Table of contents

On behalf of the Editors, it is our great pleasure to accept many research papers on the latest development in infrastructure studies during International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2019 (ICSI 2019). The major goal of the conference, which was organized by Department of Civil Engineering and Planning, Yogyakarta State University is to bring academic scientists, engineers, industry researchers together to exchange and share their experiences and research results about most aspects of sustainable infrastructures, and discuss the practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted. In this Conference, there were many opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences face to face, to establish business or research relations and to find global partners for future collaboration.

We would like to thank the organization staff, the members of the program committees and reviewers. They have worked very hard in reviewing papers and making valuable suggestions for the authors to improve their work. We also would like to express our gratitude to the external reviewers, for providing extra help in the review process, and the authors for contributing their research result to the conference. Special thanks go to Atlantis Press.

Lastly, we would like to warmly thank all the authors who, with their presentations and papers, generously contributed to the lively exchange of scientific information that is so vital to the endurance of scientific conferences of this kind.

Editors:

Dr.-Ing. Satoto E. Nayono, M.Eng., M.Sc. (editor-in-chief)

Prof. Yan Denghua, Ph.D. (guest editor)

Prof. Mdy. Ts. Dr. Zainal Abidin Akasah (guest editor)

Dr. Slamet Widodo, S.T., M.T.

Retna Hidayah, M.T., Ph.D.

Dr. Sativa, S.T., M.T.

Dr.-Ing. Suwartanti, M.Sc.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

□ Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other (please describe) Double-blind

□ Conference submission management system: @icsi.uny.ac.id self developed by Yogyakarta State University

□ Number of submissions received: 121

□ Number of submissions sent for review: 75

□ Number of submissions accepted: 70

□ Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 57.85%

□ Average number of reviews per paper: 2.3

□ Total number of reviewers involved: 18

□ Any additional info on review process:

□ Contact person for queries: satoto.nayono@uny.ac.id

Green City Index as a reference to measure environmental performance and improve environmental quality. The growth and development of cities raises environmental problems, especially for cities that have strong connections to the capital of Indonesia such as Depok City. This study aims to obtain the value of environmental performance in the city of Depok with quantitative methods based on the Green City Index with eight assessment categories. The results of this study indicate that the environmental performance of the City of Depok with an average percentage of all categories of 50.2%. Average performance falls into six categories, namely, Energy and CO2, Land Use and Building, Waste, Sanitation, Air Quality and Environmental Governance. While the below average performance in the Transport and Waste category and above average performance in the Water category. For the assessment of community perceptions through the Index of Happiness obtained by 60% of happy people, 23% of people are very happy and 17% of people less happy about the state of the surrounding environment. So it can be concluded that the majority of the people of Depok City are happy living in Depok City with the current environmental conditions.

While sustainable green infrastructure research has progressed substantially in the last decade, there has been a lack of study mapping on the developments of existing research publications in this area. This research aims to systematically review and map the development of existing publications during the period of 2009 – 2019 using the Scientometric review approach of Scopus metadata and VOSviewer software. The results show there were 1784 publications and 4894 authors from 109 countries, with the top 3 countries, i.e. the United States (472 publications), the UK (162 publications) and China (151 publications). The top 3 rankings of the main research area trends were green infrastructure (260), sustainability (211), and sustainability development (134). The publications were dominated by articles (50.2%), conference papers (32.2%), book chapters (7%), reviews (7%), and books (6.4%), which consist of 338 open-access documents, and 1396 closed-access documents. The top 3 authors with the most citations were Wang J. (261 citations), Jensen M.B. (82 citations) and Haase D. (76 citations). The outcomes of this study are expected to fill the existing research gap as well as to provide an overview of the development of sustainable green infrastructure research publications and to see future research development opportunities.

Transformation is a total transition process from a form into a new figure which can be interpreted as the final stage of a process where space and time become greatly affect the changes to the ultimate stage. Changes are done by giving the response of the influence of external and internal elements that will lead to a change of shape that has been known previously. The title of "education city" to the city of Bandung past of history of its establishment. Education in Bandung began to show its development since the establishment of Hollandsch Inlandsche Kweekschool, shortened into HIK48, on May 13, 1868. It was established by some important figures, among others, were R. H. Muhammad Musa. Meanwhile, higher education began to grow since the establishment of Technische Hoogeschool (abbreviated as THS) in 1920 as part of the Ethical Policy of the Dutch Government to its colony. So since then, the life of higher education in the city of Bandung continues to grow and increase. THS is a forerunner to the birth of Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB now). The purpose of this study is to establish the theory that can explain how the transformation of urban space in Balubur Tamansari in Bandung City, so it can be seen adjusting the physical setting of the region as the city's identity. The research method used was a qualitative grounded theory research method, the approach is focused on the discrete phenomenon in the field in order to disclose the meaning of the background of the city region space. This phenomenon was appointed through a process of snowball sampling. The process of data collection, analysis and theory building will be done at the same time in a period of time and iterative of process. This research generates knowledge building based on the knitting of the value system, the activity of perpetrator and physical setting in the region.

The research location is located in the village of Pahandut Seberang as a new village developed by Pahandut Village. Pahandut Seberang Village has vacant land in the form of forests and swamps that have not yet been developed as one of the potential development areas. Identification of a new green open space potential area is using figure ground analysis and history of place analysis. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of the green open space and the development of urban forest tourism. The potential location is expected Pahandut Seberang Village, District of Pahandut, City of Palangka Raya. This location is closed to the Kahayan riverside area as a pilot project to environmental management and sustainability area in the future. The method uses qualitative methods through observation, surveys and interviews. Physical analysis is to identify green open space area in Pahandut Seberang Village using field observations such as: (1) land use development, (2) green open space area, and (3) built up area. Non-physical analysis is using of indepth interview from Pahandut Seberang community as a part of real participation to maintain the green open space and forest area in the future.

Research on infrastructure service satisfaction index, the direction of infrastructure development at the village level, and utilization of villages funds is still very minimal. The direction for the utilization of villages funds, in general, has been regulated in legislation, but there is no reference yet regarding the type of infrastructure that needs to be built in the villages, even though the process of infrastructure development planning is included in the development accountability assessment. The focus of this research is to analyze the direction of urban infrastructure development using village funds through analysis of the infrastructure service satisfaction index, community proposals, and the results of development evaluations. The research method used is qualitative through content analysis and interviews with village officials and planning officials in Serang City. The results showed that the acquisition of the infrastructure service satisfaction index value for each sub-district became a reference in determining the development of urban infrastructure, paying attention to the proposals of community priorities submitted at the meeting of urban residents, increasing the capacity of the apparatus and improving the development planning application system.

This study aims to stabilize expansive soil with RHA by 0%, 3%, 6% and 9%. The index properties test with existing soil included lean clay (CL). The existing soil was repaired by adding stabilizing material in the form of RHA as an added material. Based on the specific gravity test, it can be concluded that the addition of RHA reduced the value of specific gravity, made the plastic limit (PL), liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (IP) decrease, which means that it could improve the properties of the existing physical soil. Standard Proctor Compaction Test (SPCT) with unsoaked method was conducted by giving 3 different number of blows, i.e. 10, 25, and 56 blows in 3 layers. The results show that the optimum moisture content (OMC) was almost constant, while the maximum dry density (MDD) slightly increased and most were added to an additional 6% of RHA. CBR test results show that the existing soil was 0.053 and after adding RHA, increased to 130% in the addition of 6% of RHA.

Soft and expansive clay is a soil type mostly found in Indonesia. Cement addition is one of the treatments common applied in soft clay improvement. However, its utilization requires to be controlled considering the effect to environment. Bamboo is a very abundant natural resource. On the other hand, bamboo leaf still requires attention in terms of management and utilization. In the form of ash, bamboo leaf contains high silica that could be used as pozzolan material. This research investigated the effect BLAsh addition in reducing cement utilization to the CBR value parameter of soft clay soil by experimental analysis. The total content of stabilizer material in the soft clay soil is 12% of the dry soil mass. Then, BLAsh content was varied in 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the total content of stabilizer material. The result depicted that 25% of cement substitution by BLAsh proved the improvement of CBR value both in dry and critical condition. In addition, improvement of expansive soil was proven by the decreasing of swelling percentage in the mixture with 25% of BLAsh content. Also, the longer curing time is important in providing perfect reaction of the chemical contents in the mixture.

Many roads are damaged due to heavy tonnage vehicles or because the road foundation is in the form of expansive clay. The rescue effort is to use beach sand (sea sand) for stabilization / repair of road sub-grade in the form of clay. This research using experimental method to carried out by repairing/stabilizing soil clay by mixing beach sand. Sand content varies from 60%, 80%, to 100%. Mixed soil was compacted at optimum water content, then tested by CBR test and Swelling test. The results of this study are CBR (strong-support) and Swelling (development) values. Mixing: 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% beach sand against clay, able to increase the CBR value by a row: 7.3%; 9.6%; 11.8%; 18.5%; 25.2% (Lendah clay, Unsoaked), and 6.2%; 9.8%; 13.4%; 19.3%; 25.2% (Lendah clay, Soaked). The Prambanan clay, the yield is slightly smaller than the Lendah clay. The Swelling value is: 0.095%; 0.055%; 0.015%; - 0.107%; -0.229% (Lendah clay), almost the same as Prambanan clay. Here it can be seen that mixing beach sand will always increase the CBR value, but if the percentage of sand is too much, the soil will easily collapse (negative swelling). The conclusion is that in the clay mixture with beach sand the optimum percentage of beach sand will be 85%.

This paper describes an attempt to analyze each methodology and bring it all together in one place for crossreferencing expert analysis. The advantage of using DEM compared to continuum-based techniques is in cracking and fragmentation starting and spreading because the DEM system is naturally disconnected. Concrete is a non-homogeneous composite material with significant heterogeneity of quasi-brittle characters. Structural failure behavior in concrete usually preceded by initial cracking and influenced by the mesoscale structure, interface between aggregate and mortar matrix, especially under complex pressure conditions. The ability of the DEM to produce 3-phase material representation in concrete will significantly depend on the application of the contact model between particles that have bound during the simulation. The main development area in this paper is related to stages (particle contact, contact model), parameters, and implementation that are entirely established in the simulation phase of materials. It will assist future researchers in improving analysts when modeling concrete to select appropriate methods and procedures, and to identify critical parameters for specific applications.

The palm oil clinkers has a high silica content to use in high strength concrete mixtures as additives. In the study to replace silica fume used fly ash which is made from the palm clinkres and mashing then filtered with a No. #200 sieve. The study used a tested beam with 15 × 30 × 220 cm sized with concrete strength design (f'c) 60 MPa and (w/c) is 0.25. The main reinforced used 15.8 mm diameter with yield strength (fy) 446.34 MPa and shear reinforced used 11.9 mm diameter with yield strength (fy) 381.72 MPa. The compressive strength test at 28 days of 3 pieces of control specimens showed average value of 58.77 MPa. The maximum deflection in the middle of reinforced concrete beams is 31,8 mm at the maximum load 260.00 kN. The maximum deflection that happened is bigger than theoretical deflection with with two load points 17,126 mm. While the ductility produced by high quality reinforced concrete blocks with additives of palm oil clinkers is 2.313. Strain that occurs in tensile reinforcement and shear reinforcement under maximum loading conditions is 569,911 μm and 8,967 μm. The palm oil clinkers as a substitute for silica fume in high quality reinforced concrete is effectively used to increase concrete ductility.

The aims of this study are to determine the stiffness, flexural strength of lamina beam of lime wood by using both of adhesive Dovebond 30 and Synteko 1909. The testing was conducted based on standard ASTM D 143-05. Data was processed and analyzed by factorial design. The board made by using a log wood with a diameter of more than 40 cm and display 1 m which then split into several pieces of sheet board with 2; 1; 2 cm, thickness 5 cm. The board sheet was cut to a width of 5 cm, 2; 1; 2 cm thick and 71 cm long to make multiple walking joints and types. The entire adhesive resurfacing system was carried out using a cape/brush. Both lamina (double spread) surfaces was sprinkled with 200-220 g/m2 melting weight. The adhesion sliding strength of lime beam used 1.03 kN/cm2 of adhesive Synteko 1909 and 0.84 kN/cm2 of adhesive Dovebond 30. The measured three-layer lamina beam was the measurement results of lime wood that provides the stiffness efficiency (MoE) of 38.91% of solid beam stiffness (MoE) and the flexure strength (MoR) of 10.26% of the flexure strength of the solid beam. Three-layer lamina beam with five finger joints was the measurement result for the highest MoE stiffness of 1,321 kN/cm2 using the adhesive Dovebond 30, and the highest flexure strength of 80.6 kN/cm2 using the adhesive Synteko 1909.

Value engineering is usually done by substitution of materials or change in construction method. One of them is in The Alton Apartment Project in Tembalang, Semarang, which is apply Korean technology on aluminum formwork system called Kumkang. The objectives of this study are to calculate the coefficient of worker productivity, to find out the time required to install the aluminum form (Kumkang) compared to conventional one, and to compare the workers' costs for conventional formwork and Kumkang aluminum formwork. The analytical method of the study uses the Value Engineering Method. The calculation of the workers unit price coefficient analysis of aluminum formwork work (kumkang) equal to 0.025 MD, while of the unit price of workers on the formwork according to the Indonesian National Standard Work Unit (AHSP-SNI) equals to 0.330 MD. The time required of the aluminum formwork (kumkang) installation are 2,47 days for 1582.10 m² formwork while the conventional formwork needs 32,6 days for the same volume. The cost calculation shows that the worker cost to install Kumkang Formwork is Rp. 7,200,000 while for the conventional formwork is Rp. 79,200,000. Based on the results, it can be concluded that Kumkang formwork technology is more efficient than conventional system.

The aim of this research is to investigate the influence of bamboo fiber on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete. The fiber was taken 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% against the weight of cement. The mix design conducted using weight comparison method. The test carried out at 28 and 56 days. The compressive and tensile strength test 28 days showed concrete obtained an average value of 62.47 MPa and 3.444 MPa for 0%, 59.83 MPa and 4.246 MPa for 0.5%, 59.07 MPa and 4.907 MPa for 1%, 54.92 MPa and 5.379 MPa for 1.5% bamboo fiber. The test at 56 days obtained 62.56 MPa and 4.907 MPa results with 0%, 60.77 MPa and 5.143 MPa at 0.5%, 59.82 MPa and 5.331 MPa at 1%, 55.11 MPa and 5.426 MPa with 1.5% use of bamboo fiber. The decrease in compressive strength on test 28 days occurred, which was close to the strength design, and there was an increase in the 56-day test. Tensile strength test of 28 and 56 days show an increase in each percentage of bamboo fiber added, where the optimal value obtained from the addition of 1.5% bamboo fiber.

A concrete structure reinforced with reinforcing bars formed an important part on current infrastructures. The high compressive strength of concrete combined with a high tensile strength of steel give an ideal composite material which offer a wide range of application within civil engineering structures. The aim of this research is to observe the corrosion process on reinforcing bars of reinforced concrete structure which is made by local aggregates which have the compressive strength ranged from 25 to 30 MPa, with different quarry in the area of Special Region of Yogyakarta. The ASTM G-109 and Florida Test of Method FM 5-522 are chosen to conduct this research. The test was conducted 45 to 60 days with following data to be taken: water salinity (pH), voltage reading relative difference, reinforcing bar's mass loss. The data processed to obtain corrosion current density (CCD) and corrosion rate (CR). The results as follow : (1) the voltage difference's reading on each specimens attempt to be similar, (2) the CCD on each specimens behave differently with relative differences of 1,68%, (3) the CR on each specimens behave differently with relative differences of 0,66%, (3) the specimens behave similarly regardless the differences between two of them.

This paper focuses on optimizing truss structures while propose best PSO variants. Truss optimization is one way to make the design efficient. There are three types of optimization, size optimization, shape optimization, and topology optimization. By combining size, shape and topology optimization, we can obtain the most efficient structure. Metaheuristics have the ability to solve this problem. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is metaheuristic algorithm which is frequently used to solve many optimization problems. PSO mimics the behavior of flocking birds looking for food. But PSO has three parameters that can interfere with its performance, so this algorithm is not adaptive to diverse problems. Many PSO variants have been introduced to solve this problem, including linearly decreasing inertia weight particles swarm optimization (LDWPSO) and bare bones particles swarm optimization (BBPSO). The metaheuristic method is used to find the solution, while DSM s used to analyze the structure. A 10-bar truss structure and a 39-bar truss structure are considered as case studies. The result indicates that BBPSO beat other two algorithms in terms of best result, consistency, and convergence behaviour in both cases. LDWPSO took second place for the three categories, leaving PSO as the worst algorithm that tested.

Studies on structure design optimization have been conducted extensively over the past decades because it can increase structural efficiency and maximize the engineers' profit. One of the significant current discussions is the reliability aspect of structure design in addition to optimal design. This problem becomes more important especially in sizing and shaping optimization of truss structures. To address the problem, this paper applies Reliability-based Design Optimization (RBDO) by combining Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and metaheuristic algorithms which are Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Barebone PSO (BBPSO). The presence of uncertainty is modeled using LHS and the reliability constraint is added to measure the probability of structural failure. This study aims to investigate the performance of these metaheuristic algorithms in optimizing the structure design while still satisfying the reliability constraints. Two case studies, a welded beam design problem and 15-bar planar truss problem, are used in this study. The performance of these two algorithms will be compared. The obtained results indicate that BBPSO has a better performance than PSO.

Several waste materials have been continuously investigated for possible use as substitutes for materials in the field of civil engineering; one of them is plastic waste, due to the fact that plastic waste is simultaneously increasing. In this study, the block paving was made from recycled plastic bag (LDPE) with the addition of stone ash from stone crusher process waste for the value of 0%; 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. These additions of stone ash were intended in order to increase water absorption and increase surface roughness. Several physical and mechanical tests were carried out according to SNI-03-0691-1996. From the compressive test, the highest compressive strength is 13.43 MPa. Based on the results of the sodium sulphate resistance test and the external appearance tests, it showed that all block paving was in good condition with solid surface. In accordance toSNI-03-0691-1996, the paving block was included in the class-C quality which can be used for pedestrians.

Concrete is one of the most used materials in buildings today; yet, predicting the accurate concrete compressive strength remains challenging because of the highly complex relationship between its mixture. An accurate method of predicting concrete compressive strength can provide a significant advantage to the construction material industry, particularly within the concrete material industry. Many methods can be used to build the prediction model of concrete compressive strength. However, the traditional methods have so many shortcomings, including expensive experimental costs and the inability to formulate an accurate complex relationship between the components of a concrete mixture with the compressive strength. To overcome this issue, this study applies multiple artificial intelligence (AI) methods to find the most accurate input and output relationships within concrete mixtures. The three types of AI methods that will be used in this study are artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and linear regression (LR). This study uses 1030 data samples from concrete compressive strength tests obtained from University of California, Irvine, to demonstrate the use of AI prediction models. The obtained results of the simulation show that these artificial intelligence methods can build predictive models without conducting any expensive experiments in the laboratory with good accuracy.

A systematic approach of optimization is needed to achieve an optimal design of large and complex truss structures. In the last three decades, several researchers have developed and applied various metaheuristic optimization methods to the design of truss structures. This paper investigates a new metaheuristic algorithm called symbiotic organisms search (SOS) for member sizing optimization of relatively large steel trusses. The case studies include a 120-bar dome truss and a 942-bar tower truss. The structural analyses are carried out using the standard finite element method. The profiles of the truss members are circular hollow structural sections selected from a set of the American Institute of Steel Construction standard profiles. The design results using the SOS are then compared to those obtained using other metaheuristic methods, namely the particle swarm optimization, differential evolution, and teaching-learning-based optimization. The comparison shows the superior performance of the SOS in terms of the optimal solution, consistency, and convergence. Thus, the SOS is a good alternative for optimizing the design of steel truss structures in real engineering practice.

This study shows the mechanical properties of lightweight concrete (LWC) made by partially replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with class F fly ash (FFA). Natural sand and pumice were used as the fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, respectively. Five LWC mixtures, M1, M2, M3, M4, and M5, were made by replacing, by weight, of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30 %, and 40% OPC with FFA, respectively. The mix proportion of LWC, by weight, was 1.00 binder: 3.24 fine aggregate: 1.19 coarse aggregate, and the water-binder ratio was 0.32. Tests of the LWC mechanical properties were conducted at the hydration time of 28 and 56 days using 150 by 300 mm cylindrical specimens. The results indicate that the use of FFA as a partial replacement for OPC improved the development of the mechanical properties of LWC. The compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of the LWC increased in all the mixtures during the hydration time. The optimal proportion of FFA for replacing OPC in LWC is about 20%. With this optimal proportion and after 56 days of hydration, the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity are, respectively, about 113% and 105% of those produced by LWC made with 100% OPC.

The utilization of fly ash as sand partial replacement in concrete mix is an alternative solution for the depletion of sand resources in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. This research evaluates the effect of sand partial replacement with fly ash to the strength-weight and cost-strength ratio of concrete mixes. The strength-weight ratio was used for mechanical evaluation with higher value considered as better, while cost-strength ratio indicates its economic efficiency with lower value means more efficient. Four groups of test specimens with different amounts of fly ash were evaluated for its mechanical performance and economic efficiency. Various percentages of fly ash, sequentially 0%, 20%, 35%, and 50% were implemented in the mixes based on partial weight replacement of its components and the water-binder ratios were calculated based pozzolanic cementing efficiency method. The compressive strength was evaluated on 14 concrete cylinders with 150mm diameter and 300mm length for each variant that cured in 28 days water immersion. Test results shows that fly ash addition tend to reduce material cost and density of concretes, yet the compressive strength was not lower compared to normal concrete. Therefore, fly ash added concrete can be justified as better in mechanical performance and economically more efficiency.

Concrete is the most used material in infrastructure development, especially in a developing country. The concrete used in project must not only satisfy the desired concrete strength, but also the workability. Additionally, due to different conditions in construction projects, the requirement for workability varies. Workability can be measured using several methods. Previously, traditional trial-and-error of concrete mix design were used to achieve desired slump and flow test value. However, the experiment is often inexpensive, and the obtained results may not be sufficiently accurate. Recently, the potential of the AI method has been gaining increased attention as the new and promising alternative method to predict slump and flow tests, based on historical data. Thus, this study develops an effective hybrid AI-based method to predict slump and flow tests from the given concrete mixture dataset. A total of 103 historical data are used. At the beginning, the samples are separated into two groups using k-means clustering. Each cluster is modelled using the ensemble of six prediction methods, which are REG, CART, GENLIN, CHAID, ANN and SVM. The obtained results show that our proposed method can build the prediction method with a high accuracy, measured by several performance indicators.

Risk prevention using risk management is a process of identifying, measuring, ascertaining risk and developing strategies to manage risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the cost and time on the structure work of The Alton Apartment Development Project. The process is carried out through the identification stage, the analysis phase, and the risk response stage. The identification stage is done through a literature study, then the next step is to conduct a survey with the first stage questionnaire to validate the risks that occur. The analysis phase to determine the dominant risk is done by estimating the frequency and impact on costs and time, then classified with the Probability Impact Grid The risk response stage is to provide a risk response or a risk prevention solution. From the results of the study, there are six factors that affect costs and time, among others, the placement of moving material, the occurrence of loading and unloading queues, delays in the delivery of material, the existing utility systems that are not detected, and the low productivity of equipment. Having known these risk factors, precautions are taken to minimize the risk factors by providing a solution.

One of the most commonly used materials in civil engineering is concrete; not only is it cheap and strong, but it is also efficient and convenient. The efficiency of concrete is based on the easiness to place and to compact, which is usually known as workability. However, concrete strength and workability works in different ways; hence it is important to divide concrete into two groups: concrete with low workability and concrete with high workability, in order to achieve a more accurate prediction. Since there is a lot of variations of concrete mix designs, the relationship between each mixture is complex and, thus, requires advanced prediction methods in order to find the most accurate relationships between concrete mix proportion and its compression test result.–Recently, many studies have been conducted on applying multiple artificial intelligence (AI) methods in building different complex and challenging prediction models. Thus, this research employs ensemble machine learning methods to precisely forecast compression strength of concrete mix proportion. The accuracy of the proposed method was calculated using two performance measurements. Subsequently, the study has successfully built the prediction model that can accurately map the relationship between concrete mix proportion and compressive strength.

Concrete is commonly used as the main component in a building. Concrete is obtained by mixing Portland cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes added ingredients at certain comparisons in the form of chemicals, fibrous materials, and non-chemical materials. Utilization of glass powder waste for concrete mixtures is now being developed. This research was conducted to determine the optimum composition of glass powder as a partial replacement of sand against the compressive strength of concrete. The content of the glass powder mixture used is 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% of the weight of sand in the concrete mixture. Slump test results showed that in the variation of coarse glass powder concrete slump decreased due to lack of bonding capacity between the aggregates. In concrete with a variation of fine glass powder the slump slightly decreases because the fine glass powder absorbs too much water. Concrete compressive strength testing is carried out at 28 days. The results of concrete compressive strength test showed the optimum value can be achieved by 22.8 MPa with 15% variation in glass powder content. The use of glass powder is effective as a substitute for partial sand at 15% of coarse glass powder.

The aim of study is to know about shape, specification, strength, and reduction bamboo reinforced concrete cost construction percentage against reinforced concrete. This study was conducted with a comparative quantitative method. The comparison examined includes cost reduction that occur when using bamboo. Study was using one of bamboo species called Bambusa Vulgaris which has great growth potential in Tidore City, especially Rum District. Bambusa Vulgaris is a strong and recommended bamboo for application as a construction material. Based on the analysis results, bamboo reinforced concrete has enough strength to replace the type of steel-reinforced concrete construction on sloof beam and ring beam. The use of bamboo as reinforced concrete for simple houses projects could save projects cost up to 10.4 million rupiahs. It reflects that Rum Village and Tidore City has tremendous bamboo potential to be used as a structural material. That fact expected that the results of this study can be empirically tested in the laboratory to determine mechanical properties of bamboo reinforced beams originating from Tidore City. For the long term, it is hoped that the local government can move together with the society of the Tidore City to cultivate bamboo seriously and sustainably.

Reinforced concrete structure has very sensitive behaviour with the impact of seawater content. This work will describe about the effect of seawater content on the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams. Previous research focused on studying effect of seawater content on compression strength, tensile strength, flexure strength, and bond strength in concrete. A review of shear failures conducted by previous researchers without getting an effect on seawater content attacks. Reinforced concrete beam has measure on 1000×200×400 mm. Seawater content attack is given during the treatment process of reinforced concrete beams. Control testing is carry out by treating on fresh water. Stages of testing include testing the basic materials of concrete, immersion in sea water or fresh water, compression strength testing with cylindrical specimens on concrete age 28 and 90 days, as well as shear strength testing. Therefore, the aggressive nature of seawater which can cause micro crack in concrete pores, so that the shear strength that treated using sea water for 90 days has decreased by 10.70% from treatment using fresh water. The decrease in strength that occurs in the shear strength of reinforced concrete beams is not recommended in planning because it can risk to construction.

Steel is one of the most widely used construction material for structural systems in modern construction. In recent years, Cold formed steel (CFS) sections-which is being another major type of steel sections and found to be an alternative to the familiar Hot rolled steel sections. The purpose of this research is to choose the best CFS products in terms of strength and safety which use for Loa Janan post office. This study begins by collecting primary and secondary data. Then look for references in CFS products in the field. In this study there is 4 CFS brands (Taso, Cici, Truss, and Kaso product). Than the sample of product will be testing in the laboratory. The loading is carried out guide [1]. Than to analyse of the CFS frame use [2]. For model using SAP 2000 application. The material used in this study were steel profile C 75 75 0.75 to tension members. From the results of the analysis. it can be concluded that of the 4 steel materials being studied all can withstand the load. However, the CFS brand Taso has the highest maximum stress of 46.27 KN. while the smallest Truss brand is 0.17 KN.

Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme has been used throughout the world as an effective tool to fill the gap between the surge in infrastructure development needs and the shrinking of public fiscal budget. The Ministry of Public Works and Housing 2030's vision is focused on the construction of infrastructure. The state budget related to road infrastructure development around Rp 1.796 trillion but not all the needs fit to the budget. The aim of this research are identify field facts related to infrastructure financing with PPP, create correlation model and evaluate the suitability of the model. The success factor implementation of Public Private Partnership (PPP) scheme is the positive value of Net Present Value (NPV) that indicates the project is feasible. The correlation model between estimated project cost and Net Present Value (NPV) performed using statistical analysis is also used to make financial scheme from user-pay and government-pay on the PPP. The correlation model is Yt = 102.227.962 + 0,1098892t which the variable t can be changed into the number of estimation concession period. The result from this research are expected as a reference in determining project cost and negotiating the equity financial between user-pay and government-pay on PPP's project.

High population growth causes an increase in community mobility to meet their travel needs. This has an impact on the use of private vehicles that are not controlled, which is causing transportation problems. The solution to the transportation problem is to use public transportation as a mode of travel. The government is obliged to provide adequate public transportation so that people switch from using private vehicles to using public transport vehicles. In order to meet the needs of public transportation, therefore, the Surakarta City Government provides a free BST bus/feeder fleet specifically for student. In connection with this, a ticketing BST bus/feeder system is needed to monitor and supervise public transportation users. The aim of study is to develop a free ticket system for student to use public transportation in the form of BST bus/feeder using Android smartphone technology. By using this system, students are expected to depart and return from school using public transportation provided by the city government for free without the need to be escorted and picked up by parents or guardians. Study results is an android application called Ride for Free, which is user friendly and helps students to their daily riding activities to school.

Level crossings between railway and highway causes transportation problems in the form of traffic jams and accidents. The Manahan Flyover development in the Surakarta city is an effort to minimize transportation problems in the Manahan and Kota Barat areas. Field condition shows that traffic congestion in the Manahan Flyover can be minimized, but traffic accident rate is increasing. Within nine months an accident occurred with two dead victims. The potential of traffic accident is inseparable with the design of the Manahan Flyover with the design of three-way intersection. The aim of study is to redesign traffic movement in the Manahan Flyover and surrounding Manahan area. Traffic micro-simulation VISSIM model is used to evaluate the performance of road networks at peak traffic conditions with different simulation models. The scenario simulation model is developed based on the calibrated base simulation model. In order to avoid potential accidents, therefore, the direction of traffic movement at the Manahan Flyover is made with a one-way system. The modelling scenario results indicate that the diversion of traffic movement at the Manahan Flyover must be followed by various traffic management and engineering efforts in the Manahan area including road widening, parking management, application of a one-way system.

The purpose of this research is to know the effect of beach sand as a substitute for river sand in a mixture of concrete asphalt against the characteristic values of the marshall and to determine the effect of adding sugarcane ash filler with the percentage of ash filler 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% on the concrete asphalt mixture against the characteristic values of the marshall. This research is an experimental study using fillers in the form of sugarcane ash filler with varying levels of variation in the amount of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. The specimens using AC-BC mixture was then tested using the Marshall method values of stability, density, flow, VIM, VMA, VFA, MQ. The results of this study indicate that the addition of sugarcane ash filler and the use of beach sand as a substitute for river sand affect the value of the characteristics of the marshall. The more filler levels used in the asphalt mixture, the greater the value of stability and MQ. While the flow value, density, VIM, VMA, VFA are getting smaller. Other factors that influence marshall characteristic values are asphalt content used, aggregate gradation, temperature in compaction, mix quality, and the process of mixing asphalt.

Sustainable construction is expected to create a quality environment so that environmental sustainability is maintained. The use of coal as fuel for PLTU have a negative impact on the environment, because it produces waste in the form of fly ash and bottom ash. Lokan freshwater is widely used as a food ingredient. This research study a mixture of AC-WC asphalt using coal fly ash and lokan shell ash as a filler. Research is needed to determine the durability and performance of the pavement that uses these waste materials by using asphalt pen 60/70 as a binder. This study uses Marshall Method and using three variations in the percentage of coal fly ash and lokan shell ash to the total filler. The highest stability obtained at V1 with a value of 1,389.158 kg. Marshall test conducted on the AC-WC blend on OAC for the mixture variation of V1, V2, V3, disclosed that Stability, flow, MQ, VMA and VFB values were acquiescent to the required specification. For the value of VIM on V1 and V3 were not acquiescent to the required spesification. The coal fly ash and lokan shells as filler recommended for alternative material on a mixture of AC-WC.

At the initiation and design stage, the stakeholders (owners and planners) are faced with the choice to determine which type of pavement will be used in accordance with the budget provided yet they must also consider for the long-life maintenance and the environmental aspect the of the road pavement project. One indicator of an environmentally friendly road pavement project is that it must be low in energy and low in emissions. The aims of this study are to conduct a literature review to determine the extent of the previous research that have been carried out, as well as the consumption of energy in the construction projects. The results will be used as a basis for developing critical thinking and conceptual frameworks to fill the research gaps and provide novelty for further research. The study was conducted using a qualitative bibliometric analysis method by identifying selected academic publications from Scopus database with the use of VOSviewer software to process the data. The results of this study indicate that there is an opportunity to conduct research in order to develop energy optimization models for green and sustainable road construction projects from the design, construction, operation and maintenance stages.

The increase in the price of buying houses by 23.77% in the first quarter of 2019 has caused severe challenges. This made the Indonesian government create a subsidized housing program through the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No 21/PRT/M/2016. This is necessary because the existing subsidized housing is far from the city center and does not pay attention to integrated public transportation as well as the high use of private vehicles causing the value of the degree of saturation to reach 0.77 on housing access which makes the whole scheme environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the factors influencing the community to select a subsidized housing program and determine the design of its integration with sustainable transportation using simulation methods. The findings showed the most influential factors were accessibility and choice of transportation modes while the ideal simulation reported the use of integrated transportation in the construction of subsidized housing, by making all private vehicle passengers shift to public transportation in Kendal District reduced the highest saturation level (DS) from 0.77 to 0.07 and CO2 emissions by 47.71%. Therefore, the revision of government policies on integrated transportation in subsidized housing is recommended.

Government plans to build Semarang Harbor Toll road that connects Kaliwungu, West Semarang-Ahmad Yani Airport, North Semarang, Tanjung Emas Port, and Kaligawe to unravel congestion on existing roads where current conditions are not yet available integrated public transportation, this is indicated by high volume of traffic 3,949 pce/hour with a VCR value of 1.25. This study aims to analyze travel time on toll roads, the toll tariffs of Harbor Tolls based on analysis of Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP) and potential for traffic flow that moves from existing roads to toll roads using binomial logit method. Analysis results obtained Semarang Harbor Toll road rates for group I of Rp. 1,040/km, group II, tariff is Rp. 1,200/km and tariff of Rp. 1,300/km. There is a difference between ATP, WTP analysis and binomial logit analysis based on BOK for class I where toll road mode selection is Rp. 947/km, existing road Rp. 1,583/km. Then for Group II, the selection of toll road mode is Rp. 1,121/Km, the existing road Rp. 1,611/Km and class III obtained the selection of the mode of toll roads 1,206/Km, the existing road Rp. 1,876/km.

The law states that every activity centre, settlement and infrastructure development plan that causes disturbance to safety, order and smoothness of traffic and road transport must be carried out traffic impacts analysis. The magnitude of traffic impact that occurs due to the building construction is influenced by the amount of trip generation and attraction that generated by the building activities. Standard value of trip generation and attraction of certain land use is important to be used as a reference in calculating performance of road network. The aim of study is to determine the trip attraction model of various land use including hotel and minimarket in the Surakarta City. Modelling analysis requires data such as vehicle volume in and out of land use and land use parameter such as the number of rooms for hotel and size of building floor area for minimarket. Based on these data then a modelling analysis is carried out using regression analysis to obtain a land use trip attraction model. The result of analysis shows that regression trip attraction models of 3-star hotel, 4 and 5-star hotels and minimarket are Y= 0.1123*X + 12.55; Y = 0.2853*X + 11.017 and Y = 0.2444*X + 0.5623 consecutively.

Changes in land use that are not in harmony with the growth in the number of vehicles cause congestion and decrease in the speed of travel. Toll road access is one of the important ways to decrease traffic jams in cities that require smooth traffic flow. The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of service level of toll road access to land use changes from residential environments to commercial areas. The analytical method was used to use multiple regression analysis to estimate traffic generation from changes in commercial land use. The degree of saturation of road toll access before land use change shows DS values of 0.56 to 0.65 which were analyzed at peak morning hours. This was an indication of the smooth flow of traffic. After there was a change in land use shown from the trip generation from the commercial area with the equation Y = 2.554 + 1.143 X3 + 1.041 X4 + 1.011 X5 +1.256 X6 + 1.2045 X7 with the significance of the model R2 = 0.91. So that due to changes in land use, the toll access point was higher with changes in the degree of saturation 0.6 to 1.2.

A portable fume hood design with an acid pollution absorber filter was prepared. This study aims to: (1) make a portable fume hood equipped with an acid contaminant absorbent filter housing, and (2) determine the length of time the ability of the lime granule can function as an acid contaminant absorbent filter. This study is a quasi-experimental study using posttest only with control group design to assess the feasibility of using lime granules as acid absorbent filters on portable fume hoods. Data analysis was performed by regression using the Excel program. The results of the study are as follows: (1) portable fume hood that use acid-absorbent filters have been made, (2) The average length of time the ability of lime granules can function as an acid contaminant absorbent filter on the use of a portable fume hood at a lime granule weight of 0.5; 1,0; 1,5; and 2.0, respectively 222, 589, 880, and 1219 minutes. This relationship can be estimated with a regression equation Y = 0.619X -36.71. Which Y is the ability of lime granule as absorbent of acid contamination, and X is the weight of lime granule.

The biodrying process of solid waste is an approach to the use of biomass energy, where solid waste is dried using the heat generated from aerobic degradation of organic matter. Temperature profile and cumulation of the solid waste biodrying process are the success factors in drying solid waste. The reactor used is made of plywood with dimensions of (30 × 30 × 100) cm equipped with a heat sink using Thermoshield Universal to minimize heat loss. Aeration discharge at the biodrying process reactor is 0.023 m³/kg/h. The results showed a maximum temperature of 61°C produced from the bottom layer of the biodrying reactor (addition of 6 l / min air flow) on the first day at 10:00 pm. Cumulation temperature in the bottom layer of the biodrying reactor for 21 days of research reached 186.9°C. This value is a source of heat generated from the decomposition of waste under aerobic conditions. Based on the three layers, it can be concluded that the bottom layer produces higher temperature cumulation than the top or middle layer. This research can be a reference for determining temperature monitoring points and knowing Temperature cumulation generated from the waste decomposition process using biodrying technology.

In the area of North Semarang often occurs tidal floods. The current government has dealt with the flooding of Rob by making dykes on the north coast of semarang. There is a method of handling tidal flooding by making a retention pool, Longstorage equipped with a pump if there is a flood the water is stored in a retention pond then the water is pumped into the river. The purpose of this study is to formulate a correlation between pumps and retention ponds. Alternative flood control using the count of 50 years. The method used is using HEC-HMS. There are three alternatives used in the simulation: 1^st alternative pond with an area of 3.8 m³ and a storage volume of 114,000 m³, with inflow of 31.4 m³/s in this alternative the capacity of pump is 30 m³/s, second alternative pool with an area of 4.7 m² and reservoir volume of 142,000 m³, with inflow of 31.4 m³/s, with pump capacity of 27 m³/s. third alternative ponds with an area of 5.0 m² and a reservoir volume of 150,000 m³, with inflow of 31.4 m³/s. In this alternative a pump with a capacity of 25 m³/s used.

Since 2014 sedimentation at the estuary of Jelitik river, Sungailiat, Bangka has continued to increase. At this estuary, the ship traffic is very busy and there is National Fisheries Port Sungailiat. When the tide is low, the river mouth closes thus disrupting ship traffic. The Bangka Belitung Provincial Government is currently planning to build a sediment control infrastructure to reduce the sedimentation rate. To plan and determine the effectiveness of the jetties requires knowledge of sedimentation patterns around Jelitik estuary. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the pattern of sedimentation (distribution and rate) at the existing and ultimate conditions. The methods are field survey, analysis of field data, and computational modeling of sediment transport. Modeling of sediment transport was done using the Sand Transport Module of MIKE 21. Two scenarios were simulated for the existing and ultimate conditions. Based on this modeling, the sedimentation rate at Jelitik estuary is found uneven. In the existing condition, a large rate of sedimentation occurs on the southern side of the Jelitik River estuary, which reaches a maximum value of 2.75 m/year, with an average of 4.44 cm/year. Whereas in the ultimate condition, the sedimentation rate decreases to 0.0377 m/year.

Cilacap is one of the regions in Indonesia in the southern coastal region bordering the Indonesian Ocean. In the coastal areas of Cilacap including Kawunganten district, there are frequent floods due to sea level rise. Tidal flood problem in Cilacap can be overcome by constructing a moveable dam. The selection of moveable dam gateis needed so that it can be work optimally. Data in this study were obtained through a questionnaire and distributed to respondents who were experts in the field of water. There are 5 criteria used to select the type of moveable dam gate, namely material, function, operational and maintenance, cost and location. There are 4 alternatives of moveable dam gatenamely flap gate, radial gate, sliding gate and rubber dam. The results of the questionnaire were then processed using Analytical Hierarchy Process. The results showed that the most important criteria to select the type of moveable dam gate is cost (0.273). The best alternative of moveable dam gate based on all criteria is flap gate (0.291). Movable dam with flap gate became the priority because it is easy to operate and low cost. The best location for moveable dam placement is before Ujungmanik Bridge with a score 0.376.

The purpose of research to measure and analyze the generation, composition, characteristics, and potential recycling industrial food waste in Padang City. The sampling and determination of samples based on SNI 19-3964-1994, which was carried out for eight consecutive days with sampling from 35 food industry consist of large industrial, medium industries, and small industries. The average quantities of food waste generated from the large, medium, and small industries in Padang City were 0.005 kg/d, 0.083 kg/d, and 0.262 kg/d, respectively. The composition of food waste consists of 94.01% organic waste, 5.97% plastic waste, 0.01% paper waste, and 0.01% other waste. The potential for recycling of industrial food waste was 75.20% plastic, 100% nonferrous metal, and 97.38% organic waste. The characteristics of the waste based on parameters average density, water content, volatile content, ash content, fixed carbon, C/N ratio, calorific value, and biodegradability fraction were 13.32 kg/l, 13.77%, 26.75%, 45.39%, 14.09%, 13.77, 1,798 kJ/kg, 38.87%, respectively. The generation, composition, characteristics, and potential recycling industrial food waste is very important for proper waste management.

This research aims to analyze and estimate the amount of marine litter which get into seawater intake of PT Trans-Pacific Petrochemical Indonesia (TPPI) Tuban in existing conditions during west monsoon and east monsoon. Ten designs will be simulated to reduce and trap the marine debris entering the seawater intake (SWI). These designs will be tested for their effectiveness in reducing the number of debris entering the SWI using the particle tracking module of MIKE 21 numerical modelling package. The required data in this simulation are wind (speed and direction), wave (significant height, direction and period), the bathymetry of and coastline. Besides, this simulation is conducted based on primary data provided by TPPI Tuban management as the validation data. Based on the simulation results, the amount of marine litter entering SWI in the west monsoon is greater than the east monsoon, which is 349.14 kg/year for west monsoon and 100.84 kg/year for east monsoon. Based on the simulation results using the particle tracking module, it was found that design 5 is the most effective design, with the effectiveness of 73.97%. The biggest accumulation of marine litter using construction design 5 occurred in November, which was 355.36 kg.

Muddy floods often occur in Indonesia as a side effect of urban development. Flood and sediment control facilities have been so far developed separately. Flood is controlled by reservoirs, while sediment is trapped by checkdam. The objective of this paper is to develop an integrated system between flood control and sediment trap analytically. The system consists of detention pond equipped with perforated spillway tower. Optimization is carried out on the dimensions of spillway tower, the diameter, number and layout of perforation orifices to obtain the highest trapped sediment and flood peak reduction for a certain pond capacity. The research was conducted in the Meteseh sub-watershed, located in Semarang. The results indicated that the position and arrangement of the orifices in the spillway tower affect sediment trap, while their size and number affect the reduction in peak discharge. The proper size, number, posistion and arrangement of orifices on the spillway tower be able to trap sediment and reduce flood discharge as high as 80%, and 24% consecutively.

BPPT-lock was developed by the Agency for The Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) and was awarded patent in 2012. The hydraulic stability (K_D) of BPPT-lock armor unit was compared to Tetrapod, Dolos and Xbloc armor units. The results indicate that, BPPT-lock performs far better K_D in comparison to each of these armor units. A comparative analysis on the economical use of material was also carried out among BPPT-lock, Dolos, Tetrapod and rough stone and rounded stones for similar design condition, the armor unit weight is 4.68ton, 4.97ton, 9.95ton, 19.89ton, and 39.79ton respectively, means that BPPT-lock is more efficient in this comparison. Considering its feasible performance, BPPT-lock is designed as the armor units for the maintenance and reparation of the existing rubble mound breakwater of Pacitan Coal Fired Power Plant port. The 110 m parts of the existing breakwater was hardly damaged and the new structure is designed to stand against a 30 yrs RP waves of Hs = 7m. BPPT-lock armor unit of W = 11 ton on the breakwater slope 1:1,5 is implemented. The first phase construction works was completed in December 2018 and visual observation has shown the great integrity and stability of BPPT-lock armor units.

A new breakwater is on demand to replace the function of an existing steel sheet pile cellular-cofferdam at TPPI Tuban Port of East Java. The existing breakwater has been partially damaged due to severe corrosion and hard attack by monsoon waves. An open frame structure of spun pile vertical-wall breakwater is proposed as an alternative design. The spun pile is a pre-stressed concrete hollow cylinder pile with outer diameter 1800mm and thickness of 200mm. The spun pile lengths vary between minimum 28m to maximum 33m according to the position of hard soil against seabed. The new breakwater is designed to stand against 100yrs RP wave with Hs = 4.7m. Wave height variations around the structure are simulated using Boussinesq Wave module of MIKE21 software, while SAP2000 is used to calculate the strength of superstructure to withstand existing loads and certain load combinations. Plaxis software is used mainly to analyze substructure using existing soil data. This article describes the design process of spun pile vertical wall breakwater, started from loads calculation, then define load combinations, analyze structure in SAP2000, analyze structure in Plaxis, determination of specification and dimension, to design drawings creation.

This study focuses on the use of computational model in the design of a breakwater structure, which aims to determine the propagation pattern of the long-term ocean waves, in order to understand their propagation from the deep waters, and to determine the distribution of their energy around a proposed breakwater construction site. The method used is computational simulation of the wave model using the 2D Boussinesq Wave (BW) Module of MIKE21 software. The simulation used an incoming wave of 4.6 m high, which corresponds to the 100 years return-period value. The results show that the existing breakwater layout can protect the harbour by reducing the incoming waveheight by up to 75%. At the proposed design condition, the propagation pattern of the incoming wave slightly differs from the existing condition. The presence of the slopes on both sides of the channel changes the wave direction outwards due to shoaling effects, and consequently, larger concentration of wave energy occurs at some parts of the proposed breakwater design. Results from the model are useful for the design of the new breakwater structures, which is designed according to the predicted wave energy distribution.

This research was conducted to see the rate of sediment transport in the Krueng Meureubo watershed in Padang Mancang Village, Kaway XVI Subdistrict, West Aceh Regency, where in this village floods often occur due to overflowing of the river, which is predicted to occur due to river silting. The ability of the river to accommodate the flow at the time of flood discharge decreases due to siltation caused by sedimentation of sediment grains originating from erosion of land in the watershed area. Soil erosion is caused by erosion of soil layers due to rain that occurs on land that is prone to erosion, such as open land, forests that have been damaged due to illegal logging and areas whose land functions are transferred. Method used to analyze the sediment transport rate in the Krueng Seunagan watershed is Yang's method, where the data to be analyzed is primary data in the form of direct measurement results in the field such as river cross-section data, flow velocity and bedload sampling using a sediment trap and suspended load in the river. the amount of sediment transport that occurred along the Meurebo River in Padang Mancang Village was 52.7634168 tons / year.

Tanjung Emas harbour is one of strategic harbours in Indonesia, which is located in Semarang City. Several problems arise nowadays; the drainage channel capacity decreases due to lack of treatment, rainwater storage reduced, land subsidence and the rise of tide sea level. The flood control used is polder system that classified into several clusters. The research location is focused on the Cluster IV, which the right side of harbour area. According to the data, catchment area is 29.3 hectares, the lowest elevation area is in +0,5 m, the dike elevation is +2 m LWS. Then retention pond area prepared is 900 m² (0.3% of CA), retention pond depth - 2m LWS. Based on simulation using 2×0.3 m³/sec pump and rainfall intensity return period of 25 years 303 mm, fluctuation in water retention pond can be maintained in +0,5 m water level. It is recommended to add 0.3 m³/sec alternative pump. A pump of 3×0.3 m³/sec needs to be prepared. Based on the simulation, by Polder system, the flood problem in harbour area can be solved.

This study is motivated by the tsunami event caused by Mount Anak Krakatau flank collapse on 22^nd December 2018 which affected vital areas in Southern Sumatera and Western Java. A tsunami simulation will be carried out by using a 2D Non-Linear Shallow Water Equation Model to estimate the volume of the initial source as well as their tsunami mode at shores. Various scenarios of initial water volume replicating the tsunami source were applied, where the tsunami heights and their periods reach shores are validated with mareogram data at four Stations. The fact that the remaining materials of Mount Anak Krakatau after the 2018 event are still potential to generate a hazardous tsunami in the future and threaten the coastal infrastructures along the coastal Sunda Strait area. In this study, the validated parameters resulting from the 2018 event above are applied to model of the plausible worst scenario where the entire of the flank of Mount Anak Krakatau potentially collapses in the future. The study is important to estimate the tsunami hazard potential in the future that obviously influencing major activities and life's in vital industrial-urban area in Southern Sumatera and Western Java.

Research on wave forces attacking a vertical structure has been conducted worldwide. Morison's equation commonly used to describe the phenomenon of the action for offshore structures, while for nearshore structures Goda's equation is more reliable. Wave impact on vertical breakwaters is dangerous for vertical structures, both for walls and columns. Wave pressure distinguished for wave crest and wave trough, assumed to be distributed as a trapezoidal shape like along the vertical wall. The wave force consists of wave pressure on the front of the vertical wall and buoyancy, and uplift pressure in the vertical direction. In this research, a 2-dimensional physical modelling is carried out to observe the response of a vertical structure due to a wave action. Wave forces are measured using a flexi force sensor for both horizontal and vertical forces. Time series of incident wave and waveforces acting on the structure are recorded simultaneously and it clearly depicts the relation between them. The wave forces at the structure are linear to the height of the action waves. Periodical wave action results in the pushing forces at the structure to be higher than the pulling forces, as extra drift forces appear due to the shallow water wave condition.

Industry symbiosis is an environmental management approach that is part of industrial ecology. Industrial symbiosis requires a measurement tool that can measure intangible flows or non-physical flow. Creating industrial symbiosis at industrial estate can be done by uncovering industrial symbiosis, which is seeing the opportunity of material, energy, by product or water change. The potential flow of material and energy could build by seeing the opportunity of changing based on the raw material used and waste or by product produced. The objective of this paper is to saw the potential creating industrial symbiosis using LCA. Literature review and observation method used for data collection and Hyundai industrial estate choose as a population. Descriptively method used for data analysis method. The result showed the potential industrial symbiosis could proceed to see the opportunity by saw the result of LCA. LCA is a measurement tool that can be used in measuring all material and/or energy that used in industry. From LCA gate-to-gate analysis founded that waste and by product produced which were the emission, scrap and CO₂ emission could show clearly. Thus, LCA is a very useful tool in uncovering industrial symbiosis and could measure the environmental impact of applying industrial symbiosis.

Breakwater is a structure to protect waters from wave interference. The structure separates the port basin from the open sea, so that sea waves will not enter the basin. In applying for deep water conditions, floating breakwater is more efficient than conventional types, because it requires less material. Floating breakwater is suitable for soft soils where the strength of the soil is low; and is also good for the environment. The development of floating breakwater has increased significantly in the past decade. This study focuses on the magnitude of the wave transmission coefficient. Two types of floating breakwater were tested, namely FBW Type-1 and FBW Type-2, using physical modeling as well as numerical model (FLOW3D software). The experimental model was carried out in 50 m long of wave flume equipped with a regular wave generator. The study results transmission coefficient ranged from 0.53 to 0.91. Based on the results, therefore more study is needed to get better coefficient.

The declination of environmental quality triggers several harmful impacts on society, such as the increasing of water-borne diseases, low quality of health, and lousy habitat ecosystem. The research aims to conduct a vulnerability assessment method of a watershed and to perform stormwater management to increase the catchment performance due to dynamic changes. The observation focused on Sugutamu sub-catchment, Depok, West Java. The evaluation includes sub-watershed map compilation, impervious cover calculation, river assessment, and restoration capacity evaluation. The result indicates that the sub-catchment describes as restorable non-supporting sub-watershed. There are three main regions in the sub-catchment. These areas have a percentage of impervious cover 95.6%, 72.5%, and 38.5%, respectively. Also, according to the future impervious cover prediction, these areas will have 97.8%, 95.3%, and 97.5%, respectively. The paper used the National Stormwater Calculator and EPA SWMM 5.1 software to visualize and to predict the future condition of sub-watershed with the various scenario. The application of low impact development (LID) in the research area declines the level of runoff, enhances the level of infiltration, and reduces the peak discharge. The research concludes that watershed vulnerability assessment, along with stormwater management, could control flooding in urban areas.

This research aims to investigate the ability of biosand filter to remove organic pollutants from laboratory wastewater. Biosand filter is a simple treatment using fine sand, coarse sand and gravel media. In the biosand filter, the biofilm growth occurs on the top surface of the media. The observed parameter for organic content was BOD and COD. The media in the biosand filter reactor were fine sand: coarse sand: gravel with a depth ratio of 50: 5: 5 cm. The biofilm growing process was carried out for 15 days by immersing the media with samples. The substrate was added to the reactor in the 10^th day to accelerate biofilm growth. During the growth of the biofilm, the dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and temperature were also observed. After the biofilm growth, the biosand filter was operated intermittently for 14 days, which is an hour operation and a pause period of 47 hours, repeatedly until 29 days. The applied flow rate was 0.6 L / min. The results showed that BOD removal efficiency was 76.9%, and COD removal efficiency was 73.5%. The biosand filter reduced BOD concentration from 161.5 mg/L to 36.1 mg/L and reduced COD concentration from 202.4 mg/L to 52.8 mg/L.

Global warming causes climate change with extreme intensity, and other impacts are rising sea levels along with increasing global temperature variability. The research problem located at a remote area in Sidoarjo Regency, East Java Province Indonesia. On December 06, 2017, dozens of houses flooded as high as 60 to 70 cm, resulting in losses of 5 billion rupiahs. Then, it needs to conduct research and design for answering this challenge, but the measurement data was expensive. Thus, the goal of this study, as well as a challenge as Indonesian Engineers, is responsible for taking action through the professionalism of engineers with science and technology by implementing the photography technically. In construction 4.0 era, the new method of aerial photography had introduced. The methodology in this study carried out by making nearshore bathymetry maps with drones along with taking pictures, then it processed and analysed with MenciAPS software and ArcGIS, which was cheaper and safe than using an aeroplane. The outcomes show that the situation nearshore bathymetry map can support measurement data. It can help improve the quality of an engineer, because of the self-development has been done. Thus, the results obtained can be used as a reference for inter-community planning.

Humans activities can not separate from transportation. In the remote area, one of the favourite types of conventional water transportation was Passage Boat. However, this transportation less pays attention to the safety factor and the facility. The research location in Jabon Subdistrict, Sidoarjo, where many people identified falling into the river in 2019. To reduce the number of accidents, it requires to design and hydrodynamic data at the location. However, the data are too expensive. The goal of this research is to utilise economic devices measurement based on the industrial revolution 4.0 with hydrodynamic methods models in the field of civil engineering and to make a sustainable design for passage boat ports. The methodology in this research initially does measurement nearshore bathymetry data. Then, the numerical hydrodynamic model is carried out for an approach to estimate the hydrodynamics of coastal waters, including tides, currents and water levels using the open-source Delft3D software. The outcomes of this study prove that hydrodynamic modelling can use to determine the height of the water level at maximum tides and low tides and to determine the current velocity to create a suitable passage boat ports design that is safe for the community and environmentally friendly.

Global warming has impacted the sea-level rise. Then it caused the Rob flooding in coastal areas. The research location is in Rob floods area in Tegalsari Hamlet, Jabon Subdistrict, Sidoarjo that have damaged seaweed cultivation, and estimated losses reached 5 billion rupiahs in early 2018. Therefore, it needs to do research numerical hydrodynamic models to prevent this flood. However, the devices for measurement data are too expensive. This research aims to utilise economical devices measurement based on the industrial revolution 4.0 with numerical hydrodynamic methods models in the field of civil engineering. This model is an approach to estimate the hydrodynamics of coastal waters such as tides, currents and water levels. To simulate the hydrodynamic model, for nearshore bathymetry data are gained from sonar and offshore bathymetry data from GEBCO. The simulations utilise open-source Delft3D software using the Navier-Stock formula. The outcomes prove that hydrodynamic simulation models can be used to estimate sea-level rise for the next few years in coastal areas. Thus, the determination of the type of construction of civil engineering buildings that are strong and environmentally friendly so that publics do not cause huge losses and make coastal communities resilient to disasters.

The study was conducted in order to examine the relationship between the physicochemical parameters (temperature, DO and pH) with the orthophosphate (OP) and total phosphate (TP) concentrations based on the depth of Maninjau Lake. Samples were taken at the center of the lake near to a domestic area, endemic fisheries and a hydropower site. The OP concentration ranged from 0.182 - 0.570 mg/L and the TP of 0.265 - 0.603 mg/L indicated that Maninjau Lake was hypertrophic. This does not meet the quality standards regulated by the Indonesian Government. The physicochemical parameters of temperature, pH, and DO have a strong negative correlation with OP and TP concentrations with a correlation value of 0.828-0.982. ANOVA showed that depth stratification affects the OP and TP concentrations while the variation of sampling time does not affect the concentrations. The highest total phosphate concentration value was at the aquaculture cage location which exceeded the second class quality standard based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001. It shows that the aquaculture activities result in excess phosphate loads that can trigger lake eutrophication.

Scour or landslide is a problem that occurs at river bends. Many methods are used for scouring or landslide protection. One of the protections for scouring construction is crib model by using gabions and current-aligning bamboo. The purpose of this study is to determine of the effect of variations in the placement of the crib by using of gabions model and the current-aligning bamboo on the river bends. This research is an experimental test of the hydraulic model using river flume model with 5m on bend length, 0.8m width, 0.5m height and a constant discharge of 7.07lt/sec. The test consists of testing control, that is a bend without reinforcement and testing with reinforcement at the bends. The reinforcement at the bends using placement variation was twice carried out with the variation 1 consisted of 3 current-aligning bamboo, 4 gabions, 3 current-aligning bamboo and the variation 2 contains the opposite. The test results showed that the maximum scouring occurs in variation 1 with -5.4cm, -5.2cm on landslides and 0.61cm on scour. The results of the Surfer App and cross sections of stations P00 until P07 are more effective using gabions, while P08 through P24 are more effective using current-aligning bamboo.

Municipal solid waste production is increasing in all conservation destination in Indonesia, as the world's second biggest plastic waste contributor to the oceans. Thus, the environmental management is needed to evaluate and create the future plan to overcome this problem, one of them is the Eco-village. A successful Eco-village is in Kamikatsu (Japan), where the society is well-educated about the environment and sorting their own waste properly. In this study, Japan's zero waste village in Kamikatsu will be a role-model for the Eco-village Conceptual Framework. The method in this study are literature review and field survey. Ciburuy village definitely has the potential to achieve sustainable and environmental-friendly society, starting from proper solid waste management. However, the lake is becoming shallower due to the 20 residential settlement waste that has polluted the lake, and the open dumping and burning activities are commonly seen in some region. The result are discussed about the: (1) Ecovillage and Solid Waste Management Aspects Review, (2) Zero-Waste Ecovillage Kamikatsu, Japan Review, (3) Conceptual Framework for Ciburuy Village, and (4) Impact on Society (Environmental Education Plan). This sustainable and environmental-friendly management plan are projected to give positive impacts for society and the conservation nature in Lake Ciburuy.

The purpose of combined reinforcement installation is to direct the water flow and to reduce the scour process in order to protect the riverbank. The study was conducted by employing a laboratory model using a trapezoidal flume/channel with dimensions of 0.8 m width and 0.5 m height. The length of river bend model was 5 m. Observation was made with a constant flow rate of 7.07 liters/second. Tetrapod and gabion were installed at the angle of 45° and a distance of 51 cm. The running duration of installation variation was 180 minutes each. The results of the test showed that the river model with tetrapod-gabion-tetrapod reinforcement experienced an average scour of 4.16 cm for the beginning, 1.08 cm for the middle and 3.3 cm for the end. The gabion-tetrapod-gabion reinforcement can be considered as more effective reinforcement combination to reduce scour with an average scour of 4.03 cm in the beginning of the channel, 2.64 cm in the middle of the channel and 1.97 in the end of the channel.

The Hospital's often lose their image because of poor services and poor management. The employee's performance about green hospital is based on responses to environmental problems for hospitals, such as management's actions in the process of using natural resources efficiently and effectively. Some variables that are expected to influence employee's performance about green hospital are leadership, cultural values, and motivation. The purpose of the study was to obtain information and find out the direct effects of leadership, cultural values, and motivation on employee's performance about green hospital. The research is associative causal using a quantitative approach and applying a path analysis. The results show that there is a positive direct effect of leadership, cultural values and motivation on employee's performance about green hospital. It can be concluded that employee's performance about green hospital is influenced by leadership, cultural values, and motivation.

Organisational commitment has a significant role in enforcing the employee performance. Since 2014, Infrastructure Project Acceleration was declared by the Central Government. The study was conducted to provide an overview of organizational commitment and employee performance to see the relationship between the two more clearly. Analysis of the data used in this study is processing the results of the questionnaire with descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and correlation using SPSS. The results indicate that organizational commitment is included in both categories with a percentage of 72.63% while employee performance is in the good category with a percentage of 78.94%. A linear regression analysis obtained by the form of a linear line equation Y = 55,453 + 1,209X which states that the relationship between organizational commitment and employee performance is positive. Correlation calculation results show that organizational commitment has a strong relationship to employee performance that is equal to 0.610. While the coefficient of determination, organizational commitment affects the performance of employees by 37.2% the remaining is influenced by other factors. The results of this study can be used to help policymakers in a company to be able to support employee commitment to realize good employee performance to support sustainable infrastructure.

The main objective of this article is to discusses curriculum reconstruction for education and training in the electrical engineering field on building construction work. The curriculum review process is intended to meet the requirements of industrial construction and enhance the employability of students to do the job in electrical engineering field. The method used is Dacum (Developing a Curriculum) by systematically analyzing positions through brainstorming with experts in construction companies and electrical engineering education. The curriculum has been reviewed extensively in order for the program to be more relevant and focused on the needs of the program. The results showed the curriculum that needed to be developed in educational and training institutions in the electrical engineering field on a construction job can be divided into three (3) types of job positions, are 1. Electrical job planners, 2. Electrical job inspectors, and 3. Electrical Job implementers.

In the development of marine tourism, two kinds of impacts on the environment will emerge, positive and negative. The positive impacts include: (1) increasing accessibility and economic activities (2) increasing amenities, and (3) creating attractions. The negative impacts include: (1) pollution of the environment, change the quality of the environment. (2) change the original shape of the Marine tourism area, and (3) social impacts. When the development concepts have been realized and managed optimally, it will automatically have a major impact on improving the community's economy in a sustainable manner in the future, which will open up large enough jobs. On the outside the region, the community can feel the positive impact of the development of tourism and economic improvement, because the community can also take the opportunity to try in the fields related to the development of marine tourism around the area. Conversely, it could only receive bad consequences from the development of marine tourism. It can be concluded, that there will be sustainable development if there is a balance between infrastructure development and human resource development. This research is part of a case study on the initial concept of structuring the Gampong Krueng Raya coastal area, Sabang City, NAD, from the socio-economic aspect. This research uses descriptive qualitative and interpretative methods. Data and information obtained by literature study and field observations.