Table of contents

The First International Conference on Emerging Electrical Energy, Electronics and Computing Technologies 2019 (ICE4CT 2019) was held in Melaka, Malaysia during 29 – 31, October 2019. The conference was organized by the School of Electrical Systems Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis. This was the first edition of the ICE4CT series. ICE4CT 2019 received technical papers from variety of topics, which includes High Voltage Engineering & Insulation Technology, Power Electronics and Energy Efficient Drives, Computer Vision and Image Analysis, Data Mining and Cloud Computing, Wireless Communications, Medical Informatics, Internet of Things (IoT) Applications and many more. There are 97 research articles included in this proceedings.

ICE4CT 2019 would not be possible without the dedicated work and efforts of the organizing committee and its cadre of volunteers who worked tirelessly to develop and strengthen every aspect of the conference. I wish to express my gratitude for their hard work and commitment towards making ICE4CT 2019 a success one.

Dr. Haziah Abdul Hamid General Chair, ICE4CT 2019

Dean

School of Electrical Systems Engineering (SoESE)

Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Malaysia

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The development of baseline energy models and prediction of energy consumption in educational buildings especially universities are heavily depending on its operation period. The main operation period can be divided into two period i.e. lecture week and non-lecture week. Possible independent variable candidates that may have an effect towards energy consumption during this two period differ with each other. In addition, spaces that occupies the educational building such as classrooms, laboratories and office rooms within the same building operates differently depending on its operation period. In order to achieve accurate baseline energy models in educational buildings, the operation period have to be considered based on the independent variables that will have an effect towards the energy consumption. Thus, the twofold objectives of this paper are to develop a baseline energy model for two operation period in educational buildings and predicting the energy consumption using multiple linear regression model. One building in a university compound was selected as a case study for modelling and prediction purposes. Independent variables were selected based on the two-period mentioned and from the modelling and prediction results, the independent variables that were selected gives a high coefficient of correlation (R2) value which suggest that the independent variables effect the educational building's energy consumption.

There are many types of fault location algorithms and one of it is simple impedance based fault location algorithm which is still widely used by power system utilities around the world mainly because of no communication channel exists between local and remote substations. The aim of this research is to study the combination effects of remote in feed current and fault resistance on the accuracy of simple impedance based fault location algorithm which is used to estimate fault location when the transmission line is connected to equivalent Thevenin sources from both ends. Simulation has been carried out using Matlab Simulink software for single line-to-ground fault and line-to-line fault. For each type of fault, fault location and fault resistance were varied for two conditions which were when remote breaker in open and remote breaker in close conditions. From the results, it can be concluded that remote in feed current will add additional error to the error due to the existence of fault resistance when fault resistance not equal to zero.

Partial discharge (PD) is one of the most popular failure or breakdown that can happen at high voltage (HV) equipment. PD is the fault that causes the insulation breakdown occurred between two electrodes. It happened or occurred because of the improper insulation, ageing, environment effect and manufacturing defects. The loss of the power will affect consumer and system operation. One of the technique that can measure or detect the PD is by using ultra high frequency (UHF) method for HV equipment insulation condition monitoring and assessment. In this paper, the application of UHF method have been reviewed as the best method to detect PD in transformer, GIS and cable. The UHF method for every electrical equipment is described in order to detect the PD and the laboratory result shows that this method can be considered as suitable technique. Based on this review, the new design in UHF sensor is required in order to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth for PD detection in HV equipment. The valuable parameter such as size and PD frequency range can be used for early stage of designing new the UHF sensor.

Partial discharge (PD) is an electrical discharge which is one of the most critical breakdown factor that is affecting the electrical equipment. The loss of the power will affect consumers and system operation. High voltage (HV) transformer is one of the equipment's subjected to phenomena PD. In this paper reviews an application of acoustic methods in transformer and piezoelectric sensors application on PD detection in HV transformer. Based on this review, the new design in acoustic sensor is required in order to improve the sensitivity and bandwidth for PD detection at HV transformer. The valuable parameter such as materials, size, and PD frequency range were discussed in this paper and can be used for early stage on designing new acoustic sensor. This detection method given some benefits on preventing the power electrical system from breakdown.

This paper investigates the influence of different magnetization patterns on the performances of the surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines (SMPMSMs). Three magnetization patterns are employed, which are radial, parallel, and ideal Halbach magnetizations. These magnetization patterns are applied to 9-slot/10-pole and 15-slot/4-pole permanent magnet (PM) machines. The PM machines are designed and simulated by using Opera 2D finite element. The performances of three PM motors, such as airgap flux density, phase back-EMF, and cogging torque, are evaluated under the influence of different magnetization patterns. The total harmonic distortion of phase back-EMF (THDv) for the motors are investigated. The PM motors with ideal Halbach magnetization provide the lowest cogging torque and the lowest total harmonic distortion of phase back-EMF. Besides that, the optimum setting of the magnet pole-arc can reduce the total harmonic distortion of phase back-EMF and achieve lower cogging torque. The optimum magnet pole-arc produced by radial magnetization in 9-slot/10-pole motor is 24.8° mech., with cogging torque of 0.45 Nm, and THDv of 2.69 %. Meanwhile, the optimum magnet pole-arc produced by parallel magnetization in 9-slot/10-pole motor is 26.0° mech., with cogging torque of 0.41 Nm, and THDv of 2.00 %.

Partial discharge (PD) often begins with cracks or gas-filled voids in solid insulation or with gaseous bubbles in liquid insulation. These presences can degrade the quality of insulator. PD detection can identify these cracks at high voltage equipment such as power cables and power transformer at the early stage. One of PD detection methods is acoustic emission (AE) detection. PD produces an ultrasonic signal that can be captured by an AE sensor. The signal captured is then analysed by capturing the time of the receiving signal onto the sensor. The information related to time can be used for allocating the PD for maintenance purpose. This paper shows the influence of the distance between PD source and the AE sensor towards the arrival time of propagation wave in power transformer. In this study, the four placements of sensors were analysed by having three possible PD sources to represent the variety of distances between the PD source and the sensor. The simulated signal is generated by MATLAB and the arrival time is captured using time of arrival (TOA) method. The time captured and the distance between the PD source and arrival time showed that the relationship is proportional to one another.

In this paper, a modified mathematical model for capacitance analysis of micro-electro-mechanical switch based on Agarwal's Model has been presented. This model is applicable in the condition when the micro-switch is supplied with electrostatic voltages. Effects of perforated structure and fringe field are accounted for accurate capacitance analysis of the micro-switch. The switch parameters such as thickness of dielectric material and actuation voltage for micro switch have also been considered in the present study. The switch is designed and simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics tool and results obtained through simulations have been validated using MATLAB software. It is found that the results obtained by simulation and mathematical model are in agreement closely for the presented study. This model could be used for evaluation of capacitance in downstate of the micro-switch for symmetric structures.

This paper discusses the level of harmonic distortion in current power distribution system for laboratory and office building. These two places often house a significant number of equipment such as computers, air conditioners, etc which are significant nonlinear loads. The high number of these nonlinear loads affects the quality of the power system and energy at the linked grid. This is due to harmonics components in current that is resulted by the conversion and switching processes by the nonlinear loads. This case study is located at main operation buildings at School of Electrical System Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis at Pauh Putra Campus. This case study is intended to study the severance level of harmonics in current distortions at the said power distribution system. The tool used for data mining and analysis is the Fluke 1750, which records the data for 30 days. The analysis includes the level of harmonics in current at the point of common coupling at the power distribution system. It is benchmarked against relevant standards related to harmonics in current and power quality in grid. It is found that the harmonic distortion level exceeded the maximum value set by standards. This highlighted that the quality of power at this grid is low and results in losses of energy

Nowadays, demand for electricity is increasing every single day. This is due to the deep requirements in current economy. Generating electricity is an important element to ensuring a system operates in good condition and not being affected. At the same time, some problems have arisen as a phenomenon of transient stability. Hence, analysis needs to be done to control energy stability in rivalling current demand. Power system stability can be further divided into 3 sub-analysis starting with rotor angle stability which is the ability of synchronous machines of an interconnected power system to remain in synchronism after being subjected to a disturbance, voltage stability which is the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance and also frequency stability which the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency following a severe system disturbance resulting in a significant imbalance between generation and load. This analysis is used the IEEE Bus System 14 and analyzed using Power World Simulator (PWS) software. The variations in power angle, bus voltage and system frequency were studied with the help of three-phase balanced fault. Fast fault clearing times were analysed for a three-phase balanced fault in order to re-establish the stability of the system. Furthermore, impact of fault location on system was also computed to observe whether it affected the stability of the systems.

This paper covers the synchronized cell balancing charging of supercapacitors using pi control. The main objective of this project is to design a balanced circuit for supercapacitor and balance the voltage for each supercapacitor in series using pi control. This project aims to introduce a switch resistor design for a supercapacitor to balance the cell. Due to its low cost, easy to implement, and charge/discharge, the switch resistor design was chosen as the balanced circuit. The switch resistor design process was accomplished taking into account all the calculation for the design parameters. Using the pi control given to the circuit the stability and balancing in the voltage. The pi control design process was accomplished with the calculation for the design parameters.

An automatic irrigation system have an important role in today agriculture sector. Currently, automatic irrigation systems which can irrigate and supply plants with desired level and amount of water required for normal plant growth are not available. Furthermore, the classical method using on-off controller is inefficient due to results in loss of energy and productivity. Thus, an efficient automatic irrigation system with fuzzy logic controller is proposed to estimate the amount of water level using the irrigation model, soil type and type of plant. This paper presents a solution for irrigation system for plants using fuzzy logic controller using MATLAB Simulink. To indicate the effectiveness of the proposed method, on-off controller method is also applied for validation purpose.

This paper evaluates implementation load shedding strategy in island mode of microgrid(MG). Microgrid normally operates in interconnected mode either with the medium voltage(MV) and low voltage(LV) network. Microgrid can function both in grid and island mode connected. As electricity demand increases, microgrid deployment becomes an attractive option to meet energy demands. Microgrid during utility grid failure, however, suffers from crucial stability problems come from many aspects. Load Shedding Strategy (LSS) is one of the method used to sustain operation of power system in stable state. The main objective in this paper is to analyze the implementation of Load Shedding Strategy (LSS) on two different cases. The simulation model developed from a mix of generator, photovoltaic cell of source and the lumped load. ETAP software was used in analysing the result.

Series compensation consists of capacitors in series is used in the transmission lines as a tool to improve the performance after disturbed by a fault. Transmission line needs a protection scheme to protect the lines from faults due to natural disturbances, short circuit and open circuit faults. The fault can happen in any location of transmission line and it is important to know which location has been affected. So that, the fault can be eliminated and can maintain the optimum performance. Therefore, in this paper Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to detect and classified the fault happen in single line to ground fault and three phase to ground fault. Two different tests of each types of fault have been tested in order to prove the effectiveness of ANN to detect the fault location by using different length and fault resistance. The simulation has been accomplished in MATLAB with ANN fitting tool which build and train the network before evaluated its performance using regression analysis. The analysis shows that the ANN can accurately detect the different types of faults and classified it into the respective category even the random vectors are put on the system are used.

This project proposes fault distance locator model for underground power cable using an Arduino uno. The use of underground cables arise a problem of identifying the fault location and the distance of cable fault as it is not open to view as in case of overhead cable. Thus, the underground cable fault distance locator is develop to detect the exact fault location and the distance of underground cable fault from based station in kilometers as the system will detect the faulted cable on underground and will send the information to the control room by using a relay. An underground cable system is a common practice followed in major urban area. The concepts of Ohm's law are used in this project and are placed underground with short circuit type fault condition. If any fault occurs, the voltage drop will vary depending on the length of fault in cable since the current varies. Tracer method is used to detect faulted by walk through the cable lines. Fault point is traced by the audible signal or electromagnetic signal. These projects are equipped with a set of resistors, power supply, a set of switches, Arduino Uno and LCD. The prototype of an underground cable fault distance locator is designed with the performance of Tracer method.

The magnetic resonance inductive coupling energy transfer from transmitter to receiver is designed in this project through magnetic inductive coupling. The transmitter sends energy through induction to the electrical devices from the transmitter to the receiver and then stores the energy in the batteries. Because the transmitter coil has a gap with the receiver coil. This wireless charging using two methods to show the output, first using the Taguchi Method and second using Superimposed Technique. The Result shows that output voltage must high than the input voltage and the same at secondary coil because using the same number of turns. The output voltage at the voltage regulator shows the output must in 5 Volts to charging the mobile phone with high efficiency.

Following the improvement of technology, more and more alternatives are introduced to improve the insulation material and one of them is the nanotechnology. Research had been done which confirm the enhancement of the transformer oil upon adding nanoparticles in term of dielectric strength, viscosity, relative permittivity and others. In this research, semi-conductive (ZnO) and non-conductive (ZrO₂) nanoparticles with weigh to volume ratio of 0.05g/l are added to the sunflower oil based insulation and the effects are observed. The relative permittivity of added ZnO is higher compare to ZrO₂ in mineral oil. The situation is opposite as ZrO2 yield higher permittivity with sunflower oil. In term of breakdown voltage, the addition of ZnO shows a better dielectric strength compare to ZrO₂. The kinematic viscosity is also increase when both nanoparticles are added in which ZnO contributes a higher value.

Pulse width modulation technique is always applied in the design of inverter. The output voltage waveform of inverter is not relative pure sinusoidal, especially if it is applied linear pulse width modulation. A non-pure sinusoidal voltage waveform can affect the life time of inverter and also the alternating current (AC) loads. The inverter always also uses a transformer that can increase the losses and reduce the efficiency. A technique of multiple pulse width modulation (MPWM) is suitable to be applied in the transformerless photovoltaic inverter (TPVI) system. It can generate pure sinusoidal voltage waveform and increase the performance of inverter. This paper presents a simulation of MPWM TPVI system using SIMULINK MATLAB. It consists of pulse driver circuit to drive four MOSFETs in the full bridge inverter circuit with the output voltage waveform still multiple pulse wave and it is converted to be pure sinusoidal voltage waveform by applying a LC filter circuit.

Reducing component in circuitry is desirable in many innovations. In multilevel inverter (MLI) perspective, the increasing of switching devices for a higher-level output will significantly increase power losses, thus affected the output harmonic distortion. In this paper, an extended and simplified three-phase reduce component count multilevel inverter (RCCMLI) structure adapted from S. S. Lee, Cascaded Compact-Module Multilevel Inverter (CCM-MLI) is demonstrated and analysed. Symmetrical reduce component structure with H-bridge inverter is considered in this work. For simplification purpose, the current path conduction for reverse current is not demonstrated in this paper. A simulation-based result is presented to observe the performance of RCCMLI with regards to its output voltage harmonic content. Related predetermined parameter values are included in this report. Particularly, this paper verified the aforementioned RCCMLI, but in higher level and three-phase application, which will further improve the pseudo-sinusoidal inverter output as it eliminates the triplens harmonic component compare to single-phase environment. As for the lower order odd harmonics elimination, computational algorithm namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been implemented in the RCCMLI control strategy. In comparison to the traditional Cascaded H bridge (CHB), this work finds that employing the switching angle optimization in the proposed RCCMLI produce comparable improvement in minimizing the output voltage harmonic and able to bring the output quality closer to comply with IEEE 519 distortion limit with fewer components and compact size inverter.

A high penetration of renewable energy in power systems gives rise to the inverter based distributed generators (DG) in the current microgrid system. With the ability of microgrid to operate in both islanded and grid connected mode, a robust and reliable coordination and synchronization between the DGs and the utility grid is crucial to provide a seamless transition between operation modes. Droop based technique is the most popular method in microgrid system, however, voltage or current transient are present during mode transition. A power offset synchronization technique is proposed to provide a seamless transition between modes of operation. The results show that the mode transition is smooth and seamless without any voltage or current transients.

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is one of the problems in the multilevel inverter. This paper discussed a brief review of THD in different cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter topologies of five levels and seven levels at the output waveforms. The five levels inverter contains eight switches while seven levels inverter used twelve switches. Each single H-bridge inverter circuit is fed by equally independent DC source for both inverters. The inverter uses MOSFET as the switching point and acts as the controller for a fundamental switching operation. The switching value has been set at the gating block to control the operation of the MOSFET switching. Several waveforms and simulation findings are provided to validate the quality of the proposed topology.

This paper presents the design and simulation of single-phase inverter using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) unipolar technique. The circuit has been designed and simulated using the Matlab/Simulink program. Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) has been used as a switch. The project aims to use the Matlab/Simulink program to design, analyze and control switching for inverter circuits. Single-phase inverter circuits are divided into three main divisions which are the inverter part that consists of the MOSFET switch, the control circuit which generates switching pulses generated through the microcontroller and filter parts that contain inductors, capacitors and resistors to reduce harmonic. The results of the experiment show the output of the sine wave with the output voltage of 230 V and 50 Hz.

In recent years, the advance usages of non-linear loads have led to the serious power quality problem in the distribution system. Non-linear load will inject the current harmonics and cause power quality problem at Point of Common Coupling (PCC). This problem can be improved by using power filter. Power filter can be divided into passive power filter and active power filter. Passive filter is an appropriate solution to solve power quality problem in term of harmonic mitigation due to a simple circuit, low cost and less energy requirement. However, active power filter (APF) is more suitable due to better performance to solve power quality problem for current harmonics issue. This paper focuses in designing the application of a multi-functional grid-connected solar PV system integrated with DSTATCOM by using Instantaneous Reactive Power (PQ) theory controller to mitigate the current harmonics injected by non-linear load at the distribution system. MATLAB/SIMULINK software is used to simulate the performance of the multi-functional GCPV based SAPF according to IEEE Standard 519:2014 which THD of the line current at the Pont of Common Coupling (PCC) should be less than 8%.

The braking system is the crucial part in vehicle system. The main purpose of braking system is to slow down or stop the moving vehicle. The regenerative braking system (RBS) designed to recapture more energy during braking. The electric vehicle dynamic model was design using Matlab/Simulink. Sliding mode controller with super-twisting (SMCST) was designed to avoid overcharging and improved the batteries' SOC. Conventional sliding mode control (SMC) shows convergence within the desire level of accuracy, in which chattering is the main issue related to destructive phenomenon. SMCST intentionally to eliminate chattering with high accuracy. The results from the simulation show that the super-twisting control strategy offers higher regeneration efficiency.

The nationwide usage of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) for medium to high voltage distribution networks are practically common due to its excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties and widely installed through existing network of cable line in Malaysia. However, cable exposures to harsh climates coupled with inadvertent damage throughout installation or transportation are influencing the presence of voids inside the insulation leading to the initiation of partial discharges (PD) in the cable line. Therefore, this study is important to investigate the activities of PD due to the manifestation of voids in XLPE cable and how it affects the physical, electrical and mechanical characteristics of the cable. Analysis has been performed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool to simulate the PD activities in a 2D model of a three (3) core-XLPE insulated armoured sheathed cable (500 mm², 11 kV) with several placements of voids. The varied placement and radius of voids is very crucial in order to achieve comprehensive analysis. From the obtained result, it has been established that closest the void to the core yielded higher electric field potential. Additionally, it is verified from the simulation that the larger the size of void, the higher the electric field potential consequently increasing the current density inside the void. This simulation and analysis is quite important to provide better insight pertaining to the behaviour of PD in correspond to the presence of voids which will accelerate ageing failure in insulation framework of the XLPE cable.

The application of vegetable oil as an insulating fluid is gaining a lot of interest from researchers all over the world because of the fact that it is a renewable source and is easily available. This paper reviews and compares the preparation methods of vegetable oil-based nanofluids that have been used by many different authors. The experimental results obtained by previous researchers on the insulating properties of the vegetable oil-based nanofluids are also analysed and discussed in detail. In addition, future improvements for experimental works with insulating nanofluids are also proposed.

This paper proposes a new circuit topology of single phase AC to DC Series-Parallel Current Injection Resonant Converter (SPCIRC) with wireless power transmission function. Thus, characteristics are accomplished such as shaping the current waveforms of the sinusoidal line with improved power factor resulting in small total harmonic distortion (THD). This is implemented by employing the resonant conversion technique, involving two active soft switches that generate high frequency currents. The circuit operation is explained and the analysis of the converter is presented. The full detailed circuit simulation is then carried out to ascertain the workability of the converter and its ability to operate with wireless power transmission. As a result, a low input current THD of 3.52% was obtained with 130V output DC voltage when supplied by 240V AC input voltage. The efficiency of the proposed SPCIRC is calculated as 87.5%. The current injection topology's main operation is described in detail.

A primary concern of multilevel inverter is its capability to produce desired alternating voltage close to sinusoidal at the output, using multiple sources of DC voltage input. Mostly a multilevel inverter is used to generate the AC voltage from DC voltage. The aim of this paper is to investigate the output of 9 level multilevel inverter by modifying the conventional 5 levels H-bridge cascade multilevel inverter. The proposed design intending to reduce the number of switches from 16 switches to 10 switches. Implementation of different switching pattern methods; equal phase (EP), half equal phase (HEP), half height (HH) and feed forward (FF) and the related expression are presented in this paper. In the result section shows a different percentage of total harmonic distortion achieved. Out of all 4 methods, HH method suppressed distortion wave the most and resulted in the lowest THD in the proposed inverter. This paper shows that by reducing the number of switches in multilevel inverter structure maintains the same quality output as the conventional H-bridge topology. Furthermore, the manipulation of the switches firing angle contribute in decreasing the system THD.

In this research work, a n-type silicon tunneling field effect transistor (TFET) has been designed and investigation has been carried out on its performances by altering different device parameters such as gate insulator dielectric constant, channel thickness, gate geometry, and channel length. The performances have been evaluated based on subthreshold swing, threshold voltage and I_on/I_off ratio of the devices. The goal is to find a device which would simultaneously have a low subthreshold swing (SS), low threshold voltage, and a high I_on/I_off ratio. It has been observed that having a double gate, short channel length, high-k dielectric, and low channel thickness leads us towards a compact design and the device exhibits very promising values of the aforementioned performance criteria. The most attractive proposition about a TFET is its ability to have a subthreshold swing lower than 60 mV/dec which is the theoretical limit of a MOSFET. In this study, an optimized device is obtained which has a subthreshold swing (point) of around 26 mV/dec and an I_on/I_off ratio in the order of 10¹³. In addition, an inverter has been designed using a n-type TFET and a resistor to show the potential of TFETs to be used in logic circuits.

This paper presents the design and simulation of a 30 kW DC to AC inverter. The inverter is designed based on the Zeverlution Pro 33K three-phase DC to AC inverter. Currently, there are 6 units of the inverters installed at 180 kW solar power plant located at Mukim Utan Aji, Perlis. So, in this paper, the results from the computer simulation will be compared to the site measurement conducted from this power plant. In this design, pulse with modulation (PWM) is used as the switching technique. Even though PWM offers the ease of LC filter design and low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), the voltage amplitude of the sine wave output fails to achieve the required national grid parameters, i.e. 240 Vrms. To overcome this problem, a three-phase transformer has to be incorporated in the design to obtain the desired outputs. Results from computer simulation using SIMULINK show that the targeted AC parameters for all phases were achieved after comparing with the site measurement.

Data Mining is the process of analyzing data using automated methodologies to find hidden patterns [1]. Data mining processes aim at the use of the dataset generated by a process or business in order to obtain information that supports decision making at executive levels [2] [3] through the automation of the process of finding predictable information in large databases and answer to questions that traditionally required intense manual analysis [4]. Due to its definition, data mining is applicable to educational processes, and an example of that is the emergence of a research branch named Educational Data Mining, in which patterns and prediction search techniques are used to find information that contributes to improving educational quality [5]. This paper presents a performance study of data mining algorithms: Decision Tree and Logistic Regression, applied to data generated by the academic function at a higher education institution.

Traditional forecasting models have been widely used for decision-making in production, finance and energy. Such is the case of the ARIMA models, developed in the 1970s by George Box and Gwilym Jenkins [1], which incorporate characteristics of the past models of the same series, according to their autocorrelation. This work compares advanced statistical methods for determining the demand for electricity in Colombia, including the SARIMA, econometric and Bayesian methods.

When talking about electric power, the first thing to think about is whether enough electrical energy is generated to use without paying attention to it, similar to thinking that water will never runs out, but when faced with extreme droughts, people think that water can be depleted and they must save. In this sense, electrical energy must be saved and used completely and that is why the term energy efficiency is born. This new trend seeks to save electric power to avoid electricity supply shortages, as when countries face phenomena such as El Niño that generate droughts in some areas and rains in others. So, saving energy is a trend because it is important to be prepared for these phenomena, and guaranteeing a sustainable country. This document shows the importance of energy savings, as well as the need to design intelligent models that help to support the reduction of the problem of excessive consumption of electricity.

In the new global and local scenario, the advent of intelligent distribution networks or Smart Grids allows real-time collection of data on the operating status of the electricity grid. Based on this availability of data, it is feasible and convenient to predict consumption in the short term, from a few hours to a week. The hypothesis of the study is that the method used to present time variables to a prediction system of electricity consumption affects the results.

In this study, Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) thin films are deposited on glass substrates by means of Spray Pyrolysis method to examine the influence of electromagnetic and optical features of these films by diode laser . Accordingly, samples are feasibly irradiated by laser pointer with a power of 500 mw and a wavelength of 532 nm at distance of 10 cm from the source during dissimilar exposure times of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 minutes. The absorbance spectrums have been measured by UV-visible spectrophotometer under range of 190-1100 nm. Optical parameters such as transmission, reflection, absorption coefficient (α), extinction coefficient (K), optical band gap (Eg), refractive index (n), and complex dielectric constants were evaluated from absorbance spectra. The results shows that the laser pointer irradiation cause decreased in transmittance (T), reflectance (R), absorption coefficient α, the extinction coefficient (K), refractive index (n) and the real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and decrease in the value of the energy gap (Eg). In study of FTIR-spectrum of CdS films in different ratio of irradiation times, there was no change in the peak positions just bigger or smaller with increase in times of irradiation.

Nowadays, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analysis is one of the most affordable techniques to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of an aircraft. It allows a development of advanced flight controllers. However, the accuracy of this technique depends on the input parameters such as the solid model. This paper describes a methodology to estimate aerodynamic derivatives of a Cessna 182 aircraft based on solid model established by using photogrammetry technique. 312 images have been taken using Canon D750 camera with a 24 mm lens. A dense point cloud of the aircraft was generated using MicMac photogrammetry software. Then, the aircraft 3D-geometry was extracted in order to create the CAD model. Afterwards, parameters such as lift and drag coefficients were estimated at different angles of attack using Ansys Fluent software. The simulation results show that the lift and drag increase up to stall angle, then the lift starts to decrease. These results matches the theoretical ones.

Down conductor is one of the pivotal parts of the Lightning Protection System (LPS) that diverting the lightning current captured by the air termination system to the earth termination system in each protected structure. A straight down conductor, is ideally suited for the best-case scenario regarding reliability and safety protection. One to aesthetical aspects, down conductor is undesirably bent in most current buildings. However, only the primary bare type of a down conductor is undergone such process, and bent at a certain degree which depending on the structure itself. Hence, this study is to investigate the bending degree effect on down conductors, by looking at breakdown voltage around the bent area with the presence of concrete wall and reinforcement bar. This experimental work conducted on a reduced scale of reinforced concrete which tested with high impulse voltage. It was determined that the bending down conductors has a significant effect on the bent (vertex) area with the interaction of concrete wall and reinforcement bar.

This paper aimed to study the improvement of grounding performance by reducing the grounding electrode resistance using palm oil fuel ash as the backfill. This is achieved by mixing the soil with a specific portion of palm oil fuel ash and obtains the grounding electrode resistance value by using Three Pin Method. In order to obtain the grounding electrode resistance, the mixture of palm oil fuel ash and soil were compacted and installed with electrodes. Two types of electrodes were connected to measuring device which is Kyoritsu Digital Earth Tester Model 4105A and grounding electrode resistance values were displayed. The two types of electrodes used in this study were copper and galvanized steel electrodes. It was found that by adding palm oil fuel ash to the soil, the grounding performance can be improved to at least 90% and above for both copper and galvanized steel electrodes. The palm oil fuel ash is very effective in improving the grounding performance at low cost and environmentally friendly.

The main purpose of the earthing is to ensure that every electrical equipment, house and human are safe when lightning strikes. Lightning phenomenon occur scan produced high voltage and current ant it can caused electrical equipment damage and life danger. Therefore, this project will analyze the behavior of the soil. The main purpose of this project was to select the soil structure and the depth of the electrode suitable for grounding system in UniMAP. Additionally, this project will also analyze the soil resistance for grounding systems using MATLAB Software. From the result it can shows the best point for located grounding rod to ensure optimum grounding system.

This paper presents results from a new donor-acceptor material using easily available and renewable organic material. The new material was developed and tested using an idea of a new electron transfer mechanism using combined chlorophyll and ferrocene as the bulk-hetero junction active layer. This research aims to produce a binding between the chlorophyll molecule and the protein substitute using ferrocene so that the theory of electron transfer can be tested. The main objective of the research is to produce electricity from the new donor-acceptor material. It is observed that open-circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc), fill factor (FF) and the efficiency (η) of the device were 0.1665V, 0.005A, 0.645 and 0.13%, respectively.

T_iO₂/B₂O₃ gas sensor was fabricated on alumina substrate using screen-printing technology with thickness of sensing film in between of 3 – 5 µm. The sensing film of gas sensor was prepared by mixing the T_iO₂/B₂O₃ with organic binder. The morphology and structural element of sensing film was characterized using FESEM and x-ray diffraction. The gas sensor was exposed to 100 – 1000 ppm of carbon monoxide at different operating temperatures such as 100°C, 150°C, 200°C and 250°C. The result showed that the gas sensor behaved as n-type gas sensor and exhibited good response to various concentration of carbon monoxide at different operating temperatures. It also was found that highest sensitivity was achieved at 250°C, while optimal operating temperature was occurred at 150°Cfor T_iO₂/B₂O₃ gas sensor to the carbon monoxide.

This paper provides an overview of optimizing solar cell single diode parameters using Dragonfly Algorithm. The 57 mm diameter commercial (R.T.C. France) silicon solar cell measurement data are taking as the data source for the optimization process. The results produced are compared with NM-PSO and IJAYA algorithms to observe the efficiency, accuracy and reliability of the proposed approach

Low frequency energy harvesting using piezoelectric is one of promising method on harvesting energy from a free source. This method offered powering low load and remote device application. However, due to its nature which is inconsistency in providing the magnitude of input, specifically in low frequency harvesting, better solution to stable up and increase the converted output is explored widely. There are a few parameter that influences in the piezoelectric output generation. These parameter includes the type of piezoelectric, piezoelectric array configuration, AC-DC converter and etc. The types of the piezoelectric used in this project are the circular piezoelectric. When there is a force (motion) exerted on the piezoelectric disk, electrical charge was produced which initiated the energy conversion. In this research, the configuration of array connection for piezoelectric were investigated. The system is tested with different load configuration in a range of 10 kΩ to 1 MΩ. The design and development of the piezoelectric array variant were series (S), parallel(P), series parallel (SP) and parallel-series (PS). The observation emphasized on finding the best types of piezoelectric array configuration in producing optimum output of the harvested power. The simulation part consists of designing, simulating and analysing the result are done by using PSIM software. For validation of the simulation result, the implementation design of the hardware prototype that supplies pressure to piezoelectric have been done. In conclusion, a proper implementation of piezoelectric array configuration will produce optimum power output which can fulfil the minimum requirement of energy for powering low load device.

Flexible based Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) in nanotechnology revolution have always been in the thick of things where fabrication method and achieving good performances are concerned. Such concerns were adjudicated by improvising four(4) innate DSSCs structures composed of photoanode, semiconductor, electrolyte and counter electrode. This paper aims to observe the impact of changing Platinum(Pt) volumes on the counter electrodes of DSSCs by conducting tests on 0.2mm Titanium (Ti) foil based photoanode DSSCs. The deposition of Pt was varied into 70µl, 50µl and 30µl accordingly by spin coating technique at 1500 rpm. All samples were synthesized, deposited with Pt and assembled before being tested under solar light simulator of 1000W/cm2. Samples with 70µl Pt deposition indicated a higher efficiency (Ƞ) of 2.83%, even though it allowed less light penetration, while the 30µl Pt deposition sample provided efficiency (Ƞ) of 0.88% with more light penetration.

The use of essential oils as raw material in formulation of by-products allows the revitalization of industries and regional economic growth. This is the reason why in this work it is described the process to design an extraction system of essential oil from subtle lemon. Main parameters required for the extraction have been considered as well as, the calculation of the obtained yield. Within the system design, distillation tank measurements, condenser, essential oils separator, mechanical part of the equipment, boiler selection and the distribution of the plant are dimensioned. The procedure manuals and equipment operating manuals were prepared for each step of the process of using this oil.

Public transportation helps to reduce road congestions, gasoline consumptions, saves money and also enhances personal opportunities. However, maintenance problem is a concern in public transportation that could cause disruption of service. In this study, this issue had been addressed in order to help prediction of wear so that the problem could be predicted before it happens. This study looks into the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Engine of Nadi Putra bus on the inconsistency range of mileage in changing the Automatic Transmissions Fluid (ATF). The objective of this project is to study gearbox conditions in a bus (Nadi Putra) in term of lubrication and wear. Ferrographic analysis was carried out in order to determine types of wear particles and suitable range of mileage for the bus to change the ATF by analyzing the sample of transmissions fluid taken from bus gearbox. Optical microscopy and Predict Chart were used to characterize and identify sample in where groups. It was observed that the rolling-element fatigue and cutting wear were major findings in all samples oil analysis tested.

Nanocomposite has been one of recent study interest among researcher, scientists, and students. With public consciousness about environment, there is a change in using environmental friendly's materials. With the incorporation of nanotechnology, the strength of the composite shouldn't be sacrificed because of the use of natural fibre. Kenaf has been studied extensively and has been one of the candidates to be used in composite and with hybridizing with glass fibre, The strength of the composite could be retained to be used widely. In this study, nanosilica was impregnated in hybrid kenaf and glass epoxy composite to and was tested for its longitudinal and transverse tensile properties. From this study, incorporation of nanosilica in hybrid kenaf and glass epoxy composite help to increase its tensile modulus up to 34.52%, and longitudinal tensile strength up to 13.64%.

In this paper, the resistance acting on Multi-Purpose Amphibious Vehicle (MAV) hull navigated in regular waves condition was investigated numerically. A simplified MAV model was established for computing the resistance of air cushion effect on regular head waves. Simulations were carried out in finite element analysis ANSYS CFX 15.0 in 0.5m wave height conditions. The resistances of the MAV model with and without the air cushion effect were compared in a graph of total resistance versus MAV speed. According to the results, the maximum resistance reductions occur at forwarding speed 6kn with 0.2 l/s airflow rate injection for wave height 0.5m at 10.89%.

The important goal of this article is to examine the thermally stratified flow of Oldroyd-B liquid induced by a stretchy sheet. Mathematical model of physical problem is situated with radiation and chemical reaction impacts. By help of similarity transformation, PDE's are converted into ODE's with dimensionless variables. Homotopy technique is employed for solving nonlinear ODE's. Graphs are represented to notify the change of flow parameters, temperature and concentration parameters. Also mass and heat transfer rates are demonstrated through graphically. We observe that Thermal stratification constant reduces the heat transfer rate. On the other hand, thermophoretic and chemical reaction constants boost up the mass transfer rate.

Indicators are the most important management tool for environmental monitoring. Environmental indicators condense the information and simplify the approach to environmental phenomena, which are often complex, and makes them very useful for communication. The usefulness of these indicators consists of providing relevant information, summarized in the form of concise and illustrative statements for decision making, both for the organization's management and for the rest of the members. The prediction of limit values, together with the potentialities offered by the recommendation system based on ontology make this system a powerful tool for supporting decision-making in the Environmental Management process with a wide possibility of generalization in the business sector.

The study of photovoltaic energy and load predictions have become essential with the increase of energy demand. The objective of this paper is to present an analytical study on the performance of photovoltaic system with various azimuth angles and solar array tilt positions. The output power of a solar module is mainly dependent on its tilt position, solar irradiation, type of solar cell, and the technical properties of the module. The data used in this work consist of two different locations. The outcome of this work shows that the energy production influenced heavily on the weather conditions, location, azimuth angles and tilt positions. Within this work, parameters such as planes-of-array irradiance, net to inverter output power, net to grid output power and performance ratio have been studied. The developed analytical study is anticipated to provide a better understanding on the energy production and load usage in accordance with suitable tilt angle of solar array in a specific location.

A considerable amount of energy is lost by utilizing the traditional pulse width modulation (PWM) based inverters in an on-grid PV system. Therefore, a model predictive current control (MPCC) based control strategy is proposed in this research work. The controller works based on a predefined cost function. The cost function includes deviation of current from its reference and a switching frequency term to reduce the average switching frequency. All the possible control actions i.e. inverter switching states are tested against the cost function. The state which yields minimum cost is selected as an optimal control action for the inverter. Simulation results show that the proposed controller tracks the reference current accurately with a mean absolute error of 2.5% which is 30% for the PI-PWM based controller. The MPCC based inverter yields low current THD of 2.07%, whereas in traditional PI-PWM based inverter the current THD is 7.26%. The energy efficient operation of the MPCC based inverter is also verified by doing loss analysis. It is shown that conduction, switching, and harmonic losses of the inverter are reduced by 36.8%, 50%, and 91.9%, respectively, in comparison with the PIP-WM based inverter.

The electrical production is the primary performance of any solar photovoltaic (PV) system. The PV panel operating temperature is inversely proportional to the electrical production of the PV panel. The operating temperature of PV panel is influenced by solar radiation absorbed and the ambient temperature. In the present work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to investigate a three-dimensional (3-D) model of a PV panel. It is also essential to estimate the thermal behaviour of the PV panel under various environmental conditions. The primary purpose of this current work is to analyse temperature distribution from the PV panel under given operating conditions. The model geometry is built by using CATIA design software. ANSYS software was simulated the different intensity of solar radiation that applied to the PV panel in order to observe the temperature distribution on each layers of the PV panel. The ambient temperature of the simulation is fixed 35 °C according to the maximum ambient temperature captured in Malaysia. The simulation results show that an increase in solar radiation intensity along with the PV panel operating temperature increase.

This paper presents a simulation and experimental setup for miniature wind turbine energy harvesting using different types of material and blades. Three different cut in wind as low as 3.34 m/s, 4.00 m/s and 5.12 m/s were used to evaluate the miniature wind turbine. MATLAB software is used to design and run the simulation of the system. The result shows that type A PVC blades with the radius of 0.035 m provides the highest output with 19.41 V during cut in wind of 5.12 m/s.

This project deals with the design of a system to monitor the performance of Photovoltaic (PV) battery for Stand-alone system. This monitoring system is developed by using a Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) a microcontroller as a control unit. The data measurement will be sent to a personal computer (PC) by Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) device and save in database file that can be visualized in table by Microsoft Excel software. The battery monitoring will measure and displayed on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) the several parameters of the PV system such as voltage, current, solar irradiance, ambient and cell temperature of the Stand-alone PV system. The State of Charge (SOC), Depth of Discharge (DOD) and ampere-hour (AH) of the battery have been analysed to prove the battery performance of the Stand-alone PV system.

The input voltage of battery charging system is always above the battery nominal voltage and it should be remained constant. But it depends on the type of input voltage sources. A battery charged directly by photovoltaic (PV) module as the input voltage source can cause the output voltage of PV module or the input voltage of battery charging system can fluctuate, because the output voltage of PV module depends on the solar irradiance. This problem can be solved by installing DC-DC boost converter between the PV module and battery. This paper presents a DC-DC boost converter based on PID controller for battery charging system. It is designed for the input voltage of 12V and output voltage of 14.7V system because it is applied to charge a 12 V, 7 Ah lead acid battery. Based on the simulation result of battery charging system shows that the output voltage of DC-DC boost converter can be remain around 14.7 V. It is due to the PID controller can damp the voltage oscillation and remain its steady state voltage. The time needed by the DC-DC boost converter to charge the battery in the fully charging condition is 1 hour: 3 minutes: 37seconds.

A normal inverter always uses a transformer. By presenting a transformer in the inverter causes its size, losses and efficiency to be relative big, high and low, respectively. An alternative to remove the transformer is very important to solve the problems, but it is still has good performance, especially in the required power quality. This paper presents a design of multiple pulse width modulation (MPWM) transformer less photovoltaic inverter (TPVI) system. It consists of a full bridge inverter circuit, a photovoltaic (PV) voltage storage circuit, a pulse driver circuit, and a circuit of LC filter. An experimental setup is conducted to observe the performance of MPWM TPVI system. The result shows that its performance depend on the solar irradiance and temperature because it operates directly on the sunny day.

The technical and economic feasibility of photovoltaic (PV) power plants throughout their lifetime must be evaluated prior to their development and operation such that the sustainability of the project can be justified. This paper presents the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of energy and the LCA of economics for a 5 MW grid-connected photovoltaic (GCPV) power plant located in the East Coast of Malaysia. Firstly, an LCA of energy was conducted to evaluate the expected energy yield, energy payback period and energy return of investment throughout the project lifetime. Later, an LCA of economics was performed to determine several economic performance indicators such as the net present value, internal rate of return, payback period and return of investment.

In this work, the advantage of using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm in solar Photovoltaic (PV) system was investigated. By simulation, the performance and efficiency of the system with and without the tracking algorithm was analyzed. By using MATLAB's SimPower System block set, a model compromised of KC130TM solar panel powering a Zeta converter controlled by MPPT algorithm driving a lead acid battery as a load was designed. The main objective was to track the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the solar PV module by modulating the zeta converter's duty cycle, thereby, optimizing the power output of the panel. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm preformed with higher overall efficiency compared with the system without MPPT. Additionally, the tracking algorithm was able to track the MPP quickly. The analysis of the algorithm led to a greater understanding of where the inefficiencies of this type of system are located, allowing improvement in future work on this field.

Wind energy is one of the non-conventional forms of energy and it is available in affluence. It is also claimed that the wind power is pollution-free, replacement of fossil fuel and that its source of energy is freely available. Electricity can be generated with the help of a wind turbine generator. In this paper, a comprehensive study on contemporary portable wind energy harvesters has been conducted. The different existing performance such as reliability evaluation models, various problems related to structure wind turbine components (blade, gearbox, generator and transformer) and grid for wind energy system have been discussed. At the same time, experimental analysis is focused on behaviour, especially characteristics of impact wind energy, performance as lots of advanced research work has already been done or going on the harnessing of natural wind energy. In this review paper, a different model wind turbine has been studied from previous testing purpose presented. This review aim of utilizing this wind energy in a most effective manner to get the maximum electric output, and therefore the government can think over implementing the suitable type of wind turbine configuration selected highway at low cost as our installation site taking the advantage of the moving vehicles on both sides of the road.

This work proposes the dual axis solar tracker with mirror reflection for optimum output of solar panel by using arduino unoR3 as the control unit. The objectives of this work are to track and optimize the maximum output power of the solar panel by designing and developing a dual axis solar tracker with mirror reflection. The system includes a 10 watt solar panel, an arduino unoR3 and a customized mechanical body to carry the solar panel. This system will track and detect the angle of the sun to locate the surface of solar panel at the position and the angle where it can get maximum amount of energy. The sensors will detect the position of the sun and servo motors act as free moving neck to make it easier to move freely depending on the angle detected. The Light Depending Resistor (LDR) will be used in tracking system. These LDR will detect the existence of sunlight and therefore the mechanical hardware will move horizontal and vertical axis depending on the value of LDR detected to follow the angular degree of sun in order to get maximum and best result of absorbing energy. The final result obtained from dual axis solar tracker showed that the output power has been maximized compared to stationary panel. Based on the experimental result, it show that the designed system successful improve the performance of the solar panel.

The perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is an easy and effective method used for tracking maximum power point. However, this technique suffers from deviation when irradiation changes suddenly. Moreover, the impact of this deviation is high when the insolation variation is rapid. This error is due to the incorrect decision taken by the conventional P&O method throughout the first step-change in the duty cycle during the increase in irradiation. The proposed P&O is a modified conventional P&O that focuses on using additional dI parameter with variable step size ΔDn. In this manner, the conventional P&O algorithm is allowed to identify the source of deviation caused by rapid irradiance changes. The efficiency of the proposed P&O is assessed using simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show that the proposed P&O effectively tracks maximum power and prevents deviations in rapidly changing climate conditions within a short time, which is lesser than the conventional P&O method. In addition, the proposed P&O has a rapid dynamic response. A DC–DC boost converter is utilized in this work to validate the proposed P&O algorithm.

Although numerous studies have focused on significant role of total quality management (TQM) in literature, little attention has been paid to using the multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach for analysis of TQM practices especially in the context of hospitality. The purpose of this study is to identify, prioritize and evaluate the TQM best practices in hotel industry by integrating the DEMATEL and ANP approaches. DEMATEL is employed to determine the interrelationships among the main practices and sub-practices while ANP is employed to examine the weights of main practices and sub-practices. The results of this study indicated that employee management had the first rank among other practices whereas the second and third rank encompass customer relationship management and leadership respectively. The findings of this study has shown guidance to practitioners to implement proper TQM in their organizations, effectively by using the suggested set of identified TQM best practices.

This paper shows the mechanical design of a mechatronic system focused on providing assistance to older adults with motor disabilities. The main objective is to keep these people standing on their lower extremities, facilitating their mobility and at the same time providing greater support to their body structure. The mechanical design of the permanent station was developed using CAD (Computer Aided Drawing) software, including concept design, structural analysis and selection of mechanical actuators; elements designed for this mechatronic system. In addition, it shows the study to ensure ergonomics and safety for users using standards UNE-EN ISO 10535-2006, UNE-EN IEC 60601-1-2010 and EN 13480-2-2002 with the compliance of a structural safety factor through the software CAE (computer-assisted engineering), as well as the adaptability of the design of the system to the various anthropometric measures of the world demographic environment.

A voice controlled wheelchair prototype was developed using a commercially available manual wheelchair to assist people with both upper and lower limb disabilities. An Arduino microcontroller processes the voice command from the speech recognition module and controls the motor movement of the wheelchair. Bluetooth module was also used to do away with messy wiring and an optional joystick command was also incorporated into the prototype design. The success rate of the wheelchair to recognize the voice commands in English, Chinese and Malay was high. The overall cost of the prototype was kept low to make it affordable.

The continuous development of online social services and the ever-increasing number of devices demanding high-speed and ubiquitous broadband wireless access have resulted in severe bandwidth congestion, such that the radio frequency (RF) spectrum will no longer be able to support the exponential growth in demand. Along with being faster, cheaper, greener, cleaner, and safer than current technology, visible light communication (VLC) can overcome the bottleneck issues with last-mile connectivity by offering 10, 000 times broader bandwidth. In this paper, we propose a system with portable, low-cost hybrid RF/VLC and free-space optics (FSO) transceivers with a simple graphical user interface and the capability of indoor wireless communication and multimedia broadcasting, thus presenting an economical and cable-free solution to various multimedia applications, such as file transmission and real-time audio and video streaming. The proposed system deploys VLC as a hotspot for data broadcasting within an enclosed room, FSO as the backbone for data transmission between multiple rooms, and Wi-Fi for lights-off mode. Preliminary results show a transmission rate of 1kbps at a maximum distance of 4 cm.

This paper reports a short finding on the use of a flexible substrate in the design of Partial discharge (PD) detection antenna. This flexible antenna was designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio to detect corona discharge which is one types of PD that occur in power transformers. The flexible substrate that been used in designing the antenna is paper that has permittivity of 3.2 and the chosen frequency is between 300MHz until 3GHz. The overall dimension is 208×168×1.6 mm3. The simulations of the antenna's return loss were conducted under two conditions; 1) flat and 2) bending along H- planes. The result were been analysed to understand the performance of paper properties, so that practical system requirements are met. This implies that the performance of paper antennas can be used in the PD field with altering some of the characteristic to upgrade its performance.

The design of stacked patch antenna integrated with metamaterial for broadband applications to achieve appreciable gain, directivity and low return loss is presented in this article. It mainly focuses on optimization and easy adaptation in MMIC technology. The antenna is designed to carry out by combining two Microstrip patch antenna in a stack manner and Metamaterial is implemented by Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) technique on both side of the patch antenna and slots are introduced at four corners of the patch and adjacent to the metamaterial. The designed antenna is capable of maintaining its performance over wireless system at C band (4-8 GHz) frequency range. The substrate used is FR-4 with thickness of 0.8mm and permittivity) is 4.2. It is simulated using Advanced Design System (ADS) and it is resonated around 6 GHz. It yields a VSWR of about 1.014 (6.25 GHz), 1.022 (5.829 GHz) and 1.015 (6.522 GHz) under simulation and 1.25 (6.03 GHz), 1.119 (5.74 GHz) and 1.247 (5.36 GHz) in measurements respectively. Thus the antenna becomes a necessity for many applications in recent wireless communications such as RADAR and space applications.

Low power, large-area wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been experiencing rapid growth in a wide range of applications, such as environmental monitoring applications and natural disaster early warning systems. The WSN consists of numerous nodes with sensing, computation, actuation, and radio communication capabilities. Dynamically reconfigurable hardware and context-aware operation to optimize performance and functionality and to prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes are critical goals in the design of distributed sensing systems, especially for battery-based systems being deployed in complex geographic areas where are hard to approach. In recent years, Programmable System-on-Chip (PSoC) technology is emerging as an efficient solution for achieving the dynamic hardware reconfiguration of a sensor node in a single chip. That aims at optimizing the use of resources, minimizing of energy waste, and system size according to the requirements of the applications. This paper presents the implementation of a configurable hardware platform for remote sensing systems based on PSoC and LoRa technology. The proposed hardware design stands out for high performance, ultralow-power, providing long-range communication as well as reconfigurable interfaces in communicating and manipulating with various types of sensors and actuators. The experiments to evaluate the functional requirements and energy consumption of the design were investigated with positive results.

Background: Researchers have developed various algorithms to identify the occurrence of an oil spill in these oceans. However, knowing the type of oil that is spilled in the ocean is important to assess and plan the restoration process. To predict the type of oil that is spilled in the ocean by using machine learning techniques. Fifty satellite images of three types of an oil spill, namely petroleum, crude oil, and diesel were examined to identify the type of oil spill over the affected area. The oil spills were initially identified from the images using K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. Color-based, Statistical, Textural and Geographical features are extracted after applying various types of wavelets to obtain the features relevant to the physical parameters and type of oil in the ocean. The features were then trained and classified using K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm to identifying the type of oil.

Methods: For wavelet analysis (Daubechies analysis db1, db2, db3, db4, db5, db6, db7, db8, db9, db10) and machine learning (k-nearest neighbor algorithm) applied to optimize the oil spill feature sets. Features included color-based, statistical, texture and geological features. This experiment was conducted on SAR images. The features were classified using a k-nearest neighbor algorithm. Seventy percent of features used for training and thirty percent for testing.

Results: The results show that oil spill classification achieved by wavelet transforms and machine learning algorithms outperformed very well with similar parameter settings, especially with 70% training data and 30% testing data using confusion matrix. It also represents 99% accuracy for petrol oil using Daubechies 5 analysis which indicates better characterization of oil spills. Results denote oil spill detection using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) remote sensing which provides an excellent tool in oil spill characterization various features can be extracted from SAR data set.

Fault detection plays a key role in high cost and safe-critical systems to avoid the occurrence of an abnormal event. This work presents a model-based fault detection in the water management system of proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack using Kalman filter (KF). The KF is a model-based FD method relies on analytical redundancy to predict the related fault disturbed by some noise. Then, it corrected the faults with its mathematical model to minimize the error covariance between the normal and faulty scenarios by a repetitive process. Two faulty scenarios; flooding and drying which happen at anode and cathode side of PEM fuel cell are investigated. The proposed FD method using KF has successfully detected flooding and drying faults in PEMFC.

This paper presents a triple-band rectangular patch antenna that can be operated in three different resonance frequencies of 2.40 GHz, 3.50 GHz, and 5.80 GHz for WLAN and WiMAX applications. The FR-4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.3 is used, with the dimensions of the substrate 34×30×1.6mm³. The performance of the rectangular patch antenna has been simulated and measured and the proposed patch antenna operates at three different resonance frequencies of WLAN and WiMAX which are 2.35-2.54 GHz, 3.45-3.57 GHz and 5.74-5.83 GHz. These results correspond to a simulated bandwidth of 197 MHz, 118 MHz and 90 MHz. The radiation pattern of nearly omni-directional is obtained. Overall, the results obtained show the designed antenna have a good performances of the three operating bands

The mobile telecommunication system provides voice, data and video communications between stations, Operation Control Centers, depots and all necessary areas and facilities. The Preliminary Design is an overall system design that elaborates on the proposed system configuration with an emphasis on how the interface requirements are to be achieved. The contractor verified the preliminary design for the coverage of the wireless access network with respect to the General Specification (GS) and Particular Specification (PS) of the mobile telecommunication system. The mobile service provider (Telco) should ensure that the mobile network coverage in Mass Rapid Transit tunnels and underground stations provide 95% coverage for all the defined areas. The Telco should ensure seamless handover success rate > 98% and proposed the required overlap distance in between the antennas. Based on the design assumption made on the link budget, the indoor system design to be aligned within 15m radius coverage, which will contribute to distance in between antennas in between antennas will be at 30m horizontal distance. This placement can be varied within 10-15% and subject to line of sight, physical obstruction or fixing constraint at side.

This paper proposes the analysis of the influence of terms that express feelings in the automatic detection of topics in social networks. This proposal uses an ontology-based methodology which incorporates the ability to identify and eliminate those terms that present a sentimental orientation in social network texts, which can negatively influence the detection of topics. To this end, two resources were used to analyze feelings in order to detect these terms. The proposed system was evaluated with real data sets from the Twitter and Facebook social networks in English and Spanish respectively, demonstrating in both cases the influence of sentimentally oriented terms in the detection of topics in social network texts.

This study describes a model of explanations in natural language for classification decision trees. The explanations include global aspects of the classifier and local aspects of the classification of a particular instance. The proposal is implemented in the ExpliClas open source Web service [1], which in its current version operates on trees built with Weka and data sets with numerical attributes. The feasibility of the proposal is illustrated with two example cases, where the detailed explanation of the respective classification trees is shown.

The process of classification of the raw material, is one of the most important procedures in any tea dryer, being responsible for ensuring a good quality of the final product. Currently, this process in most tea processing companies is usually handled by an expert, who performs the work manually and at his own discretion, which has a number of associated drawbacks. In this work, a solution is proposed that includes the planting, design, development and testing of a prototype that is able to correctly classify photographs corresponding to samples of raw material arrived at a dryer, using intelligence techniques (IA) type supervised for Classification by Artificial Neural Networks and not supervised with K-means Grouping for class preparation. The prototype performed well and is a reliable tool for classifying the raw material slammed into tea dryers.

This article introduces a n-gram-based approach to automatic classification of Web services using a multilayer perceptron-type artificial neural network. Web services contain information that is useful for achieving a classification based on its functionality. The approach relies on word n-grams extracted from the web service description to determine its membership in a category. The experimentation carried out shows promising results, achieving a classification with a measure F=0.995 using unigrams (2-grams) of words (characteristics composed of a lexical unit) and a TF-IDF weight.

In higher education, student dropout is a relevant problem, not just in Latin America but also in developed countries. Although there is no consensus to measure the education quality, one of the important indicators of university success is the time to graduation (TTG), which is directly related to student dropout [1]. Global estimates put this dropout rate at 42% [2]. In the United States, this rate is around 30% and represents a loss of 9 billion dollars in the education of these students [3]. However, desertion not only affects the quality of education and the economy of a country, but also has effects on the development of society, since society demands the contributions derived from the population with higher education such as: innovation, knowledge production and scientific discovery [4]. Using basic statistical learning techniques, this paper presents a simple way to predict possible dropouts based on their demographic and academic characteristics.

Lightning had caused at least 25, 000 deaths worldwide each year. The study aims to investigate the induced voltage generated by lightning strikes using a lightning detector. Proteus software was employed to simulate the main board of the lightning detector before fabrication. The lightning detector was designed as a radio frequencies receiver and it was tuned to the level (300 kHz to 500 kHz) which enabled it to receive signals from lightning strikes. A lightning simulator was designed using various resistance (100 Ω to 200 Ω) to test the functionality of a lightning detector in order to validate the accuracy of the proposed model. This lightning detector could be activated whenever a small induced voltage (0.2 V and above) were generated by lightning events occurred within 10 km from the detector. This detector captures both the induced voltage and the time difference detected lightning discharge and its sound for further analysis. The time to thunder method was employed to find the estimated lightning discharges distances in parallel to this system in order to validate the current lightning detector. The accuracy of the lightning detector was found to be 88.03%.The analysed data were delivered to the user's smartphone using cloud system

All This review discusses the merits and area of improvement of various radiology aids employed in current dentistry and also refers to scope in CAD/CAM dentistry. However, present radiology devices are playing an important role in clinical dentistry but their area of application is limited due to harmful effects of x-ray exposure to human and high operating cost. Radiology device like Micro CT (μ-CT) is powerful tool to assess the dental prosthesis fabricated using CAD/CAM but radiology devices can also be used in whole process of dental prosthesis manufacturing using CAD/CAM. This study retrieves the interaction of advanced radiology devices in current CAD/CAM dentistry and also highlights the correlation of Micro CT's input variables and acquired image resolutions using available data in reviewed studies.

Vedic Mathematics, an ancient Indian technique can be used to solve any arithmetic problems in an easy and simple way. A novel high speed Vedic squaring and multiplier unit is designed using the principles of Yavadunam sutra and the bit reduction technique is projected in this paper. The complexity of the multiplier is reduced as the bit reduction technique is employed and later the Yavadunam sutra is implemented for the calculation of the deficiency. The size of the proposed N bit multiplier is reduced to N-1 bit and also considerable speed improvement is achieved. The architecture is designed and realized using Xilinx Spartan FPGA and synthesized using 90nm and 180nm technology synopsys device.

Analyzing the performance of a particular approach in a field very dependent on the problem it's aimed to solve. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) widely used for prediction in many areas including medical, environment, business intelligence and education. The uniqueness of ANN is the dynamic of hidden layer can be improvised mapped with the data problem and the structure of architecture can be enhanced such as Wavelet Artificial Neural Network (WANN) and Product Unit Neural Network (PUNN). This research aimed to analyzed the performance between WANN and PUNN towards water quality data of Chini Lake. Real world data comes with dynamic stream data and dynamic parameters based on its area of data collection method. Handling dynamic data would be misleading if the approach used very dependent towards data classes. The measurement to analyze the data based on performance accuracy, data sensitivity, data precision and specification of both method with regards of the regular ANN. The findings demonstrate the ability to obtain satisfactory prediction accuracy for both WANN and PUNN compared to regular ANN. The model accuracy for this case study by using WANN and PUNN were 75.34 % and 66.86 %, respectively. Therefore, WANN would be a competitive tool for prediction with conventional ANN.

This article describes about L / C / X triple band compact dipole array antenna for RADAR communication using FR-4 Substrate. The proposed antenna is designed over a range of 1.0–10.0 GHz. The objective of the paper is to achieve appreciable basic antenna parameters for ease adaptation in Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC) Technology. It is able to preserve its high recital over RADAR Communication system operating at Triple band (L, C, X – band) microwave frequency range. The proposed structure resonates at L / C / X Microwave bands and thus the antenna becomes inevitability for numerous wireless applications. The antenna is fictitious on a substrate with height of 1.6 mm, length 48mm, width 60mm and a relative permittivity of 4.2. The proposed antenna yields a VSWR of about 1.74 (1.70 GHz), 1.66 (6.70 GHz), 1.26 (8.30 GHz) and gain of 2.56 dBi (1.70 GHZ), 1.78 dBi (6.70 GHz) and 3.94 dBi (8.30 GHz) under simulation. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS, which helps to obtain the antenna parameters such as VSWR, gain and Return loss.

All Our world is experiencing major technological changes and this time it is cantered not on internet but Internet of Things. Actually, Internet of Things is sincere effort to connect all unconnected especially smart objects by doing so human wants to challenge their own way of thinking that shouldn't all objects be connected to one central network and among themselves so that as human we can control them all. So, paradigm is let us provide capability of objects to exhibit the ability to communicate to each other as well to one central system thus to human beings. This effort would certainly bring new improvements and efficiency in our lives. It is this very premise behind Internet of Things (IoT) that would see new transformation and revolution in industrial world from manufacturing, logistics and supply chain in current industrial world of 4.0 and future newer versions. Over last few decades Information Technology (IT) has been witnessing strong and active cyberattacks and creating protection threats to the cyber security networks. Information Technology industry has learnt lot from these threats and have also documented them to find right and appropriate solutions. In contrast Operational Technology environment surrounding Information Technology were kept in abeyance in many organizations. Thus one hardly finds history and documentation of cyberattacks systems built around operational technology. This also makes fewer learning opportunities and record of catalogued incidents and their corresponding risk mitigation strategy not rich in record. It is worth knowing that the world of operational technology addresses wider scope and higher depth in comparison to Information technology. In Operational Technology the word security and safety are synonymous with each other. It is reality that many of the industrial security standard also incorporate equipment, instruments and safety recommendation by experts thus lay the foundation of IoT security. This paper provides a historical perspective of Operational Technology security, the security system measure, how over a period of last few decades the subject matter has evolved, what are few of the real challenges industry is facing. The final phase of paper focuses on some of the real practical measures and steps have been to taken to in creating more safe and secure industrial environment including best practices in creating synergy between Information Technology networks security and old aged legacy industrial environments.

The arcus cornea is an eye problem that is often encountered among older people, but the situation is risky to teenagers and young people, in which it gave a sign the presence of lipid abnormalities in their blood and the risk of disease problems such as diabetes and heart disease. This paper presents the classification of the arcus cornea, using the extraction of texture features of the gray level co-occurrence matrix, along with several models of the classifiers, namely as scale conjugate gradient, Bayesian regulation, and Levenberg-Marquardt. Percentage fractions for training, testing and validation for classifier are 70%, 15%, and 15% respectively. The comparison of the classifiers used by the past researchers for classification the eye abnormalities, also were analyzed and studied in this work. In this experiment, a total of 125 image eyes were used, consisting of two classes of the eye image, which is normal and abnormal. The best result demonstrated in this proposed framework using Bayesian regulation classifier is, a sensitivity of 96%, and a specificity of 100%. However, this classifier did not achieve perfectly classification or an accuracy of 100%. Nevertheless, it is able and evident that the system is effective by the output of 98.4% accuracy.

The study proposes optimize the production costs with the implementation of an intelligent autonomous system applied to adaptive control and supervision to in computer-integrated manufacturing. For the validation, a horizontal band saw was used with 3 axes of displacement implementing 2 cameras with stereoscopic vision and finding an estimation of depth in the cut. With the dimensional deviations (x, y, z) of the cut, the shape and dimension of the cuts in the pipe, are defined to be manipulated and classified in correct and in-correct cuts by means of a separator coupling. For this purpose, algorithms were developed on two computer platforms: LabVIEW, which obtains the images, controls the automatic separator and the material feeder; Matlab, which processes dimensional deviations by recognizing patterns with the "Principal component analysis" (PCA) technique, in turn compares with an ideal pattern and optimizes the cutting parameters: Cut speed, cutting index, through a derivative Integral Proportional PID algorithm with the interaction of machine learning (ML) based on SVM theory. Autonomously corrects errors without human supervision, obtains the lengths and depths with the optimum cut-offs and result of adaptive supervision, increases production, product quality and reduces operating costs for each cutting cycle by com-plying with Overall Equipment Effectiveness parameters (OEE) and integrating into intelligent manufacturing systems.

India is an agricultural country and this sector accounts for 18 percent of India's GDP. This sector is the backbone of the country and focuses on better yield by using pesticides and fertilizers to prevent plant disorders which directly affects the yield. The primary method adopted for detecting disorders is through visual observation and other methods are quite expensive. Many authors have proposed solutions to this problem such as IoT for grapes, or system designed for accurate disorder detection using machine learning with limited scope. This paper showcases a prototype that uses multi-modal analysis through sensor data, computer vision. The main objective of this system is to accurately detect disorders in tomato plant using IoT, Machine Learning, Cloud Computing, and Image Processing.

Facial Detection and recognition research has been widely studied in recent years. The facial recognition applications plays an important role in many areas such as security, camera surveillance, identity verification in modern electronic devices, criminal investigations, database management systems and smart card applications etc. This work presents deep learning algorithms used in facial recognition for accurate identification and detection. The main objective of facial recognition is to authenticate and identify the facial features. However, the facial features are captured in real time and processed using haar cascade detection. The sequential process of the work is defined in three different phases where in the first phase human face is detected from the camera and in the second phase, the captured input is analyzed based on the features and database used with support of keras convolutional neural network model. In the last phase human face is authenticated to classify the emotions of human as happy, neutral, angry, sad, disgust and surprise. The proposed work presented is simplified in three objectives as face detection, recognition and emotion classification. In support of this work Open CV library, dataset and python programming is used for computer vision techniques involved. In order to prove real time efficacy, an experiment was conducted for multiple students to identify their inner emotions and find physiological changes for each face. The results of the experiments demonstrates the perfections in face analysis system. Finally, the performance of automatic face detection and recognition is measured with Accuracy.

Despite the existing advances on research and education in cybersecurity and its applications, the field is still under discovery and new technologies are evolving. In recent years, Bitcoin as a cryptocurrency cyber application that records all financial transactions present on a blockchain where users can reach a secure and robust consensus on transactions emerges as the most popular peer-to-peer electronic payment system. Cryptocurrencies mostly rely on blockchain, as a secure decentralised append-only ledger to exchange digital currencies, and thereby attracting a billion-dollar economy. Bitcoin allows input transactions to link addresses and this can be used by an adversary to reveal real user identity. This obviously attracts privacy issues such as user's information and identity leakage. Several existing techniques are found not satisfactory to fulfil practical and compatible anonymity requirements for users and their transaction. We present in this paper, a secure privacy-preservation scheme based on bilinear pairing and other cryptographic primitives. We proved that our proposed scheme is robust and can be implemented to preserve users and transaction privacy in the Bitcoin system by theoretical analysis and evaluation.

Estimation of haemoglobin(Hb) using non-invasive methods has caught wide interest among researchers all over the globe. Among the various devices and methods adopted for non-invasive haemoglobin (SpHb) measurement, prediction of SpHb using PPG can provide earlier and faster diagnosis. The primary objective and motivation of this study is to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of SpHb monitoring among pregnant women using PPG and generalized linear regression technique. PPG signal was acquired from pregnant women with prior consent and Hb was predicted from the time-domain attributes of PPG. Hb value as calculated by the invasive lab methods was compared with the predicted SpHb value. The absolute bias between the SpHb predicted and Hb_ref was 0.73 g/dL (SD 0.62). To analyse and evaluate the performance of the proposed word, correlation coefficient between SpHb and Hb_lab, was calculated using IBM SPSS software.

The notions of reluctant IF soft BCI-algebras (RIF S_BCIAs) and reluctant IF soft ideals (RIF SIDs) are investigated. We will also establish relations between them with different examples.

This paper focused on the classification of student national-level status such as national and international. A primary survey was conducted in the academic year 2017-2018 to analysis the circumstances of trending ICT and Mobile Technology (MT) in Indian and Hungarian higher education. The main objective was to identify the student's answers provided in the survey based on their national-level status. For the classification tasks, we used Logistic regression (LR), Support Vector Machine, Multilayer perceptron (MLP) and Random Forest (RF)on both balanced and unbalanced datasets with K-fold Cross-Validation (KCV), Leave One Out (LOO), and Hold Out (HO) methods. Also, Xtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) classifier was also implemented to enhance the classification accuracy of existing classifiers. The findings of the study showed that the XGB classifier outperformed others with the highest accuracy of 95% with 18 significant features. Also, class balancing improved significantly the accuracy of classification. Further, the authors recommended this predictive model to be implemented as a real-time function utility on the website of the university.

In recent years, many studies have emerged about regarding the topic of school failure, showing a growing interest in determining the multiple factors that may influence it [1]. Most of the researches that attempt to solve this issue [2] are focused on determining the factors that most affect the performance of students (dropout and failure) at the different educational levels (basic, middle and higher education) through the use of the large amount of information that current computer equipment allows to store in databases. All these data constitute a real gold mine of valuable information about students. But, identifying and finding useful and hidden information in large databases is a difficult task [3]. A very promising solution to achieve this goal is the use of knowledge mining techniques or data mining in education, which has resulted in so-called Educational Data Mining (EDM) [4]. This new area of research is concerned with the development of methods for exploring data in education, as well as the use of these methods to better understand students and the contexts where they learn [5].

Electricity distribution companies have been incorporating new technologies that allow them to obtain complete information in real time about their customers´ consumption. Thus, a new concept called "Smart Metering" has been adopted, giving way to new types of meters that interact in an interconnected system. This will allow to make data analysis, accurate forecasts and detecting consumption patterns that will be relevant for the decision-making process. This research focuses on discovering common patterns among customers from data collected by smart meters.

There is a fast increase of information and data generation in virtual environments due to microblogging sites such as Twitter, a social network that produces an average of 8, 000 tweets per second, and up to 550 million tweets per day. That's why this and many other social networks are overloaded with content, making it difficult for users to identify information topics because of the large number of tweets related to different issues. Due to the uncertainty that harms users who created the content, this study proposes a method for inferring the most representative topics that occurred in a time period of 1 day through the selection of user profiles who are experts in sports and politics. It is calculated considering the number of times this topic was mentioned by experts in their timelines. This experiment included a dataset extracted from Twitter, which contains 10, 750 tweets related to sports and 8, 758 tweets related to politics. All tweets were obtained from user timelines selected by the researchers, who were considered experts in their respective subjects due to the content of their tweets. The results show that the effective selection of users, together with the index of relevance implemented for the topics, can help to more easily find important topics in both sport and politics.

Technological advances have allowed to collect and store large volumes of data over the years. Besides, it is significant that today's applications have high performance and can analyze these large datasets effectively. Today, it remains a challenge for data mining to make its algorithms and applications equally efficient in the need of increasing data size and dimensionality [1]. To achieve this goal, many applications rely on parallelism, because it is an area that allows the reduction of cost depending on the execution time of the algorithms because it takes advantage of the characteristics of current computer architectures to run several processes concurrently [2]. This paper proposes a parallel version of the FuzzyPred algorithm based on the amount of data that can be processed within each of the processing threads, synchronously and independently.

This paper proposes an innovative way to address real cases of production prediction. This approach consists in the decomposition of original time series into time sub-series according to a group of factors in order to generate a predictive model from the partial predictive models of the sub-series. The adjustment of the models is carried out by means of a set of statistic techniques and Automatic Learning. This method was compared to an intuitive method consisting of a direct prediction of time series. The results show that this approach achieves better predictive performance than the direct way, so applying a decomposition method is more appropriate for this problem than non-decomposition. The agricultural sector will be used as the study subject.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact jpconf@ioppublishing.org

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact jpconf@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded.

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish as part of a thesis (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.

Published 15 September 2020

This article, and others within this volume, has been retracted by IOP Publishing following clear evidence of plagiarism and citation manipulation.

This work was originally published in Spanish (1) and has been translated and published without permission or acknowledgement to the original authors. IOP Publishing Limited has discovered other papers within this volume that have been subjected to the same treatment. This is scientific misconduct.

Misconduct investigations are ongoing at the author's institutions. IOP Publishing Limited will update this notice if required once those investigations have concluded. To date, there is no evidence to suggest anyone other than Amelec Viloria / Jesus Silva was directly culpable for the actions that led to retraction.

IOP Publishing Limited request any citations to this article be redirected to the original work (1).

Anyone with any information regarding these papers is requested to contact conferenceseries@ioppublishing.org.