Table of contents

After the remarkable success of the 1st edition of the international conference on RECENT ADVANCES IN FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES (RAFAS) in November 2016, the 2nd edition of RAFAS was planned in November 2019 at Lovely Professional University to spur the exchange of knowledge and ideas in the field of science and technology. The conference was a convergence of scientists, research investigators, students, and other professionals from diverse backgrounds who deliberated upon various current issues related to different branches of science and technology.

The primary aim of this conference was the presentation of current research and the latest technologies being adopted to address local and international scientific challenges. RAFAS 2019 provided an ideal environment for young researchers as well as practitioners to promote discourses regarding new advances in every facet of science and technology. The focus of the conference was on various research fields of basic sciences (viz. Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics), Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Engineering. On similar lines to that of the previous edition of RAFAS, the current edition also provided a perfect platform to build productive coordination between the academia and the industry, which was very much the need of the hour.

We are thankful to peer reviewers who contributed to improve the quality of research papers. We are very grateful to the international and national advisory committee, session chairs, student volunteers and university management who helped for the grand success of this conference.

List of editors are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

M-type hexaferrites have found considerable application in microwave absorption and magnetic recording. Sol-gel auto-combustion technique was utilized to prepare Ba_0.7Dy_0.3Fe_11.4Cr_0.6O₁₉ nano-sized particles which were sintered at 1000 °C for 6 hours. XRD patterns of the prepared sample show magnetoplumbite phase of M-type hexaferrite along with the presence of hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) and polyaniline. Two specific bands in the range 400-600 cm⁻¹ were observed in the FTIR spectra signifying the formation of hexaferrites structure. The peaks corresponding to polyaniline are also present in the FTIR spectra in the range 800-1600 cm⁻¹. FESEM analysis shows grains with shape similar to hexagonal plate embedded on the surface of polyaniline. The band gap was found to decrease from 1.96 eV to 1.59 eV.

NiCl₂/polyaniline composites with varying NiCl₂ concentration have been synthesized and characterized for structural and optical modifications in polyaniline with the addition of NiCl₂, and to explore the effect of addition of NiCl₂ on the electrical properties of polyaniline. FTIR spectral peaks attributed to various entities present in polyaniline have been shifted towards longer wavelengths with the addition of NiCl₂. The d-spacing for the two x-ray diffraction peaks at 20.30° and 26.22° has been determined by using the Bragg's relation and found to decrease with the addition of NiCl₂. The SEM images of the composites indicate the uniform dispersal of the salt in the polymeric conformation. The band edge of UV-VIS spectra of the composites has been found to blue shift indicating increase in the band gaps with the increased NiCl2 concentration except for a concentration of 5%. The capacitance has been found to decrease with increase in frequency and the increase in the NiCl₂ content. The resistance has been found to increase with the addition of NiCl₂ thus establishing a positive correlation between the optical band gap and variations of resistance with the addition of NiCl₂ to the polyaniline.

In medical applications, where polymers and plastics are used as tissue equivalent and phantom materials, the determination of accurate values of radiation shielding parameters becomes very important. In this context, the present work is aimed at determining the values of radiation shielding parameters of two polymers, viz. polyethersulphone (PES) and polyvinylidenechloride (PVDC) and then doing a comparative analysis of their shielding abilities in order to find a better material for shielding. The neutron shielding parameter was determined and was also compared with some common neutron shielding materials such as Boric Acid, Boron Carbide and Graphite. Furthermore, the shielding against charged particles i.e. neutron, proton and alpha particle was also studied with the help of the parameters, 'mass stopping power' and 'projected range'. It was speculated that PES is superior to PVDC for shielding against neutrons, protons, alpha and beta radiation due to higher content of low atomic number elements per monomer unit. So, PES can be used potentially for radiation shielding in medical field.

Calcium copper titanate (CCTO), an electroceramic with giant dielectric constant is useful in supercapacitor, microwave absorption, shielding of electromagnetic interference, and high frequency application. Bi³⁺-Zn²⁺ substituted CCTO with chemical composition Ca_1-xBi_xCu₃Ti_4-xZn_xO₁₂ (0.0<x<0.2) was fortified using sol-gel auto combustion technique and were characterized using XRD, FESEM, and impedance analyser. XRD confirms the formation of CCTO phase with some traces of CuO and CaTiO₃ phase. FESEM micrograph shows particles shapes close to cubic shape.

Mg-doped zinc oxide (Zn_1-xMg_xO) (0<x<0.8) nanostructure material is synthesized via a coprecipitation method using chemical route for application in sensing devices. The X-ray diffraction performed for analysis, confirms the growth of pure ZnO phase. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggest the pure phase formation of ZnO. FTIR spectra also shows the presence of bands associated with CO₂ gas molecules and moisture present in the atmosphere. The formation of ZnO with no traces of Mg effect visible shift in XRD peak suggests the sample preparation process does not allow enough time to form a nanocomposite of Zn_1-xMg_xO.

Recently Hexaferrites have attracted the attention of researchers due to its wide applications such as permanent magnets, magnetic recording media, microwave applications and Wireless telecommunication system. Sr₂Co_1.9Bi_0.1Fe_11.9 Zn_0.1O₂₂ was successfully synthesized using sol-gel method while oxidative polymerization was employed to synthesized polyaniline (PANI). The precursor material is pre sintered at 500°C for 5 hours and sintered at 1000°C for 5 hours. The characteristics of the samples were defined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer (UV-vis). XRD analysis confirms the spectral purity of the sample. FTIR analysis indicates the formation of y-type hexaferrites by the appearance of two prominent peaks at 400 and 600 cm⁻¹. Raman spectra show the presence of Y-type hexaferrites and PANI by the appearance of prominent Raman shifts. The band gap of the prepared nanocomposites was evaluated using UV-vis spectroscopy.

Theoretical investigation on nonlinear propagation characteristics of q-Gaussian laser beams in preformed parabolic plasma channels has been presented. The optical response of the channel has been modelled by ponderomotive nonlinearity. Following Virial theorem in W.K.B approximation, semi analytical solution of the wave equation for the field of laser beam has been obtained. Particularly the evolutions of beam width and axial phase of the laser beam have been investigated in detail. Self trapping of the laser beam arising as a consequence of the cancellation of diffraction broadening by nonlinear refraction of the laser beam has also been investigated.

The interaction of laser with plasma gives rise to several novel relativistic nonlinear optical effects. Higher harmonic generation is an important nonlinear effect. High power ultrafast lasers uses chirped pulse amplification technique to reduce duration of pulse and hence produces pulses of extremely high power densities which in turn oscillates electrons in the medium. The velocity of oscillating electron beats with applied frequency giving rise to higher order harmonics. This paper presents the idea of generation of second harmonic waves with the ultra-fast lasers in plasma, phase matching conditions of second harmonic generated by self modulation under paraxial approximations and its application in imaging microscopy.

In this paper, we intend to study the plasma profiles at the exit of an ion gun. Ion guns are close to the electrostatic ion thrusters. The ions are allowed to escape through an electrostatic potential difference of 100 V. The plasma density is considered to be a variable. A code is employed, based on Particle-in-cell method to study the plasma behavior at the exit of the ion gun. The code is written in 2D (r, z) coordinates. Initially, the ion velocities are sampled out of a Maxwellian distribution. However, the velocity evolves under the electrostatic potential difference with time. Computationally a sparse gridding is assumed. Various plasma profiles such as the density of ions and maximum z-directional velocity are calculated. The maximum z-velocity has been found to be on the order of 20 km/sec.

Projected Shell model calculations have been performed using the angular-momentum projected two-quasiparticle states with the employment of a simple quadrupole-quadrupole + monopole–Pairing + quadrupole-pairing Hamiltonian to study the nuclear structure properties of doubly-odd ⁸⁰Br and ⁸²Rb isotones. The present calculations reproduce reasonably well the available experimental data on the yrast bands and also predict the new high spin states in these nuclei, where current data are still sparse. The phenomena of Signature-splitting and Signature–inversion have also been studied in detail within the context of Projected Shell Model.

In this paper, we develop an analytical formalism for THz generation from Laser filaments in the presence of static electric field in the magnetized collisional plasma. Two femtosecond laser pulses with different frequencies undergo filamentation in magnetized collisional plasma to have non-linear coupling in the presence of transverse static electric field. This results in balancing action of static ponderomotive force with pressure gradient force and forms transverse density ripple and non-linear ponderomotive force couple with density ripple to provide strong non-linear transverse current which results in excitation of THz Radiations at resonance. This coupling is further enhanced by electric static field.

Mn²⁺ activated ZnS (ZnS:Mn²⁺) nanoparticles biotin matrix have been synthesized by chemical co-precipitation route. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed single phase zinc blend structure with crystallite sizes ranging from 1.5 to 1.9 nm. The small particle sizes are believed to have single domain crystallites because of quantum confinement of particles in the biotin matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows smooth and polygon shape potato like morphology having cluster size varying from 77μm to 182μm. Optical measurement shows the band gap of 3.85 eV which has been blue shifted and is accredit to the quantum size effect. The particle size estimated for this gap is to be 2.03 nm and is good agreement with sizes obtained from XRD. The luminescence feature of the as synthesized sample was also reported. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra shows two wide peaks centred at 408 nm and 520 nm respectively. The first emission at 408 nm with short time is attributed to the defects of ZnS while another peak at 520 nm attributed in green emission due to the elemental sulphur species on the surface of zinc sulphide. The both emissions are blue shifted and are attributed to the small particle sizes. The well known manganese related orange-red emission peak cantered at 590 nm has not been observed and is completely quenched that confirmed that the Mn²⁺ ions have been allocated outside the ZnS crystals. A new emission at 338 nm appears to have radiative transitions from the defect level to the acceptor levels. Thus, by using suitable activator and capping molecule, we are able to stabilize the growth of nanoparticles at room temperature, thereby enhance the structural and opto-electronic properties.

It is well known that the doped SnO₂ thin films are widely used as H₂S gas sensors. But the application of pure SnO₂ thin films as sensors for different gases is not much explored area. In this paper an attempt has been made to prepare thin films of pure SnO₂ with simple and cost-effective technique such as reactive thermal evaporation and use them for application as sensors for H₂S gas. These thin films show marginal sensor signal for 5-150 ppm of H₂S gas in the temperature range of 160 – 220 °C.

The densities and sound velocities of binary mixtures of triethylene glycol are measured at different temperatures and at frequency of 2 MHz over entire range of mole fraction. Various theoretical models, such as Nomoto, Impedance, Junjie, Van Dael and Vangeel, have been used to measure theoretical ultrasonic velocities. The average percentage error was estimated and the chi-square fitness test was also used to check the validity of theoretical models. The variance from the experimental results is interpreted in terms of molecular interactions between the components of the binary mixtures.

The Density and Ultrasonic Velocity of Adrenaline with KOH have been measured at different range of temperatures for different concentrations. Ultrasonic velocity and density values increases with increase in concentration. By using ultrasonic and volumetric data various parameters such as adiabatic compressibility, acoustic impedance, available volume, molar volume, intermolecular free length, Rao's constant, Wada's constant, Van Der Waal Constant, relative intensity and effective molecular weight have been calculated. With rise in temperature the interaction between the solute and solvent particles increases, which is confirmed by available volume and intermolecular free length. The non-linear variations in Rao's constant, Wada's constant, Van Der Waal Constant and other parameters suggest the presence of complex formation or charge transfer interaction or dipole-dipole interaction or dispersive forces or maybe all in the solution.

Tin sulfide (SnS), being a binary metal chalcogenide, can be a potential absorber material for the thin film photovoltaics because of its optimum direct bandgap (1.3 eV) and high absorption coefficient (>10⁴ cm⁻¹). In the present work, the electrical and optical properties of SnS thin film solar cells have been optimized and analyzed by Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). The effect of thickness and optical band gap of SnS absorber layer on the J-V curve have been investigated to obtain better device performance. The maximum photovoltaic (PV) efficiency achieved by the PV device is 22.3 % with V_OC = 756 mV, J_SC = 34.9 mAcm⁻² and FF = 84.4 %. The V_OC value is higher than the reported values for kesterite CZTSSe absorber based solar cells. Consequently, the SnS can be a potential contender for the contemporary thin film solar cells.

Density, speed of sound and viscosity of ethane-1,2-diol, methanol and methyl 4- hydroxybenzoate (methylparaben) at different concentrations and at constant temperature T=298K have been measured by Anton Paar DSA 5000 M density and velocity meter and Ostwald's viscometer respectively. Experimentally measured values of density, speed of sound and viscosity are employed to calculate different ultrasonic parameters like impedance, adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, acoustic attenuation, relaxation time, relative association, relative strength, and Gibb's free energy. Graphs for each acoustical parameter against concentration are plotted with the help of Origin. The linear variation is found for most of the acoustic parameters which implies the absence of complex formation in ternary system studied.

The various ultrasonic parameters like acoustic impedance, adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, relaxation time, relative association, attenuation and Gibb's free energy of polyethylene glycols with molecular weight 200 and 600 in aqueous sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate is evaluated at 25⁰C from the density, speed of sound and viscosity. Jone-Dole's equation has been employed to analyze the experimental results of viscosity. The existence of interaction among the fragments of ternary liquid mixtures has been determined from viscosity coefficients. The polyethylene glycols act as the structure builder in water. The viscosity coefficient B surges with escalation in molecular mass of polyethylene glycols. The structure builder property of polyethylene glycols follows the order PEG-600 > PEG-200.

Electron acceleration due to plasma wakefield generated by plane polarised laser field in the presence of pulsed magnetic field has been investigated. Laser propagation is considered in transverse direction to the plasma wave. The electron gets trapped in the plasma wakefield and excited in the combined effect of plasma and laser fields. The pulsed magnetic field induces a resonant effect and contributes to additional gain in the electron energy. Laser, plasma and applied magnetic field parameters are optimized to achieve high energy gain.

The methanimine molecule is of great interest for astronomers and astrophysicists. It is considered as a prebiotic molecule as it is a potential precursor of Glycine, the simplest amino acid. The reaction of CH₂NH with HCN in interstellar medium makes aminoacetonitrile (NH₂CH₂CN) which further reacts with H₂O to make glycine (NH₂CH₂COOH). The amino-acids like Glycine are building blocks of proteins that are essential for life to occur. Earlier, we have calculated the radiative lifetimes and Einstein A-coefficients for transitions between 69 lowest rotational energy levels of methanimine. In the present study, we have obtained the anomalous absorption in 2₀₂ – 1₁₁ transition of methanimine at 33.705893 GHz. We have solved the statistical equilibrium equations coupled with the equations of radiative transfer. The brightness temperature is found to be minimum around the hydrogen molecular density of 10^4.5 cm⁻³ and it rises on both sides of this density.

The electron dynamics is realized by the field of surface plasma waves, which are created by the interaction of a femto-second laser and a metal sheet of finite thickness. The amplitude of surface plasma wave is maximum at the interface of two media and starts decays exponentially as we move far from the boundary. The applied magnetic field (along y-axis) is utilized to bend the trajectory of electron and helps the electron to gain energy by resonance between electron, magnetic and SPW fields and as a result, the electron gets accelerated.

Synthesis of Graphene Oxide (GO) was done using Original Hummer's Method. The prepared GO specimen was reduced further with Hydrazine monohydrate to create Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO). RGO were evaluated using characterization techniques such as FESEM, EDS, FTIR, XRD, and Raman. These techniques help to confirm the production of GO and conversion of GO into RGO. Suspension of RGO in double-distilled Water with different concentrations was produced using ultrasonication for 24 hours. This suspension was further tested with the help of the UV-Vis technique to confirm the presence of RGO in the suspension. DLS was done to confirm the nano dimensions of RGO particles in the water solution. Ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity were measured for all prepared nanosuspensions. The acoustical parameter such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular length, and acoustical impedance was calculated from experimental data.

The very precious resource of Earth, the groundwater is being contaminated and polluted day by day. E-Waste is one of the major cause for this problem related to ground water. E-wastes are produced mainly due to discarded electronic gadgets like PCs, tablets, hard drives, printers, monitors, batteries, mobile phones, television, etc. The use of these electronic gadgets is increasing enormously day by day around the globe. Lack of awareness about the proper disposal of these e-wastes cause serious health and environmental issue in developing countries like India and to some extent in developed countries. Discarded computers, mobile phones and other electronic equipment that are considered as e –waste contain hazardous toxic metals like chromium, lead, mercury, iron, zinc, copper, cadmium etc. These e –wastes are dumped in the landfills near the industries where large area of land is available. As most of the industries are located near the water sources, the toxic e-wastes are percolated inside the water hence make the water contaminated inside the deep aquifers. This water is not safe for drinking and other purposes. The quantity of pollutants is more near to the landfill sites and reduces as the distance between the landfill site and aquifer increases. In the present work, a literature survey of groundwater pollution by e-waste and its remedial measure to reduce groundwater contamination is being done.

The present work focuses on detecting the presence of sugar as an adulterant in milk using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. A chemometric model was formulated to evaluate the presence of sugar content in milk, qualitatively as well as quantitatively using multivariate analysis. Total 24 samples were prepared using three different varieties of milk, out of which three samples were pure and the rest were having sugar present in them. Those 21 milk samples were adulterated with sugar at seven different levels: 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.6%, 3.2%, 0.8% and 6.4% of sugar respectively for each kind of milk. The data collected from NIRS instrument was analyzed using chemometric software (CAMO Unscrambler version X 10.3). The Principal Component Analysis was run on the sample set to know the relation between the different samples on the basis of the Near Infrared spectral data. It was observed that the PCA score plot could classify the samples in three different groups on the basis of their adulteration: low, medium and high adulteration. Partial least square (PLS) regression analysis was used to develop a statistical model to predict the percentage of sugar in the adulterated milk samples by selecting vital wavelengths. It was noticed that the regression model revealed quite good results for the prediction of sugar adulterated milk samples with the coefficient of correlation higher than 0.9 and the root means square error of validation (RMSEV) was 0.04. Thus, it was concluded that NIR spectroscopy could provide dairy industry a simple, efficient, quick, green and non-destructive technique for detection and quantification of milk adulteration.

Various relaxation procedure in the supercooled state of D-xylose have been investigated using dielectric spectroscopy over a wide frequency (1 mHz – 10 MHz) and temperature range (140-350 K). The main relaxation process (α) that is accountable for the glass transition phenomena, another secondary relaxation process is also visible below glass transition temperature. The attached hydroxymethyl (-CH₂OH) side group to the sugar ring might be responsible for this process. In addition, we have applied Coupling model to find the location of intermolecular relaxation below the glass transition temperature (T_g). The dependence of various dielectric parameters viz. τ_α, τ_β, τ_γ and τ_β cm on temperature have been critically examined. The current experimental result shows that, log₁₀ σ_dc vs. log₁₀ τ_α dependence is nonlinear and hence can be described with the fractional Stokes-Einstein-Debye relation.

This study reports the emission (400-700nm) properties of Gd (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mol%) doped TAG nanophosphor synthesized by sol gel technique. Powder XRD spectra of doped TAG were indexed using JCPDS file No. 17-0735 implying that the basic structure of TAG remained unchanged on doping. The emission was excited with 280, 380 and 460nm radiation from a Xe lamp. The spectral features of the emission spectra were almost independent of both the doping as well as the excitation radiation. However, Gd concentration dependent variations in the emission intensity were observed. The observed emission intensity was maximum in TAG doped with 0.5mol% Gd while quenching was observed at 1.0mol% concentration level. This concentration dependent intensity variation which also depended on the wavelength of the excitation radiation could be due to energy exchange between Gd and Tb ions.

The present study was conducted to determine electron acceleration by cosh-Gaussian laser beam (CGLB) and axial magnetic field. CGLB possesses higher power and has ability to focus earlier than the Gaussian beam. Nonlinear differential equations are derived for CGLB for energy and velocity. The dependence of electron energy gained for different values of laser intensity parameter 'a_o' has been graphically plotted. It is examined that both laser and axial magnetic field significantly affects the electron energy.

In present study we have investigated the third harmonic generation (THG) of self-focused Hermite-cosh-Gaussian (HchG) laser beam, propagating through plasma. When intense short pulse laser propagates through plasma results ponderomotive force on electrons due to which electrons move away from the axial region, creating a low density plasma region. Due to electrostatic force, electrons gain oscillatory velocity and results density perturbation. Density oscillations at frequency 2ω₁ couple with oscillatory velocity of electrons, at the fundamental frequency of incident laser result THG. Due to phase mismatch with the incident pulse, the third harmonic pulse is of smaller amplitude. Wiggler field satisfy the resonance condition by providing additional momentum to the photon of third harmonic pulse and this result increase in the normalized amplitude of third harmonic pulse. In the present study the study of beam width parameter with normalized propagation distance at optimum values of different laser parameters has been studied. We derived the coupled differential equation for the normalized amplitude, A'₃₀/A₁₀, of third harmonic pulse. We analysed the efficiency of third harmonic pulse with ξ at optimum values of normalized intensity of fundamental laser.

The current paper examined the impact of Cu²⁺-Cr³⁺ substitution on the structural and dielectric possessions of nanoparticles of cobalt ferrites with the composition Co_1-xCu_xFe_2-xCr_xO₄ (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2), synthesized via sol-gel auto-combustion technique and calcinated for 4 hours at 700°C. The XRD patterns display large peaks suggesting nanocrystalline for inverse spinel ferrite formation. FTIR indicate the formation of spinel ferrites by revealing the presence of a typical absorption band in range 390-410 cm⁻¹ and 540-560 cm⁻¹, respectively. FESEM reveals that the specimen is plate and sponge-like structure. In the frequency assortment 1 KHz -5 MHz, dielectric analysis at room temperature was performed and described on the foundation of the phenomenological theory of Koop and the theory of Maxwell Wagner. The result shows the highest dielectric constant without doping is 128.5. The experiment showed low dielectric loss i.e. 1.8 with x=0.2.

The temperature dependent current-voltage characteristics of the Polyvinyl Alcohol-Zinc selenide nanocomposite films were studied in the voltage window of -5V to +5V. It was observed that with the increase in applied voltage and temperature, the current-voltage characteristics shift from ohmic to non-ohmic nature and show hysteresis behavior. It has also been observed that the sample resistance changes from low resistance state (LRS) to high resistance state (HRS) depending on the applied voltage and temperature. The observed phenomenon has been analyzed based on the available theoretical models to elucidate the prevailing current conduction mechanism.

Heusler compounds have been remarkable among the materials due to their fascinating properties. These materials are also important in terms of applications in thermoelectric device formation. The Mn₂CoCr is one of the Heusler compounds investigated in reference to its band structure and thermo-electric properties by using density functional theory. Mn₂CoCr crystallizes in Fm-3m (space group 225) phase and ferromagnetically stable under ambient conditions. We have calculated its bulk modulus, first order pressure derivative of bulk modulus, band structure, density of states, Seebeck coefficient and power factor.

Comprehensive quality assurance (QA) and beam data acquisition has been performed for commissioning of Varian Trilogy linear accelerator for stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Mechanical, electrical and radiological tests were performed to check linac performance as per American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group (TG) 142. The geometric isocentre accuracy, congruence check and calibration of kV and MV imager were performed using the Isocal QA device. The off axis ratio profiles, depth dose data and beam output factors of 6 MV SRS beam for the field sizes ranging from 2 × 2 cm² to 15 × 15 cm² were measured using SFD diode detector and cc13 semiflex ion chamber. The multileaf collimator (MLC) characterization was done in the treatment planning system (TPS) using the parameters measured with the CC13 semiflex ionisation chamber in water phantom. Dose measured with 2D ion chamber array was compared to that calculated in TPS. The maximum change in MV and kV imager isocentre was within ±0.03 cm. The variation between SFD measured and ion chamber measured beam data is in positive correlation for fields sizes down up to 2 × 2 cm². Variation in output factors is ±0.56 ± 0.05 %. The measured beam data is imported and calculated in the Eclipse TPS and is found within 1% gamma agreement index (GAI) with the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) model data. GAI for TPS verification QA is 97.8%, 98.5% and 98.3% respectively for fix jaw 2 × 2 cm², 5 × 5 cm² and rapid arc SRS plan. Successful modelling of the photon beam for high dose rate SRS mode is achieved for clinical treatment of patients.

Hepatic steatosis synonymous with fatty liver is a disease that results from excess fat in the liver. It's normal to have small amounts of fat in the liver, but too much can drag into a health issue. It is such a disease, which may lead to loss of human life, if not cured at an early stage. To detect such a disease highly precise and reliable technique is required such as ultrasound imaging. Different CAD frameworks have been proposed, to categorize the images as normal and fatty liver ultrasound images. Classifying the images with the assistance of the CAD systems developed till date is not found to be up to the mark. The sensitivity and accuracy measurements values still need improvement. Although much research has been carried out in this area, it is the subject of great significance due to increasing prevalence of fatty liver across the globe. In therapeutic imaging and diagnostic radiology, CAD has ended up a standout amongst the most important research topic. It introduces the pattern recognition software that analyse suspicious features on the image and help the radiologists to solve the problem. Over the past years, booming research has been done on classifying liver ultrasound images. This paper presents the recent trends in Ultrasound-based classification of various liver diseases through Computer Aided Diagnosis systems and the current challenges and future directions to improve the diagnostic accuracy.

Variations in crystalline structure, optical property, structural bonding in Graphene Oxide (GO) doped polypyrrole (PPy) under gamma irradiation at 100 KGy with effective dose rate of 2.86 KGy per hour have been studied. The crystalline structure has been studied utilizing XRD spectroscopy and it has become clear that as compare to non-irradiated, irradiated sample show more shift toward crystalline nature, this is because of the decrease in d -spacing. The variation in optical properties have been evaluated using UV-VIS spectroscopy, it has been pointed that gamma irradiation reduces the optical band gap due to the chemical reactions, such as chain scissioning etc., induced by gamma exposure, this result is further supported by FT-IR spectroscopy.

The present study has been aimed to analyze the concentration activities of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in soil samples collected from Pangi valley, Himachal Pradesh by means of gamma spectrometry with NaI(TI) detector and has been found to vary between 39.61 to 79.72 Bqkg⁻¹ with average of 57.66 Bqkg⁻¹, 32.8 to 66.57 Bqkg⁻¹ with average of 49.69 Bqkg⁻¹ and 495.62 to 653.85 Bqkg⁻¹ with average of 579.41 Bqkg⁻¹, respectively. Radium equivalent activity in these samples has also been determined and observed lower than the maximum permissible value 370 Bqkg⁻¹, acceptable for the safe use. The average absorbed dose rate in air at 1 m height from the ground level has been found 81.43 nGyh⁻¹, while the average outdoor and indoor annual effective dose rate has been calculated as 0.099 and 0.40 mSvy⁻¹ respectively. The estimation of excess life time cancer risk assessments suggests about 13 out of 10000 persons may get affected by carcinogenic diseases due to indoor effective dose. The calculated external and internal hazard indices have been found to be less than unity.

High resistivity (or low electrical conductance values) materials have found their applicational foot in those domains of electrical-electronical where resistors, heat filaments, space heaters, shunt resistors electric irons and etc. are broadly exercised on. This paper investigates the effect of addition of polyaniline (PANI) on the properties of copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles. Sol-Gel method was used to synthesize CuO nanoparticles while PANI was obtained by oxidative polymerization process. The structural characterizations of the composite material and the effect of PANI on the CuO nanoparticles are studied through FESEM, XRD, FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy. XRD confirmed the formation of CuO without the presence of CuO₂. FESEM showed the clear formation monoclinic structure of CuO. EDX revealed that Cu and O-atoms are in stoichiometry, thus confirming the formation of CuO bond and peaks of C, N and O are also obtained depicting the PANI formation. The characteristic peaks are obtained for both CuO (402.99-678.74 cm⁻¹) and PANI (1109.94-1568.54 cm⁻¹ and 3058.81-3436.21 cm⁻¹) through FTIR. The Raman analysis of CuO sample showed 3 peaks (290.01 cm⁻¹, 333.51 cm⁻¹ and 624.81 cm⁻¹) and while PANI showed peaks in the range from 1166.48 cm⁻¹ – 1582.81 cm⁻¹. The dielectric properties were investigated using Maxwell-Wagner model and Koop's phenomenological theory. The fore-mentioned composite material can also be considered to be devised in a resistor.

In the present model, a detailed theoretical investigation of the nonlinear current density produced by beating of chirped pulse lasers in plasma having spatial ripple density is conducted. In our mechanism, we consider two Gaussian lasers with electric fields ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{1}$ and ${\overrightarrow{E}}_{2}$ propagating along $\hat{z}$, polarized along direction. The lasers have a linear frequency chirp and the frequency Ω₁ and Ω₂can be chosen as the required frequency range. A transverse nonlinear ponderomotive force is experienced by the plasma electrons due to the lasers beating in plasma. As a consequence, plasma electrons get an oscillatory velocity that paired with the density ripple to generate a stronger transient transverse nonlinear current. Our theoretical simulation unveil that by optimizing the chirp parameter a prominent change in nonlinear oscillating current is depicted.

For last couple of decades scientists and engineers made a significant progress in fabricating and developing photonic crystal fibers that show some of the very unique properties and because of this, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have the potential to revolutionize the fiber optic industry in way never happens before. These types of fibers are fabricated and designed on the scale of optical wavelength, a fraction of a micrometer or less. One of the many applications of photonic crystal fibers is the sensing of gas and consequently it could be used as a gas sensor. Many scientists have already reported the use of PCFs as a gas sensor. In this review article, the work done by other scientists using photonic crystal fibers as a gas sensor have been reported. We have also talked about the future applications of PCFs as a gas sensor in different industry.

Radon monitoring has become a global phenomenon due to its health hazards. Mostly LR-115 detectors are being used to obtain the concentration levels of radon/thoron and their daughters. Studies have reported of the total exposure of radon to human being indor radon accounts for more than 50%. So study of radon in different region gains significance. In this paper we have studied the indoor radon concentration in various localities of Chandigarh a union territory and capital town of Punjab, India. We also compared the result with all India radon concentration level and WHO/UNSCEAR effective dose limit.

In recent years, solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) have been used increasingly in variety of field ranging from archeology and geophysics to fission physics and space research. In nuclear physics their advantages lie in their small and flexible geometry, in their ability to withstand high temperature and in their being able to discriminate against high background of less ionizing radiation. When ionizing radiation falls on a SSNTDs detector it produces minute trails of damage (perhaps 10-100 A° in diameter) in a material whether by the thermal spike effect of more by ion explosion effect. We in this work irradiate CR-39 SSNTD detector sample by ion beam of ⁹³Nb with varied energy in the range 20 MeV to 1600 MeV. The damage trials produced were enlarged thousand times by subjecting the material to a suitable etching process (6N NaOH at 60°C Temperature). Then using continuous process of etching the maximum etchable track length was measured. Using well established SSNTD techniques the range and energy loss of the ion in polymer was calculated. The experimental result was then compared with theoretical data of SRIM and DEDXT programme. The theoretical data are in close agreement with our data.

PVC/PANI composites radiated with 75KGy of Gamma radiations were studied for their modifications in optical and structural properties as compared to the pristine polymer composites. The study of FTIR spectra of gamma radiated and pristine samples of polymer composite shows that the intensity of peaks decreases with gamma irradiation and at the same time shifts towards lower wave-number for pure PVC and its composites. It is further found that the water content has been reduced with Gamma irradiation and CO₂ was released. The UV-VIS spectra for PVC/PANI composites were studied after irradiation with 75KGy of Gamma radiation and compared with the pristine composites. It was observed that the direct band gap, indirect band gap and urbach's energy increases with gamma irradiation for pure PVC which may be attributed to increased cross linking in PVC due to irradiation. For other concentrations of PANI in composite the direct band gap, indirect band gap and urbach's energy is found to decrease with irradiation. PL studies of composite showed that with the addition of PANI the colour of emission has been found to shift towards yellow. After irradiation the emission colour has been found to shift towards white colour where as negligible effect has been found for composites with higher concentration of PANI.

Electron acceleration by an Inverse Free Electron Laser (IFEL) pulse in the presence of static magnetic field has been studied. With high intensity laser and plasma interaction, plasma wakefield can be excited which can be further utilized to accelerate injected electrons. Highly energetic laser interacting with plasma excites a wakefield in which injected relativistic electrons are trapped. The presence of static magnetic field provides the additional resonance to the trapped electrons, and the energy of laser is transferred to electrons effectively thereby, resulting in highly energetic electrons of higher energy gain.

Proper shielding from harmful ionizing radiations is a mandatory requirement in nuclear facilities owing to the harmful effects on radiation workers and general public in case of radiation exposure. The present work is aimed at the investigation of the shielding properties of the prepared glass system of chemical composition (83.5+x)Bi₂O₃-(0.6+x)Li₂O-0.1MnO₂-(15.8-2x)B₂O₃ (with x = 0, 0.7 and 1.4 wt.% coded as L5, L10 and L15 respectively), with respect to the Gamma-ray, Beta and fast neutron radiation. The Gamma-ray shielding property of the glass system was also compared with the most commonly used Barite concrete and commercially available shielding glass 'RS 253 G18'. Also, the neutron shielding properties was compared with common neutron shielding materials including Graphite, Boron Carbide and Polyethylene grains. An attempt was made in this study to select a better shielding material than the compared standard shielding materials. It is inferred that L15 glass sample is the best shield material for Gamma-rays, fast neutrons and also, for Beta radiation in the high energy region due to Bremsstrahlung, while in low energy region glass, L5 is better for Beta shielding.

in this paper, spherical silica nanoparticles were doped into a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) material. Dielectric studies were carried out in the frequency range of 20Hz-1MHz. Temperature and frequency dependent dielectric permittivity were investigated in the undoped and doped samples. It was observed that adding a small amount of SNPs, the permittivity increases ∼20% than pure FLC mixture. A Goldstone mode was observed in both pristine FLC and SNPs doped FLC samples. The relaxation frequency of detected mode was also observed at ∼570 Hz and ∼715 Hz for pristine FLC and doped samples respectively at 34°C. A single relaxation behaviour was also described in the form of Cole-Cole plot.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is everywhere from media coverage to general discussion, it is almost impossible to get away from AI. Its application varies from health care, education, defence services, game development, smart homes, smart medicines, automation industry and many more. AI in health care is carried out by both structured AI and unstructured AI. Many machine-learning models are used in the diagnostic field and medical recommendation. Lots of bio-inspired algorithms are making their impact in AI research field. Modern warfare now includes AI-enabled weapons and GPS guided missiles. Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of the implementation of Artificial Intelligence. Face recognition is already a commodity used by many customers, business, and government applications such as organizing your photos according to people, automatic tagging on social media etc. Similar techniques can be used to recognize other cars and obstacles around an autonomous car or to estimate wildlife populations in a forest. In this paper, we are going to discuss how AI applications are changing the life of an average human being by going into the depth of AI applications.

In this research work, the structural parameters of industrial technologically important CuBr_xI_1-x ternary alloy compound has been systematically accomplished through computational approach within the DFT parameters. For the compound CuBr_xI_1-x, the concentration of dopant has been taken in the range of 0 to 1. CRYSTAL code is the computational software has been used to scrutinize the consequence of dopant on structural parameters. A cutback has been witnessed in the lattice constant with the enlargement in cluster concentration of I into CuBr while the bulk modulus kept on increasing. The results obtained are in good coordination with the previous work done.

Structural properties of scandium chalcogenides, whichused in the production of high-performance magnets, rechargeable batteries, alloys, catalysts, electronics and glasses,have investigated in NaCl (B1) structure using first principle calculations. Exchange correlation scheme of PBE and Becke has been used. The lattice constant and bulk modulus have found using linear combination of atomic orbital method within CRYSTAL06 code. The lattice constant and bulk modulus of ScS, ScSe, and ScTe are reported. The results are found to be compatible with the available experimental and theoretical data of the samples.

The present paper analyzes the propagation of Rayleigh waves in a non-local micropolar thermoelastic half space with impedance boundary conditions. Dispersion equation of Rayleigh wave propagation with impedance boundary conditions is obtained and the effect of impedance and non local parameters are studied. Dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves for a micropolar thermoelastic half space with impedance boundary as well as traction free half-space is obtained as a particular case. The non-dimensional speed of Rayleigh wave is computed as a function of impedance parameters and presented graphically for a aluminum epoxy material. It is observed that non local and impedance parameters has significant effects on Rayleigh wave speed.

In this manuscript, a two-dimensional mathematical model consisting of forest biomass and industry is proposed and analyzed. In this dynamical system, the impact of the industry has been studied for the conservation of forests. It is assumed that industry consumes forests for its development and the government has a check on the industry to conserve biomass. The local stability and bifurcation analysis of the model have been studied. We have carried out the Hopf-bifurcation analysis by considering government control as a bifurcation parameter. All analytical results are properly validated by numerical simulation.

A graph pebbling is a combinatorial game played over a fixed graph and a pebbling move is the method of removing two pebbles from one endpoint and sets one pebble at the other endpoint, while the remaining pebble is dropped. A graph's rubbling number is the smallest number necessary to ensure that any vertex can be reached from any pebble distribution of pebbles. A vertex is reachable if a pebble can be placed using pebbling or rubbling moves. In this paper we have attempted to give a summary of how graph pebbling have undergone a lot of challenges to derive many strong results in proof complexity. A comprehensive review of the existing works in pebbling and rubbling is carried out in a sequential order.

In this paper, an induced connection on a Hyper surface ofa semi-almost Hermitian manifold equipped with a quarter-symmetric non-metric connection is studied and proved that induced connection is also a quarter-symmetricnon-metric connection.Further, we have obtained We ingarten equation, equation of Gauss curvature and the Codazzi Main ardiequation of hyper surface of a semi-almost Hermitian manifold equipped with a quarter-symmetric non-metric connection. AMS Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 53C07,53C26,53C42,53C55

A revised model is used to study Rayleigh-Bénard convection of a viscoelastic Oldroyd-B nanofluid layer with physically realistic boundary condition i.e. the flux of nanoparticle volume fraction is zero on the boundaries. Combined behaviours of thermophoretic effects and Brownian motions due to the presence of nanoparticles is emphasized. It is found that for the case of Oldroyd-B nanofluids oscillatory convection sets in before stationary convection. For stationary convection viscoelastic nanofluid acts just as a Newtonian nanofluid due to the absence of viscoelastic parameters in the expression of thermal Rayleigh number. Interestingly, oscillatory motions come into existence due to viscoelasticity of the Oldroyd-B fluid. Further, the stress relaxation parameter hastens the onset of oscillatory convection while strain retardation parameter has the effect of postponing it. Behaviour of parameters under consideration is numerically seen using the software Mathematica. The critical frequency of oscillation as a function of strain retardation parameter for various values of physical parameters is computed and its effect on the stability of the system is depicted graphically.

In this paper, we analyze a cosmological situation proposing a variation law in which a simple linear function of Hubble's parameter that is the deceleration parameter provides the scale factor a as $a={e}^{\frac{1}{\beta }\sqrt{2\beta t+k}}$ (where β, k are constants). We got the cosmological models in which the Universe begins from a non-solitary state and grows exponentially with infinite time t till late occasions. The deceleration parameter in the model is observed to be time subordinate. The deceleration parameter in the model is found to be time dependent. It is seen that this parameter shows the development from initial decelerating period to the present accelerating period of expansion. The deceleration parameter supplies the biggest value and the fastest rate at which the universe is expanding. The cosmological term ∧ approaches to zero when t approaches to infinite.

A finite planning horizon supply chain model is discussed for materials substances such as metals, ceramics, or plastics manufactured which is deteriorating in nature. Parameter such as holding cost and all the other cost are fuzzyfied. Triangular fuzzy numbers are used for the fuzzyfication of parameters. Defuzzyfication of the model is done using total -integral value. We also have used Graded Mean Representation method to defuzzify the model. Later the comparison between the two defuzzyfied model is presented and conclusion is drawn.

In this paper, the difference sequence space has been introduced using the infinite matrices. Some particular matrices are used to defined and study the sequence spaces such as the Kothe matrix. The results about the Kothe spaces, Frechet spaces and Banach-Kothe spaces are also discussed in this paper.

This paper explained and defined the notion of regular weakly-star closed (briefly known as rw*-closed) sets in alexandroff spaces in which every point has a minimal neighbourhood. We discuss the characterizations and study their properties based on set theory along with the notion of rw*-open sets.

This paper develops a decision support system for multi-factor based energy plant installation in various locations. As, the conditions to implement an energy plant in different locations varies a lot, therefore, based on these conditions specific type of power generation plant should be installed. But, because of environmental sustainability, social, and economical issues, some restrictions are imposed in building all types of power plants in every location which may create difficulties to satisfy the demand of energy for those locations. Thus, there must be a suitable methodology to decide the most appropriate power generation plant to be installed in the most appropriate place. In this respect, this paper develops an efficient process for building the most appropriate energy production plant based on intuitionistic fuzzy logic. The study is inspired by Sanchez's approach which was initiated to diagnose some medical conditions. The Sanchez's method is adopted here and utilized to obtain the degree of membership functions to choose the proper location for the proper plant. The entire methodology was illustrated with the algorithm and flowchart. To validate the model, data of seven Indian states are collected from several sources. The study concluded that the proposed methodology can obtain the degrees of appropriateness which specifies how much a specific power plant is suitable to be implemented in a particular location.

In this paper, numerical solution of one dimensional Gray-Scott equation is obtained using Lagrange Polynomial with Differential Quadrature Method (DQM). After using DQM the considered equation converted into set of ODEs which further can be solved using Range-Kutta method. The efficiency and accuracy of the method is to be checked by using L_∞ and L₂ errors. The obtained numerical results are shown with help of 2D and 3D figures.

The objective of this paper is to study pairwise open cover and pairwise compactness in hyperspace of a bitopological space, named as bihypertopological space. Various results, analogous to results of compactness in traditional topology, are obtained for bihypertopological space. We also investigate relation between pairwise compactness in bihypertopological space and pairwise compactness in the original bitopological space.

This work deals with "the dynamic analysis of Two-dimensional M/M/1 queuing model with reneging and multiple vacations". Customers renege according to negative exponential distribution. Dynamic aspect is more appropriate in understanding the behaviour of the system. Two dimensions represent respectively the number of arrivals at, and departure from, the system at a given time. The system starts with "i units at the time "t=0".Allowing server to take vacationmakes queuing model more feasible in studying the waiting time system appropriately. For example in ticket booking counter, messages to be delivered, patients form queue to have appointments before the clinic open or arrival of doctor. The solution for this model is obtained recursively with the help of Laplace transformation and results are achieved_without involving complex functions.

This paper discusses a two-state multiserver retrial queueing system with balking. Entering customer is admitted to join any idle server and receive his service immediately. On the other hand, if all the servers are busy, then the entering customer joins the orbit or balks from the system. Arrival of primary calls and repetition of repeating calls both follow Poisson distribution. Service times of each server follow exponential distribution. By solving the difference-differential equations recursively, we obtained transient probabilities of exact number of arrivals and exact number of departures at when all some or none servers are busy. Results for particular cases are also discussed.

Let G be a graph on n vertices. A bijective function f : V (G) → {1, 2,...,n} is said to be a prime labeling if for every e = xy, GCD{f (x),f (y)} = 1. A graph which permits a prime labeling is a "prime graph". On the other hand, a graph G is a prime distance graph if there is an injective function g : V(G) → Z (the set of all integers) so that for any two vertices s & t which are adjacent, the integer |g(s) – g(t)| is a prime number and g is called a prime distance labeling of G. A graph G is a prime distance graph (PDL) iff there exists a "prime distance labeling" (PDL) of G. In this paper, we obtain the prime labeling and prime distance labeling of certain classes of graphs.

Queuing networks are current area of great research and application interest, in view of their increased applicability in - modelling manufacturing facilities and computer/communication networks, production and assembly lines, hospitals, transport systems, banks and so forth. The present paper develops and analyses a tandem queuing model having two nodes with feedback. Such type of model finds its application in many fields, e.g. telecommunication, inventory, hospitals, traffic control and so on. For example, in hospitals, a patient first visits the doctor and goes through a series of examinations, after which he revisits the doctor for medication. The inter-arrival time is exponentially distributed, whereas the service rate for each node depends on the aggregate of customers in the respective queues and thus follows non-homogeneous Poisson process. After constructing the difference –differential equations, and using PGF technique, we have obtained the joint probability distribution for queue size. Some key measures such as the "average number of customers in queue", "utilization time of each queue", "average waiting time in each queue" are computed.

In the present paper Hyperbolic B-Spline based Differential Quadrature Method is proposed to solve the Non-Linear Fisher's Reaction-Diffusion Equation numerically. By using the proposed method, the governing partial differential equation is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations and then SSP-RK43 scheme is implemented. Accuracy of the proposed method is checked by using discrete root mean square norm (L₂) and maximum error norm(L_∞). A comparison has been made of proposed numerical scheme with the previous numerical schemes already present in the literature. The noteworthy point here is that the proposed numerical scheme is easy to use and indicates some better results.

The present study deals with the analysis of various parameters in view of reliability for a manufacturing plant namely rice manufacturing plant, for considered conditions as well as availability during the season for the regenerating Markov model. The Laplace transformation has been used to simplify and for the explicit expressions of Availability, Reliability, MTTF. The numerical illustrations have been carried out for the data available in the literature. The profit analysis, sensitivity analysis carried out for the considered model.

Yellow fever is a vector borne disease caused by infected mosquitoes. It is a life threatening disease which is endemic in many parts of the world. Continuous efforts to eradicate and minimize the disease burden are being done using theoretical and statistical models. In this paper, we have considered a mathematical model for transmission of yellow fever for human and mosquito populations. Vaccination and insect repellent are introduced in the model as control measures. Stability analysis for disease free equilibrium is being done. The threshold parameter, that is, reproduction number is calculated which will predict the direction in which disease can be eliminated.

A mathematical framework is put forward to study the combined effect of acid and toxic metal on plant population growth with delay. It is supposed that the rate at which the nutrient is taken up by the plant from the soil is adversely affected in the excessive availability of acid and toxic metal. It is also observed that the concentration of nutrient and the plant population density decreases due to the presence of acid and toxic metal. This effect is shown by considering the delay in state variable: favourable resources. The stability of the system gets disturbed by the introduction of delay parameter. For the critical value of delay parameter, Hopf bifurcation is also seen. The sensitivity of model solutions for different values of model parameters is established using sensitivity analysis. MATLAB code is used for simulation.

Road bumps are one of the traffic calming tool installed on the roads to control the speed of the vehicles, to avoid accidents and help pedestrians to cross the road. Road bumps should be set up keeping in the mind the various factors such as location type, traffic type, population density, and others. Work was done on the various types of road bumps mainly conical-shaped road bumps and usage of the Fourier series which is effective for periodic shaped bumps. In this paper, we are going to use the Laplace transform which is effective not only on the periodic type of the road bumps but also on the complex structures of road bumps and will study it on the hollow rectangular shaped road bumps. We will find the parameters especially effective distance between the two consecutive road bumps and displacement caused to the vehicle which would help in the designing of the road bumps so that vehicle could move safely over the bumps and least damage could be caused to it and travellers inside it.

The present problem is a precise approach for the investigation of Love type waves propagation in a new geometric scheme, which consist a dry sandy layer resting over an isotropic elastic half-space. An analytical approach has been used to derive secular equation for the propagation of Love type waves. Dispersion equation for Love type waves is derived in the given geometry by considering that upper dry sandy layer is imperfectly bonded to lower isotropic half-space. The effects of various parameters such as sandiness parameter, imperfect interface and thickness of the layer are presented on the propagation of Love type waves through graphical representations.

In this paper, we have obtained the infinite sum obtained from the reciprocals of Jacobsthal polynomial and Jacobsthal-Lucas polynomial. Also, we have obtained some inequalities involving the infinite sum of reciprocals of squares of Jacobsthal polynomial and Jacobsthal-Lucas polynomial.

In this paper, we have introduced a new generalization of Jacobsthal polynomial (bi-periodic Jacobsthal polynomial), have obtained Binet's formula, generating function, well-known Cassini's, Catalan's and d'Ocagne's Identities and some more results related to this polynomial.

Time series display irregular patterns and self-similar microstructures usually termed as fractals over a period of time, depending on several factors like climate, season, market fluctuations, growth cycles etc. Various methods are developed in mathematical modeling to investigate such trends in the time series. Black carbon is one of the major air pollutants released during several mining activities having dangerous effect on climate and human health. In this paper we aim to study the behavioral pattern and trends in the time series of black carbon concentration over the three major coal mines of India namely Raniganj, Jharia and Bokaro considering a long term time series data of past 38 years using regression and fractal dimensional analysis of black carbon between the major coal mines with the help statistical tools like Hurst exponent, predictability index and trend percent. In this comparative study it is observed that the time series display anti persistent behavior with positive and large variation then the past time. The results and comparisons obtained will be helpful in studying the behavior and trends in the concentration of black carbon over the coal mines regions. The significance of the study will be helpful to gather the interest of researcher's, NGO's and government towards the black carbon concentration over the coal mines so that preventive measures and new policies be framed to keep a check on black carbon concentration in these areas.

Let G (V, E), or simply G, be a graph. A set S ⊆ V is said to be a power dominating set (PDS) if every vertex u ∈ V − S is observed by certain vertices in S by the following two rules: (a) if a vertex v in G is in PDS, then it dominates itself and all the adjacent vertices of v and (b) if an observed vertex v in G has k > 1 adjacent vertices and if k − 1 of these vertices are already observed, then the remaining one non-observed vertex is also observed by v in G. A power dominating set S ⊆ V in G is said to be an equitable power dominating set (EPDS), if for every vertex v ∈ V − S there exists an adjacent vertex u ∈ S such that |d(u) − d(v)| ≤ 1, where d(u) and d(v) represents the degree of u and degree of v, respectively. The minimum cardinality of an EPDS of G is called the equitable power domination number (EPDN) of G, denoted by γ_epd(G). The vertices and edges of G are called elements. Two elements of G are neighbors if they are either incident or adjacent in G. The total graph T(G) has vertex set V(G) ∪ E(G) and two vertices of T(G) are adjacent whenever they are neighbors in G. In this paper, we obtain the EPDN of the total graph of certain graphs.

This article presents a short and concise survey on prime cordial and divisor cordial labeling of graphs. A prime cordial labeling of a graph G(V,E) is a bijective function f:V(G) → {1,2,...,|V|} such that if each edge xy is assigned the label 1 if gcd(f(x),f(y)) = 1 and 0 if gcd(f(x),f(y)) > 1, then the number of edges labeled with 0 and the number of edges labeled with 1 differ by at most 1. Further, a divisor cordial labeling of G is a bijection g: V(G) → {1,2,...,|V|} such that an edge st is assigned the label 1 if one g(s) or g(t) divides the other and 0 otherwise, then the number of edges labeled with 0 and the number of edges labelled with 1 differ by at most 1. We call G a divisor cordial graph if it admits a divisor cordial labeling. This article stands divided into five sections. The first and fifth sections are reserved respectively for introduction and some important references. The second section deals with the prime cordial labeling of certain classes of graphs wherein some important known results have been recalled. The third section deals with the divisor cordial labeling of graphs in which a few known results of high interest have been outlined. In the fourth section we highlight certain conjectures and open problems in respect of the above mentioned labelling that still remain unsolved.

The aim of aforementioned paper is to investigate the terminal reliability, mean time to failure and sensitivity analysis for a thermal power plant based on minimizing Boolean expression approach. A thermal power plant be expressed by four major subsystems namely conveyer, boiler, turbine and generator arranged in mixed configuration. Conveyer and boiler both individually have two units in parallel redundancy. Throughout the task thermal power plant may work in basically three different states namely good, degraded and failed state. The various results regarding reliability, mean time to failure (MTTF) and sensitivity analysis are authenticated with the help of graphs.

An assignment of labels (mostly, integers) to the vertices of a graph G(V,E), or simply G, on n vertices subject to certain constraints is called a vertex labeling of G. A graph G is a divisor graph if the vertices of G can be labeled with integers (necessarily distinct) in such a way that either x|y or y|x for any two adjacent vertices x and y. In this paper, we encounter the divisor labeling of certain classes of graphs.

This article presents a short and concise survey on prime graphs. The field of graph theory plays a vital role in various fields. One of the important areas in graph theory is graph labeling used in many applications like "coding theory, x - ray crystallography, radar, astronomy, circuit design, communication network addressing, and data base management". An assignment of integers to the vertices or edges or to both of a graph G(V,E) subject to certain constraints is called a graph labeling. The notion of "prime labeling" was originated by Entringer and considered in a paper by Tout, Dabboucy, and Howalla. A bijection f:V(G) → {1,2,3,...,|V|} is called a prime labeling of G if for each edge e = st, GCD(f(s),f(t)) = 1. where GCD denotes the greatest common divisor. We call G a prime graph if it admits a prime labeling. This article stands divided into six sections. The first and sixth sections are reserved respectively for introduction and a few important references. Sections 2, 3, and 4, respectively deal with the prime labeling of certain classes of graphs such as path, cycle, complete graph, complete bipartite graph, bipartite graphs, join and product graphs, wheel related graphs etc. wherein some known results of high importance have been recalled. The fifth section deals with the enumeration of conjectures and open problems in respect of prime labeling that still remain unsolved.

This paper focuses on a latest approach to study the diabetes mellitus. A new mathematical model of all glucose-insulin interactions is proposed by the incorporation of time delay. Then the mathematical model is formulated, and after that the analysis of the model is discussed. In order to confirm the theoretical results, we carried out the numerical simulations. Computer simulations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed work. Also, the behaviour of proposed mathematical model for different values of time delay will be shown.

In this paper, a mathematical model of Indian populace is investigated. For this, a secondary data of the Indian populace has been collected from IDB (International Data Base) of the years from 1960 (inclusive). Also, we will deduce the expected populace of India up to the year 2060 by the using the least square method. Then, we will represent this populace in form of graphs using MATLAB. Also, we will find out the carrying capacity of future Indian populace. Finally we will find out the effect of this populace on India.

This article presents a short survey on 3-equitable and divisor 3-equitable labeling of graphs. For any graph G(V,E) and k > 0, assign vertex labels from {0,1,..., k − 1} such that when the edge labels induced by the absolute value of the difference of the vertex labels, the number of vertices labeled with i and the number of vertices labeled with j differ by at most one and the number of edges labeled with i and the number of edges labeled with j differ by at most one. We call a graph G with such an assignment of labels k –equitable. When k = 3, it becomes a 3-equitable labeling. In 2019, Sweta Srivastav et al. introduced the notion of divisor 3-equitable labeling of graphs. A bijection f: V(G) → {1, 2, ...,n} induces a function f':E(G) → {0,1,2} defined by for each edge e = xy, (i) f'(e) = 1 if f(x)|f(y) or f(y)|f(x), (ii) f'(e) = 2 if f(x)/f(y) = 2 or f(y)/f(x) = 2, and (iii) f'(e) = 0 otherwise such that $|{e}_{{f}^{^{\prime} }}(i)-{e}_{{f}^{^{\prime} }}(j)|\le 1$ for all 0 ≤ i,j ≤ 2. A graph which admits a divisor 3-equitable labeling is called a divisor 3-equitable graph. This article stands divided into five sections. The first and fifth sections are reserved respectively for introduction and some important references. The second section deals with the 3-equitable labeling of graphs wherein some important known results have been recalled. The third section deals with the divisor 3-equitable labeling of graphs wherein a few known results have been outlined. In the fourth section we highlight certain conjectures and open problems in respect of the above mentioned labeling that still remain unsolved.

Escalation in pollution and contamination of the aquatic bodies is one of the alarming issues in recent times. Discharge of agricultural and industrial effluents into the water bodies is deteriorating the quality of water. Further, acid rain and pollutants washed off from land directly into water bodies lead to increase in acidity of water. These phenomena cause a decline in dissolved oxygen level of water, thus, threatening the survival of aquatic organisms. A non-linear mathematical model has been proposed to investigate the effect of toxicity and acidity on a prey-predator system wherein the predator is assumed to be completely dependent on prey for food. Also, it is assumed that rise in water acidity and toxicity develops impairments and infection in the lower level of food chain i.e. prey, which has indirect detrimental consequences for the growth and survival of the higher level of food chain i.e. predator due to consumption of prey by predator in the feeding process. Stability analysis of the model has been carried out and stability conditions have been derived taking into account all parameters of the proposed model. Numerical simulations are performed using MATLAB to support the analytical results obtained.

In this paper, we introduce a new class of generalized closed sets namely Pre weakly generalized closed sets in topological space, which lies between Closed sets and Weakly Generalized Closed sets. We also investigate and study their fundamental properties and generalize the results with other defined classes of generalized closed sets.

In this paper, we prove coincidence point for two pair of mappings satisfying (CLR_ST)- property with the help C-class function, altering distance function and ultra altering distance function in the framework of b-metric spaces. Moreover, we also attain unique common fixed point for two weakly compatible pairs. Various results can also be derived from our main result in the frame of metric spaces.

A novel technique i.e. Accelerated Adomian Decomposition method is used for the solution of system of nonlinear equations. This method has been explored by including a new form of Adomian polynomial for handling the nonlinear terms present in the equations. The technique has been tested for some examples and the outcome exhibit reliability and efficiency of the proposed methods.

The main objective of the manufacture industry is to acquire the maximum profit by minimizing the production cost and maximization of the selling price of the different products fabricated by them. After accomplishment of the optimal value for the production cost the industry focuses on maximizing the selling price of items. However, the competitiveness and uncertainty of the market, the supplier sells their products of discrete selling prices. Therefore, their profit is fluctuated. Such situations to find the optimization of the profit is the main issue of the firm and such destruction can be mitigated with the help of fuzzy linear programming problem. In FLP coefficients of the objective function, constraint variables and the solution values are represented by fuzzy numbers. In this paper, proposed a newly constructed triangular fuzzy numbers (TFN∼τ1) which represent the various realistic circumstances for the selling prices of the various items of manufacturers and then TFN∼τ2 based on TFN∼τ1 is constructed which shows the all possible states of the profit received accordingly numerous sell prices industry might be earned. The data of "R.P.S entrepreneur Jalandhar" is taken which manufacture special types of pipe fitting items with particular sizes according to the demand in Punjab region. We constructed the general structure of the FLP to obtain all attainable bound of the optimal values using newly constructed TFNs. After that a comparative study of the optimal FLP to achieve the membership grades in all conceivable latitude.

It is an accepted and well examined practice in cosmology to invoke a suitable form of scalar field with potential V(φ) when the observed evolution of the universe cannot be reconciled with theoretical believes. In this article we investigate the role a class of scalar fields in cosmology under minimal and maximal coupling with background matter. We further analyze the dynamical behavior of scalar fields through its scaling solutions by considering their constant equation of state parameter.

Morphometric analysis forms the basis for planning water and soil conservation treatments in a watershed. Geospatial topology based morphometric analysis in Dholbaha watershed, located in the Kandi region of Punjab, was carried out using the IRS data of LISS IV, Cartoset-1 merged satellite data, ASTER DEM and ArcGIS-10.2 software. As per topology, Dholbaha watershed is the 5th order watershed. Out of all the 279 streams identified, 213 are of 1st order and one 5^th order stream. The total stream length is found to be 191.73 kms. The dendritic drainage pattern is found with stream frequency of 4.67 no./km² and mean bifurcation ratio of 3.9. Both length as well as number of streams decrease with the increase in the order of streams. Topological model indicates lesser effect of geological structure on the drainage pattern of the watershed. Drainage density of watershed (3.21 km/km²) reflects the closeness of spacing in channels with permeable sub strata. Fine drainage texture (7.34 no./km) and large length of the overland flow (150 m) in watershed resulted into high peaked hydrographs and high sheet erosion in the watershed. The circularity ratio, form factor and elongation ratio of the watershed 0.412, 0.51 and 0.72, respectively indicate that watershed is less elongated in shape, associated with medium to high relief, having moderately permeable sub-soil conditions resulting in moderate peak discharge, and moderate runoff volume resulting in high soil erosion. The watershed requires urgent conservation measures to control siltation of the reservoir.

This work is an attempt to solve the inverse problem on fractional Fisher's equation. A method comprising of Lubich's approach to discretize the time fractional derivative and differential quadrature method with modified B-spline basis function to approximate the space derivatives is proposed to find the numerical solution of the equation. A stable numerical solution is obtained for this problem and then a comparison is made with the existing results. The obtained results are presented in form of tables and figures. The proposed method can be applied to similar fractional equations.

Mathematically, special functions are functions defined on R or C and they possess not only series representations, but also integral representations. In the study of boundary value problems and special functions, Fourier series for generalized hypergeometric functions plays a vital role. The role of certain double Fourier series of generalized hypergeometric functions in the improvement of the theories of boundary value problems of dimension two and special functions can not be denied. In this paper, looking into the importance of Fourier series we have derived two integrals involving A-Function. Then we have used these integrals along with orthogonal property of Jacobi Polynomials to find the required Fourier Series.

In this paper the differential quadrature method, using cubic B-spline basis function is applied to get numerical solution for the unsteady flow of two immiscible micro polar and Newtonian fluids through a horizontal channel. This numerical technique is not only subsequently easy to enforce but also inexpensive in phrases of data complexity. The two immiscible micro-polar and Newtonian fluids were taken into account as combined partial differential equations. For fluid velocity and micro rotation regarding different fluid parameter sets, empirical outcomes are obtained. The analysis of results is discussed in three situations, with constant, periodic and decreasing pressure gradient. The effects of admissible fluid parameters i.e. Reynolds number, ratio of viscosities, micro polarity parameter and time on fluid velocities, micro rotation and volume flow rate have been illustrated through graphs. The outcomes in terms of volume flow rate across the channel for fluid velocities with different fluid parameters are addressed.

The performance of Solar Air heaters can be enhanced by placing ribs of different geometries over the absorber plate which increases turbulence and thereby increasing its heat transfer and friction factor characteristics. It has been reported by various researchers that Double pass solar air heaters are more efficient than single pass solar air heaters in terms of its Thermal performance. It is also reported that using discrete ribs over the absorber plate in place of continuous ribs gives more heat transfer. The present paper gives us the details of various artificial roughness provided over the absorber plate to increase turbulence. This paper gives a brief overview of various researches done on Single as well as Double pass solar air heaters in terms of its Thermal and Thermohydraulic efficiencies along with Nusselt Number and Friction Factor enhancement.

Presences of antibiotics in water bodies have received widespread attention due to their potential toxicity. In this study, adsorption efficiency of synthesized beads was investigated, which were prepared by using chitosan, almond and walnut shell powder. The properties of the beads were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The functioning of beads was attributed towards its antibiotic adsorption. To study the effect of dosage, pH, initial concentration and time on antibiotic adsorption, a batch adsorption experiment was conducted. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also studied. The adsorption isotherm experimental data is aligned with Langmuir for AWC (50% almond shell: 25% walnut shell: 25% chitosan) and CAW (50% chitosan: 25% almond shell: 25% walnut shell) beads. Whereas, WAC (50% walnut: 25% almond shell: 25% chitosan) beads follow Freundlich isotherm. The experimental data was fitted by pseudo-second order. In this study, Low initial concentration of beads was promising material for antibiotic adsorption from contaminated water.

The study was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (As, Cd,Cr and Pb) and their effect on the antioxidant level and activity in vegetables Raphanus sativus, Spinacea oleracea, Brassica oleracea and Lycopersicum esculentum irrigated with heavy metal loaded waste water of Buddha Nullah. The results of the study revealed bioaccumulation of heavy metals in vegetables and the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants, ascorbic acid and proline and enzymatic antioxidants, catalase and peroxidase was found to be much higher in waste water irrigated vegetables in comarison to the level of bioaccumulation of heavy metals as well as antioxidants in same vegetables irrigated with normal borewell water as control. This indicates that heavy metals induce oxidative stress (ROS) in the plants at cellular level and to nullify the toxic effect these heavy metals the cell mechanism increase the production and activity of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants.

In present work study of biologically important heterocycles such as 4H-1,4-benzothzine and substituted piperazine was carried out. Reaction mixture of substituted 4H-1,4-Benzothiazine and piperazine was examined for their importance as biopharmaceutical material such as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Current research article based on fundamental concept of green chemistry best out of waste.

Drug delivery system composed of mesoporous silica nanoparticles suffers from many drawbacks. Out of many challenges, two major challenges in drug delivery through mesoporous silica nanoparticles, are premature leakage and fast release of the drug molecules. Because of these, most of the time, efficiency of the drug delivery system become very low. In this work, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have been modified using zeolitic imidazole framework through formation of a hybrid system. An anticancer drug Doxorubicin was encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Two zeolitic imidazole frameworks, ZIF-7 and ZIF-8 were prepared and used to form composite with mesoporous silica nanoparticles. The composites were characterized using scanning electron microscope, confocal laser scanning microscope, bright field imaging, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis. BET surface analysis was conducted to understand the pore size, pore volume and surface area of the composite materials. The drug delivery study was conducted under pH stimuli as well as in present of liposome. The bare MSN were found to release the drug within 2-3 hours at pH∼4 and in presence of liposome. But both the composites were found to control the drug release over a period of 12 hours at pH∼4 and over a period of 7 hours in presence of liposome, which are almost 4 times slower release than bare mesoporous silica nanoparticles. This indicates that composite system has enough control on the drug release over the conventional drug delivery through bare mesoporous silica nanoparticles. This phenomenon was explained based on that, the ZIF frameworks act as a shield against the external stimuli and protects the bare silica from contact with the external agent and results in slower drug release. But in case of bare silica due to the absence of this kind of protection, drug release becomes very fast under acidic conditions.

Possibilities of 4H,1-4Benzothiazine synthesis by the reaction of Ceric ammonium nitrate, Ethyl acetoacetate, 2-Aminobenzenethiol were carried out in present work. Reaction mixture also studied for biological activities for example antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and found active material. Present work confirmed that waste material of reactions mixtures can be utilized as potential pharmaceutical material and treated as new ecofriendly way for waste management of chemical reactions incorporated with green chemistry approach: "Best out of waste".

The effect of co-doping of Zn²⁺/Zr⁴⁺ ions on surface morphology, structure and magnetic properties of BaZn_xZr_xFe_12-2xO₁₉ (x=0.00, 0.20,0.40,0.60,0.80, 1.00) synthesized using Pechini method has been investigated. XRD data reveals that the samples are phase pure and have no intermittent phase. The c/a parameter is <3.98 for all samples implying that they are M-type hexaferrites. The grain size increases with an increase in the composition of Zn²⁺/Zr⁴⁺ dopant seen using FE-SEM micrographs. The local crystal structure distortion with increasing Zn²⁺/Zr⁴⁺ dopant composition is confirm by Raman measurements. M vs H plots reveal that all the samples shows magnetic ordering. The highest M_s value has been noticed to be 68.43 emu/g in x=0.20 sample. The H_c value varies from 5350 Oe to 763 Oe with increase in dopant concentration. These materials have strong potential in magnetic recording applications.

Xanthine is produced by guanine deaminase and xanthine oxidase from guanine and hypoxanthine, respectively. It serves as an indicator of spoilage of meat and various pathological conditions. An optical biosensor has been fabricated for the detection of xanthine by absorption transmission approach. The bioassay principle used in this study is conversion of xanthine to uric acid and H₂O₂ by XO. Due to the production of uric acid, pH of the reaction decreases and falls in range of 7.5 - 6. The absorptive dye phenol red has been screened to visualize the change in colour. The coimmobilization of XO and dye phenol red indicator was done with sol-gel method onto the circular plastic discs for the development of biosensor. Volume of sample required for detection has been miniaturized to 10μl. The linear range of concentration and limit of detection were 0.5μM – 150μM and 0.5 μM respectively, have been achieved for xanthine. The designed biosensor was successfully employed for the detection of xanthine in chicken meat sample. Present study leads to the development of a fast and dependable biosensor with miniaturized sample volume and also mass scale screening possible through colour visualization.

The present work focus on the study of thermodynamical parameters of micellization of surfactant in the presence of altered concentrations of the ionic liquid. The conductivity measurement has been done to study the aggregation behavior of mixed system of SDS and ionic liquid [C₃mim][Br] at various concentrations (0.04, 0.08 and 0.12 weight percent of IL) and temperatures break reserved for 5K from 298.15 K - 308.15 K. The measured data of conductivity have been employed to know the CMC. Thermodynamical parameters of aggregation such as standard Gibb's free energy of micellization, standard enthalpy and entropy of micellization determined and discussed. Outcomes have been elucidated in terms of the impact of IL on the micellization process of the sodium dodecylsulphate.

Surfactants can be considered as an important class of chemical species having a polar head and non-polar tail, which make it capable to be utilized in many industrial formulations such as coatings, paints, lubricants, and cosmetics, etc. Also, ionic liquids, which are actually molten salts, are also having many useful properties such as negligible vapor pressure, high thermal stability, etc. They can modify the physiological as well as aggregation properties of conventional surfactants according to our desire. The mixtures of ionic liquids with a surfactant are found to be better systems for many industrial applications than individual ones. Thus the micellization behavior of sodium tetradecyl sulfate STS is investigated in the presence of 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C₃mim][Br] in aqueous media. For this, ionic liquid 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C₃mim][Br] is synthesized in our lab. Then the conductivity measurement is done to determine the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of sodium tetradecyl sulfate STS in the absence and presence of (0.02, 0.05 and 0.1) wt. %, of 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [C₃mim][Br] in aqueous medium at three different temperatures i.e. (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K. The results are then utilized to find the thermodynamic parameters of micellization such as, standard free energy of micellization, standard enthalpy of micellization, and standard entropy of micellization, which are important to understand the driving force behind the process of micellization.

In this report, the influence of addition of different wt. % of drug chloramphenicol on the aggregation phenomenon of 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (SAIL) has been extensively examined using conductometric technique at temperatures 298.15K, 308.15K, 318.15K. Utilising the values obtained from conductance measurements, the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and degree of dissociation (α) for the micelles formed in the temperature range of 298.15-318.15K at different wt. % of drug chloramphenicol in the medium have been achieved. The various thermodynamic parameters (ΔG_m⁰, ΔH_m⁰, ΔS_m⁰) of micellization were evaluated by conductivity measurements. Effect of additive (drug) on the aggregation behavior of the ionic liquid have been discussed.

At present work, the interaction of amphiphilic drug promazine hydrochloride (PMZ) with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and imipramine hydrochloride (IMH) with anionic surfactant dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (AOT) in the absence and presence of 50 mmol.kg⁻¹ inorganic salt is investigated in aqueous medium at different temperatures. For this, conductometric measurements were carried out to evaluate the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of drug and surfactant. Ideal critical micelle concentration (CMC ^id) and interaction parameter (β) has also been evaluated. The deviations obtained in values of CMC and CMC ^id indicate the interaction between drug and surfactant. Other micellar mole fraction parameters such as X₁^Rub (Rubingh), X₁^Mot (Motomura), X₁^Rd (Rodenas) and X₁^ideal (ideal mole fraction) are also evaluated based on different proposed models. Other thermodynamic parameters of micellization such as, standard free energy of micellization $(\Delta{G}_{m}^{\circ })$, standard enthalpy of micellization $(\Delta{H}_{m}^{\circ })$, and standard entropy of micellization $(\Delta{S}_{m}^{\circ })$ are also evaluated based upon the equations already present in literature to understand the interactions prevailing in the studied systems.

Densities (ρ) and ultrasonic speeds (u) of the binary liquid mixtures of Tripropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (TPGMME) and 1-haptanol have been measured as a function of composition at temperature range of 288.15 to 318.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The measurements have been carried out using an Anton Paar density and speed of sound analyser DSA 5000. Thermodynamic properties like excess molar volumes, isentropic compressibility and molar isentropic compressibility have been calculated by using densities and speed of sound data at various temperatures. Value for excess molar volume is positive for (TPGMME) and 1-haptanol over the entire mole fraction range, and increase with increasing temperature.

The present study aims to investigate the molecular interactions of surface active ionic liquid (IL), 1-pentadecyl-3 methyl imidazolium bromide [C₁₅mim]Br with drug chloramphenicol in aqueous solution. For this the conductivity measurements have been employed to indicate [C₁₅mim]Br –chloramphenicol interactions. The evaluation of Micellar and interfacial parameters such as critical micelle concentration and various thermodynamic parameters such as standard free energy of micellization, standard entropy of micellization and standard enthalpy of micellization has been carried out.

Conductive PPY/Starch (PS) composites were prepared at varying temperature by insitu polymerization method. These polymerized materials were subjected to various studies viz. UV-Vis, FTIR, and XRD to study their effective interaction with each other. The impact of polymerization temperature on the optical conductivity of all the fabricated materials and individual components were studied, these studies shows the increased amount of conductive PPY in the composites leads towards higher optical conductivity of fabricated composites. The PPY/Starch composite synthesized at 0±1°C was observed to have the optical band gap of 4.9 eV and optical conductivity of ∼2.8×10⁸ S⁻¹ at 290 nm, which is decent for a material to be used as an optical conductive and hence the proposed material find its application in diverse field of energy storage.

Piperazine based compounds are gaining more attention in today's research as the piperazine nucleus is found in many biologically active compounds. Substitution in nitrogen atom of piperazine with a suitable fragment containing donor atoms, make it unique for versatile binding possibilities with metal ion. Piperazine derived ligands and their metal complexes have shown applications in different fields like antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihistaminic, anticancer, DNA binding and protein binding, catalyst in ring opening polymerization (ROP), etc. Metal-organic framework derived from piperazine based ligands has also been reported in the literature. This paper presents the synthesis, and characterization of a series of piperazine based ligands. The asymmetrical ligands have been synthesized by cyclization of bis-chloroethyl amine with suitable amine. Some of the representative metal complexes are also synthesized and characterized.

Polystyrene (PS) being a non-biodegradable polymer is brought under application over the world in many ways in our day-to-day life to make it easy however it generates an enormous challenge to the components of our environment viz. soil, water, air etc. thus leading to health issues in humans and other living components of earth. This review details and compares the fabrication, application and suitability of various composites of PS with biodegradable materials viz. starch, bagasse lignin, fibers, etc. as to combat the hazardous impact of PS to environment and its valuable constituents. These biodegradable materials not only modify the PS physically but also it affects the composition which enables these composite materials to be acceptable for consumption without spoiling nature. The numerous compositions are studied for their diverse applications and biodegradability. The listed composites express the route to curtail the impacts of hazardous synthetic polymers from the environment and thus paving the path for secure and harmless future for coming generation.

An attempt was taken to prepare polyaniline (PANI) using chemical oxidative polymerization method with surfactant i.e sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) followed by treating with HCI and NH₄OH dopants. Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) techniques were used for the characterization studies. The electrical conductivity of polyaniline was measured using two probe method. Raman spectroscopy results confirm the formation of an emeraldine oxidation state of PANI. Thermal analysis of polyaniline up to 700°C was investigated using thermo gravimetric analysis technique.

Antibiotics have been used for the treatment of microbial infections over several decades for both human and animals. However, these antibiotics are classified as potent pollutants due to their increasing overuse. Amoxicillin is one of the most frequently used antibiotics and its bioaccumulation in the food chain can threaten the human health. Herein, we show the adsorption activity of amoxicillin from aqueous solution using graphene oxide/calcium alginate composite, which is easy to operate, low-cost material. The composite has been characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR, SEM. The adsorption properties of amoxicillin were investigated through several parameters including the solution pH, the absorbent does, the initial concentration. Finally, a mechanism of adsorption has been proposed in this study.

Four novel benzotriazole derivatives 1-(Chloromethyl)-1H-Benzotriazole; 1, N-(benzo[e] [1, 2, 4]triazin-4(3-H)-ylmethylbenzenamine; 2, 1-((1-H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methyl) hydrazine; 3 and 1-((1-H-benzo[d][ 1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methyl) phenyl hydrazine; 4 were synthesized through micro wave irradiation (MWI) method. These derivatives were characterized and tested for anticorrosive action on iron coupons in 0.5M acidic medium at different concentration. The anti-corrosive study was done using weight loss method and corrosion rate (CR) analysis. All the synthesized derivatives gave remarkable corrosion protection effect. Major outcome of the study shows corrosion inhibitor efficiency of derivatives follows order 3, 4, 2 and 1 at 100mg/L, 3, 2, 4 and 1 at 200mg/L, 3, 4, 2 and 1 at 300mg/L. Compound 1-((1-H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)methyl)hydrazine; 3 emerges as leader in all concentration in this study while 1-(Chloromethyl)-1H-Benzotriazole; 1, shows moderate impact. This study imparts an understanding for the new class of anticorrosive benzotriazole derivatives which can be of industrial use.

Metal complexes with heterocyclic Schiff bases are of substantial curiosity for the chemists. Ligand modifications are easily accessible due to preparative simplicity, structural variability and tunable electronic properties. Hetero atoms like N and O when incorporated in Schiff bases play a key role at binding sites in metallobiomolecules Transition metals form an integral part of biological system and their mixed ligand complexes with Schiff bases have established their remarkable application in biocidal fields as antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory and as anticancerous agents. Keeping in mind their marked biological activity, this work reports the synthesis and characterization of mixed ligand complexes of zinc and copper with Schiff base (obtained by the condensation of glyoxal with ortho and para anisidine) as primary and N, N' donor molecules as secondary ligands.

In the present investigation conductance and speed of sound of aluminium sulphate, aluminium nitrate, and aluminium chloride were experimentally determined in aqueous medium as well in binary aqueous mixtures of THF. Various conductance and acoustic parameters viz; molar conductance, limiting molar conductance, partial molar adiabatic compressibility, coefficient of adiabatic compressibility were also determined using Kohlrausch's Law, Debye-Huckel theory and Masson's equation at working temperatures and different compositions of THF. Analysis reveals that limiting molar conductivity $({\Lambda }_{m}^{0})$ decreases with increase in composition of THF in water indicating the decrease in the ion-solvent interactions with increase in composition THF in water. Further it was found that with increase in temperature the ${\Lambda }_{m}^{0}$ values increase for all the three salts which support the increase in ion-solvent interactions with increase in temperature. The values of partial molar isentropic compression $({\phi }_{KS}^{0})$ were found negative and these values further increase with increase in composition of THF indicating that on increase in composition, attractive interactions develop between THF and water which induces dehydration of aluminium salts which make the water molecules of aluminium salts more compressible than that of lower THF concentration resulting in decrease of ion solvent interactions with increase in THF composition in water. On the other hand with increase in temperature, the values of ${\phi }_{KS}^{0}$ further increase leading to increase in ion-solvent interactions of aluminium salts in water and 5% THF+ water. Walden product and its temperature coefficient i.e. $[\text{d}({\Lambda }_{m}^{0}{\eta }_{0})]$ have also been calculated which confirms that aluminium salts act as structure breaker in different compositions of THF in water.

Sol-gel method was adopted for the formation of magnetite and metal doped nanoparticles. The Synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by using XRD, FE-SEM, FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopic techniques. The X-ray diffraction results confirm crystalline structure and the size of the synthesized nanoparticles. IR data reveals the characteristic absorption bands for oxide formation. Dielectric properties of the prepared composite were determined by impedance analyser. Significant improvement of dielectric properties can be obtained when we incorporated polymer matrix in metal oxide nanoparticles.

Context: Despite some studies related to the Rhododendron arboreum, phytochemical analysis remained unexplored. Potential cytotoxic, antibacterial and enzyme inhibitory activities relevant to traditional knowledge system were examined and LC-MS was performed to investigate the chemical composition. Material and Methods: The chemical composition of two fractions in ratio of 70:30 and 50:50 in methanol were determined by Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS). Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of both sample were determined by DPPH, FRAP and antibacterial assay were investigated. Results and Discussion: The main constituents were cis- retinoic acid, phytol, kempferol-3,4,7-tri-O-sulfate, 6-β-D-xylopyranosylluteolin, mucronulatol. Fraction second exhibit strong antioxidant and antibacterial activity (IC₅₀ = 20.1μg/mL) compared to the ascorbic acid and BHT as well as highest FRAP (IC₅₀ = 28.4μg/mL). The flavonoid were identified in these fractions using LC-MS analysis as quercetin O-β-glycoside. Conclusion: This study provides scientific report to uses of R. arboreum found in North India. Thus, the present study showed that the flowers contain bioactive compounds with good antioxidant activity for pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Bitumen is used as a binder in construction of flexible pavements since long. With the increase in population and number of vehicles, load on roads have been increased day by day. Thus roads which consist of unmodified bitumen suffer from serious drawbacks in the due course of time like rutting, thermal cracking, fatigue cracking, pothole formation etc. Hence, it is necessary to add a modifier in bitumen to enhance the binding property of later. Polyethylene, which is a non-degradable compound, become waste and creates pollution, owing to its high consumption. This polyethylene (melting point 120-180 °C; thermal degradation above 400 °C) in liquid state becomes sticky in nature and therefore can act as a binder. Also, major parts of both polyethylene and bitumen are hydrocarbon, hence polyethylene wastes (LDPE and HDPE) can be used to modify the bitumen and enhance the binder property of it. Like polyethenes, degradation of other polymeric wastes is also challenging and can be utilized for other purposes for minimizing the wastes and improvement in quality of available products.

Pinus wood is selected for this study because it is freely available near to Punjab in Jammu & Kashmir region. Kinetic studies are extremely useful for the interpretation of reaction mechanism and catalytic phenomenon, optimization, behavior on molecular basis and build-out of new chemical processes. This study is highly focused to characterize the pinus wood by using proximate analysis, FTIR analysis, calorific value and TGA. In this study kinetics evaluation performed by using Coats and Redfern method, this method is non-isothermal type and throughout this study it was observed that pinus wood has the high thermal stability and it can be used for the applications for the production of clean and eco-friendly energy.

Mechanical aerators are most commonly used for aeration process in treatment of waste water. Oxygen exchange mechanism by plunging jet of water is a superior method to transfer oxygen into pool of water than regular systems. Surface jet aerators, which are closed and simple systems, are uncomplicated in design, working and maintenance. In this study, experiments were conducted on models of solid jet aerators having circular shaped opening with variable jet lengths and area for different discharges. Penetration depth, oxygen transfer factor and Oxygenation efficiency were measured for different jet lengths, corresponding to each area and discharge. It was observed that penetration depth and oxygen transfer efficiency increments with increase in discharge and jet length in air whereas oxygen transfer factor increases with jet length in air only. With the results achieved, an efficient aerator model was suggested for a given set of inflow and environmental conditions.

In recent years, the surface water quality has been observed deteriorating due to industrial activities and pollution in the Punjab state. Evaluation of surface water quality is an important issue to assure from its safe and stable use. However, describing quality conditions is generally difficult considering spatial variability of pollutants and a wide range of indicators like biological, physical and chemical substances which can be measured. This paper includes the study of surface water quality parameters in the northern Punjab region. Samples from different sources across northern Punjab were analysed for pH, TDS, TSS, turbidity, DO, chloride content, iron content and hardness of surface water. The pH, TDS, TSS, turbidity, DO, chloride content, iron content and hardness were found in the range of 6.7-8.7, 1358.00-1430.60 mg/l, 135.10-141.21 mg/l, 0.001-0.62 NTU, 0.96-7.80 mg/l, 0.80-15.56 mg/l, 0.01-0.02 mg/l and 1.2-13.9 mg/l respectively. The obtained results were compared with the acceptance limits as given by Indian standard code IS: 10500-2012. The high values of water quality parameters obtained as a result of this study indicates the level of pollution of the different sources of surface water of northern Punjab. At the end the obtained results were critically examined and suggestions were made for better management of surface water resources. An efficient transportation system is vital to economic development and a sustainable environment in a country. India's road transportation contributes to approximately 5.4% of the GDP carrying 65% of freight traffic and 85% of passenger traffic. India's fuel imports are growing at an average of 18% annually for which India spends 3.5% of GDP, thereby posing a major threat to the economy of the country in the future. Also, the use of such a high quantity of fuel causes vehicular pollution, which is responsible for fuel emission in urban areas. This study concentrates on carrying out an interdisciplinary work involving the sectors of transportation, energy, and environment considering the parameters like vehicle model split, fuel consumption and vehicular emissions. This is done by building, System Dynamics (SD) forecasting simulation models using STELLA software to mathematically forecast these parameters in the upcoming years until 2030. Hence, a scenario of augmenting the growth rate of public transportation and simultaneously restricting the growth rate of personalised transportation showed a substantial decrease in fuel consumption and fuel emissions, which eventually resulted in a reduction of fuel cost as well as an increase in the GDP in the transportation system for Chennai city

Most heavy metals are well-known toxic and carcinogenic agents and when discharged into the wastewater represent a serious threat to the human population and the fauna and flora of the receiving water bodies. The development of a novel biofilter was aimed in this project. The various parameters of the biofiltration processes, their mechanism for heavy metals removal along with the efficiency of the biofilters and its scale up aspects have been studied. The work was targeted towards removal of Iron (Fe) and Chromium (Cr), two very common contaminant in urban as well as rural ground water. These are also found in industrial spent waters. The efficiency of the biofiltration process for heavy metals removal have been critically analysed. In a proof-of-concept study, a laboratory-scale closed biofilter system employing the trickle bed process was operated to remove Iron (Fe) and Chromium (Cr) from a synthetic waste water sample at a load of 1000mg/L of the heavy metal. Gravel, citrus peels and spent tea leaves after proper pre-treatment was used as filter media. Depth profile analysis of the filter bed showed the reduction of a steep gradient of Iron and Chromium from the top layer to the bottom layer of filter media in the biofilter. Iron and Chromium level at the bottom of the biofilter decreased over 85% over a period of 6-8 hours of experiment. With these observations we have scaled up the process from a 0.050 L to 15.0 L operating volume. The results were consistent.

In the present work we have studied the growth kinetics of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans under different metal stress. The strain used was Gram positive and non-pathogenic. Metal studied were Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni. Growth curve of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans was studied under different concentrations of these metals. In the second part of our investigation we tried to established growth equation which can define the growth curve of Cellulosimicrobium cellulans. The three parameters μ_m, λ, X_m majorly contribute to growth equations. The changes in these parameters affect the location and duration of exponential or log phase t. Thus, we have chosen these factors primarily to model our system. In each case we have observed little deviation from the predicted equation at the maximum error percentage below 10% (α< = 10) R²<0.8. Next we have tried to model the cumulative effect of these metals simultaneously but our model has failed to reach an appreciable correlation with the experimental data set. In this case we may assume that more factors like mole fraction or partial molar volume of metal solution may have contributed to the growth profile.

In recent years, the surface water quality has been observed deteriorating due to industrial activities and pollution in the Punjab state. Evaluation of surface water quality is an important issue to assure from its safe and stable use. However, describing quality conditions is generally difficult considering spatial variability of pollutants and a wide range of indicators like biological, physical and chemical substances which can be measured. This paper includes the study of surface water quality parameters in the northern Punjab region. Samples from different sources across northern Punjab were analysed for pH, TDS, TSS, turbidity, DO, chloride content, iron content and hardness of surface water. The pH, TDS, TSS, turbidity, DO, chloride content, iron content and hardness were found in the range of 6.7-8.7, 1358.00-1430.60 mg/l, 135.10-141.21 mg/l, 0.001-0.62 NTU, 0.96-7.80 mg/l, 0.80-15.56 mg/l, 0.01-0.02 mg/l and 1.2-13.9 mg/l respectively. The obtained results were compared with the acceptance limits as given by Indian standard code IS: 10500-2012. The high values of water quality parameters obtained as a result of this study indicates the level of pollution of the different sources of surface water of northern Punjab. At the end the obtained results were critically examined and suggestions were made for better management of surface water resources.