Table of contents

The study of the structure and properties of synthetic analogues of humic substances is an important research task. This paper presents the results of studying the structural and group composition of the products of water-soluble fractions synthesized in the D-glucose - m-aminobenzoic acid and D-glucose - p-toluidine reaction systems using electronic and vibrational spectroscopy. The IR-Fourier transform spectroscopic study shows the similarity of the structural-group composition of the selected products with those for humic and humic-like substances of different origin. The study of growth-regulating ability confirms its presence for the products of both systems, while the aromatic fragments of m-aminobenzoic acid impart higher stimulating activity to the substances. Analysis of the structural-group composition of the products obtained in the framework of computer modelling suggests their potentially non-toxic nature, which makes further research in this direction promising.

The main consumers of feed grain include industries such as livestock, pig and poultry. For the organization of proper feeding of animals and poultry, the rational use of concentrated feeds, the main component of which are grain and leguminous crops, providing about 50% of protein, is important. Currently, the share of concentrated feed in the total feed balance is more than a third. The efficiency of using feed grain without prior preparation is markedly reduced. The quality of the crushed feed in its granulometric composition exceeds the quality of the feed crushed by any hammer mill, due to the increase in the content of the easily digestible animal and bird fraction and the reduction of the dust fraction, which has a negative effect on the animal's body. One of the main ways to prepare grain feed for feeding is grinding. During grinding, conditioning, crushing and other operations, the hard shell is destroyed, the availability of nutrients to the action of digestive juices increases, digestibility is accelerated, and more complete absorption of feed energy occurs. Grinding is the most energy-intensive and time-consuming operation, occupying more than half of the total labour costs in the preparation of animal feed. The article provides the scientific rationale for the energy efficiency of the feed grinding process.

The results of a study of mixtures of mineral motor oil M-10G2k with 5% by weight of Castrol 0W-30 SL/CF synthetic oil are presented. The redistribution of thermal energy is considered, which was investigated by the dependence of the increment of the absorption coefficients of the light flux and evaporation on the time and temperature of the test. The effect of the synthetic additive on the optical properties, volatility, coefficient of thermo-oxidative stability, kinematic viscosity when testing the mixture in the temperature range from 160 to 180 °C is established.

The article discusses methods of factor analysis to identify heterogeneity in the conditions of spatial distribution and flow formation in aquatic ecosystems. Various factor analysis algorithms were studied to take into account the conjugate action of many factors. Examples of ranking the established dependencies by the value of their own significance criteria are shown. Deficiencies of factor analysis methods in certain software applications were identified because of a possible incorrect interpretation of the results due to the complexity of the technology. The possibility of using factor analysis tools to describe the spatial structures of hydrological data and identify risk zones associated with the instability of the hydrological regime was identified.

The article discusses the issue of the heat transfer in amorphous materials with an expressed crystal structure in detail. Based on the accumulated amount of experimental data on the processes of heat transfer in materials, the authors analysed the thermophysical mechanisms of heat transfer in non-ferrous metal alloys: aluminium alloys (AD-1; D 16, etc.), Constantan copper alloy and titanium alloys. The temperature dependences of the thermal conductivity of materials, in which heat transfer is determined by conduction electrons, are shown graphically.

The paper considers the problem of the accumulation and disposal of oil sludge, which include a stable oil-water emulsion, and the main causes of the formation of oil-water emulsion. It also gives a classification of separation methods. The results of experimental data on the analysis of hot sludge and centrifugation methods using demulsifiers are presented: DIN 12D 2018, DIN 12D 2017, SNPH, KR-11DE.

The rational use of resources and energy in the oil refining process is largely determined by the efficiency of the technological equipment. In the conditions of the Far North, with a sharply continental climate, at low negative temperatures, the operation of technological furnaces is carried out with very high energy consumption, which indicates the use of equipment in suboptimal conditions. Loss reduction is possible due to heat recovery through the use of heat from combustion products, through heat exchange between product streams and the use of low potential waste heat. In this work, an analysis of the operation of a technological oil heating furnace was carried out, the main parameters affecting the consumption of fuel gas were identified, a method for reducing the cost of natural fuel gas by introducing a recuperator was proposed.

In this paper we consider the causes of environmental problems of large cities, the impact of transport and technological activities on air pollution. The comparative dynamics of changes in the number of cars in Russia and other countries. The approximate component composition of exhaust gases for carburetor and diesel engines and the conditions of formation of the most toxic substances are analyzed. The reasons of the greatest pollution of the atmosphere by activity of transport and technological infrastructure in the Russian Federation in comparison with the Western countries are revealed. The structure of the automobile fleet of the Russian Federation on norms of toxicity. The ways of minimizing the impact of vehicles on the ecology of megacities by improving the quality of fuel and abandoning the no-alternative monopoly on diesel fuel are proposed. The necessity of modern technologies of oil and gas processing, expansion of opportunities of the fuel market of the country, improvement of its quality and environmental friendliness is revealed. Prospects of use of gas motor fuel are defined.

The paper presents the results in the field of research and analysis of the optical density of motor oil using mathematical and intelligent models. The quadratic approximations of the dependence of optical density on time are obtained for three different temperatures of temperature control. It is established that each curve of the change in optical density with time contains an inflection point. On the basis of which it was hypothesized that these moments correspond to a certain phase transition in the oil under study. A three-dimensional model of dependence of the rate of change of optical density on temperature and test time was also constructed. When analyzing this dependence, the character of the inflection curve is established, which is proposed as an indicator indicating the attainment of the limiting resource of lubricating oils.

The results of a study of mixtures of mineral motor oil M-10G2k with 5% by weight of synthetic oil Monnol Elite 5W-40 SL/CF are presented. The effect of a synthetic additive on the optical properties, volatility, and coefficient of thermo-oxidative stability is established when testing a mixture in the temperature range from 180 to 160 0C.

In this paper, the mechanism of action of viscous additives based on polymer components is analyzed. The functional properties of the most common viscosity additives on the domestic market were tested: Kerry, LIQUI MOLY Visco-Stabil and Hi-Gear on oils of various basic bases, namely: Visco2000 15w40 mineral motor oil; semi-synthetic engine oil Genesis Lukoil 10w40; synthetic oil Lukoil Lux 5w40. The effectiveness of the additive Kerry in relation to the semi-synthetic engine oil Genesis Lukoil 10w40 has been revealed.

A study was made of the load properties, namely, the control of the formation parameters of an elastohydrodynamic layer in rolling bearings, a range of linear velocities at which an elastohydrodynamic layer of lubricant is formed taking into account axial and radial loads, properties, purpose of the lubricant and design features of a rolling bearing. The method for controlling the parameters of formation of an elastohydrodynamic layer in rolling bearings allows one to determine the parameters of rolling friction at which an elastohydrodynamic layer is formed on the surfaces of rolling bodies, at which the bearing life is maximum.

It is shown that the operation of solar electric panels in the Republic of Khakassia of the Russian Federation should be carried out without power output to the grid. The scheme of connecting a solar power station to an existing building network and power station equipment were selected. A methodology for calculating the power of the inverter and solar panels was developed and applied based on the building's electric load schedule. Electricity rates for public buildings were analyzed. The discounted payback period for the use of a solar power station in parallel with the power grid was calculated. The applicability of solar panels operating in parallel with the power grid for public buildings of the Republic of Khakassia of the Russian Federation was revealed. Conclusions are made based on research results.

The results of the study of the oxidation and evaporation of a partially synthetic Total Quartz 10W-40 SL/CF synthetic engine oil in the temperature range from 160 to 190 °C are presented. The rates of increment of the processes of oxidation and evaporation from the time and temperature of the test, as well as the critical temperatures and temperatures of the onset of these processes, are determined. A grapho-analytical model for predicting thermal-oxidative stability indicators in a wider temperature range of test temperatures is proposed.

This article proposes a smart system of measurement of and control over a local technosphere's condition. A basic element of this system, which allows for minimizing control errors, is a smart sensor which gives an opportunity to measure, transform, and automatically detect and correct measurement results. In order to minimize control errors within threshold values of parameters, we suggest transforming the sensitivity of a smart sensor using the Monte Carlo method. Structural schemes of a smart measurement and control system and an intelligent sensor are proposed, as well as an algorithm for transforming the sensitivity of an intelligent sensor based on the Monte Carlo method.

The paper substantiates the need for the use of biofuels in diesel engines. It is shown that the choice for diesel alternative biofuel with a perspective should be carried out in accordance with the design features of the engine and during its primary tests. The paper studies such eco-friendly energy sources as methanol, ethanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil. Methanol, ethanol and methyl ester of rapeseed oil potentially lead to some solutions to environmental problems, as for their production, there are quite abundant resources and these energy sources are characterized by relatively low emissions of harmful substances when burning. The ways of bioethanol production from various raw materials and the process of rapeseed oil methanolysis are considered. Experimental studies of biodiesel operating on alcohol-fuel emulsions, methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil were carried out.

The article is devoted to the construction of an analytical algorithm for solving the problem of the formation of waves in a two-layer liquid from a source located in the upper layer. In the course of the solution, the problem is reduced to a boundary value problem for a system of differential equations with respect to the velocity potentials of the perturbed flow of liquids, which was divided into three simpler boundary value problems. Expressions characterizing the evolution of the free boundary and the line of separation of media were also obtained. Conclusions are drawn about the influence of density difference, layer depth and power of the source on the wave formation process.

Reducing the energy consumption for the own needs of energy sources is an urgent task that can be solved by organizing our own energy sources by using the potential energy of water vapor in steam screw machines. The article discusses some options for installing steam screw machines at the facilities of generating companies and identifies factors affecting the return on steam screw machines in the current operating conditions.

The article analyzes the number of accidents and measures that implement the reduction of mortality on the roads. The authors proposed a set of factors that must be taken into account when reconstructing an accident according to the parameters of the braking process of M₁ category vehicles, such as: the actual load of the vehicle, modern complexes of car active safety systems (ABS, EBD, ASR, BAS), a trailer of up to 750 kg, the condition of the road surface coverage and seasonality of tires in the conditions of the North-West region. The results of experimental studies of the actual values of the steady-state deceleration and its rise time are presented, confirming the regularity of the influence of the studied factors. Coefficients have been developed that correct the recommended normative values of steady-state deceleration and rise time. The method of accident reconstruction according to the parameters of the braking process of M₁ category vehicles is proposed, which allows more objective and reliable expert research and provides the ability to establish real cause-effect relationships for the occurrence of accident.

The study of the environmental performance of diesel engines running on natural gas in a wide range of operating conditions is relevant for the further implementation of their transport and transport-technological machines. The paper deals with the use of natural gas as an alternative fuel to improve the environmental performance of a diesel engine. The results of experimental studies on the effect of natural gas and exhaust gas recirculation on the toxicity and smokiness of diesel engine exhaust gases are presented. It is noted that when the diesel engine is running on natural gas with exhaust gas recirculation, the content of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) in the exhaust gases decreases by 43.2%, soot (C) by 5.6 times, carbon dioxide (CO₂) by 33.3%, carbon oxides (CO) by 10.0%.

In the study, there is considering a problem of monitoring and evaluating the operational status of road network. As the main task, there was highlighted the creating a unified informational center providing a possibility of fixing defects in roadway and poor-quality infrastructure and providing an early warning responsible authorities. The suggested informational system let distribute tasks between contractors and track the work efficiency. To solve the task, there was developed a mobile application for data capture by users and web-service for specialists of responsible authorities united to the "IS MRIB" single information center. In the study, there were describing requirements to the system and using software for implementation. There were use-diagram and interface layouts. To justify the advisability of the system development it was a comparing analysis of analogues and distinguishing advantages of the proposed way. Ways of popularizing mobile application were suggested to increase volume of collecting information.

In this work, we get a numerical simulation analyzes the effect of catalyst granule size on the operation efficiency of the fixed bed reactor for the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. For the laboratory reactor, we built a detailed model of cylindrical catalyst granules with a length of 3 mm, 6 mm and 9 mm. We carried out an analysis of the granule size effect on the bed characteristics, such as porosity and the catalyst total surface area. We obtained results for a wide range of feed gas rates. The ranges and rates of the catalyst efficiency decrease for different feed gas rates are determined.

The research article discusses the chemical composition of the anti-icing reagents, and presents the results of studies to determine the content of suspended solids and salts in the snow at different intervals from the edge of the roadside on the main streets of Izhevsk. The following dependence was revealed – a decrease in the concentration of salts and suspended substances in snow samples with distance from the edge of the roadway. The concentration of salts in the samples at different distances from the edge of the roads reached 5822 mg/l. The concentration of suspended solids in snow samples reached 13470 mg/l. It was found that when taking samples of snow at a distance of 25 meters from the edge of the roadway, there is an excess of the concentrations of salts and suspended solids in the snow, the values of the maximum permissible concentration for admission to surface water bodies.

We have conducted a comparative analysis of efficiency to detect vegetation under adverse conditions by remote lidar and passive optical methods. The paper shows that a lidar method for monitoring at 1.65 and 2.03 μm wavelengths allows us to detect vegetation plots under adverse conditions with a probability of correct detection close to one and a probability of false alarm ~ second decimal places. A laser method that uses two eye-safe sensing wavelengths in the NIR spectral band can lie at the core of the airborne vegetation monitoring method.

The data on the distribution of orthophosphoric acid in the system di - (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) – H₃PO₄ – H₂O was obtained. The mutual losses of the extractant and the aqueous phase in the extraction of rare-earth elements occur from phosphoric acid using D2EHPA. The quantitative characteristics of redistribution between the aqueous and organic phases was determined. The composition of solvates in extracts was established at different equilibrium concentrations of orthophosphoric acid in the aqueous phase. The obtained data allow us to make changes in the technological process, which will allow us to obtain cleaner REEs after extraction and reduce the concentration of extractant in water effluents.

The experience of solving the world's environmental problems from the use of diesel engines allowed us to develop numerous ways to solve them, including the transfer to work on alternative fuels. The article presents the classification of alternative fuels. The article discusses the use of biofuel for the diesel engine. The use of alternative biofuels with different chemical composition and local conditions leads to the distinctive performance of the diesel engine. Therefore, for the scientific representation of the actual picture of the power and economic indicators of the diesel engine, experimental studies were conducted when it was operated on methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil. According to the results of laboratory and bench studies of load working processes of a diesel engine running on methanol and methyl ether of rapeseed oil, important information about hourly and specific fuel consumption, filling coefficients and excess air, effective efficiency and exhaust gas temperature were obtained. At the same time dependences of influence of modes of operation of the diesel engine on characteristics of power and economic indicators are established and their numerical values are defined. The presented research performance and economic performance of diesel engine demonstrate the applicability of methanol and methyl ester of rapeseed oil as an alternative bio-fuel is not only to improve the excellent service standard and performance indicators, but also to reduce the toxicity and smoke opacity of the exhaust gases, since alcohol, with its more simple structure and small size of molecules is one of the determining factors for a more "clean burning" fuel.

The article deals with the issue of standardization of approach to definition of modern digital substation is considered. The approaches proposed and partially implemented by equipment manufacturers are described, such as data collection and processing by means of relay protection and automation with the use of proprietary algorithms, wireless and optical current and voltage sensors, etc. The authors propose the use of a unified system for collecting and processing data generated and used in the operation of an electric substation. The structure of the signal transmission system for the main groups of electrical power equipment is described, the requirements for the predictive diagnostics system that allows maintaining the equipment based on its technical condition are described.

The paper presents the construction of a continuous multifunctional mass transfer apparatus which can perfectly adjust to meet technological requirements for a wide range of environmental, chemical, petrochemical, biological processes. The processes include absorption, adsorption, desorption, chemisorption, ion exchange, rectification, drying, extraction, gas scrubbing. The apparatus can carry out processes under the influence of intensifying electric fields of a given intensity, as well as performance of the nonisothermal mass transfer processes and the gas and liquid phase exothermic and endothermic catalytic reactions. The article also provides the most promising modifications of the developed mass transfer apparatus and the main details relating to the durability and adjustment to meet the requirements of a particular mass transfer process. The authors emphasize the prospects of using modifications of the developed mass transfer apparatus as a foamy bubbling dust collector for industrial gas scrubbing and for performance of electro-absorption, electro-adsorption, electro-desorption, ion exchange under the influence of a given electric field intensity in the environmental equipment for industrial applications and urban economy.

The present study describes problems of wax deposition formation on the surface of oil field equipment. In particular, the problem of wax deposition prevention inside tubing walls is considered. Wax prevention techniques and wax removal techniques were analyzed and the main advantages and disadvantages of these techniques were highlighted. The technique for controlling wax deposits by means of fluid swirl is proposed, which is carried out using a process module for controlling downhole deposits based on a flow swirl. Simulation flow modeling in the direct-flow swirler was performed. The simulation was carried out with the help of SolidWorks Flow Simulation program for different profiles of flow section, number of turns, and swirling pitch. An increase in temperature due to a fluid swirl and a significant pressure gradient in the wall layers of the tubing after the swirler were revealed.

A mathematical economic model for searching an optimal solution is proposed. In addition, a measure of information uncertainty is proposed to solve the problem the construction of a distribution network structure with the redundancy. In the model, there is an objective function for searching minimum costs and the equations for determining an information entropy of operable and non-operable states of the distribution network. The equations are based on the approaches of Ralph Hartley and Claude Shannon for entropy determination. An important place in the mathematical model is the process of constructing of a constraint function to search an optimal solution. The right part of constraints is entropy, its value reflects requirements to provide the required reliability level of power supply of the consumer. The left part is used to determine the connection entropy between an energy source and the consumer. An example of determining the number of redundant elements is offered.

In the framework of the supercritical fluid extraction regeneration of catalysts, an original experimental device was created for measuring the solubility of substances in pure and modified supercritical carbon dioxide, protected by a RF patent for a useful model. To prevent entrainment during the implementation of the process of extraction of substances in the solid state, a special vessel with a microporous membrane was used in the extraction cell. The solubility of anthracene in pure supercritical carbon dioxide was studied with 423, 435, 448 K isotherms in the pressure range from 9.6 to 22 MPa. It is established that an increase in temperature and pressure contribute to an increase in the solubility of anthracene. In order to increase the dissolving ability of SC-CO₂, a search for modifiers of various nature (acetone, hexane, ethanol) was conducted. It is revealed that hexane and ethanol are more effective modifiers. In this regard, the effect of the concentration of these modifiers on the dissolving ability was investigated. The content in the solvent 2% of the mass. hexane and ethanol have a maximum effect than their other concentration. The solubility of anthracene in SC-CO₂ modified with hexane and ethanol was studied at a 435 K isotherm in the pressure range 10-20 MPa. The use of modifiers made it possible to increase the solubility of anthracene using ethanol and hexanan by 56% and 76%, respectively. The solubility of anthracene in pure supercritical carbon dioxide is described using the Peng-Robinson equation of state and three adjustable parameters. To describe the solubility of anthracene in a modified SC-CO₂, only one adjustable parameter was used. In addition, the descriptions of the solubility of anthracene in pure SC-CO₂ obtained experimentally in this work and in the works of other authors are presented. The obtained dependences of the parameters of the binary interaction on temperature make it possible to interpolate the values of solubility on the basis of existing experimental data.

The present paper is dedicated to improving the quality, reliability and operational characteristics of machines that is a major challenge for modern oil and gas engineering. Improving the quality of machines, increasing their reliability and durability is inextricably linked with the issue of enhancing the parts surface quality as virtually all operational parts properties are determined by certain geometric and physical-chemical parameters of their working surfaces. In particular, there is a known way to increase the reliability of supports of centrifugal units when sliding bearing supports with a regular microrelief are used. In particular, there is a known way to increase the reliability of bearings of centrifugal units when sliding bearing bearings with a regular microrelief are used. When researching the planetary rotary turning the tool is given additional movement - planetary rotation, it is found out that the complicated movement of planetary rotary turning provides an emerging various regular microreliefs on the surface of the parts that can be effectively applied to sliding bearings. The article focuses on the study of the kinematics of this relief by planetary cutting tools.

The paper proposes a method of processing steelmaking slag in order to save resources. The authors propose to include partial granulation of steelmaking slags in the processing scheme. This option includes draining the slag melt from the steelmaking unit into ladles and dividing the slag melt into two parts, one of which is enriched in iron. The resulting product can be recommended for use in construction, in agriculture as fertilizers, as well as as a slag-forming flux in steelmaking. During the experiments, the possibility of pyrometallurgical reduction of iron from metallurgical slag was revealed. The influence of the reduction temperature on the yield of iron from the slag is established.

The present paper is dedicated to the development of resource-saving technologies for oil and gas complex, namely to the development of power supply for downhole equipment. The relevance of this research is caused by the acute lack and high electricity costs for downhole devices which are widely-used both in drilling and in hydrocarbon production. The traditional methods used to power these devices, namely batteries and power cables are unreliable and short-lived and they require capital and time expenditure for production process, tripping operations, etc. shutdowns. There is a solution to this problem consisting in use of autonomous downhole power supply system including a hydrodynamic module with an electric power generator which converts well flow energy. An assessment of the device operability was made in which its high performance is highlighted.

The present paper is dedicated to assessment of possibilities for using reducers with eccentric involute gearing in the system of the drilling rig top drive. Modern problems of top drive systems, in particular disadvantages of applied reducers are considered. The kinematics of eccentric gears is investigated; the main characteristics of the proposed gearing are calculated. High gear ratios and efficiency of the mechanism with its low weight and dimensions are revealed.

The paper deals with the problem of gas filtration process in a porous medium using a mathematical model of an object; the model is described by a nonlinear partial differential equation and the corresponding boundary and internal conditions. The paper presents the main stages in construction of mathematical model of the process of gas filtration in porous media, taking into account the changes in hydrodynamic parameters of the object of study. To solve the above problem, the following numerical methods have been used: local-one-dimensional schemes and longitudinal-transverse direction schemes. To solve the problem of nonlinear gas filtration in a porous medium, several methods of constructing an iterative process have been checked. To study the responses of the principal parameters of the process, a series of computational experiments on a computer, their analyses and conclusions are given in the paper.

We have experimentally studied the laser-induced spectra of petroleum products at the excitation fluorescence wavelength of 266 nm. The paper depicts a schematic diagram of the laboratory setup, gives data resulted from processing of laser-induced fluorescence spectra, and shows that, in comparison with spectra of petroleum products, the laser-induced fluorescence spectra of oil have a shift toward the longer wavelength spectral region and a far wider spectral bandwidth. For oil, an efficient band of sensing fluorescence radiation, is of ~ 390 – 600 nm in average. For gasoline, an efficient band of sensing fluorescence radiation has a significant shift toward the shorter wavelength region (~ 320 – 360 nm) as compared to the efficient sensing fluorescence radiation band for diesel and engine oils (~ 330-395 nm).

The article discusses the change in electrical loads and specific power consumption during the processing of various varieties of raw cotton. A method of evaluation changes in energy indicators and the influence of normative factors and identifying reserves of energy savings is attached. The most favorable modes of operation of the main technological equipment from the performance of power-consuming objects have been evaluated by using the Chebyshev method. As an example of the implementation of the proposed method, calculations have been performed at the Peshku cotton processing plant in the Bukhara region.

Present-day condition and objectively established trends of developing mineral and crude base of non-ferrous metallurgy have predetermined two main directions in mineral raw materials processing. The first direction is based on some traditional technologies of free-milling ore processing with receiving of mono selective concentrates at the enrichment stage with following recycling them using already known pyro-, chemico-, hydrometallurgical methods. The main way of developing this direction is invention of high-performance combined processes and combined technological schemes. The second direction covers difficult raw material. It is based on combined technologies providing a discharge of advantageous components into the mono selective concentrates at the step of enrichment. At the other steps – transfer of refractory mineral assemblages into a polymetallic products and their further selection using enrichment, pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods. Among various methods of influence on the mineral assemblages, there are two groups, applicable in combined technology systems, to highlight. These are enrichment based on energy and chemical-metallurgical impacts at the finalizing step, where the necessary increase of completeness and complexity of crude ore applying might be provided only by processing it using combined technologies, which optimally match the both of selected groups.

The article studies the material and mineralogical composition of the refractory gold-bearing ores of the weathering crust of one of the deposits in Eastern Siberia. It is revealed that, according to the textural and structural features, ores are multi-mineral and have significant differences in the composition of the detrital, granular material and the loose component. All ore is saturated with iron hydroxides and limonite crusts with clay components. The results of the analysis showed that large classes contain an insignificant amount of a valuable component. Increased gold content is noted starting from -4 + 0 mm size. In the free state are about 3-5%. Processing of these types of raw materials is a rather complicated task. Analysis of the enrichment methods showed that the use of new solvents of noble metals with their subsequent concentration is promising. Of practical interest are alkaline solutions obtained by dissolving sulfur in an aqueous suspension of calcium hydroxide. The reagent is non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Leaching was carried out in a wide range of concentrations of the solvent used. The optimum solvent concentrations and the duration of the leaching process for extracting the valuable component into the filtrate were determined to be 97–98%. Chemical analysis of cakes showed that the reagent does not enter into chemical interaction with other elements that make up the ore. As well as the content of elemental sulfur in dump cakes averages 0.64%, that is, it corresponds to a content in the raw material of up to 0.8%. At the same time, cakes are not environmentally harmful and can be stored on special platforms.

With a sufficiently high level of degassing works in the mines of a number of coal basins, their effectiveness is constrained by specific properties of the coal seams being mined. In particular, the filtration and reservoir properties of fossil coal differ significantly, in natural conditions, even within one coal seam. The article outlines the purpose of the new method, namely, the vibration impact on the coal seam to increase fracturing and as a consequence of increasing the gas recovery intensity. In this way, when mining a low-permeable gas-saturated coal seam, the gas recovery rate is very low due to the physical state of the array. Existing methods create insufficient conditions for the degassing of coal seams. Therefore, to increase the efficiency of the coal array it is required to create new, more efficient ways to crack open fractures and increase gas recovery from coal. This is achieved by applying vibration to a low-permeable gas-bearing coal seam.

The article is devoted to the influence of brown coal additives on the sintering of the lime-nepheline charge in the technology of alumina production from nepheline. It is shown that carbon-containing materials added to the limestone-nepheline charge intensify sintering, and thus, contribute to a more uniform heat distribution along the furnace, improve the passage of the sintered material in the chain curtains, accelerate interaction of the charge components and increase recovery of alumina from the sintered mass. The mechanism of influence of coal during its combustion on the passage of solid-phase reactions in the charge is studied. Fossil brown coals with a high content of volatile substances and carbon graphite materials were used as coal additives.

The article presents the load characteristics of the diesel D-245.7 when working on the gas-diesel process. The graphs of changes in the parameters of the combustion process, heat release characteristics, and effective indicators are given. It is important to study the issues of converting diesel engines to natural gas, as diesel engine is the most common in the national economy. The most suitable way of converting diesel engines to natural gas is to implement a gas-diesel workflow, since it does not require a significant engine rework. Diesel D-245.7 was chosen as an object of study. In the course of the study, among other things, the load characteristics of this diesel engine were removed when working on the gas-diesel process. When analyzing the experimental data obtained for a gas-diesel process as compared to a diesel one, some features can be noted. The gas-diesel process shows an increase in the temperature and pressure of gases in the cylinder. Heat dissipation is much faster. This indicates the volumetric nature of the ignition and combustion of natural gas. Engine power during the transition to the gas-diesel process is maintained at the same level, while the consumption of diesel fuel due to replacement by natural gas is reduced several times.

The main purpose of the work was to determine the methods of mining enterprises wastewater secondary treatment from nitrogenous compounds. The chemical analysis of wastewater was carried out, and substances with exceeding concentrations were established. The accumulating power of indigenous species of higher aquatic vegetation has been estimated. The absorption regularities of nitrates of duckweed (Lemna minor) in solutions with different concentrations were determined. The expediency of duckweed cultivating with the aim of phytoremediation has been proved.

This research illustrates the co-generation process of electricity and fresh water (H₂O) through the application of combined distillation power plants producing very high efficiency for the electricity generation and the available utilization of waste energy. Consequently, it increases the power of low temperature multi-stage distillation plants. This project is about Combined Heat Power (CHP) distillation process that gives the best environmental effect for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gases, which effects in water prices and yields pure water from the distillation process. Besides, this report includes economical and practical factors, which are taken with consideration of the feasibility of CHP. The factors affecting within choose of the power plant and the overall system economics are additionally discussed and analysed.

The article contains an optimization analysis of the patterns of formation of a set of parameters with all the constraints affecting, which revealed the economic feasibility of using a limited number of cable sections used. With the help of the criterion analysis method, the economically reasonable values of the parameters being optimized are determined and recommendations are made on the use of the obtained optimal parameters for distribution electric networks.

The article discusses the development of an effective technology for the conversion of worn out tires from the sight of energy consumption and depth, by preproduction in various types of solvents, followed by crushing. The use of methods of physical impact on the material, in particular, the procedure of the use of aggressive media, is justified. The results of experimental researches showed that breakage reduces energy consumption, improves the separation of metal and textile from rubber, increases the yield of rubber under the influence of various aggressive media (solvents).

In this article, the role of electric arc furnace in the process of "Uzmetkombinat" is regarded, as well as an analysis of the mode of the unit integrated processing of steel, the continuous casting of steel. The actual value is the specific energy consumption by type of equipment shop EAF for 2018.

The article presents the types of possible snow and ice deposits on the road surface, the conditions of their occurrence, physical and mechanical properties and the duration of their formation. The conditions of snow transfer and possible conditions for the occurrence of snowfall and the process of its formation are analyzed. Information about the frequency distribution of snow in Russia is provided and the analysis of the dependence of the number of snowfalls on air temperature is performed. Data analysis was performed on the thickness of a possible compacted snow layer on the road surface, on the number of cases of ground icing on road and airfield surfaces depending on temperature and air humidity.

The work explores the processes of movement, evaporation, change of temperature and weight of water droplets in the air washers of heat power systems. The motion of the evaporating drop is described by the variable-mass body mechanics equation without regard to reactive force. Two laws of movement resistance of water droplets in the air washer are considered. The diffusion and evaporation of droplets are calculated using traditional equations, taking into account the conditions of the air washer. Changes of droplet temperature were found from the heat balance equation. Numerical calculations of the change of the weight and temperature of the droplet are given depending on the distance droplet travelled in the air washer. Conclusions have been drawn on the effect of evaporation and changes in droplet temperature on mechanical movement and associated processes. A rational range of droplet sizes is defined for efficient operation of air washers.

Ethanol is an attractive alternative fuel because it is a renewable bio-based resource and it is oxygenated, thereby providing the potential to reduce particulate emissions in compression–ignition engines. Thus, the use of ethanol in a diesel engine can simultaneously solve two important problems - the replacement of non-renewable diesel fuel and improving the environmental performance of diesel by reducing soot emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, the use of ethanol in a diesel engine can simultaneously solve two important problems - the replacement of non-renewable diesel fuel and improving the environmental performance of diesel by reducing soot emissions into the atmosphere. The presented work considers the main reasons for reducing the formation of solid particles in the diesel cylinder, taking into account the transformation of the combustion process. The article presents the results of experimental studies to reduce the soot content in the exhaust gases by direct injection of ethanol into the combustion chamber with ignition from the burning fuel jet. The implementation of this method somewhat complicates the design of the diesel engine but allows you to control the combustion process and exclude the maximum amount of diesel fuel. The characteristics of the combustion process of alternative fuels in the diesel cylinder and the main patterns of change are described. In conclusion, the main problems of the use of ethanol and promising directions of its use as a fuel for the engine with compression ignition are considered, taking into account the peculiarities of the combustion process and the formation of harmful components of exhaust gases.

The work solved the problem of resource assignment to the safe operation of capacitive devices after carrying out technical diagnostics on permissible technical parameters, depending on the combined effect of the parameters of the technical condition of the equipment oil and gas refining and petrochemical industries. 10 technical and technological parameters of capacitive devices were selected, and the evaluation was carried out using such an indicator as the residual service life of capacitive devices. The authors developed a mathematical model, calculated diagnostic coefficients and informative value of the indicator for each period adopted by the expert. An algorithm for estimating the residual service life of capacitive devices based on the measure of information content of Kulbak is proposed. The estimates of the residual life, which are out of the constructed model, are shown. Conclusions about the rationality of the proposed algorithm for solving problems of this type are made.

The contemporary stage of development of methods and means of control traction force developed on the driving wheels of vehicles is used as one of the diagnostic parameters of the angular acceleration of the drive wheels and the angular acceleration of transmission units, however, scientific and technical studies of the methods take into account the law of generation of mechanical power during one revolution shaft engine vehicle. Also developed methods that are used to control the torque developed by the drive wheels of the vehicle, the acceleration time to a certain speed. At the contemporary stage of development of methods and means, there is an incomplete justification for the use of angular accelerations of transmission units, driving wheels for controlling traction force developed on the driving wheels of vehicles, and the non-use of linear accelerations of vehicles for controlling developed traction force. No disadvantages from the above is a dynamic method of controlling traction force the drive wheels of a vehicle, the scientific and technical justification of which is given in this article.

The task was set of developing recommendations for identifying areas of displacement of the edges of the welded joints of abutting pipes, as well as identifying potentially dangerous sections of welded joints of technological pipelines by changing the normal component of the constant magnetic field. For research, 24 pipe fragments made of steel 20 with a length of 45 mm each were selected. The authors developed recommendations for identifying the presence and zone of displacement of the edges, as well as identifying potentially dangerous sections of welded joints of technological pipelines using the flux-gate control method. It is proposed to use the obtained maximum values of the normal component of the constant magnetic field for the objective detection of edge displacement zones and the determination of potentially hazardous areas. It was shown that the normal component of the constant magnetic field, is quite sensitive both to the displacement of the edges of the welded joints of the pipes and to the quality of the weld, its geometry, defectiveness and determines the above indicators with various characteristic values.

The results of a study of the thermal-oxidation stability of motor oils are presented. The experimental data were obtained and analyzed by means of regression analysis, and graphical dependencies were constructed that clearly demonstrate the reaction of the lubricant to changing environmental conditions and with the help of which it was established that it is possible to determine the temperature of the onset of oxidation processes and temperature conversions, as well as their critical temperatures. As a criterion for evaluating thermal-oxidation stability, a coefficient of thermal-oxidation stability is recommended, taking into account the optical density and volatility of the oil. It shows the effectiveness of the method of predicting the performance indicators of a lubricant among existing research techniques.

This article proves that one of the main conditions for improving the ecological condition of rural areas is continuous monitoring. The current environmental situation in rural areas of almost all regions of the Russian Federation is characterized by many problems which impede their sustainable socio-economic development. In the article, based on the example of the Oryol region, an assessment is made of the environmental situation prevailing in rural areas, and typification of the regions is carried out. The authors formulated a set of proposals, the implementation of which will improve the environmental situation. Particular attention is paid to the development of the implementation of the proposal for the introduction of innovations in the production of agricultural products based on organic farming. substantiated the need to develop state programs for the development of environmentally friendly organic farming, adapted in each region in accordance with the peculiarities of its development and the climatic conditions of agriculture, and presented a set of measures that make up their basis. The implementation of the proposed measures will improve the environmental situation in rural settlements of the country as a whole, and, in the Oryol region in particular, which will contribute to the rural areas entering the trajectory of dynamic sustainable socio-economic development.

In article the technology of processing of one of production wastes of synthetic rubber – the fulfilled adsorbent applied in the course of production of butadiene and containing significant amounts of compounds of copper and iron is offered. The description of laboratory researches on receiving from the specified withdrawal of a ferriferous pigment for paint and varnish and construction materials and also copper vitriol is shortly given. The schematic diagram of installation developed by results of the conducted researches is provided, the short description of technological process is given.

This article deals with experimental research of the diesel engine with modernized system of air supple (MSAS). This system considers steam injection in turbo-compressor which provides increase of its power and also increase air supply in engine cylinders. The results of the experiment show that specific fuel consumption will be decreased on 2.6%, gas temperature before turbocompressor will be decreased on 87 °C. Indeed, diesel power increase of 4% (from 617 kW) was achieved without increase of the cylinder heat temperature.

The article deals with the separation of soil, bark and rot from the surface of the tree stump before its further use in the production of turpentine and rosin. Developed and manufactured installation for experimental studies of the operating parameters of pulse swirling jets of liquid under the influence of the treated tree stump. In general, the dependence between the parameters of the pulse swirling liquid jet and its impact on a stationary object is revealed. In general, the dependence of the influence of the initial parameters of the pulse swirling hydraulic jets on the width of the treated surface of the harvested stump when removing soil, bark and rot is established. The convergence of theoretical and experimental data for determining the width of the treated surface of the harvested stump by pulsed swirling jets of liquid is estimated, the maximum divergence of 3.0 % in determining the width of the treated surface when removing rot.

In order to improve the energy characteristics for low-power ozone generators, it is proposed to use a continuous discharge burning mode. It is due to a significant phase shift between the currents and voltages on the ozone generator. Conditions for conducting the continuous discharge mode were identified.

The current paper presents data on supersonic flow simulation process. The main goal of the study was to demonstrate supersonic separation technology with the help of computational fluid dynamics. In order to determine the quality of separation process itself a supersonic separator has been designed and numerically simulated. The study is mainly concentrated on investigation of the flow structure in the supersonic separator. As a result of the calculation, effective separation factor has been determined, separation process is qualitatively evaluated and described, flow simulation process is visually presented.

This article describes a possible scenario for ferromanganese concretions usage as a sorbent for purification of wastewater obtained from mining enterprises. To study the chemical and physicochemical properties of iron-manganese nodules, the methods of tomography and X-ray phase analysis were applied. The data obtained during the experiments can be used for a more detailed study of ferromanganese nodules of various deposits, for their use as a sorbent.

The development of standards for industrial control materials is the basis for improving the quality control of commercially available synthetic rubbers. The presence of such technical standards is important for the formation and implementation of an integrated approach of modern quality control. In developing the standards, international experience was used, adapted to the domestic characteristics of production and technical documentation, which contributes to the development of the industry's innovative infrastructure, the elimination of technical barriers in the interaction of various industries and the acceleration of the introduction of new types of rubbers. It is shown that such works unite the industry to solve complex problems, contributing to the additional interaction of science and production.

Estimation is to predict the outcome of seismic load to underground pipeline with manholes. Forces and shears were taken into account during modelling of seismic resistance. There were 3 types of waves identified in this job, and the estimation of the maximum velocity of the soil movement was made according to the category of soil by seismic properties. The seismic resistance was estimated under the action of both horizontal and vertical directions of seismic load. The model of a manhole was created from scratch by authors. The main supporting elements of the body were modelled in a stress-deformed mode. The transmission of seismic longitudinal P-waves was simulated with parameters up to 9 points inclusive at the MSK-64 scale in soils of medium density. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, a graph of maximum equivalent von Mises stresses was built depending on the phase of the seismic longitudinal P-wave transmission. Conclusions were made about the efficient usage of applying the proposed approach to solve this class of problems.

The prospects of using supercritical fluid medium for the extraction of oil products from tar sands are discussed. The results of an experimental study of the extraction process using propane-butane extractant (75% wt. propane + 25% wt. butane) in liquid (t = 80 °C, 100 °C, P = 5-10 MPa) and supercritical fluid (t = 140 °C, P = 5-10 MPa) states are presented. The results of quantum chemical simulation are presented in relation to the above process.

Offshore oil and gas installations, located on the offshore fields are exposed to intense heat. The result is a change of temperature condition and having variable thermal stresses that cause fatigue damage and reduce resource. The paper proposes a method which allows to simulate the processes of heating and cooling offshore oil and gas installations in various environmental conditions, and proves the necessity of taking into account the thermal effects in the evaluation of their resource.

Analysis of world practices in the implementation of biogas plants is presented for the growth energy efficiency in Russia. The object of study is biogas technologies used for the disposal of animal waste products. The subject of the study is a biogas plant for processing animal waste products, implemented in Russia. The purpose of the study is to develop a technological scheme for producing biogas for farms. The advantages of the thermophilic mode of fermentation include: an increased rate of decomposition of raw materials and, therefore, a higher biogas yield, as well as the almost complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria contained in the substrate. The disadvantages of thermophilic digestion include are the need to supply a significant amount of energy to heat the raw material in the digester and maintain its temperature, the increased sensitivity of the process to minimal temperature fluctuations and a slightly lower quality of the obtained fertilizers compared to the mesophilic regime, which maintains a higher amino acid composition of the fertilizer.

To assess the degree of influence of natural factors on the groundwater mineralization, it is proposed to simultaneously consider in a static and dynamic position the results of titrimetric determination of the total mineralization and concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in spring water. This is shown by the example of four springs located in the territory of Kaluga. The study made it possible to establish: the average annual background concentrations, as well as to justify the relative variable for groundwater in springs No. 1, No. 3 and No. 4 and the influence of the natural factor on the formation of the total hardness and concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in the study period, relatively stable for groundwater in spring No. 2 by the value of the molar ratio of the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions.

The article considers one of the aspects of the processing of copper waste, containing in addition to a significant amount of copper several dispersed elements, one of the most interesting for extraction is rhenium. The dynamic and full dynamic sorption capacity of the sorbent AV-17-in case of perrhenate ions from ammonia solutions of leaching of copper smelting was determined.

Multiple systems determine safe operation of every nuclear power plant. Elements of these system may periodically fail due to some reasons. This article contains annual failure statistics analysis of Russian nuclear power plants between years 1992 and 2018. It was also assessed the effectiveness of nuclear power plant safety improvement measures, aimed on failure elimination.

The task was set to simulate a quenching and evaporation apparatus in a software package based on operational and technical documentation, considering the structural and operational characteristics, as well as modeling the thermo-force effect and identifying the most loaded zones of the structure. For research, the most common exploited design of the quenching-evaporation apparatus of the "pipe in pipe" type was chosen, consisting of a welded elbow, an external pipe 325x14 mm, an internal pipe 168x13 mm, conical eccentric transitions 300/100 mm and fittings. Materials of structural elements of the quenching and evaporation apparatus are steel 20 and steel 20X23H18. The apparatus is mounted on supports. Technologically, the quenching and evaporation apparatus is installed on the metalwork and at the outlet of the pyrolysis furnace and connected to the food coil. The authors conducted a thermo-power simulation of the quenching and evaporation apparatus considering operating conditions using the APM FEM system for solving engineering and research problems integrated into the COMPASS-3D computer-aided design system. It is proposed to use the calculation model and the obtained stress-strain state to identify the most loaded zones of the structural elements of the quenching and evaporation apparatus. It is proposed to use the results obtained in modeling the combined action of temperature loads and pressure to identify damage zones in structural elements. It is shown that in zones with the most dangerous stress-strain state, defects occur and localize in the form of thinning of the wall.

To assess the degree of influence of technogenic factors on the groundwater mineralization, it is proposed to consider simultaneously in a static and dynamic position the results of conductometric determination in spring water of generalized indicators, such as electrical conductivity and the coefficient of identification of the mineral composition of water. This is shown by the example of four springs located in the territory of Kaluga. This made it possible to establish the average annual background values of electrical conductivity and the coefficient of identification of the mineral composition of water, as well as to justify the permissible or weakly expressed degree of influence of technogenic factors on the quality of groundwater in the period from November 2017 to October 2018 by the criterion of exceeding the error of the conductometric method (2%) by 3 or more times.

The tensity of the drilled rock under the influence of two circular and annular drilling bits rotating in opposite directions is of profound interest. The aforecited method solves the problem of spin moment removal from the drill string. Assessment of the tensity determines the formation stimulation during drilling. Inasmuch as the drill bits are circular in the axial plane of the aperture, the elastic strain range is not simply-connected. To solve this problem, it is proposed to consider the equations of the elasticity theory in a toroidal coordinate. This statement corresponds to the axisymmetric torsion problem articulated by A.I. Lurie [1]. The task is formulated and solved in the displacements indicating the subsequent transition to tensions. An outstanding feature in comparison with the Laplace equation is the presence of an additional summand. The boundary conditions are displacements' equality to zero on the axis and on the walls of the aperture. Then an additional solution of the problem is carried out in a cylindrical coordinate, shifted to the bottom of the slaughter. Two solutions are compared.

This work is designed to highlight the technical data regarding reliability and maintainability of a modern-day Wind Turbine. With the ever-increasing demand for cleaner energy and reduction of greenhouse gases, Wind Turbines offer a feasible solution in contributing towards a greener future as a whole. In spite of this, they must provide both a reliable form of energy production and an economic benefit to corporations investing in this technology, as an individual wind turbine can be considered a large financial investment, both to set-up and to maintain.

The accuracy of the critical systems assessment of aviation equipment is paramount importance. The paper proposes a method of risk assessment, based on combined statistical methods, in the technical condition determination of the aircraft critical systems. The application of FMEA-analysis technology is considered in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the obtained values. This technique can be useful for refining the resulting indicator in the presence of different emissions in total set of estimates.

The When the internal combustion engine is operated on friction surfaces, the processes of oxidation, temperature destruction and chemical reactions of metals with their products and additives proceed simultaneously. However, the dominant influence of one of the processes on the physico-chemical and anti-wear properties of oils has not been adequately studied. Therefore, the purpose of the present studies is to search for a new criterion that takes into account the optical properties of thermostated oil, viscosity index and antiwear properties. The experimental results of the empirical test of the thermooxidative stability of motor oils of various base bases, determined by the ratio of the product of optical density to the decimal logarithm of the viscosity index to the arithmetic mean of the wear spot diameter, are presented. It has been established that the base base of engine oils and test temperature has a different effect on the empirical criterion of thermooxidative stability.

This paper presents the classification of pyrolysis units for the disposal of oil waste (oil sludge). Using statistical methods of quality control (Ishikawa diagrams and Pareto diagrams), the main factors affecting the process of oil sludge pyrolysis were identified, as well as the causes of defects that are of paramount importance in eliminating them.

The problem of optimal compensation of reactive loads by the criterion of the minimum loss of electric energy is considered. To solve the problem, it is necessary to analyze the parameters of the whole set of steady-state modes of the electrical system and summarize the economic estimates of the whole variety of its modes (multi-mode). The direct use of the characteristics of each mode separately leads to a sharp increase in the volume of source data and the complexity of solving the corresponding problem. Since electrical loads are random variables, it is advisable to use a statistical approach and special methods of mathematical statistics, allowing to take into account the statistical nature of a significant part of the initial information. Moreover, multimode models using the moment correlation matrix of loads were widely recognized. A compact, concise presentation of load curves and high-dimensional MCMs seems to be the most effective on the basis of factor (component) analysis. The optimization process itself is based on the reduced gradient method as the most adapted one to solving electric power problems.

This paper concerns topical issues because power oils for a hydraulic drive are the mixture of liquid and undissolved gas. This mixture can arise when tanking and during dynamic processes because of the different dissolution and evolution rates of gas in a pressure fall in some spots of power fluid flow. That is why this paper deals with the impact of the gas factor on the behavior pattern of fluid. When describing the processes fluid drive was considered as a lumped parameters system.

The focus is on paraffin deposits on the walls of the tubing. Devices will be analyzed to prevent them. The conditions of hydrocarbon deposits in Eastern Siberia are considered. Hydrocarbon fluid is in critical condition. Small changes in physical parameters lead to the launch of phase transitions. Such changes take place in the process of lifting the liquid to the surface. There is a drop in pressure and temperature. Natural gas is released and, as a result, conditions are formed for the precipitation of paraffin crystals. The adsorption capabilities of the tubing wall contribute to the initiation of paraffin deposits. Among the units designed to prevent this problem stand out hydrodynamic devices. Due to the creation of cavitation zones, local formation of crystallization centers is provoked. Moreover, these lacunae are in the stream, i.e., separated by a moving fluid from the pipe wall. These circumstances contribute to the removal of the resulting paraffin crystals up to the surface. At times, labor costs for cleaning the pipe walls from paraffin deposits are reduced. An important advantage of hydrodynamic devices such as swirlers, cavitators is the absence of moving parts. This ensures reliable operation and ease of modernization. Of interest is the property of device casings to keep clean from paraffin deposits. This circumstance is associated with concomitant vibration. Permanent shaking off of the rudiments of deposits occurs.

The study is devoted to the estimation of sulfur dioxide emissions into the atmosphere based on satellite monitoring data in the area of the Norilsk industrial zone from 2010 to 2018. According to the measurements of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument - AURA satellite the NASA database is used. The maximum sulfur dioxide emissions amounted to 95 kt/month in November 2016, and the minimum - 0.185 kt/month in August 2011. The largest share of emissions is in January-May and November (90%). Comparison of the data obtained by the satellite method with the ground method revealed a difference of 30 to 65%, and with the method using aircraft carrier by 14 percent.

The article discusses the need to develop a diagnostic prognostic unit for certain types of technological equipment. Several well-known methods for predicting time series are considered: a method based on artificial neural couples, a method for analyzing a singular spectrum, an exponential smoothing method. A brief description of the methods under consideration is given. The parameters of the numerical study of the methods are described. The results of a numerical study are presented, the advantage of the neural network approach and the method of singular spectral analysis are shown.

This paper considers the dependence of the influence of the gas factor of a power fluid on the physical properties of hydraulic oils. When describing the processes, the hydraulic drive should be considered as a system with lumped parameters. The work is important because the hydraulic fluid is a mixture of liquid and undissolved gas. This mixture can arise when tanking and during dynamic processes because of the different dissolution rates of gas and flow rate of the liquid in a pressure fall in some spots of power fluid flow.

Each technological stage of technology is carried out on separate devices located indoors - a technological process of a closed hardware type. Such a process lends itself to automation, since each of the devices is technologically autonomous and can be replaced by another due to a malfunction or according to technological indications. In this way, high process stability and flexibility are achieved. All devices are of serial factory manufacturing, which ensures high quality, aesthetics and reasonable price parameters, as well as, if necessary, the ability to upgrade each unit individually. The hardware type of the technological process, being high-tech, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, creates the prerequisites for a significant reduction in sanitary protection zones (2–6 times) and areas allocated directly to sewage treatment plants (7–8 times). In addition, it becomes possible to flexibly change the capacity of WWTP (increase or decrease if necessary), as well as introduce purification stages necessary for specific conditions or remove unnecessary ones, without compromising the integrity of the technology and the efficiency of wastewater treatment.

The increasing negative impact of internal combustion engines on the environment has given rise to a number of global problems, which in recent years have become a serious problem for humanity. The problem of reducing the toxicity of engine exhaust gases has become global and has become common to all countries. Toxic components of engine exhaust gases, entering the atmosphere, are transported by air currents over long distances, so reducing the content of toxic components of diesel engines is an urgent and urgent task, considered at the Federal level. The article presents an analysis of the main toxic components and an overview of the main ways of using methanol in engines, the application of the most effective method of using methyl alcohol for a diesel engine is considered. According to the results of laboratory and bench studies of various load and speed modes of a diesel engine running on methanol and diesel fuel, data on the content of the main components in the exhaust gases were obtained, and a conclusion was made about the efficiency of using methanol as a motor fuel.

The problem of reducing the quality of electricity is increasingly arising in the process of increasing energy capacities. The decrease in the quality of electricity can be caused by many different factors that manifest themselves under certain circumstances, and therefore have different solutions for their elimination. The most acute problem is the impact of the electricity quality on the energy parameters of electrical equipment and power receivers in the metallurgical industry and on the railway. The article discusses the features of calculating the asymmetry of currents in a traction AC network. The main moments of calculating the settings of balancing devices are determined. The initial calculation data for balancing devices were taken from the dynamic parameters of one of the operating modes of a power transformer TDTNZh 40 MVA, to which two single-phase loads with a capacity of 17 MVA are connected to terminals AB and 10 MVA to terminals BC. The current of the negative sequence and the coefficient of the negative sequence are calculated, and the filter compensating device is also calculated using the parameters of the balancing device. Based on the calculations, the magnitude of the negative sequence current asymmetry was established and the calculation procedure for the balancing device connected to the traction winding of the transformer with the connection group Y/Δ-11 was implemented.

Currently, many countries of the world are developing offshore mineral deposits (oil, gas, coal, gold, etc.) Minerals in offshore deposits are being milked using offshore stationary platforms, many of which have exhausted their design life. The extension of the resource of such structures is carried out by conducting their examination of industrial safety. However, an expert carrying out this extension has a number of tasks that have not been resolved to date. One of these tasks is the high statistical variability of the results of a comprehensive diagnostic examination, which does not allow to predict the probability of detection of dangerous defects. Another problem is the lack of a theory that allows one to predict the probability of the occurrence of a wave of high security for an extended service life if no such wave action has been recorded since the start of operation. In the article, the author provides his own solution to these problems.

The paper examines the role of education in economic development from both a theoretical and a historic perspective, addresses why education has been the limiting factor of sustainable development. Educated workers raise national income directly and productivity of labour. This paper shows the impact of human capital development on economic growth in national economy through educational environment of universities in condition technosphere safety. In the study recommended that government would guarantee quality education environment of universities for development of innovation economy. Government should also commit more funds to enhance human capital development and environmental protection.

This paper presents the methods of mathematical modeling and managing on some dangerous dynamic processes on the Earth surface such as floods, wildfires, desertification, oil spills on the water surface and others. We call these processes by a common name - distribution processes. The Hamilton mechanics methods permit to describe uniformly wide class of dynamic processes - both the processes of control determined with the ordinary differential equations and the processes in the continuous beds. The basic model of the distributed processes was presented in form of Hamilton – Jacoby equation. The concept of the normal speed of the process front movement suggested. The indicatrix and figurotrise of spread, which determine the configuration of the distribution process, are introduced. A model of processes with dissipation is proposed. Classification of processes according to the degree of their mobility is given. Using the figurotrises a new approach to numerical modeling of the processes front propagation based on Godunov's method of the movable grids proposed. Its essence is that the calculated grid is not given a priory, but it is determined by current solution of the problem. It moves and develops with the solution. The movable grid method can serve as a basis for creating agent models of propagation processes. A separate section of the paper is devoted to describing a method for managing the processes. In particular, the fundamentals of the so-called localization control, which consists in building an obstacle insurmountable for the process, are outlined. The proposed methods and algorithms are illustrated by numerical examples. The models presented in this paper was a theoretical basis for designing and developing some management systems of the distribution processes control.

In this work, nickel thin films were deposited on silicon and silicon dioxide by chemical deposition for creation a nickel-63 isotope beta radiation source on the active window of a silicon betavoltaic converter. The effects the samples pre-treatment and the process parameters on the nickel deposits quality were investigated. The practical recommendations for implementation of nickel plating and reuse of processed electrolytes are given.

Today, the urgent tasks of the heat and power industry of the Russian Federation, as many other countries, are the problem of exceeding the service life of high-voltage electrical equipment of transformer and traction substations. This state of affairs leads to adverse consequences in the electric power system, which directly reduces the reliability of power supply to consumers, as well as to increase operating costs and technical losses of electric energy. Under the maximum load of transformers that have fulfilled the standard service life, constant monitoring is required to develop recommendations on the operation and operation modes of power transformers. The article considers the issue of calculating the reliability of power oil transformers. According to the collected statistical information, the most damaged parts of power transformers are identified. The main indicators that characterize the level and condition of the power transformer windings are shown. Using quantifiers of the distribution of the Chi-square, the upper and lower limits of the time between failure of the windings of power transformers for different periods of operation are determined, confidence limits with probability α = 0.9, 0.95, 0.99 are determined. According to the obtained data, the distribution of the Chi-square received a failure flow of the main element - the windings of power transformers with different periods of operation. There is a linear dependence of the decrease in reliability of the power transformers depending on the period of operation.

Assessment activity needs to be by unified methodology. In this paper, we have described several tools that can improve the validity of the assessment. The paired sales method was used. The research was conducted under lack of information. Data was selected for the research of real estate in Krasnoyarsk at the end of 2018 and beginning of 2019. In this study, real estate categories such as «Residential Real Estate», «Commercial Real Estate» and «Land» were used. The most significant properties of real estate objects were selected. The number of real estate objects in each database exceeds 2000 objects. The correction coefficient for the effect of the location was used for assessing real estate. This coefficient was introduced in order to adjust the value of real estate for 7 districts of Krasnoyarsk.

Short circuit current impact tests of busbar arrangements in switchgears are very expensive. There are publicized studies that propose the assessment of the impact using simple geometric constructions, but that approach fails to deliver good results. In this article, we propose a finite element method for analysis of mechanical movements in the context of short circuit current impact over the sinusoidal current period. The proposed method allows us to research different designs of switchgears without conducting full-scale tests. We can determine the parts of the model that will shift into unacceptable positions under the influence of short circuit current and promptly make changes to the model.

Methods of testing vehicles for static lateral stability are considered. The object of the study is service of vehicles (trucks and specialized equipment) which have undergone the conversion. Subject of research is the procedure for testing vehicles for static lateral stability and the resulting errors. This article discusses the original method of testing vehicles for static lateral stability, eliminating the need for a stand with a tilt table and ensuring the equivalence of measurement to the method regulated by GOST 31507-2012. The authors proposed a method for testing a vehicle (RF Patent No. 2693140, published on July 1, 2019), which provides its placing on a horizontal supporting surface, creating a tipping moment relative to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and brining the vehicle to an unstable position by means of a lifting device with a cargo system slings and safety ropes. In this position, the roll angle φ of the sprung masses is measured, the height of the center of mass h is determined; the angle α_су of the static lateral rollover stability of the vehicle is calculated. It is shown that the developed test method will be equivalent to the method regulated by GOST 31507-2012.

The article presents analysis of the current situation and development trends of the international UAVs cargo market. It is shown that the UAVs market has made a transition from a stage of studying technologies to commercial operation and implementation of finished products. Nowadays it is at the stage of rapid growth. However, a global market for cargo UAVs and commercial services on their basis for transporting bulky goods is still at the early stage of commercial development. At the same time, the trend for the development of cargo UAVs with the large carrying capacity corresponds to the analysis results of the global air cargo market.

The problem of intellectualization of decision support during the operation of oil and gas well equipment is considered in the paper. It is proposed to implement an intelligent approach in the form of a multicomponent information system. Combining the subsystems of such an information system requires detailed study to integrate modern methods and algorithms for intelligent data processing. Based on the results of testing the methods on data sets from real operating field objects, data were obtained that testify to the possibility of using the considered approaches and the relatively high efficiency of the artificial neural network method and collective intelligent approach.

The structure, phase composition and physical and mechanical properties of MAO-coatings on deformable aluminum alloys after heating with subsequent holding were studied. It is revealed that in the temperature range from 50 to 600 °C in MAO-coatings there are changes of three types, manifested in increasing the porosity of MAO-coatings and increasing the content of substances with higher physical and mechanical properties. It is shown that the surface hardness, wear resistance and electrical resistance of MAO-coatings increase, but the breakdown voltage decreases. It is established that the simultaneous happens of changes of different types leads to an increase in number of cracks and ruptures in the structure of MAO-coatings and a decrease in their physical and mechanical properties. To maximize the surface hardness, wear resistance and electrical resistance of MAO-coatings, it is proposed to conduct their heating with sequential stepped holding, ensuring a consistent implementation of changes of all three types.

A technique for assessing the levels of injury to passengers and train crew members in emergency collisions is proposed. It is based on the use of physical methods for simulating fast-flowing non-linear processes of material deformation in emergency situations and anthropometric dummies. Based on the analysis of world and domestic experience in the study of injuring people in emergency situations in transport, an anthropometric 50 percentile male Dummy Hybrid III was adopted as a research tool. Its mathematical model is developed. It was verified by data from field experiments. The developed dummies are integrated into mathematical models for the development of emergency scenarios. As objects of study, the most promising types of rail car layout and two locomotive options were considered for the domestic rolling stock. Based on the simulation results, the values of the criteria for injuring passengers and members of locomotive crews in emergency situations are obtained. The most dangerous positions of passengers in the car during longitudinal collision of trains for the considered layout options are determined. It has been established that the most serious injuries are suffered by passengers and members of locomotive crews as a result of their interaction with car interior items and controls of the driver's cab.

In order to increase the information reliability of the hardware and software technology for industrial and environmental monitoring, we obtained models of the thermal power plants production processes that can give an assessment of a generalized quality criterion for the occurrence of such technological processes as the preparation of fuel, fuel combustion, removal of flue gases and suspended particles. To form the measured values of the parameters of each technological process, a multiversion approach is used, which is based on obtaining the n-th amount of measured data.

The paper considers the experience of the manned aircraft modification to UAVs and technological solutions for the manned transport aircraft modification to UAVs. A sequence of stages in the implementation of the task of the manned aircraft modification to UAVs based on the presented review is formulated. The paper presents that the developed or converted UAVs have different software and hardware platforms; therefore, the importance of their cross-platform organization is noted. The basic principles, the typical architecture of the UAVs control platform is based on, including on-board software, are formulated. This creates the background for the development of the on-board software technology concerning the automation of the architectural design of the subsystem software and the automation of the system testing design of the software based on the formalized specifications.

The reducing of machine time during surface hardening by smoothening is possible by increasing in the contact length between the hardening element and part surface. We study the case: the indenter-working surface is a fragment of a cylindrical surface, which the symmetry axis is parallel to the axis of symmetry of the part hardened surface. We suggest that such a process scheme is corresponds to a 2D contact problem in which a cylindrical stamp moves in an inertial coordinate system along an elastic half-plane (circle). We tasking the boundary conditions in the contact zone, using the complex potentials developed in the works of L.N. Galin.