive extrusion method. However, the fermentation resulted in the uncontrolled growth of the fungal mycelium, causing the individual pellets to aggregate into a single compact mass. The fermentation also contributed to the dry weight loss of the initial pellets. Thus, using a laboratory-scale bioreactor, this study aimed at generating water-stable and floating properties on sinking-pellets through sub-optimal fermentation using tempeh mould. The conditions varied were the amount of sinking pellets substrate, fermentation duration, and aeration-humidification. Results showed that less pellet aggregation was observed with shorter fermentation time. Based on 40-minute laboratory tests in water, the best 80% floating ability was achieved for 10 g sinking pellets fermented for 72 h with humidified bubble aeration. The fermented pellets showed 42% water stability and 4.86% dry weight loss.

Chicken meat is a food product that is damaged easily and it's a good medium for microbial growth. Therefore, it is needed a way to reduce the contamination of microbial pathogens. Cassava leather is a byproduct that contains an active compounds and it has a natural antimicrobial function to reduce pathogenic microbe contaminant. This study to determine the presence of natural antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. in chicken meat. The research was conducted using single factor with 7 treatment in Completely Randomized Block Design as many as 5 replications. Seven treatments of this research one positive control treatment (amoxicillin), and one treatment as control (96% ethanol). The results is cassava ethanol extract able to inhibit of Escherichia coli with the inhibitory diameter of 10.08 mm and Salmonella sp. with an inhibitory diameter diameter of 9.17 mm at a concentration extract of 100%, by extract concentrations of 80%, 60%, 40%, and 20%, with each inhibitory diameter 8.98 mm, 8.67 mm, 8.62 mm, 8.45 mm against Escherichia coli and 8.58 mm, 8.22 mm, 7.73 mm, 7.56 mm against Salmonella sp. The best concentration of cassava ethanol extract as a natural antimicrobial in chicken meat was 100% with total decrease to Escherichia coli 5.8 × 107cfu / g (69.05%) and total decrease of Salmonella sp by 4.0 × 107 cfu / g (41.17%).

Chemical insecticide has been used for many years to eradicate insects as disease vector, in which causing negative effects not only to those of target insects but also to the environment both in the short and long term. Therefore, it is necessary to determine an alternative biological control of this insect by using natural insecticide (bioinsecticide), such as using fungi as entomopathogen. As microorganism, fungi, contain of bioactive compound with their toxicity could kill the target insect from larvae to adults, called entomopathogen fungi. This entomopathogen fungi are presumably eco-friendly and able to produce toxic compound which can kill target insect such as cyclopeptida destruxin A, B, C, D and desmethyldestruxin B. Two of the fungi which known to be entomopathogenic are Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana. Yet, there should be more others, therefore it is necessary to explore and isolate any potential bio-insecticide of entomopatogen fungi for disease vectors such as from flies (Musca domestica) and cockroach (Periplaneta americana). This study found three isolated fungi from flies (L1, L2, L3). They were Geotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., and Aspergillus sp. Three isolated fungi from cockroach (K1, K2, K3) were also found, they were identified as Aspergillus sp., except for K3 Penicillium sp.

In a new commercial commodity aquaculture, tropical freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus, it is known that female has a slower growth rate than male. One way to increase production rate is through monosex cultures comprising all-male population by using genital reversion technique. This biotechnology method can be applied by using hormones and natural products. The natural hormones extracted from gamma sea cucumber, Stichopus variegatus has bioactive substances including steroid compounds, while honey bee contains chrysin compounds that act as aromatase inhibitors. Therefore, the combination of both substances expected can increase in testosterone level and accelerate production in the male monosex population of juvenile crayfish. The purpose of the study is to determine the most effective dose of honey bee in masculinization of juvenile freshwater crayfish combined with 2 mg. L⁻¹ steroid extract of gamma sea cucumber. Furthermore, a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was designed in the experiment with five different dose of honey bee treatment and dipping method in 2 mg. L⁻¹ steroid extract of gamma sea cucumber for 18 h. Each treatment with four replications. The highest male formation was found in the dose of 20 ml. L⁻ 1 honey bee at 83.75% and the lowest was in control. The present of honey bee at different doses in 2 mg. L⁻¹ of gamma steroid extract did not significantly give an effect on percentage of female, intersex formation, survival, and growth rate of juvenile redclaw crayfish.

One of the medicinal plants that is widely cultivated is the red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum). The plant contains an active compound gingerol that is used as an ingredient for various treatments such as cough and flu. To meet the demand of medicinal and industrial raw materials, quality ginger seeds are needed. One alternative to producing seeds is to use tissue culture technology. This study aimed to obtain the best type and concentration of cytokinins in increasing the multiplication of red ginger shoots in vitro. This study used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely the type of cytokinins (BAP, thidiazuron, zeatin, kinetin, and 2ip) and cytokinin concentrations (0, 0.1, and 1 ppm). The results showed that 1 ppm thidiazuron treatment produced the highest number of shoots and the highest shoot length in the first subculture. The responses in the second subculture showed that shoots from thidiazuron, 2ip, and BAP treatment media produced the highest number of shoots, roots, and leaves compared to kinetin and zeatin. Multiplication continued until the sixth subculture, and the best multiplication was found on shoots from 2ip treatment.

Diabetes arises due to interference with the work of the pancreas in secreting the hormone insulin. The disease can cause a decrease in body immunity and complications of various vital organs such as the kidneys. Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius L.) leaf and taurine is reported to have antioxidant activity that is potential as antidiabetic agents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of jeruju and taurine on blood glucose levels and the ability to regenerate kidney organs damaged by alloxan induction. This study used a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatment groups and 5 replications each. K1 group as a negative control (no treatment given), K2 group as a positive control (only induced by alloxan), group P1 induced alloxan and given 100% ethanol extract of jeruju leaf 22.4 mg/bw/day, group P2 induced alloxan and given alloxan 50% ethanol extract of jeruju leaf dose 22.4 mg/bw/day, group P3 was induced by alloxan and given a taurine dose of 15.6 mg/bw/day for 14 days. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by LSD at 5% of significant level. The results showed that the administration of jeruju extract and taurine affected the bodyweight of mice, and was significantly able to reduce blood glucose levels by 69.39% (P1), 67.06% (P2), 73.77% (P3), able to repair kidney damage after alloxan induction.

This study aims to determine the growth and survival and carbon uptake of transplanted coral reefs in Mahitam and Pahawang Islands. Mahitam Island transplants were carried out using iron media and Pahawang Island using concrete media. Growth and survival measurements for 24 months were carried out 3 times from the start of planting. In addition, measurements of water quality were also carried out at that location. The amount of carbon in coral reefs was measured using spectrophotometry, where samples of coral reefs were dried first then mashed and dissolved using a solution of H₂SO₄ and K₂Cr₂O₇ 1N. The results showed that the branching coral transplanted for 24 months had an average growth of 17.21 cm on Mahitam Island and 19.97 cm on Pahawang Island. The coral survival was higher on Mahitam Island compared to Pahawang Island with a percentage of 92.14 % and 88.24 %. The organic carbon (C) content of the transplanted coral reefs on Mahitam Island was 1.11 % and on Pahawang Island was 1.01 %. In conclusion, the transplanting of branched coral reefs at Mahitam and Pahawang Islands was said to be successful with high growth and viability. As well as the transplanted coral reefs at the research location can store carbon (C).

Mangrove forest area is an area that has good water quality. In the sediments of mangrove forests, there are many types of microbes capable of bioremediating inorganic contaminants such as ammonia and the heavy metal mercury. Isolation of bacteria was carried out using specific nitrification media to obtain ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. The sensitivity test for heavy metal mercury was carried out in the laboratory with 9 combinations of concentrations. The results of bacterial isolation from mangrove forest sediments at Hanura Beach, Lampung, obtained four isolates of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (A1, A1P, A3, and A3P). The sensitivity test for heavy metal mercury showed that the four isolates obtained were able to survive the addition of heavy metal mercury by 0.003 g / L.

Pheretima sp is an earthworm from the Oligochaeta group found mostly in Java. The characteristics has segments reaching 95-150 segments. Clitellum is located in segment 14-16. The body fluids contain protein, amino acids and various enzymes. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of bioactive compounds and evaluate antibacterial activity. The method used was maceration, antibacterial test against Salmonella typhi and GCMS analysis to identify bioactive compounds. Antibacterial test showed the inhibition zone diameter ranged from 15 to 20 mm. The identification of bioactive compounds is based on the percentage area, percentage peak height, retention time, molecular weight and pharmacological action. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of 50 peaks of compounds. Bioactive compounds which are antibacterial are 1) Nitrogen oxide (N2O) (CAS) Nitrous oxide with an area 2.03%, height 7.36%, retention time 1.361, molecular weight 44.013 g/mol; 2) Acetic acid (CAS) Ethylic acid with an area 17.02%, height 29.03%, retention time 1.789, and molecular weight 60.05 g/mol; 3) Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-(CAS) Isovaleric acid with an area of 3.27%, height 2.04%, 3.456, molecular weight 102.13 g/mol; 4) 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diethyl ester (CAS) with an area 0.95%, height 1.32%, retention time 36.306 and molecular weight 222.24 g/mol.

Lampung is one of provinces in Indonesia which still has malaria endemic areas in several subdistricts, including South Lampung District. In this subdistrict, the API recorded 0,212 in 2018 while in 2019 it decreased to 0,103. However, the potential of transmission still occurs due to the presence of extensive lagoons, swamps and puddle along the coast which support the proliferation of malaria vector in that area, one of which is Rangai Tri Tunggal Village, Katibung Subdistrict South Lampung. The purpose of this research is to find out the potential of temephos as a larvacide towards Anopheles sp. Mosquito larvae in Rangai Tri Tunggal Village, Katibung Subdistrict South Lampung District. The research used a quasi-experimental design by giving 1g/10 L of temephos to Anopheles sp. larvae at 10 breeding points of Anopheles sp. in Rangai Tri Tunggal Village, Katibung Subdistrict South Lampung started from August to September 2019. Larva density observations were carried out before and after the administration of temephos (day 21). The data analysis was administrated by using paired T-test. The result of the research showed that there is a significant difference (P<0,01) in the density of larvae before (23,8 heads/scoop) and after giving temephos (2,5 heads/scoop). The temperature at the sampling location ranged about 26-28°C with salinity 20 ppt, the types of aquatic plants are kale, mangroves, and water hyacinths and types of aquatic animals are fish, dragonflies and small snails. The conclusion is that temephos is worth to be considered as a larvacide for malaria vector control at Katibung Subdistrict South Lampung.

This research evaluates the MDA levels, number and apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in Rat provided with duwet fruit extract and exposed to cigarette smoke towards. The study involved 4 experimental animal groups and 6 replications, where K0 was the negative control group, K1 was exposed the cigarette smoke, K2 was given orally duwet fruit, and K3 was given orally duwet fruit after being exposed to cigarette smoke. Therefore, data obtained were analyzed using One way Anova test. The results showed significantly lower number of spermatocytes and MDA levels in the testes in all groups compared to K1 at p <0.05. Spermatogenic cell apoptosis occurred in all groups, and there was also a high tendency for reduction in K2 compared to K1, although not significant at p > 0.05. In addition, apoptosis was expressed by Caspase 3 in the testes. The highest MDA levels found in K1. This phenomenon was assumed to have resulted in lower numbers of spermatocytes. These decreased number of spermatocytes were related with the decline in number of spermatogenic cells prone to apoptosis. In conclusion, duwet fruit had the ability to reduce free radicals with the tendency to inhibit spermatogenesis. This case features an increase in spermatocytes and a potential decline in the incidence of spermatogenic cell apoptosis.

A nursery is the first preparation step for the reclamation of marginal land, supported by fertile, strong, and adaptable seedling to the environment. Therefore, the role of bacteria as a bio stimulating agent is needed to stimulate the growth of seedling during nursery and to enable their subsequent adaptation to the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness and survival rate of bacteria as a growing medium in marginal soil fertilization as well as the accelerated effect of the vegetative growth of seedling during the nursery. This research used the Completely Randomized Design with 3 treatments and 10 replications. The two biostimulant agents used were BPN III (Burkholderia Metallica, B.anthina, Rhizobium radiobacter, Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp.) and AZZOFOR (Enterobacter sp., Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, Achrimobacter ruhlandii, Enterobacter hormaechei, Comamonas testosterone, Enterobacter cancerogeneus, Pseudomonas mosselii, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Citrobacter youngae, Enterobacter hormaechei, Chyuseobaterium indologenes, Achrimobacter xylosoxidans, and Citrobacter farmer), mixed with BPN III and AZZOFOR. The results showed that the biostimulant agents and rhizobacteria (BPN III + AZZOFOR) were suitable and effective in supporting the fertility of the marginal soil with bacterial population 10⁷ CFU gram soil⁻¹. Furthermore, all bacteria stimulated the vegetative growth of seedling, such as plant height, number of leaves, and branch, monthly during the nursery.

Syzygium aqueum is a widely used medicinal plant species with ethnomedicinal values. Despite the plant, the endophytes are recognized as a rich source of secondary metabolites with potentially useful pharmacological properties. This study was aimed to identify the endophytic fungi from S.aqueum leaves and discover their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The ethyl acetate extracts of the isolated endophytic fungi were investigated for their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity using 1,1diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) method and paper disc diffusion assay, respectively. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against three pathogen bacteria : Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypi, and Escherichia coli, and one yeast: Candida albicans. Three endophytic fungi were obtained from S. aqueum leaves. Based on morphological characteristics, those fungi identified as Cochliobolus sp (D22), Penicillium sp. (D32), and Fusarium sp. (D41). Penicillium sp. (code D32) showed significant antioxidant potential activity as an also significant antimicrobial activity with IC50 59,16% and highest zone inhibition against E. coli 13.38 ± 0.25 mm. It is worth considering a further investigation of their bioactive secondary metabolites and isolates the bioactive compound for the antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Coffee is a commodity that plays an important role in economic activity and is Indonesia's leading export which contributes to foreign exchange for the country. The coffee market opportunity is quite potential due to increased export demand and domestic consumption. But when viewed from the development of the number of coffee productivity per year has decreased every year. The decline in coffee productivity was caused by many factors, one of which was the coffee shade plant. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the types of coffee shade plants so that they have an impact on the level of coffee productivity. This study used 25 farmers as respondents in Jember Regency and Banyuwangi Regency. Observations on one of the coffee plantations in the Jember area with four different types of shade. The research variables to be measured include biotic factors, abiotic factors and management and productivity of coffee. Data collection used interviews and direct observations on coffee plantations. The results of this study indicate that different types of shade plants have an effect on coffee productivity. The results of measurement of biotic and abiotic factors present in each shade mostly have different results. With different factor levels, it will affect coffee growth which will affect the number of coffee cherries produced so that each type of shade has a different amount of productivity. For one year Gliricidia sepium has an average productivity yield of 2500 kg / hectare, Carica papaya has an average productivity yield of 1000 kg / hectare, Tectona grandis has an average productivity yield of 700 kg / hectare, and Falacataria mollucana has an average productivity of 450 kg / acres. The conclusion of this study is the use of different shade plants affects coffee productivity.

The moon orchid [Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl.] is a popular orchid in the community, native orchid from Indonesia, and included in the list of endangered species. The pathogenic fungus that often attacks orchid leaves is Fusarium oxysporum, which causes fusarium wilt. Control of diseases that do not cause negative impacts can be done using superior cultivars resistant to F. oxysporum infection, through in vitro selection in the medium with the addition of fusaric acid. Fusaric acid is a metabolite produced by several fungal species of the genus fusarium and at non-toxic concentrations it helps to induce phytoalexin synthesis, increase chlorophyll and carbohydrate content when pathogen infasion. The purpose of this study was to find out the total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total dissolved carbohydrate content. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the concentration of fusaric acid divided into 5 levels, namely 0 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, and 40 ppm with 5 replications each. The results showed an increase in the total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total dissolved carbohydrate content.

Robusta coffee is in demand by the global market because of its distinctive aroma. Along with the high demand, robusta coffee waste known as cascara needs processing. Cascara which has a unique taste needs innovation to improve its quality. One of the efforts made is by varying the fermentation process. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the fermentation process on pH, caffeine and flavor in cascara robusta coffee. This type of research is experimental. The results showed that the fermentation process had an effect on pH, caffeine and flavor values. The non-fermented cascara has the lowest pH average value of 4.22, the natural fermented cascara has a pH value of 4.58, while the fermented cascara wrapped in banana leaves has a pH value of 5.24. Calculation of caffeine content in non-fermented cascara, natural fermented cascara and fermented cascara wrapped in banana leaves were 1.22%, 1.17%, and 1.14%, respectively. The taste test results of the non-fermented cascara, natural fermented cascara and cascara wrapped in banana leaves were different for each treatment.

Liwa Botanical Garden is one of the regional botanical gardens in Indonesia with the theme "Indonesian Ornamental Plants". At the present, disease infections are still a major obstacle in efforts to preserve and develop the potential natural orchids. Based on previous research, it is known that some individual orchids exhibit symptoms of viral disease infections, namely mosaic, chlorotic, streak, and necrosis. This research was conducted to determine the identification of against virus infections in Liwa Botanical Garden through a collection of samples that showed symptoms of infection, analysis of disease symptoms, and analysis of the level of disease resistance. The results showed the response of native orchids in Liwa Botanical Garden to viral infections showed symptoms in the form of necrotic black and chlorotic patches, yellowing leaves on orchids Coelogyne sp., Flickingeria sp., Calanthe sp., Trixspermum centipeda, Bulbophyllum sp. The type of orchid that shows the most symptoms is Flickingeria sp. a total of 8 samples. The type of natural orchid in the Liwa Botanical Garden which is most vulnerable to being infected with a virus is Flickingeria sp. with a disease intensity of 42%, while the type of orchid most infected virus is Coelogyne sp. with an intensity of 15%. The results of this activity are expected to be basic information in efforts to protect plants against diseases to support the application of conservation of natural orchids in the Liwa Botanical Garden.

Bamboo is a plant that is easily found in various regions in Indonesia. Bamboo leaves are abundant and usually difficult to decompose naturally, so they are usually only burned. In fact, bamboo leaves can be a good source of organic material if processed properly. One way that can be used to overcome these problems is composting. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Aspergillus tubingensis (xylanolytic Fungi) inoculum with corn medium on the bamboo litter composting process. This research was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments consisting of Control (bamboo litter only), T1 (bamboo litter + 1% inoculum), T2 (bamboo litter + 1.5% inoculum), and T3 (bamboo litter + 2% inoculum) with 3 replications in each treatment. Chemical analysis is carried out at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of composting. The result indicates that application of xylanolytic fungi inoculum of A. tubingensis gives dynamic results to C, N, P, and C / N ratio of bamboo litter compost during weeks 4, 8 and 12.

Study about Influence of Dy-doping in Nd₂Fe₁₄B on its structural and magnetic properties have been performed. The combination of Nd_2-xDy_xFe₁₄B with x= 0.00, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.00 were using the conventional method of arc melting. The result of ingot then milled and compacted to produce a permanent magnet sample. The results of phase analysis with XRD show that the sample contained 3 phases, namely Nd₂Fe₁₄B, Fe, and Nd with dominant phase above 50% is Nd₂Fe₁₄B. Magnetic properties was measured using permeagraph and produce saturation magnetization of 0.6, 0.56, 0.42, and 0.4, remanent of 0.15, 0.19, 0.26, and 0.25, and coersivitas field of 0.35, 0.39, 3.0, and 1.29 kOe for composition of 0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1, respectively. The remanent magnetization ratio toward saturation of Br/Bs of this increase significantly from 0.34 to 0.62 for the composition x= 0.67, and has the highest energy product of 0.195 MGOe. To determine the effect of Dy substitution towards micro structure was observed with an optical microscope. It was concluded that the effect of Dy substitution towards optimum magnetic behavior was found in the composition x= 0.67.

The samples La_0.4Sr_0.6Fe_1-xMn_xO₃ (x = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) as solid fuel cell cathodes have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Samples were made using the solid-state reaction method with the wet milling technique. X-ray diffraction is used to see the phases formed. Surface morphology in the form of particle shape and size is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, while electronic conductivity at room temperature is measured by measuring its resistivity. Sample x = 0.4 has a single phase, while two other samples, x = 0.2 and 0.6 are still detected secondary phase. Surface morphology has a heterogeneous grain shape with a size between 63-250 nm. The best electronic conductivity at room temperature is obtained at a composition of x = 0.4 of 3.39 x 10-3 S.cm-1 so that it can be used as a candidate material for a solid fuel cell cathode.

In this study, a physical parameter measurement system has been implemented for real-time monitoring of Arduino-based water quality for catfish farming applications. This system aims to detect physical parameters of water quality such as pH and water temperature using the Analog pH Meter and DS18B20 sensors. Data were collected by inserting the two sensor probes into the catfish pond water medium. The results showed that the system can detect parameters, display and store sampling data on the Visual Studio 2013 interface application in real-time. The sensors in this system are able to detect pH and water temperature with an average accuracy rate of 90.94% and 99.71%.

Research on the optical properties of the ZnO thin film with the use of sol-gel method and spin coating method using 0.5 M concentrate solution of (Zn(CH₃COO)₂·2H₂O) and 30 mL isopropyl alcohol as a solvent has been carried out. The production process of ZnO solution and the fabrication of the thin film with the optical properties test of the thin film are included in the scope of this research. UV-Vis Spectroscopy is used to obtain the transmittance and absorbance values on each wavelength and the band gap energy value using the Tauc Plot method. The transmittance value obtained is directly proportional with the temperature. The absorbance value obtained is inversely proportional with the temperature due to higher temperature causes the reaction rate to become faster and in turn causes the absorbance value to become lower. The band gap energy value obtained is on the range of 3.23 eV – 3.27 eV and it fit with the literature.

Solid compound of lanthanum manganite system of (La_0.8Ba_0.2)(Mn_(1-x)/2Zn_xFe_(1-x)/2)O₃ has been synthesized via conventional solid state reaction route using lanthanum oxide (La₂O₃), barium carbonate (BaCO₃), zinc oxide (ZnO), ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) and manganese carbonate (MnCO₃) powders as it raw materials. High energy ball milling was used to mix the material for 5 hours. It is then sintered at 1000°C for 5 hours. X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the change of structure of the solid compound. The refinement pattern result of the XRD shown that a single phase was occurred in the form of (La_0.8Ba_0.2)(Mn_0.4Zn_0.2Fe_0.4)O₃. It has trigonal lattice crystal structure of (r-3c) point group with lattice parameter of a = b = 5.515 Å and c = 13.551 Å, α = β = 90° and γ = 120°, a volume unit cell of V = 356.904 Å3 and a density of ρ = 6.745 g.cm⁻³. The SEM result shown that the surface morphology of (La_0.8Ba_0.2)(Mn_0.4Zn_0.2Fe_0.4)O₃ has a homogeneous sphere structure. The XRD and SEM structure analysis result of the lanthanum manganite system of (La_0.8Ba_0.2)(Mn_0.4Zn_0.2Fe_0.4)O₃ shown that the compound is feasible for further studied.

The work aims to study the temperature effect on the geopolymer's crystal structure prepared from amorphous silica rice husk. The samples were prepared via the sol-gel method and then subjected to thermal at a temperature of 250-650 °C. EDS identified the element and compound composition on the surface of the sample. The crystal structure of samples identified by Rietveld refinement of XRD. The sample was dominated by the gibbsite phase at relatively low temperatures (250 °C). The boehmite phase dominates at a temperature of 350-450 °C. The amorphous structure of the geopolymer was formed at a temperature of 550-650 °C. The geopolymer mainly formed from the reaction of boehmite and silica. This study shows a significant effect of temperature on the formation of the geopolymer structure.

This study aims to investigate the effect of thermal treatment on the phase formation and physical characteristics of silica asphalt composite prepared from rice husk silica and asphalt powders. The mass ratio of asphalt to silica is 1:2, and subjected to calcining temperatures of 200-450 °C. Development of structures was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further evaluation was made by comparing the characteristics of the silica-asphalt composite include the density, porosity, and compressive strength. The XRD study revealed that the major phases were carbon and silica amorphous, The XRD study revealed that the major phases were silica and carbon amorphous, which were associated with are Si-OH, Si-O-Si and C-H functional groups according to FTIR analysis. In addition, an increased calcination temperatures was followed by an increase in the density and compressive strength. Based on these characteristics, the samples are considered for the roof material, suggesting their potential use in substitute lightweight steel roof devices.

In this research, an intelligent system for detecting cassava leaf disease has been developed by utilizing the MobileNetV2 deep learning model and displaying it using a python graphical user interface (GUI). There are five disease classes used in this study, namely Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB), Cassava Brown Steak Disease (CBSD), Cassava Green Mite (CGM), and Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) and Healthy. The results showed that the overall accuracy of the test data obtained was 65,6%. The GUI application program was made to be operated efficiently for beginners and can be used by cassava farmers in the field.

We have derived a nonrelativistic K⁻p interaction model as one-hadron-exchanges. The exchanged particles are the scalar meson σ, the vector mesons ω, ρ, the hyperons Λ, Σ, and the resonances Λ* (1600), Σ*(1385). Parameters in this model are determined by fitting to experimental data of spin-averaged differential cross section for kaon laboratory energy range of 51.27 MeV up to 900.64 MeV. The K-p scattering is calculated using a 3D technique without partial wave expansion.

Caffeine of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP) has been synthesized by the cooling-heating method and to obtain sensor material to detect caffeine. The caffeine is verified through a potentiometric method based on galvanic cells involving anodes and cathodes. MIP of caffeine that has been made function as a cathode or working electrode and the modified of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode that made by reducing the AgCl membrane to nano size (44.45 nm) function as an anode. Then the modified Ag/AgCl reference electrode performance test is compared to the standard AgCl reference electrode. The result has shown the modified Ag/AgCl reference electrode produces linearity of the calibration curve in testing caffeine solutions with a concentration range of 0.1 ppm to 5.0 ppm. Based on the result of the modified Ag/AgCl reference electrode's test range, we got the linearity coefficient value of 0.9993, with a slope of 0.9693 and an intercept of 0.1306. Generated accuracy calculation resulted in a value of 98.85% and a precision of 0.951%. The result of the lower limit of detection (LoD) was at a concentration of 0.2 ppm and the limit of quantification (LoQ) at a concentration of 0.4 ppm. Thus, it concluded that the modified Ag/AgCl reference electrode has the same or equivalent capability as a standard electrode.

Cellulose Crystalline Cladophora sp. (CCC) was successfully isolated from the freshwater algae Cladophora sp. by used the hydrolysis method. The alkaline treatment can affect the structure of CCC that is showed by the spectrum of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The typical range for lignin does not appear here, which indicates the delignification process using NaOH plus hydrolysis of HCl has succeeded in removing lignin. The spectrum associated with functional group impurity (1800-1050 cm⁻¹) with lipid, protein, and nucleid acid content are still seen after alkaline treatment and acid hydrolysis. Analysis of crystallinity with X-ray Diffraction (XRD) data showed that CCC had the highest crystallinity index on CD-K (93.4%), Cd-P (66.6%), and Cd-S (63.04%). The smallest particle size for each cellulose is Cd-K (9.5 nm), Cd-S (25.23 nm), and Cd-P (49.57 nm). Based on these results, the CCC production from Cladophora sp. using alkaline and acid hydrolysis treatment is enough to get samples with high crystallinity. The CCC product has the potential to be an excellent reinforcing material for biomaterial-based polymer materials.

K⁺p potential is modeled as one hadron exchange. The hadrons being exchanged include scalar meson (σ), vector mesons ( ω, p ), hyperons (Λ, Σ), and their resonances (Λ*(1600), Σ*(1385)). This interaction model is derived for non-relativistic calculations and for that purpose the potential model is formulated within Blankenbecler-Sugar reduction. The values of the potential parameters are fixed by fitting to experimental data of K⁺p spin-averaged differential cross section for kaon laboratory energies from 88.13 MeV to 380.58 MeV. Scattering calculations are performed by using a 3D technique without partial wave expansion.

Photoacoustic spectroscopy can appl in various fields including in the fields of biology (measuring trachea volume and observing insect breathing patterns), medicine (a measurement of internal disease biomarkers through respiratory gases), environment (measuring NO₂ gas in the environment near roads), and agriculture (measurement ethylene gas in postharvest fruit). The existing photoacoustic spectroscopy still has a large size and high operating costs, so it is necessary to design photoacoustic spectroscopy that is portable and low operating costs. In this research, designing an infrared diode laser that can be modulated using software using Visual Studio. There are two tests to see the characteristics of the devices made in this study, namely Arduino testing and testing of the software programs created. Arduino testing resulted in a calibration factor of f_o = 0.9068f_i + 109.33. Meanwhile, software testing resulted in a calibration factor of f_o = 0.7343f_i + 462.74. The two tests that have been carried out have different output results. The software output that is created has a smaller calibration factor than the direct output of the Arduino program.

Simulation of sensor signal based on the ZnO work function for NO₂ gas has been conducted. This research is aimed at approaching the experiment results of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) gas detection using the ZnO sensor. This study uses three reactions i.e., adsorption-desorption of O₂ (oxygen), adsorption-desorption of NO₂, and the reaction of O₂ and NO₂ on ZnO. This simulation has optimized 12 parameter values that are responsible for those reactions. After the optimized values were obtained, the final simulation was reached. The final simulation still cannot perfectly fit the experiment results because of the number of reactions which are used still three reactions. It is predicted, if it is used much more reactions, the simulation could be the same as the experiment results. Although this simulation is still not same as the experiment result, it has a trend as the experiment result. The last result of this model i.e. it can predict the coverage of O atom, O₂ molecule, and NO₂ molecule.

Lampung Robusta coffee got a geographic indication (GIs) protection from Indonesian government since 2014 with certificate number of ID G 000 000 026. This GIs coffee come from three different geographic origins in Lampung province: Lampung Barat, Tanggamus and Way Kanan. In this research, we evaluate the possible application of simple analytical method based on UV-visible spectroscopy coupled with SIMCA (soft independent modelling of class analogy) for authentication of Lampung Robusta coffee with GIs. Two types of Lampung Robusta coffee were used: GIs coffee from Lampung Barat and non-GIs coffee from Pesawaran. Each type consists of 50 samples of ground roasted coffee with 1 gram weight. The all samples were extracted using a hot distilled water and 3 mL aqueous samples were pipetted into 10 mm quartz cuvette. UV-visible spectral data were recorded in the range of 190-1100 nm. The chemometrics (PCA and SIMCA) was performed using selected preprocessed spectral data in the range of 240-430 nm. The PCA result showed that GIs coffee and non-GIs coffee can be well separated. The SIMCA classification was accepted with 100% of correct classification.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the SIMCA method and NIR spectroscopy for the non-invasive and non-destructive classification of Indonesian specialty coffees that come from two geographical origins: Gayo coffee from Aceh 10 samples and Wamena from Papua 10 samples. All samples were roasted at the same condition (medium roasting at a temperature of 200°C for 10 minutes) and were ground using a home coffee grinder and then sieved using 50 mesh to obtain a homogenous particle size of 297 micrometers. Spectral data in the short and long near infrared range of 650–1650 nm was measured in a diffuse reflectance mode using two handheld spectrometers equipped with an integrating sphere (ISP-REF, Ocean Optics, USA). The result demonstrated that the classification was satisfied with 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.

Problems related to controlled drug release are important to immediately find a solution because of the dangers of drug side effects if consumed repeatedly every day. The drug used is Nifedipine which is a hydrophobic drug. This research used a synthetic combination of poly(caprolactone) and poly(ethylene glycol) with surfactants in the form of tween 80 and span 80 while the method used was microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is a process in which active substances are coated by extremely small capsules. Once the drug was in the intestine, it was released in a controlled manner so as to minimize side effects and maximize drug release. The results showed that the composition of the best poly(caprolactone) (PCL): (PEG) poly(ethylene glycol) combination was 80:20 with a molecular weight of PEG 400 g/mol. The result of the encapsulation efficiency percentage obtained 97.84% ± 0.01 and the result of dissolution test was 44.77%.

Biodegradable microcapsules as a controlled drug delivery carrier of Nifedipine was prepared from poly (D,L-lactic acid) (D,L-PLA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Nifedipine works by blocking the amount of calcium that goes to cells in the heart and blood vessels. Nifedipine is used in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. The microcapsules was formed by using o/w emulsification method. The core of microcapsules consist of polyblend of D,L-PLA and PEG. D,L-PLA and PEG are dissolved into dichloromethane than emulsified with nifedipine and dispersed into water to form microcapsules. PEG with different molecular weights can affect pore formation in microcapsules. This study was observed the appearance of microcapsules when using PEG with different molecular weights of PEG and the dissolution at the various composition ratio of D,L-PLA:PEG. The best composition are shown in the variation composition of D,L-PLA (10) : PEG 400 (90) with a dissolution value of 22.83% while variations in the composition of D,L-PLA (10) : PEG 4000 (90) had a dissolution value of 10.43%. The use of PEG with a smaller molecular weight will form better pores in the microcapsule and make the drug dissolution value better than the use of PEG with a larger molecular weight.

Food additives using mocaf flour is a novelty as carrier of natural folic acid. This experiment work aims to find out optimization in adding mocaf to infant poured cream soup fortified by fortificant A (mixture of soy tempeh, nixtamalized yellow dent corn and fermented broccoli) and fortificant B (mixture of mung bean tempeh, nixtamalized yellow dent corn and fermented broccoli) on the whole compositions, particularly folic acid, characteristic, and efficiency for each component before and after pouring. Adding mocaf was conducted at concentrations of 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30% (w/w, base formula of cream soup). The result of experiment showed that optimization for both folic acid in infant poured cream soup A and B were achieved at mocaf concentration of 24% (w/w, base formula of cream soup), which was able to increase folic acid 121.75% (1.22 folds) and 164.69% (1.65 folds), and total sugars 268.92% (2.7 folds) and 58.69% (0.59 fold), respectively compared with concentrations of folic acid and total sugars without adding mocaf (0%). In these conditions, both poured cream soup A and B gave efficiency on recoveries of folic acids of 46.62% and 51.34%, dissolved protein of 16.87% and 4.53%, total solids of 10.94% and 10.59%, total sugars of 57.86% and 39.73%, reducing sugars of 30.46% and 40.16%, respectively compared with concentration for each component without pouring which yields one (1) of dominant folic acid monomer with molecular weight 442.57 Da. and 2 folic acid monomers with MW of 442.12 Da. and 442.27 Da.. Meanwhile, particle size distribution at quantities of 10, 50, 90% were subsequently 8.94, 16,54, 125.02 μm and 9.54, 17.34, 106.49 μm, average particles size of 39.81 and 41.07 μm dominated by volatile compound as acetic acid of 14.86% and 27.97%, sucrose compound of 43.99% and 23.46%, methyl ester of 23.29% and 15.28%, ethanol of 14.10% and 11.67%, and fatty acids of 3.77% and 21.61%.

Algae-silica-magnetite hybrid (PSM) from Porphyridium sp. algae has been successfully synthesized using precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and coating with magnetite particles (Fe₃O₄) via a sol-gel process. The resulting adsorbent was applied for adsorption of solution pair of methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV). The result of the analysis using the Infrared Spectrometer (IR) showed that in the PSM adsorbent there is an organic groups derived from Porphyridium sp. algae while silanol and siloxane group derived from silica matrix. In addition, surface morphology analysis results using Scanning Electron Microscopy With Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) showed PSM surface has more heterogeneous than algae-silica hybrid (PS). The adsorption of solution pair of MB and CV by PSM was done under the experimental conditions of adsorbent of 0.1 g, interaction pH of 8, contact time of 90 min, and adsorbate concentration of 0.5 mmol L⁻¹. The adsorption kinetics data indicate that it tends to follow the pseudo second order model with a correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.989 and 0.965 respectively. While, the adsorption isotherm model tends to follow Freundlich model.

Transition energy, spectral fine structure, and absorption coefficient of norbixin in different polar solvents has been investigated. Eight polar solvents were used for dissolving norbixin separately, including methanol, ethanol, propylene carbonate, acetone, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and dimethyl carbonate. Spectra of norbixin in the resulting solutions were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry at atmosphere condition. The effect of solvents on transition energy was analyzed according to Onsager cavity model and Hansen theory. The approximate absorption coefficient was determined with the Beer-Lambert law. The result show that the UV-visible absorption spectra of norbixin depend onz the solvent. The greater the refraction index of the solvent and the norbixin-solvent dispersion interaction cause the transition energy of norbixin was smaller. The change in spectral fine structure has some relevance or correlation with the solvatochromic effect on π → π* transitions, the intermolecular interactions, and the S₂ state of norbixin. The absorbance of norbixin in various solvents, increased linearly with concentration.

Activated carbon coated with magnetite (ACA-Fe₃O₄) was synthesized in this study. Activated carbon was synthesized using an Elaeis Guineensis Jacq (EGJ) as a raw material followed by physical and chemical activation. Physical activation is carried out by heating at a temperature of 700°C and followed by a reaction with H₃PO₄ solution as chemical activation. Furthermore, the activated carbon was reacted with a mixture of FeCl₃ and FeSO₄ solution then followed by the addition of NaOH solution up to a pH of 10. Characterization with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) on ACA-Fe₃O₄ was done to confirm that magnetite has succeeded to coating on ACA. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Surface Area Method (SBET) confirmed that pore volume and average pore diameter increase with the presence of magnetite. Optimum conditions for Ni(II) ion adsorption with ACA-Fe₃O₄ was under conditions of 0.5 grams adsorbent, 25 mL of Ni(II) ion solution 100 ppm, and contact time of 1 hour with the acquisition of 99.11%. Adsorption process more suitable with pseudo-second-order and Langmuir adsorption isotherm pattern. Desorption of Ni(II) ion of 70.84% using HCl.

Perovskite compounds show great potential in a variety of applications due to their diverse and unique properties and can be modified. Nanomaterial LaCr_0.99Fe_0.01O₃ has been prepared using sol-gel and freeze drying methods. The nanomaterial was then calcined at 700°C for 10 hours and characterized by the analysis techniques of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Diffuse Reflectance UV-Vis Spectroscopy (DRS UV-Vis), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The result of XRD analysis showed that two main crystal phases were formed from the ABO₃ perovskite structure, namely LaCrO₃ and LaFeO₃ which were superimpossed and the crystalline phase size based on the Scherrer method was 23.5 nm. Furthermore, the TEM analysis result shows that there are various forms and hollows. Then, the FTIR spectrum states that there is an interaction between transition metals, and the band gap energy is 2.71 eV.

In this study, cassava root was subjected to torrefaction pretreatment prior to catalytic pyrolysis, with the main objective to investigate the effect of torrefaction time on chemical composition of bio crude oil (BCO) distillate resulted. For this purpose, the root was torrefied at 200°C for 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The torrefied samples were then mixed with palm oil and then pyrolyzed at 450 °C in the presence of zeolite-A, prepared from rice husk silica (RHS) and food grade aluminum foil, as catalyst. A sample without torrefaction was pyrolyzed in a similar condition for comparison. The bio-crude oil (BCO) obtained was distilled at 150 °C, and the chemical composition of the distillate was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The components of the distillates produced from torrefied samples are composed of mainly C₆-C₁₃ hydrocarbons, which are considered as biogasoline, while that produced from the sample without torrefaction was found to contain ketone in addition to hydrocarbon. The experimental results also demonstrate that the chemical compositions of the BCO distillates produced from the samples torrefied at 30, 60, and 90 minutes are not significantly different, but significantly different composition was observed for the sample torrefied at 120 °C.

In this investigation, zeolite-Y prepared from rice husk silica (RHS) and food grade aluminum foil using modified hydrothermal method. In this proposed method, rice husk silica was dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution to obtain sodium silicate solution and then small pieces of aluminum foil were directly mixed with silicate solution, producing zeolite precursor in the form of gel. The gel was transferred into PTFE lined autoclave and aged for 24 hours and subsequently subjected to the crystallization process for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours at fixed temperature of 100°C. The solid product was washed with distilled water and dried in an oven at 80°C and calcined at 550°C for 6 hours. Characterization using XRD and SEM confirms the formation of zeolite-Y, and showed that crystallization time influenced both structure and surface morphology of the zeolites quite significantly.

Betulinic acid, a known triterpene compound that has been successfully isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the root of Sesbania grandiflora. The structure elucidation of betulinic acid was performed using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy, and fast atomic bombardment mass spectrometry as well as by comparing with the literature data. This compound was found for the first time from the Fabaceae family, in particular Sesbania grandiflora.

In this research, zeolite-A was synthesized by hydrothermal method using silica of rice husk and aluminum foil as raw materials. For zeolite preparation, a particular amount of silica was dissolved in NaOH solution which is then aged with variation time of 24-96 hours, the mixed solution was then added with aluminum foil and again aged for 24 hours, the crystallization process was carried out in an oven of 100 °C 96 hours. The resulting zeolite was then calcined at 550 °C for 6 hours. The zeolite characterization by XRD showed that zeolite-A had been formed and had characteristics following the zeolite-A standard from IZA. The resulting zeolite-A has good crystallinity as indicated by the sharp peaks on the resulting diffractogram. The zeolite-A catalytic test on transesterification of coconut oil showed high catalyst performance, characterized by the conversion of fatty acids in coconut oil to methyl esters with 100% conversion percent. The formation of the methyl ester was proven based on the results of the analysis with FTIR and GCMS which showed the characteristics of methyl ester at wavenumbers 1744 cm⁻¹ (C═O), 2922 cm⁻¹ (C─H), 1170 cm⁻¹ (C─O), with the highest percentage in the form of methyl laurate at 31.80%.

Zeolite-X was successfully synthesized based on silica of rice husk and aluminum foil with the variation of sodium silicate aging time of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours with a crystallization time of 96 hours as evidenced by XRD analysis with a 2θ angle peak diffractogram pattern similar to the IZA standard. Zeolite-X with sodium silicate aging time of 24 hours is the best zeolite-X with XRF analysis with components Na₂O 0.436%, Al₂O₃ 33.933%, and SiO₂ 65.631%, and the SEM surface morphology shape crystal was homogeneous cubes. Protonated zeolite-X or zeolite H-X has been successfully synthesized through the ion exchange process of zeolite-X with 2M NH₄NO₃ solution which had been proven by XRF analysis to reduce Na₂O from 0.436% to 0.179%. Zeolite-X and zeolite H-X have the same 2θ angle diffractogram pattern. In SEM analysis, the surface morphology of zeolite H-X had a formless surface morphology. Zeolite H-X was applied in pyrolysis experiments using palm oil to produce liquid fuel. Liquid fuel was analyzed by GC-MS with components 77% hydrocarbon, 16% acid, and 7% ketones.

In the present study, endophytic fungi associated with Indonesian Sesbania grandiflora plant were isolated and identified for the first time. The objective of this study was to report new data regarding the endophytic fungi found in S. grandiflora as one of Indonesian medicinal plant. Six isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves, bark, seed, flower, and root of S. grandiflora collected from Labuhan Ratu, Kedaton, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Based on the prediction of their morphological characteristics visually, four isolates from all parts of plant were identified as Fusarium sp, while two isolates obtained from the bark and the seed were identified as Hormiscium sp and Penicillium sp, respectively. In addition, TLC profile result of secondary metabolites extract of endophytic fungi indicated that more than one major compound was observed. Furthermore, the antibacterial screening of isolated endophytic fungi did not show inhibition growth against resistant E. coli. However, the phytopharmacological study on the isolated fungi associated with S. grandiflora as well as their biological properties are still in progress. The results of this study revealed that S. grandiflora plant is reliable source of endophytic fungi for the future investigation.

This study aims to investigate the effect of initiator concentrations of polymeric derivatives of 2-vinylpyridine, P(2VP) as corrosion inhibitors of mild steel in CO₂-satured brine solution. Polymerization of the monomer was conducted using hydrogen peroxide initiator with four different concentrations of 0.25; 0.33; 0.50; and 0.80 mole, to produce four oligomers referred to as P(2VP)A, P(2VP)B, P(2VP)C, and P(2VP)D, respectively. A series of corrosion experiments was conducted to determine the corrosion rate of the mild steel using weight loss and linear polarization resistance (LPR) methods. The effect of inhibitor concentration, and temperature, on the corrosion rate was also investigated. The oligomers synthesized were found to have different physical appearance. Two oligomers, the P(2VP)A and P(2VP)B, were found as yellow viscous liquids, with O(2VP)B is more viscous than P(2VP)A, while the other two oligomers, P(2VP)C and P(2VP)D exist as yellow solids. The experimental results reveal that the use of monomer led to higher corrosion rate compared to that of blank experiment, but reduced corrosion rate was achieved with the use of the oligomers. P(2VP)A as an oligomer synthesized with the lowest concentration of H₂O₂ initiator inhibited the corrosion more effective than the higher concentrations. It was also found that the higher the concentration of the oligomer, the better the protection. For temperature, the opposite is true, indicating that the oligomer was physically adsorbed onto the surface of mild steel.

In this research, isolation, identification, and antibacterial assay of flavonoid compounds have been carried out. These compounds were obtained from the wood branches of the pudau endemic plant from Karang Anyar village, Penengahan, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. Flavonoid compound extraction was carried out by maceration method using methanol, while fractionation and purification were conducted using chromatography technique. The purity of the compounds was determined by the melting point test and thin layer chromatography, the identification of compounds was assigned by UV-Vis and IR spectroscopy. The results of the isolation obtained two compounds, artocarpin (1) and cycloartocarpin (2). Compound (1), 92 mg, in the form of a yellow needle crystal with a melting point of 184.9 -187.5 °C; compound (2), 20 mg, in the form of yellowish white needle crystals with melting point 280 - 283 °C. In the antibacterial assay against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, compounds (1) showed very strong antibacterial activity at a concentration of 0.4 mg/disk and 0.5 mg/disk, respectively, whereas compound (2) had strong antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and E. coli at the same concentration of 0.5 mg/disk.

Production, purification and characterization of the α-amylase from local bacteria isolate Bacillus subtilis ITBCCB148 has been successfully carried out. The purified enzyme increased 149.9 times with specific activity of 115,500 U/mg compared to enzyme crude extracts. This enzyme has an optimum pH of 5.5 and an optimum temperature of 60°C and can maintain its stability at a temperature of 60-80°C, thus this enzyme is categorized as a thermostable enzyme.

α-Amylase is widely used in industry because of its ability to hydrolyze starch to glucose. Limited enzyme activity in extreme pH and temperature makes it necessary to increase enzyme stability. The purpose of this study was to improve the stability of the α-amylase from the bacteria Bacillus subtilis ITBCCB148 by chemical modification using glutaraldehyde (GA). The results showed that modified enzymes using glutaraldehyde 0.01; 0.03 and 0.05% have an optimum pH of 5.5; optimum temperature of 55°C; K_M of 4.74; 5.03 and 3.87 mg/mL substrate; the V_max of 285.71; 270.27 and 212.77 μmol mL⁻¹ min⁻¹; k_i of 0.0183; 0.0111 and 0.0160 min⁻¹; half-life (t_1/2) 37.87; 62.43 and 43.31 minutes; ΔG_i 102.656; 104.047 and 103.038 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. Chemical modification of the α-amylase from B. subtilis ITBCCB148 using glutaraldehyde can increase thermal stability by 1.6-2.7 times which can be seen from a decrease in the value of k_i, an increase in half-life and ΔG_i.

Synthesis, characterization, and antioxidant activity of diphenyltin(IV) di-2-nitrobenzoate (2), dibutyltin(IV) di-2-nitrobenzoate (4), and triphenyltin(IV) 2-nitrobenzoate (6) using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method has been successfully carried out. All compounds were well characterized by some spectroscopy techniques of UV, IR, NMR and based on physical technique by microelemental analysis. The result showed that diphenyltin(IV) di-2-nitrobenzoate was the most active in the antioxidant activity test, with an IC₅₀ value of 8.6 μg/mL compared to the other compounds in which the dibutyltin(IV) di-2-nitrobenzoate and triphenyltin(IV) 2-nitrobenzoate have IC₅₀ values of 12.29 μg/mL and 27.28 μg/mL, respectively, which indicated that compounds 6 and 9 were categorized active antioxidant activity. However the IC₅₀ values of these compounds were higher than the positive control, ascorbic acid with IC₅₀ value of 0.66 μg/mL.

In continuing search on the biological activity of the organotin compounds we are working with, We here reported the synthesis and the antifungal activity test of three organotin(IV) complexes of dibutyltin(IV) dibenzoate (3), diphenyltin(IV) dibenzoate (6) and triphenyltin(IV) benzoate (9). These three compounds were prepared by the reaction of dibutyltin(IV) dichloride (1), diphenyltin(IV) dichloride (4), and triphenyltin(IV) chloride (7) via dibutyltin(IV) oxide (2), diphenyltin(IV) oxide (5), and triphenyltin(IV) hydroxide (8) with benzoic acid. The product obtained in each step was characterized by UV, IR and NMR spectroscopies and also microelemental analysis. The antifungal activity test was carried out against Fusarium oxysporum strain. The results showed that the inhibition zone shown by these organotin(IV) benzoate were found by far much more active compared to the free benzoic acid, the starting materials 1, 4, 7, and the intermediate products, 2, 5 and 8. The inhibition zone of each of the compounds tested was compared with the control where the fungus alone was grown in the media. The results showed that triphenyltin(IV) benzoate (9) was the most active compound against the fungus and the minimum inhibitory concentration obtained was about 0.7 mM.

In principle, biodiesel production relies on the transesterification reaction of fatty acids contained in vegetable oil or waste rich in fatty acids with short-chain alcohols with the help of a catalyst. The purpose of this study was to obtain information about the most suitable alcohol for the transesterification of rubber seed oil into biodiesel. In this study, the transesterification of rubber seed oil was carried out with three different types of short-chain alcohols, namely methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. Each alcohol was used with a ratio of 3:1 to oil and transesterification was carried out in the presence of MgO/SiO₂ catalyst with an amount of 10% (by weight of catalyst/volume oil) at 70 °C for 6 h. Transesterification products were analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to confirm the conversion of fatty acids in the oil into esters. The results showed that the reactivity of alcohols is in the order of methanol > ethanol > 2-propanol with the percentages of conversion of oil to products are 90.1, 73.3, and 63.2%, respectively. These results indicate that methanol is the most suitable alcohol for transesterification of rubber seed oil.

This study reported the isolated compound from vetiver grass-root (Vetiveria zizanioides Stapf) have bioactivity as a repellant against termites. The compounds were extracted by n-hexane solvent using the soxhletation method. The compounds were tested through bioactivity assay using wood pieces added isolated compound as a sample on the final assay, acetone as a blank, and wood pieces without treatment as a control. The result showed that the isolated compound was acquired by separation and purification in the form of colorless oil 0.0225 g. Of the thin-layer chromatography (TLC) assay using eluents of n-Hexane eluent 100%, n-Hexane : DCM 95%, and n-Hexane : Acetone 70%, were obtained a red-purple spot and Rf values which are 0.27, 0.59, and 0.91, respectively. 2-methyl butane-1-amine (C₅H₁₃N) was supposed by the structure elucidation of the isolated compound. The molecular weight was 87.1 g/mol as a precursor terpenoid based on the spectrum examination of FTIR and GC-MS. The bioactivity showed that an isolated compound has acted as a repellent against termite (Cryptotermes sp.) with % attractive (0.025 %) and attractiveness index (AI) (-0.039). A negative value of AI indicated that the compound is potential as a repellent against termites.

The Chromium(III) compounds have been shown to reduce glucose levels in type 2 diabetics, however, the role of chromium(III) in glucose metabolism cannot be clearly explained. Based on in vitro studies, there are two opinions regarding the mechanism of the role of chromium(III), the first opinion states that the chromium(III) that enters the body directly interacts with protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP). Second opinion, chromium(III) which enters the body undergoes oxidation to become chromium(VI), and chromium(VI) interacts with PTP. To determine the mechanism that occurs, modeling using chromium(III) picolinate as a chromium(III) complex and chromate ion as chromium(VI) interacts with PTP. The structure optimization compounds was carried out using the Hartree-Fock computation method based on the 6-31G(d). The interaction study was studied using the Autodock Vina and ONIOM methods. The interaction results of chromium(III) picolinate docking interact with Leu(13), Ile(16), Ser(47), Trp(49), Asn(50), and Tyr(131) with interaction energy of - 7.00 kcal.mol⁻¹. Chromate ion interacts with amino acids Leu(13), Gly(14), Ile(16), Cys(17) and Arg(18) with an interaction energy of -4.10 kcal.mol⁻¹. The result of interaction energy of chromium(III) picolinate is lower than that of chromate ion, which indicates that the interaction of chromium(III) picolinate with PTP is better than chromate ion.

Bagasse and cassava peel are waste that can be increased economic value. In this study, we have successfully synthesized zeolite H-MOR from sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) silica using the Steam-Assisted Crystallization (SAC) method at 170°C for 120 hours and determined its catalytic activity on the hydrolysis of cassava peel starch to produce glucose. H-MOR synthesized using LUDOX (commercial silica) was used as a comparison. The results showed that the MOR zeolite synthesized using SCBA and LUDOX silica had a crystallinity of 92.12% and 81.17%, respectively. The cellulose content in cassava peel flour is 57.8%. Optimization of the catalytic test variable showed that the hydrolysis of cellulose occurred at 140°C for 4 hours with a 1: 1 ratio of catalyst and substrate. The glucose concentrations obtained from cellulose hydrolysis using zeolite H-MOR catalyst from SCBA and Ludox were 398.5 ppm and 237.45 ppm with conversion degrees of 60.4% and 61.2%, respectively.

Vⁿ⁺ doped NiFe₂O₄, Ni_1-xV_xFe₂O₄ (where x = 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) nanomaterials were synthesized by sol-gel and freeze drying method simultaneously using nitrates of iron, and nickel, and ammonium vanadate as the starting materials. Powder X-ray Difraction (XRD) showed that all composition was found to have cubic spinel, hexagonal and monoclinic structure. The average crystallite size using scherrer calculation was found to be in the range of 20 - 42 nm. The band gap energy (Eg) of undoped NiFe₂O₄ was estimated to be 1.9 eV from UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). With the increase of Vⁿ⁺ dopant, the Eg value both decreased and increased from 1.6 eV to 2.0 eV, due to the difference of particle size of the samples.

The purpose of this study were to determine the mineral content (Cr, K and Ca) as well as total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) in cinnamon, then to know the potency of some phenolic compounds in cinnamon as alpha amylase inhibitors and its binding activity to S protein of covid19. The mineral content was determined by the ICP method, while the TPC and TFC levels were determined spectrophotometrically. In silico analysis was carried out by docking techniques using human salivary alpha amylase and S covid19 protein as receptors and several polyphenol compounds in cinnamon as ligands. The results have shown that the levels of Cr, K, Ca, TPC and TFC of cinnamon, were 0.524 ppm, 4033ppm, 17453 ppm, 1.55% and 4.26%, respectively. The results of in silico analysis has shown that kaempferol 3-O-glucoside and quercetin in cinnamon are able to bind to human saliva α-Amylase on its active site with a binding affinity that are relatively the same as acarbose has. The docking analysis also has shown that kaempferol, quercetin and rutin of cinnamon were able to bind to the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of S protein of covid19, so that these compounds also have the potency to be anticovid19.