Table of contents

V V Belyaev^1,2, D N Chausov^1,3

¹Moscow Region State University MRSU, Very Voloshinoy str., 24, Mytishi, 141014, Russia

²RUDN University (Peoples' Friendship University of Russia), 6 Miklukho-Maklay St., Moscow, 117198, Russia

³National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 4 Leninsky Ave., Moscow, 119049, Russia

E-mail: vic belyaev@mail.ru, d.chausov@yandex.ru

A brief description of scientific program and papers filed to International Conference "Advanced Element Base of Micro- and Nano-Electronics with Using To-date Achievements of Theoretical Physics" is presented. It is an annual conference of Moscow Region State University (MRSU) supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Researches (RFBR).

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

It is shown that a two-level quantum system with broken inversion symmetry possessing dipole moment operator with permanent non-equal diagonal matrix elements, driven by external semiclassical monochromatic high-frequency electromagnetic (laser) field and damped by broadband squeezed vacuum reservoir can amplify or absorb weak probe electromagnetic radiation field of much lower frequency depending on the reference phase of the squeezed field. Varying the degree of squeezing allows to alter the magnitude of the absorption or amplification rate.

In present paper a problem of the determination and calculation of transport coefficients is discussed. Gases, liquids, dispersed fluid including nanofluids are considered. The special section deals with the transport processes in fluids under confined conditions. The fluctuation dissipation theorems for transport coefficients of the turbulent fluid are formulated. It was shown that in all cases the transport coefficients are determined by the fluctuation-dissipation theorems. In according with these theorems the transport coefficients are the integrals of the correlation functions of the microfluctuations of the corresponding dynamical variables. The structure of the viscosity coefficient of all media mentioned above is analysed in detail. In the last part of the paper these viscosity coefficients are calculated by the molecular dynamics method.

An influence of the neutrino (antineutrino) mass on the characteristics of nuclei and neutron β-deca y is demonstr ated. It has been shown that meas uring relative character istics allows one to get rid of the unknown nuclear structure, which makes it possible to determine the magnitude of the neutrino (antineutrino) mass in the β-decay processes with greater accuracy. An analysis was carried out based on general theoretical formulas for differential probabilities of the β-decays of the free neutron and tritium nucleus. As a result, it was possible to obtain simple formulas from which a theoretical estimation for the neutrino (antineutrino) rest mass can be obtained.

The paper discusses limitations resulting from the laws of conservation of energy and momentum in the processes of elastic and quasi-elastic scattering of relativistic particles with the participation of tachyons, luxons, and bradyons. The obtained expressions for the particle energies are given in the center-of-mass system in the generally accepted Mandelstam variables. Using the laws of conservation of energy and momentum, several channels of reactions of ultrarelativistic particles of high energy in cosmic rays have been considered. It has been shown that on the basis of the expressions obtained, assuming the existence of particles with imaginary masses — tachyons, the effect of "red shift" can be explained.

Different approaches to the problem of mass quantization are discussed. The Barut ideas of crucial influence of magnetic forces for explaining the properties of the strong interaction are considered in details. It is shown that this approach gives the possibility to understand the enormous number of elementary particles (about 400) as the excited states of stable fundamental particles (e, p, v), bounded by magnetic interactions.

Properties of de Broglie waves and their differences from any other waves, for example, electromagnetic, are discussed. Their little-known properties are given: 1) the propagation velocity is greater than the speed of light V > c ; 2) dispersion even in vacuum (waves of different frequencies propagate at different speeds, which results in the spreading of any wave packets associated with the particles); 3) the connection of the de Broglie wave with another physical wave moving with a speed v less than the speed of light, but so always v · V = c², and for the photons v = V = c.

According to later views of de Broglie, this second wave is not the group wave. Possible mechanisms of generating the de Broglie waves based on spherical and cylindrical hollow quantum resonators, which can be specially created in matter using specific nanostructures are considered. Perhaps their nature itself realizes them for any micro-objects, regardless of their electrical, magnetic and gravitational properties. That is, this phenomenon is universal. Applications and realizations of this idea are discussed in the part II of our article.

Quantum key distribution protocols and problems of their protection were studied with the soliton model of entangled photons. There were estimated mutual influences between legitimate users and for any types of cracker attack. For example, BB84 protocol is shown to be unconditional security protocols using photon polarization between outlying channels. Secret keys share quantum state between spatially separated (removed or remote) legitimate users. A simple method of generating a dichotomy signal has also been accomplished. In fact, this method can open the way of probabilistic quantum states. We argue that quantum cryptographic systems can be partially simulated on a classical computer with entangled soliton model. The quantum entanglement is a basic tool of communication and processing of the information.

We study the system of colloid active nematic liquid crystals evolving with transformation of the structure of surface linear topological defects. We estimate numerically the SO(2) Hamiltonian of the BKT model for disclinations on the surfaces connected with flows, which can participate in the defect ordering transitions.

In the work a kinetic equation for the problem of gas oscillation is derived. Mirror-diffuse boundary conditions are formulated. Own solutions of the characteristic equations corresponding to the eigenfunctions of the problem are presented. The dispersion function by using the Sokhodsky formulas is analyzed.

The coefficients of reflection, absorption and transmission of electromagnetic H-wave with thin conducting film located between two dielectric environments are calculated in the framework of the kinetic theory in this article. The case of an anisotropic isoenergetic surface of a conductor is considered. The electromagnetic wave is incident onto the upper surface of the film at an arbitrary angle. The case of different specularity coefficients when reflecting electrons (holes) from the lower and upper surfaces of the film is considered. The isoenergetic surface of the conductor is a three-axis ellipsoid, one main axis of which is parallel to the normal to the boundary of the film, and the other to the electric field of the incident electromagnetic wave. The analysis of the dependences of the reflection, absorption and transmission coefficients on the effective mass for degenerate and non-degenerate gas of free charge carriers is carried out.

The article deals with an isothermal flow of a rarefied gas in the channel, formed by two non-coaxial cylinders. An analytic solution of the Williams equation, describing this flow, has been constructed using the kinetic approach. For the boundary condition on the channel walls, the diffusion model is used. The distribution function for various values of the ratio of radii of cylinders and Knudsen number is constructed. The dependence of the flow on the diameter of the inner cylinder and its position in the duct is investigated. The value of the heat flux through the cross-section of the channel is calculated. The analysis of the obtained results during the transition to free molecular and hydrodynamic regimes is done.

An influence of the kinetic and quantum wave properties of the degenerate electron plasma on the P-wave absorption in the metallic films is studied numerically. One has investigated the films having the width of order of the skin depth when the frequencies of radiation are not larger than the plasma frequency. It is found that in case of ordinary electron relaxation time, the power absorptance coefficient of the quantum electron plasma differs from the absorptances of both the classical electron plasma and the classical electron gas. However in case of the large relaxation times, one observes a coincidence of the quantum and the classical absorptances when the frequencies are much smaller than the plasma frequency, and the difference of the absorptances at the frequencies of order of the plasma frequency.

The article presents a historical overview of the path to understanding the probabilistic nature of the laws governing the behavior of microobjects and the creation of quantum mechanics. Its postulates are given and directions in the mathematization of quantum theory are described. The fundamental differences of the quantum probabilistic model from the classical one are presented in an overview.

Superalgebras and, in particular, Lie superalgebras and Poisson superalgebras play an important role in theoretical physics. For example, one of the applications of such algebras is in supersymmetric unified field theories for describing bosons and fermions. In this regard, any research in the theory of superalgebras turns out to be significant from the point of view of theoretical physics. The article discusses some generalizations of Poisson superalgebras, namely, a superalgebra with a bracket. For these superalgebras, a universal central extension is constructed and the kernel of such an extension as the second homology group of the superalgebra with coefficients in the trivial module is calculated.

Possibility of constructing an entropy criterion for the strength of materials on the basis of a viscoelastic material under conditions of creep and cyclic loads is analyzed.

Mixing is one of the most common processes in food processing, chemical and other industries. This process is carried out in order to accelerate the flow of reactions, to ensure the uniform distribution of solid or liquid particles in the gas or liquid. When mixing, particles of bulk material move chaotically relative to each other in the working volume of the mixing device under the influence of internal and external forces. Due to the complexity of this process, most often the calculated dependencies are based on generalizing experimental data criteria modeling results that have a limited scope of use. Under conditions of significant uncertainty in the kinetics of the processed product in the work, a mathematical description of the mixing process is carried out using the scientific information approach and the entropy method based on this approach. Using this method, the calculation of the kinetics of the process is justified and analytical dependences are proposed for calculating the mixing efficiency of fine powder. On the basis of a meaningful analysis of the data of a numerical experiment, a check is made for the adequacy of the calculation results to the physical meaning of the phenomenon under study.

The process of drying food is extremely complex. Therefore, the mathematical modeling of the process needs high requirements. The combination of approaches in modeling is of practical interest. On the one hand, analytical solutions based on the application of physical laws or phenomenological equations are used. On the other hand, experimental identification of the relationship between temperature and body moisture, which is considered as a peculiar characteristic of heat and mass transfer for each material. It is proposed to consider vacuum microwave drying from the standpoint of physical chemistry as a quasitopochemical heterogeneous reaction and perform mathematical modeling of this process based on the laws of chemical kinetics.

Problems of molecular transfer in gas environment are considered with assumption that part of water molecules may change their properties to provide transfer process. This change consists in increase of dimension of vector space, which used to describe transfer process, from 3 to 4. Other cases of extending of dimension of vector space are particular considered. At first, relations between affine group and Markov chain is considered. An action of Markov chain matrix as affine matrix is analyzed with result that point with coordinate number equal 1 is fixed point on straight line.

A rarefied gas flow trough a long circular tube due to pressure is studied on the basis of the Holway linear ellipsoidal model kinetic equation. The diffuse reflection model is used as the boundary condition on the channel walls. The mass flow rate is calculated as a function of the small pressure gradient. Similar results presented in the literature are compared.

The high frequency optical tracker is discussed in the article. Test image processing algorithm and the math model of a marker image was proposed. It is based on the real images of typical objects for detection. The investigation of its statistical characteristics gives a good approach for image processing algorithms. The model shows good conformity to real data. A new gaze tracking system based on self-designed system on the crystal was developed and tested. The high frame rate allows us to detect and determine several neurologic diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The device can be also used in wearable virtual reality headsets.

In this paper, we are going to exhibit the system performance using the single, double and three-electrode quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier as an intensity modulator (3E-QD-SOA-IM) of the adaptively modulated optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AMOOFDM) signals in the intensity-modulation direct-detection passive optical network (IMDD-PON) systems. Moreover, to compare the bit-rate versus transmission distance of the proposed fiber link model when using both configurations multi-electrode semiconductor optical amplifier intensity-modulator (ME-SOA-IM) and multi-electrode quantum-dot semiconductor optical amplifier intensity-modulator (ME-QD-SOA-IM), to study the improvement of the transmission capacity, distance reach and power efficiency when applying the proposed configurations for optical access networks for distances ranging from 20 km up to 120 km. The three-electrode configuration solved the nonlinearity of the two-electrode configuration and offered a considerably wider range of optimum operating conditions to achieve up to 35 Gbps. Furthermore, the 3E-QD-SOA-IM showed a better performance over the 3E-SOA-IM over all the 120 km, and a 5 Gbps enhancement in the bitrate with a 20 dB less optical input power at 20 km.

Gd₂O₂S:Tb based X-ray stimulated luminescent phosphors for X-ray intensifying screens, X-ray-visible light converters and bio-imaging are synthesized using two different methods (in a neutral or reducing atmospheres). The effects of atmosphere at synthesis, activator and flux content in the charge mixture and crucible lacing upon the prepared phosphors phase composition and luminescence intensity are studied. The optimal synthesis conditions are determined affording a Gd₂O₂S:Tb phosphor free of admixture phases and providing the highest luminescence intensity upon excitation with «hard» X-ray irradiation. The synthesized phosphor is characterized by particle size distribution analysis and X-ray stimulated luminescence spectra measurements.

When developing new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, the use of nanomaterials may be promising. One of the ways to improve and expand the fields of application of radiation and photodynamic therapy of cancer is the use of drugs containing nanosized phosphors. The aim of the work was to study the effect of the duration of hydrothermal synthesis and the conditions of rapid thermal annealing (RTA) on the Y₂O₃:Eu nanosized phosphors microstructure. The hydrothermal synthesis technique was carried out in two ways: chloride (precipitation from a chloride solution using NaOH and NH₄OH precipitators) and acetate (decomposition of mixed acetate without a dispersant, as well as with PEG-200 and PEG-2000 dispersants). Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out at a temperature of 230 °C for 6–24 hours. Rapid thermal annealing was carried out at a temperature of 600–800 °C for 5–20 minutes. As a result of our work, the Y₂O₃:Eu nanosized phosphors which particle size does not exceed 200 nm is synthesized.

The paper describes the development of an experimental model of a tourist thermoelectric generator (TTEG). TTEG is a compact portable thermoelectric device that provides direct conversion of thermal energy into electricity and is designed to boil water and charge mobile devices in camp conditions. This paper describes the model of the developed TTEG and provides an analysis of its design. The operational conditions of the TTEG are determined and the ways of optimizing its design are investigated. The main requirements for the developed TTEG model are identified in order to increase the efficiency of the device. The application of the electric load control unit with the function of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is described.

Thermoelectric devices are potential candidates to recover energy from dissipated waste heat and are environmentally friendly. It produces energy through temperature differences. Regarding to its fundamental characters, heat plays a significant role for effective energy conversion. At the same moment, creating high-performance thermoelectric generators at higher temperature with a reliable operational life is one of the main challenges. When the temperature of the device goes up, in order to get maximum output, the device encounters stress at his edges and within volume. This whole phenomenon makes calculation of reliability complex, especially measuring the operational life of thermoelectric device. In this paper TE materials composed of Bismuth Telluride were studied. Stress data was collected from different experiments and analyzed through Lognormal and Weibull distribution in order to calculate probability of failure of TE legs. The simulation was done on MATLAB.

Resonant-tunneling diodes (RTD) are prospective EHF and UHF electronics elements. Using RTDs as radio frequency converter's nonlinear element would allow to improve converter's performance indices and extend its frequency range up to THz. The purpose of research is investigating kinetics of the RTD's I-V curve under given operating conditions, such as high temperature and ionizing radiation's influence. For this case, special mathematical models are submitted. These models describe RTD I-V curves's degradation under high temperature and ionizing radiation's influence. Basing on described models a program package allowing to simulated RTD I-V curves's kinetics under listed factors' influence was developed. Results' adequacy is verified by comparison with experimental data.

The problem of ensuring micro and nanodevices' main quality indices (performance, reliability and manufacturability) at design stage is considered. Group technologies used in micro and nanodevices' production provide high correlation of device parameters formed simultaneously in single technological cycle. This imposes restrictions on the methods of ensuring the serial availability and reliability of micro and nanodevices. Existing design technique does not allow to reach optimal combination of performance, manufacturability and reliability indices for devices batch. The purpose of this paper is to develop a micro and nanodevices' complex design methodology that would allow to reach optimal combination of main quality indices using existing group technologies: performance indices and serial availability in given manufacturing conditions and reliability in given operating conditions. To achieve this goal an additional stage of design and technological optimization is introduced into conventional process scheme. Input parameters for this stage are device's design parameters from circuit design and design engineering stages, technological errors of these parameters from technological preparation stage and data on the device design parameters and performance indices' kinetics under given operating conditions. As a result of the optimization, corrections to the nominal device design parameters that maximize the target function are determined. The objective function is either probability of finding device performance indices inside imposed limits range, or probability of performing specified functions during given operating time, or gamma-percent operating time to parametric failure. Submitted methodology was tested on micro and nanoelectronic devices, namely, microwave mixer and rectifier with resonant-tunneling diode as nonlinear element.

The purpose of this article is a computer analysis of various designs of LC light modulators. Based on the integrated characteristics of the LC modulator, its optimal design is found. It was shown that the LC modulator based on the LC structure with a twist angle of 270° under antisymmetric boundary conditions with small values of the pretilt angles on the orienting substrates, operating in the waveguide mode and using a phase film compensator, has optimal integral characteristics. The results of comparing the integral characteristics of the LC modulator based on various LC structures are presented.

This article identifies the need for active implementation and application of waste-free and low-cost industries and substantiates the need for active implementation of the latest technologies for processing light industry waste. The article discusses the possibilities of using laser machines in the process of processing textile materials from synthetic and artificial fibers and the artistic processing of waste products from the textile and clothing industry.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of high temperature and gamma-irradiation on the electrical characteristics of the balanced SHF mixer based on the resonant-tunnelling diodes during its operation. Failures caused by irreversible changes in the nonlinear element's electrical characteristics under the mentioned operational factors' effect investigated. Revealed that the failure is caused by the mixer's combination frequency 1-1 conversion loss' growth. Individual times to failure, matching the mixer's actual operating conditions, were obtained.

The article discusses the prospects of modernization of the author's software «labpraktikum_osnov_wavelet» for studying and analyzing the parameters and characteristics of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) by expanding the list of wavelet analysis types in order to select the most informative type of wavelet analysis and wavelet function to interpret the results.

Within the scope of the graphene chiral model we suggest a description of superconducting properties of the bi-layer graphene with some twisting angle a between the layers. The interaction with an external magnetic field is included through the gauge invariance principle, the field being oriented along the graphene plane. The expression for the optimal twisting angle generating superconductivity is obtained, the latter being equivalent to the vanishing magnetic field between the graphene layers (the Meissner effect).

The results of the study of thin film ordered protein structures formed from polydisperse solutions of lysozyme using Langmuir technology are presented. The proposed method for producing protein films is based on a modification of the Langmuir-Schaeffer method, which consists in using a pre-prepared protein solution with the addition of a precipitant. The pre-prepared protein solutions' parameters (protein and precipitant concentrations, buffer type, etc.) correspond to protein crystallization conditions. It is assumed that protein oligomers formed in the solution as a result of the addition of the precipitant (in particular, for lysozyme these oligomers include octamers) are directly involved in the formation of Langmuir protein layers on the surface of the liquid and on solid substrates. Using the method of grazing-incidence X-ray standing waves, the structure of multilayered protein systems formed from polydisperse solutions was studied, which made it possible to determine directly the position of precipitant ions (NaCl, CuCl₂ and NiCl₂) relative to the protein layer. The method of processing the X-ray reflectivity and grazing-incidence X-ray standing waves data, based on the use of information on the atomic structure of lysozyme octamers isolated from the crystal lattice, made it possible to determine the thickness and electron density of protein films and to reveal the orientation of protein molecules in the layer.

Herein, we present a study of the floating layers morphology for 2-naphthyl- and 2-naphthoxy-substituted zinc 2,3-naphthalocyaninates. The packing of molecules in the monolayer structures at the air-water interface were simulated, and the unit-cell parameters of face-on and edge-on monolayers were calculated. Using these data, the supramolecular organization of the floating layers of the substituted 2,3-naphthalocyanine complexes was determined. It was shown that these compounds form stable layers with edge-on packing of molecules at the air-water interface. The results obtained give the possibility to use more efficiently thin-film structures based on the obtained Langmuir layers in optoelectronics.

The paper presents data on the anisotropic complex dielectric permeability of nematic LC-1289 in microwave range. The obtained data allow us to build a Cole-Cole diagram. It indicates the existence of two dispersion regions for transversal permittivity and one dispersion region for longitudinal permittivity and corresponding relaxation times.

The orienting effect of a magnetic field on an erbium-based liquid crystal complex was studied by a capacitance method. The dependence of the effective dielectric permittivities of the complex on the magnetic field is obtained. A theoretical approach and a numerical method for determining the Frank elastic constants are proposed based on the experimental dependence of the effective values of the permittivity on various magnetic fields.

Borosiloxane materials (BS) with self-healing properties based on polydimethyl-siloxane with terminal hydroxyl groups and boric acid were obtained. BS was obtained with differ in viscoelastic characteristics by varying the synthesis conditions and composition. The properties of the obtained BS are characterized by the methods of synchronous thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. Self-healing and elastic properties were characterized by methods of spreading and rebound of ball from BS. The molecular and supramolecular structures of borosiloxanes obtained under various conditions explaining the difference in their viscoelastic properties are presented. It is shown that by changing the conditions of synthesis and the introduction of a plasticizer, it is possible to vary the parameters of self-healing and elastic properties of materials based on BS. The resulting materials may be interesting for various fields where the restoration of material characteristics by self-healing is required, from medical biocompatible materials to nano- and microelectronics and space technology.

A phenomenon of formation of multiple "coffee rings" consisting of microcrystals in the 4,4'-azoxyanisole - benzene system was experimentally and theoretically investigated. It is shown that by changing of the geometry of a drop, for example, by placing a metal ball in its center it is possible to fundamentally change the geometry of the "coffee ring". Assumptions were made about the physical nature of the effect of the formation of a "coffee ring" of a spiral shape. The proposed geometric model of this phenomenon reflects well the physical processes occurring during spiral crystallization, and the model is in good agreement with the experimental data obtained by gravimetry. New approaches to the formation of microstructures of functional materials with a thermotropic liquid crystal phase on a glass substrate can be used to create devices for nano – and microelectronics and optical technology.

This work is devoted to the study of the influence of electric pulse heat treatment of rapid-quenched Ti₅₀Ni₂₅Cu₂₅ alloy ribbons (at. %) with a surface crystal layer. The object of the study was a rapid-quenched layered amorphous-crystal ribbon with a thickness of about 30 µm and a width of about 1.5 mm, in which a thin surface crystal layer (2.5 µm) was present on the non-contact side relative to the quenching wheel. The alloy samples were subjected to electric pulse treatment by passing a single pulse of electric current through the sample with a variable duration. For comparison, samples of the alloy were obtained, crystallized by standard isothermal heat treatment. The samples were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy techniques, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It was shown that electric pulse treatment with an exposure time of less than 1 second leads to a significant change in the formed crystalline structure in comparison with the structure obtained by isothermal treatment. The microstructure of such samples in cross section is characterized by an uneven distribution of crystals over the thickness of the ribbon: columnar crystals are observed from the contact and non-contact sides of the ribbon, and large crystals are present in the inner part of the ribbon.

In the current paper the classical and new relief at the interface: solid substrate-liquid crystal mesophase is presented in order to orient the liquid crystal molecules with good advantage. Rubbing technique, some geometric construction at the interface, UV and VIS treatment of the polymers, and laser oriented method are shown. The last one is connected with the materials surface relief modification using the laser-matter interaction process by the application of the IR CO₂–laser at the wavelength of 10.6 micrometers. As the efficient nano-objects applied for the relief improvement the carbon nanotubes with the small refractive index close to 1.1 and the large Young's modulus are used. As an additional, the varied electric field of 100-600 V/cm is applied in order to deposit the carbon nanotubes at the materials surfaces in the vertical position and to form the covalent bonding between the carbon atoms and the model matrix materials surface atoms. The novel results are shown in comparison with that obtained before for the classical orienting liquid crystal molecules methods. It extends dramatically the area of the liquid crystal cells use.

The generation of a large-scale vortex flow by gravity waves on the water surface has been experimentally studied. It is shown that the mechanism of vortex system attenuation changes with an increase in the relative pump amplitude. The wave amplitudes have been experimentally determined at which the experiment is not described by a theoretical model. The experimental results agree well with the developed theoretical model.

Variations of structure and optical properties of micro-fibrils of plants induced by optical, electrical, deformation and water treatments were studied in situ by means of optical polarization microscopy. Bundles of dry fibrils pulled out from nettle, maple and spruce were used for the experiments. Strong enhancement of the optical anisotropy in all of the fibrils has been found just after their wetting with water. Appearance of this anisotropy is attributed to orientation ordering of cellulose molecules in the neighbor layers of the walls of the fibrils. This ordering is explained by penetration of water molecules into the interfaces between cellulose layers and amorphous lignin polymers bound with cellulose molecules in the dry state of the fibrils. Relatively week electrical fields applied to the fibrils removes this anisotropy by pushing out the molecules of water from these interfaces. Evaporation of water returns the fibrils to optically isotropic state as well. The changes of the anisotropy of the fibrils are followed with their deformations These deformations induce internal electrical fields. Hence the interactions of the fibrils with water, electrical and deformation fields result in self-consistent propagation of electromechanical waves along the plants vessels. These waves are capable to transport feeding nutrients. Irradiation of wood components immersed in water by ultraviolet light induces dissolving of lignin and produces pure cellulose fibers. This phenomenon provides the development of new ecologically safety technology of production of cellulose.

Comparative studies of compositions from polystyrene and inorganic crystals of cesium sulfate and cesium iodide obtained by different methods gave new experimental facts and versions about particularities of structures and properties of these materials. The methods of creation of these compositions were based on two deformation – chemical techniques: solidification of micro-fibers from solutions of polystyrene with cesium sulfate and cesium iodide particles and introduction of polystyrene as the doping substance into single crystals of cesium iodide and potassium chloride by means of a ball rolling. In both cases micro- and nanosize singularities of the mass transfer were observed during the forming of these compositions. The microfibers formed by solidification of doped solutions of polystyrene turned out to be split to sets of nano – filaments. In the process of the dynamical centrifuging they formed the bundles parallel to the axis of the fiber, whereas the slow pulling of the fibers from the solution with a thin glass stick created saw-like chains of short pieces of the nano-filaments going along the axis of the fiber. These geometries were regulated by the ratios of compressive and tensile internal stresses, the chemical content of the components, lengths of the polystyrene molecules, viscosity of the solution. Superfast and superdeep mass transfer in the form of nano- and micro-filaments observed in our experiments is attributed to the soliton-like propagation provided by non-linear changes of the properties of the matrix in the vicinity of the filament. Hence wide sets of various nanostructures required by new trends of electronics, optics, etc. can be prepared by rather economic techniques.

An experimental technique has been developed aimed at determining a dependence of the distribution of Rhodamine G concentration in a water solution flow in a glass channel. It has been demonstrated that in the water flow moving in the glass channel, a stationary pattern of the distribution of solution concentration in water along the channel is established. The dye concentration is distributed uniformly over the channel due to molecular diffusion.

The results of theoretical studies of the kinetic inductance L_k metallic single-walled carbon nanotube type, taking into account the electron-electron interaction in the approximation of a right circular cylinder are presented. The system under consideration is a cylindrically symmetric potential well with a final height of the wall. As part of the response of the theory of two-dimensional electron gas in the external electromagnetic disturbance obtained in the form of kinetic inductance depending on the nanotube diameter, frequency and intensity of the radiation. Established that L_k value increases with increasing frequency, and decreases with increasing radiation intensity.

We developed a technique for studying the vortex motion created by waves on the surface of superfluid helium-4 using charges injected into the bulk of the liquid. The charges move from the source to the five sectional collector mounted on the opposite side. The interaction of charges with vortices formed by the waves on the surface leads to a change in the distribution of currents recorded by the collector segments.

Results of molecular parameters studies using methods of dielectric spectroscopy, acoustic spectroscopy and viscometry are compared. An influence of dipole-dipole interactions on the relaxation time, the coefficients of molecular friction and rotational diffusion of molecules has been established. An analysis of modern methods for determining the coefficient of molecular friction and rotational diffusion for liquid crystal mixtures of different composition is carried out. It is shown that currently there is no theory that can describe qualitatively and quantitatively the behavior of the molecular relaxation parameters of the liquid crystal mixtures.

A methodology has been developed for evaluation the channel transmission of nanoelectronic devices on low-dimensional 2D structures with quantum confinement and transverse current transfer. The advantage of the developed methodology is to ensure the numerical stability and increased speed of the computational model of channel transmission with a different number of heterostructure layers, which allows optimizing the calculation of the current-voltage characteristics of nanoelectronic devices and predicting their electrical parameters.

Calculated and experimental studies of thermal processes and the efficiency of heat storage of solid thermal storage materials in an electric thermal storage (ETS) were carried out. Changes in the thermo physical properties of selected thermal storage materials depending on temperature are analyzed. The specific heat storage capacity in the temperature range from 50 °C to 650 °C of such materials as magnesite, chamotte, dinas, corundum was estimated. The research was carried out on an electric thermal storage with an electric power of 2.4 kW with heat storage elements made of magnesite. The temperature distribution is obtained in the heat storage element, as well as in the wall of the air channels of the heat storage elements. Measurements of the temperature of the heated air in the channels of heat storage elements and at the exit from the ETS were carried out. Temperature measurements were carried out with chromel-alumel thermocouples in a ceramic shell and chromel-kopel in a heat-resistant fabric cover. As a result of experimental studies, the temperature distribution in the heat storage elements of ETS is obtained. Based on these data it was calculated the amount of stored heat by heat storage elements of ETS for the complete cycle of its operation.

A carbon monoxide analyzer based on tunable diode lasers was developed and used to study CO in the microcosm of some plants. Designed analyzer has high sensitivity (at the level of 5 ppb) and close to 100% selectivity to water vapors and CO₂ and allows real-time online monitoring of CO in plants microcosm. In our in-vitro experiment the CO formation and release into the surrounding atmosphere were observed in the early stages of plant development (stage of germination and growth of seedlings wheat, cucumbers and colza). An intense CO absorption from the surrounding air was observed when studying the CO content in the microcosm of the formed plants.

Autonomous wireless sensors for the temperature and humidity in the premises for storing vegetables allow you to create automatic systems to maintain the storage conditions of these products, which is necessary for their proper long-term preservation. This article proposes a system for wireless monitoring of temperature and humidity, which reduces the costs of laying and operating cable sensors in the infrastructure of fruit and vegetable stores, and monitors temperature and humidity at different levels of the embankment of fruits or containers. A feature of the proposed automation technology is the ability to measure temperature / humidity in hard-to-reach places, for example, in ducts or, which is especially important, in the depths of a mound of potatoes, where it is almost impossible to monitor the processes of formation of rotting foci.

The interference of the absorption bands of H₂O, CO₂, and several gaseous biomarkers was analyzed in the middle and near-IR spectral region using the HITRAN2006 database. It was demonstrated that the problem o f the vibration-r o tation band interfere nce for detected and interfering gases is aggravated in the near-IR spectral region. This aggravation is caused not only by the decrease in the absolute band intensity for overtones and combination bands of the molecular vibrations but also by the relative increase in the absorption in H₂O lines and high density of CO₂ lines in the near-IR spectral region

A modeling of high-resolution absorption spectra of carbon monoxide (CO) and other interfering gases at 2.35 um was conducted. Several CO absorption lines have been determined as the best for the use in laser based spectral analysis of CO under conditions of high humidity and high concentrations of CO₂ in complex gas mixtures. Measurements of resonance absorption in these lines allow one to obtain maximum sensitivity and selectivity of CO analysis in the near-infrared spectral region.

A method of activation of aqueous solutions of strong electrolytes using high-frequency glow discharge plasma in water vapor at atmospheric pressure is considered. An experimental setup for activation of aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl salts, sodium sulfate Na₂SO₄, potassium sulfate K₂SO₄, etc. is presented. Experimental studies were conducted using an activated solution based on potassium sulfate K₂SO₄, at a concentration of 5.7×10⁻² M. The limit values of acidity, redox potential (Eh) and hydrogen peroxide concentration of the prepared activated solution were: pH ≍ 8.3, Eh ≍ 800, H₂O₂ concentration ≍ 5×10⁻⁴ mol. %. The effectiveness of the K₂SO₄ - based activated aqueous solution was evaluated at test sites of typical crops, such as soybeans and corn. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the method of activation of aqueous solutions using high-frequency glow discharge plasma is quite simple, technological and low-cost.

A method of measurement of the thermal performances of composite materials on the base of the porous aluminium oxide is described. The method takes into account the heat inhomogeneity, the material inhomogeneity and anisotropy as well as specimen's surface radiation. Investigations of the thermophysics properties of the porous substrate fabricated with using of the electrochemical aluminium oxide technology vs. temperature and long staying in a climate chamber were fulfilled. The tests demonstrated that the climatic impact does not influence on the high thermophysics properties of the aluminium oxide material that have extremely high thermal conductivity ≤ 120 W/(m·K).

New results of an analytical study of translational nonequilibrium in a shock wave are presented that are associated with the use of the exact expression for the longitudinal kinetic temperature T_x in a simple gas. It is shown that the relative magnitude of the overshoot effect for the distribution function of the pairs of molecules inside the shock front satisfies the principle of independence from the Mach number. Asymptotically exact expressions are obtained for the effect of high-speed overshoot of the pair distribution function: "light" -"heavy" component.

Problem of mathematical modeling high-rate processes in condensed medium is considered by using new nonlocal hydrodynamic approach based on the results of non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and cybernetical physics. Interrelationships between the spatiotemporal correlations in the integral thermodynamic relationships between forces and fluxes and the system internal structure made it possible to describe the self-organization of new dynamic structures in the open system. The temporal structure evolution is described by methods of the control theory of adaptive systems. The proposed approach to the structure evolution allows a new insight into the system state stability. The proposed approach is used to describe high-rate shear flow in the Couette formulation. Explicit approximate solutions to the problem show that steady pure shear flow far from equilibrium looses its stability due to dynamic structure evolution. Near the boundaries there appear layers where continuum mechanics becomes invalid and non-equilibrium interfacial interaction with the walls forms vortex structures. In transient modes a meta-stable state can occur where the system evolution can change its direction due to any weak impact.

One of the key purpose in water propeller design is to determine operating conditions where the cavity mode appears. They may result in dramatic thrust lack, drag rise and mechanical damage. An objective of the article is to verify potential of computer fluid dynamics program set OpenFoam in 5-bladed propeller propulsion characteristics investigation next to the cavity mode, and to study pitch and maximum thickness roles in cavity sustainability. Applied in the work method is based on solution of Reynolds equations with turbulent model closure via finite volume method. Suggested methodology proved a high conformity to experimental data.

This paper describes a numerical calculation method of the aerodynamic characteristic of an aircraft with distributed electric propulsion system (DEPS) taking into account influence of a blown wing. In addition, the studies of DEPS impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the light aircraft are represented.

The design of ECU has been created, which allows in the process of growing halide crystals to create in the growth and annealing zones, respectively, the high-gradient and low-gradient temperature regions necessary for each of the processes. The mathematical study of the influence of the processes of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer inside ECU, between ECU and the crystallization apparatus, is considered. For numerical calculations, the Navier-Stokes equation, the Menter differential k-ω turbulence model SST, the modified Stefan-Boltzmann law, the Fourier law are used. To describe the mechanism of heat transfer and heat conduction in solids, boundary conditions of the third kind were set. The distribution of the axial temperature gradient inside the carbon-graphite heat unit was studied. The mode of flow of the refrigerant inside the cooling jacket was determined. The radiative heat transfer between the surfaces, and the mechanisms of heat transfer and heat conduction in solids were studied.

A periodic system of multitube micropumps with pumping down based on the Knudsen effect is simulated in this work. The simulation is performed on an unstructured mesh. The Boltzmann equation is solved, and the advection and relaxation processes are simulated separately. The differential equation for advection is approximated with the first-order discrete difference scheme, and the collision integral is calculated with the projection method. The dependences of pump-down on the Knudsen number and temperature gradient were obtained from supercomputer computations. Data on the pumping rate were also obtained.

The paper is dedicated to the study of gas outflow from a vessel for the case of a simple collimator and to the determination of molecular beam and collimator characteristics enabling a maximum reduction in the beam width. A software system was developed for studying gas flow in various geometries using the GP-GPU.

The paper is devoted to the application of numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation method for modeling the behavior of radionuclides (Xe and Kr) in the inter-electrode gap and the vacuum-cesium channel of a thermionic reactor-converter, which is used in a space nuclear power generator. In this work, we developed modeling techniques and implemented them in a software package, that is using the algorithm of simultaneous calculations for the left side of the Boltzmann equation. We performed series of calculations for different initial flux of radionuclides and evaluated the dependence of the radionulcides output flux on the input flux for two areas of the reactor.

Mathematical models and numerical algorithms for the interaction of particles of an aerosol stream with a r elief surface of a s olid are developed as applied to the problem of aircraft icing. The developed technique allows to study the interaction of particles with a solid a various speeds and particles' sizes the spreading coefficient characterizing the hydrophobic properties of the surface.

In the framework of the development of physical and mathematical models of icing in crystalline and mixed conditions and their verification, the effect of ice crystals in the airflow on the evolution of run-back ice on the surface of a wing model for tests in icing facility is numerically studied. The results confirm that the experimentally observed change in the mass of ice deposits with the introduction of crystals into the flow is associated with the absorption of a part of the mass of crystals by the film at low flow rates and with the film splashing at higher speeds.

The icing of aircraft parts during flight in mixed clouds (containing droplets and crystals) is one of important and, at the same time, insufficiently studied cases. In the present work, the effect of melting ratio on icing intensity of wing leading edge is experimentally studied. A physical and mathematical model of crystals accretion on the surface due to their deformation and destruction is proposed.

The purpose of this paper is to study the magnetic field influence on the stationary plasma thruster (SPT) plume. In consideration of collisionless motion of ions, it is possible to write an expression for distribution function for ions leaving a ring opening. Further, the pattern of ion density calculation is built as of the corresponding integral of distribution function. Results of calculations made using the constructed pattern are given.

For analysis, the MHD electrolyzer was adapted to a three-dimensional mathematical model, which uses a multiphase approach to the description of the medium (aluminum, electrolyte and gas), as well as to hydrodynamic, electromagnetic, thermal and electrochemical processes in the bath. Test calculations were carried out, which confirmed the model adequacy and the presence of the proposed numerical solutions to the problem with sufficient accuracy. The suggestion that the Soderberg electrolyzer is less MHD-stable than the multi-anode electrolyzer was confirmed. The impact on the MHD stability of various initial configurations forms has been assessed. The influence of a potential change on the MHD-stable form of the bath working space is investigated.

Modern physical experiment imposes stringent requirements on the speed of computing devices built into an experimental setup. The purpose of them is to manage the simulated processes in a timely manner synchronized with the rate of parameters change. Coordinated by the interaction of physical and computational processes in the experiment most often determines the receipt of adequate results. At developing of control systems for experimental installations, not only calculations of functional characteristics and dependencies are required, but also a logical analysis of the input information. Survey of a large number of sensors, the need to control numerous devices and physical installations results in an avalanche of the software growth, slowing down information traffic, and increasing of the computing load on computers. All this complicates the task of coordinating of computational and physical processes in the experiment, and reduces the reliability of control systems. The proposed approach to increasing the efficiency of computing systems is based on the distribution of computers within the experimental setup. Methods of continuum computing devices embedding into the control of interacting processes and their transformation into one of the links in the system are considered. On the basis of continuum processors, a hardware implementation of a distributed knowledge processing system is created, which is built into the complex of control and management tools for complex experimental installations.

Results of experimental research on influence of corona discharge on the disperse medium - clay are described. The role of the corona discharge influence in the change of its electrical conductivity is revealed. Features of changes in the concentrations of certain chemical elements under the influence of the corona discharge on the clay have been revealed.

A new UV scanning system OVOD-1a for the indoor air environment, based on high-performance microwave gas-discharge lamps developed at GPI RAS, is described. The first experiments demonstrating the air-cleaning capabilities of UV equipment were carried out. It is shown that in laboratory rooms used for the stay of livestock bred in agriculture, the energy cost of almost complete purification of the air environment from viral and fungal components is of the order of 10⁻² kW × h/m³. B acter ial sanita tio n o f the laboratory p re mise s o f the research physical Institute is carried out with an energy cost of ≍ 3 10⁻³ kW×h/m³. The fundamental physical processes underlying microwave UV lamps, which are the main component of the OVOD-1a sanitation system, are discussed.

Developed software that measures the size of "green areas" in aerial photography. The software allows you to work with photos and videos that have any scale mark. In addition, the program allows you to evaluate the profile area of "green areas" in aerial photography. The article provides an example of using software. The features are shown, screenshots are provided for clarity.

The paper presents preliminary results demonstrating the bactericidal properties of surface coatings created on metal and dielectric samples by evaporation of a colloidal solution of nanostructured carbon. A colloidal solution of nanocarbon was obtained using a high-voltage pulsed multi-spark discharge in ethanol with argon injection into the interelectrode space. The main properties of a colloidal solution and the parameters of its constituent nanoparticles are given. Bactericidal activity was assessed by seeding Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) bacterial cultures on prepared slides. Results on suppression of bacterial colonization on samples coated with carbon nanoparticles are presented.

The refractive indices of fodder yeast grown on oil paraffins (paprin) and natural gas (gaprin) were measured by phase microscopy. The scattering matrices of aqueous suspensions of paprin and gaprin are calculated within the framework of the model of spherically symmetric particles. The possibility of identifying the suspensions by their scattering matrices is analyzed for a small difference in the real parts of the refractive index. Experimental measurements of the light scattering matrices show that in the region of small values of the size parameter (≈ 1) the identification of paprin and gaprin can be based only on the difference in the shapes of the particles, and the difference in the refractive indices is manifested for the values of the size parameter greater than 3.

Acute ultraviolet (UV) -induced skin damage is associated with structural alterations, vasodilatation and inflammatory response. Leukocyte infiltration is one of the main features of inflammation and could be found in the area of UV injury. It was shown that porphyrins which have well-known autofluorescent properties play a role in the chemoattraction of immune cells to the area of local damage. This study examined the possibility of application of laser fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS) in the assessment of ultraviolet-induced immune response in ICR mice. Animals (N=25) were exposed by UVB light and LFS was conducted on the dorsal skin of each mice 0, 0.5, 3, 6 and 24 hours after UV irradiation. Moreover, in every time point we performed skin biopsy and histology. Using LFS, time-dependent dynamic changes in the fluorescence parameters of porphyrins were found. Mentioned indices were in a good agreement with histological findings. Statistically significant correlation was found between the severity of inflammatory infiltrate and the tissue content index (η) of porphyrins (Pearson correlation coefficient: r = 0.912, p = 0.031). Achieved results not only have fundamental value but could be further investigated and applied in clinical practice: e.g. to objectively predict individual immunologic reaction to UV-light.

According to the calculation results, numerical values of the error of the shape along the profile of the inner surface of the ring are obtained. The largest error values were obtained with cartridge grinding of the inner surface of the ring. Smaller error values correspond to the grinding scheme on hard supports. In this paper, we propose a method for forming a volume finite element model of a bearing ring. Application of the model made it possible to assess the effect of the grinding pattern of the inner cylindrical surface on the error in the shape of the ring.

The results of the radio frequency emission measurements from the ground-based experiments using electric propulsion engine applied to electromagnetic compatibility evaluation of spacecraft radio communication. The report presents the way of looking at the electromagnetic compatibility problem based on experimental and theoretical investigations of the physical foundation of the electromagnetic field generation by the electric propulsion engines. The approach under review allows evaluating the electromagnetic performance characteristics depending on thruster construction and engine operating modes.

Annotation. In the paper an analysis of various programming languages previously used for educational process are carried out. Criteria are proposed to be followed for choosing a language in programming courses that will result in the improvements in the study. The basic methodological approaches to teaching programming in the course "Languages and programming methods" are described. The requirements for training tasks are developed, which will gain the interest in programming. Ways of further improvements to the teaching process are discussed.

The article highlights the input of physicist and teacher K.D. Kraevich in the Physics education development in schools of post-reform Russia. It was during this time that the basis for modern Physics teaching was laid out. During this time a lot of physicists and academicians got their education, who then went on to make great discoveries in the XXth century. The article also highlights the importance of the works by K.D. Kraevich for contemporary teaching experience.