Table of contents

Conversion of the Cerbera manghas L seed oil into biodiesel using homogenous catalys through esterification and transesterification stage have been done. Esterification process was carried out using mole ratio of methanol/oil 1:3, temperature 60-65°C for 2 hours with acid catalyst 1.25% H₂SO₄. The products were separated between methanol and triglycerides continued by transesterification process using mole ratio of methanol/oil 1:6. Initialy, the methanol have been reacted to NaOH catalyst using the catalyst variation 0.1; 0.2; 0.3; and 0.4%, for 2 hours and the reaction temperature 60-65°C. Biodiesel results were analysed by FTIR, GC-MS, and ASTM. The result show that the optimum biodiesel obtained on weiggt of catalyst is 0.3% NaOH. ASTM the test of results were obtained the propesties of the biodiesel there were: specific density of 0.8808 g/cm³, kinematic viscosity of 6.511 mm²/s, flash point 168°C, pour point 9°C, cloud point 12°C and conradson carbon residual 0.165 wt%.

Microstructural analysis of silver nanoparticles produced through bioreduction using Abelmoschus esculentus leaf extract was carried out. Biosynthetic reactions produce silver nanoparticles by mixing Ag+ and Abelmoschus esculentus leaf extracts. The formation of nanoparticles characterized by changes in the solution from yellow to brown. Silver nanoparticles were analyzed using XRD, and the analysis results show that the average size of silver nanoparticle crystals is 41.9 nm with strain and stress values of 7.5 x 10⁻⁵ and 0.4908 MPa, respectively. The calculation results show that silver nanoparticles produced have energy density and dislocation density crystals 3.72 J/m² and 5.9 x 10²² m⁻2. Based on the prediction of the mechanism carried out the bioreduction process occurs through the use of quercetin-4"-O-methyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside compounds with the orientation of the crystal are FCC and BCC.

Synthesis of poly(ethyl eugenyl oxyacetate), PEEOA, has been conducted. The compound was applied to separate Fe(III), Cr(III), Cu(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) using a liquid-liquid extraction method. The effect of pH, polyeugenyl ethyl oxyacetic ion carrier concentration, extraction time, and metal concentration was optimized to obtain optimum condition. The result showed that the synthesized polyeugenyl ethyl oxyacetic has a yellow color with a melting point 127-1300 °C and yield efficiency of 87%. The formation of polyeugenyl ethyl oxyacetid confirmed with IR spectroscopy and ¹H-NMR spectra. The appearance of the absorption band at 1759 cm⁻¹ as stretching vibration of carbonyl (C=O) esther and 1280 and 1373 cm⁻¹ as stretching vibration of carbonyl (C-O-C), chemical shift at 4,74 ppm for proton methylene (CH₂-C=0) and chemical shift at 1,27 ppm for proton methyl (O-CH₂-CH₃). The optimum condition for ion separation has occurred at pH 3-6 for ion Fe(III), pH 5 for ion Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II). The carrier volume was optimum at 5 mL (1 × 10⁻³ M) for Fe (III), 10 mL for Cr(III), Ni(II), and Co(II), and 15 mL for Cu(II), and Pb(II). The optimum extraction time was 2,5 and 20 hours for ion Fe(III) and Cr(III), respectively, and 36 hours for ion Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Pb(II). The concentration range of metals ion accurately extracted was 0.75 - 5 x 10⁻⁴ M for ion Fe(III); 0.75- 2.50 x 10⁻⁴ M for Cr(III), Ni(II), and Co(II) and 0.75-1 x 10⁻⁴ M for Cu(II) and Pb(II). Compared to other metal ions the respond polyeugenyl oxyacetic acid was best Fe(III) with selectivity order Fe(III) > Cr(III) > Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II).

The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using the leaves extract of Abelmoschus esculentus as a bio-reductor agent have been conducted. Leaf extract produced by using the boiling process of the leaves in boiling water. Ag⁺ ions as a source of silver metal formed by dissolving AgNO₃ into distilled water. A solution containing Ag⁺ ions was added to the leaf extract of Abelmoschus esculentus, followed by an incubation process accompanied by stirring at medium speed. Silver nanoparticles formed were characterised by UV-VIS, FT-IR, PSA and SEM. Based on the results known that the highest nanoparticles formed during the incubation period of 6 days with the size of silver nanoparticles mostly less than 100 nm. SEM results show that silver nanoparticles have a non-uniform cubic shape morphology. Band gap energy for each incubation period 1; 2; 3; 6 and 7 days are 2.263 eV; 2.228 eV; 2.227 eV; 2.096 eV; and 2.227 eV respectively.

Ester derivatives of p-hydroxycinnamic compounds have high anticancer activity. However, the ester compounds usually easier to be decomposed than their amide derivates, so the ester compounds have a low potential to be applied as anticancer. In this research, the amide derivatives of caffeic and p-coumaric acids have been synthesized using o-tolylamine to give trans-N-(o-tolyl)caffeamide (5a) and trans-N-(o-tolyl)-p-coumaramide (5b), respectively. The products were characterized by FT-IR, ¹³C-NMR, and ¹H-NMR methods. In the FT-IR spectrum, compound 5a showed absorption bands of N-H bond at 3236.55 cm⁻¹ and 1533.41 cm⁻¹ as stretching and bending vibrations, respectively; and compound 5b had absorption bands at 3267.41 cm⁻¹ and 1527.82 cm⁻¹. In the ¹³C-NMR spectrum, compound 5a gave 15 of peaks that representing 16 of carbons, and compound 5b gave 14 of peaks that were also representing 16 of carbons. In the ¹H-NMR spectrum, the peak of N-H of compound 5a and compound 5b appeared at 8.57 ppm and 8.87 ppm, respectively. Activity assay results of both compounds against P388 leukemia murine cells indicated that both compounds have a high potential as anticancer, especially compound 5a. The compound 5a was more active than the analogous compounds which the previous synthezised.

This study evaluated the toxicological and antibacterial activity of crude extract of endophytic bacteria's protein associated with the red algae Eucheuma spinosum which was produced at various incubation times. The external and internal proteins of the potential bacteria were collected on the incubation times which were 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, and 54 hours. The evaluation toxicological of protein used Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method and the antibacterial activity of protein towards E. coli and S. aureus were measured using the diffusion method. Seven bacteria were successful to be isolated from these algae (ES01, ES11, ES21, ES22, ES23, ES24, and ES25), the Isolate ES25 was a genus of Vibrio and its protein had the potential to be produced. External protein levels were higher than internal, so it continued with the next phase. The extracted protein of (PE42) was active towards S. aureus (12.0 mm) while the extracted protein of (PE36) is active toward E. coli (9.0 mm) and also highly toxic to the larvae of Artemia salina Leach (1.596 μg/mL). The external protein of endophytic bacteria ES25 (Vibrio) associated with red alga Eucheuma spinosum was potentially produced in the time of incubation above 36 hours to get the highest toxicity and active antibacterial.

Gold nanoparticles was synthesized undergoes a green synthesis by utilising polyfloral honey as a bioreducing agents. Resulted gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrometer, as well as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Particle Size Analyser (PSA). Spectroscopy analysis of obtained products gave the results of an absorbance of 1.095 at wave length of 543 nm for UV-Vis, while Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) shown the appearance of certain type of organic functional group, which are characteristic for sugars, the major constituents of polyfloral honey, such as O-H, C=O, N-H and C-O in the gold nanoparticle synthesis. Analysis of XRD resulted of the Miller Index 111, 200, 202 and 311 of the product that corresponding to the database of Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS). Particle Size Analyzer result average size distribution of gold nanoparticle is 219,8 nm. The evaluation of test antibacterial activity was performed using several bacteria test such as S. aureus and E. coli that show the gold nanoparticles can inhibit the bacteria.

T.decurrens is a species of brown algae (Phaeophyta) that has bioactivity potential. This study aims to determine the total phenolic, antioxidant activity, and toxicity effects of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract. The effect of toxicity was carried out using the Artemia salina L death test method. Meanwhile, the antioxidant test uses the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, and Folin Ciocalteu method is used for total phenolic content. The output of antioxidant activity of T. decurrens in ethyl acetate extract has an IC₅₀ value of 180.54 μg/mL. Similar results have been found in the effects of toxicity and total phenolic content, which showed that ethyl acetate extracts gave LC₅₀ values of 25.41 µg/mL, and total values of phenolic content of 4.8091 mg EAG/g, respectively. This indicated that ethyl acetate extract from T. decurrens has the potential as anticancer.

A study was conducted on the bioactivity as anticancer agents of protein fractions isolated from the brown algae Sargassum, sp. collected from Laikang Island, Takalar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The proteins were isolated using buffer Tris-HCl pH 8.3 containing 0.2 M NaCl; 0.01 M CaCl₂ 1% β-mercaptoethanol; and 0.5% Triton X-100. Fractionation of bioactive proteins from crude extract used the salting out method with the addition of a (NH4)₂SO₄ salt powder at percent saturation rates of 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60%, and 60-80%. Pre-purification of the proteins through dialysis was carried out in cellophane bags. Protein concentration was determined by the Lowry method using BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) as a standard solution. The anticancer activity test used the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) preliminary test method, with further confirmation from antimitotic testing using urchin zygote cells. The protein concentration of the crude extract of brown alga Sargassum, sp. was 2.89 mg/mL.The 60-80% saturation fraction (F4) had the highest protein concentration (2.545 mg/mL). The 0-20% saturation protein fraction (F1) showed the highest activity in the anticancer tests, with an LC₅₀ value of 55.62 µg/mL and IC₅₀ value of 53.80 µg/mL. The 0-20% saturation protein fraction (F1) showed potential for development as an alternative anticancer agents in the future.

Pathogenic mycobacteria are one of the major causes of human mortality in the word. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an etiological agent of human tuberculosis. Designing new vaccines including recombinant protein vaccines may be considered as a new approach for preventing or reducing tuberculosis epidemics. In order to construct protein recombinant as candidate vaccine, the Rv1980c gene encoding MPT64 protein was amplified from M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain genomic DNA using the PCR method and inserted into the cloning vector pGEM-T Easy. The recombinant plasmid pGEM-T Easy-MPT64 was then transformed into E. coli JM109 and cultivated under standard procedure, followed by plasmid extraction, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing. The correct Rv1980c gene was confirmed by DNA sequencing and subcloned into expression vector pQE30Xa to yield recombinant plasmid pQE30Xa-MPT64, and transformed into E. coli BL21 strain. Transformed white recombinant colony was selected, cultured, induced with 40 μM IPTG, and identified using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis method. The molecular weight was found to be about 24 kDa and identified as recombinant protein MPT64. The target gene has been cloned into host E. coli BL-21 strain and expressed successfully as a soluble protein. The recombinant fusion recombinant protein MPT64 paves the way for tuberculosis diagnosis and vaccine development in the future, especially in Indonesia.

Increased resistance to TB drugs, may render vaccine development a more effective approach to stop or reduce TB epidemics. The antigen Culture Filtrat Protein Filtrat 21 (CPF21) is an immudominant protein encoded in RD 2 region of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome, capable of obtaining a strong hypersensitivity reaction and to induce very high interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) responses in patients with tuberculosis. In order to construct the recombinant plasmid pGEM-T Easy-CFP21 and express it in E. coli BL21, the CFP21 gene was amplified from M. tuberculosis H37Rv genomic DNA using PCR in vitro, and inserted into the pGEM-T Easy cloning vector. The recombinant plasmid was then transformed into E. coli JM109, followed by plasmid extraction, PCR amplification, and DNA sequencing. The correct recombinant CFP21 gene was subcloned into expression vector pGEX-2TK and transformed into E. coli BL21 strain. The white recombinant colony was selected, cultured, induced with 50 µM IPTG, and identified using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis method. These results demonstrated that CFP21 gene has been constructed and expressed successfully. The molecular weight was about 47 kDa as the fusion protein GST-CFP21 and expressed as insoluble protein. In conclusion, the target gene CFP21 has been cloned into host E. coli BL-21 strain and expressed successfully. In the future, the purified recombinant fusion protein GST-CFP21 paves the way for TB diagnosis and vaccine development.

Symbiont bacteria of algae are bioactive metabolite sources with potential as medicinal raw materials. This study aims to find out the anti-dengue potential of a protein fraction isolated from Enterobacter agglomerans SB 5(1) as the symbiont of brown algae Sargassum binderi collected from Lae-Lae island, South Sulawesi. These extracellular and intracellular fractions were isolated by ammonium sulphate fractionation at saturation levels of 0-20 %, 20-40 %, 40-60 %, and 60-80 %. The protein was purified by dialysis method using cellophane bag. Toxicity was tested by BSLT method using shrimp larvae of Artemia salina, Leach. Cytotoxicity test against vero cells infected with dengue virus DEVN-2 was performed by MTT method. Study findings indicate that intracellular protein fraction from E. agglomerans SB 5(1), a symbiont of brown algae Sargassum binderi, showed the presence of bioactive protein having strong toxicity with LC₅₀ of 48.67 µg/mL. Anti-dengue activity toward vero cells indicates inhibition percentage and CC₅₀ value of 70% and 260.37 µg./mL, respectively, therefore it had no potential as anti-virus dengue agent. In future studies, it is recommended to perform hydrolysis of protein compound from symbiont bacteria of Sargassum sp. to explore other peptide compounds with more potential as anti-dengue agents.

The object of this study is the protein hydrolysates produced from the epiphytic bacteria associated with brown algae Sargassum sp. Hydrolysate protein for crude extract, F1, F2, F3 and F4 are obtained through hydrolysis using the trypsin enzyme. The conditions of reaction at pH 8.0, 37 ˚C, at an enzyme-substrate ratio of 1: 6 with various hydrolysis time (0, 1, 3, 5, 9 and 11 hours). The degree of hydrolysis was determined by using the TCA method and toxicity assay carried out by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method using the shrimp larvae of Artemia salina Leach. The results of the study show the highest degree of hydrolysis protein was found on time of 9 hours and the highest activity was shown by the F4 with an LC₅₀ value 27.91µg/mL. These findings suggest that hydrolysate proteins from epiphytic bacteria can be a potential source as anticancer against.

This study synthesizes fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) through esterification reaction of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using SO₄²⁻/TiO₂ supported by mesoporous silica as a catalyst. The steps of this study were a synthesis of mesoporous silica, catalyst preparation by impregnation and catalyst activity test through esterification reaction of PFAD by using ethanol. The variables of study on the esterification reaction were the weight ratio of catalyst and PFAD as 3%, 5%, 7%. Based on BET characterization, it shows that synthesized silica material is mesoporous silica. The characterization result of silica and catalyst using X-Ray of wide-angle powder (WAXRD) and SEM gives information that the existence of silica as support of SO₄²⁻/TiO₂ active site. At the catalyst activity test through esterification reaction, it was obtained the best weight ratio of catalyst and PFAD was 5% with the conversion of ethyl ether formation as 98.9 %. Analysis data and physical properties were viscosity at a temperature of 40 °C and density at the temperature of 15 °C, it shows that the value fit a biodiesel standard of ASTM, meanwhile analysis data of GC-MS toward product of ethyl ester and PFAD has shown that most of the fatty acid in PFAD had been converted into ethyl ester.

Controlling of postprandial hyperglycemia using α-glucosidase inhibitors is one of the therapeutic approaches for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Collagen hydrolysate, as an α-glucosidase inhibitor has not been reported. Therefore, This study intends to evaluate the activity and kinetics of inhibition of collagen hydrolysate against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Collagen hydrolysate was prepared from Thunnus albacares bone enzymatically using bacterial collagenase at hydrolysis times (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 h). The type of inhibition was determined by enzyme kinetics analysis. Collagen hydrolysate obtained at hydrolysis time of 1 h has the highest inhibitory activity of 24.47 %. Based on enzyme kinetics analysis, collagen hydrolysate showed a show a type of competitive inhibition. These results revealed that collagen hydrolysate has the potential as a natural antidiabetic in controlling blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.

L-asparaginase enzyme is potentially isolated from Siam weed (C. odorata L.) and also used as anticancer treatment. The point of this study is to isolate crude extract of L-asparaginase as well as its characteristics for anticancer. The activity of the enzyme was observed by Nessler Method and its potential for anticancer was tested by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The results showed the specific activity by 4.8234 UI/mg. The enzyme worked maximally at pH of 8, 37 °C for 30 minutes with Na⁺ and K⁺ being activator and Ca²⁺, Zn⁺², Mg⁺², Cu⁺², Co⁺², Mn⁺² as inhibitor. Base on BSLT revealed an LC₅₀ value of 5.8063 μg/mL and proved that the enzyme has biotoxicity in high level. The results of this study denoted that C. odorata L. leaves able to be isolated and characterized by L-asparaginase enzyme and these reveals the potential to be developed as an anticancer in the future.

Groat rice is the side product of rice milling process and potentially producing α-glucosidase. The enzyme has an important role in starch degradation process by breaking α-glycosidic bods to form glucose. This research aimed to understand the optimum activity of the purified α-glucosidase. The research stages are isolation, purification, characterization of substrate concentration, pH level, incubation time, temperature, and effect of metal ion, and dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method to determine the activity of α-glucosidase. The result showed the specific activity of α-glucosidase crude extract at 0.003 IU/mg. Fractionation of the highest specific activity on fraction 4 revealed at 0.042 IU/mg and constantly increasing on the dialysis stage at 1.121 IU/mg. α-glucosidase reached optimum activity at substrate concentration 2%, pH of 7, incubation time of 40 minutes, at 37°C, with metal ion Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and K⁺ as activators and Zn²⁺ as inhibitor. α-glucosidase could be used to find analog compounds as the cure of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata L.) is a plant that interferes with the other plants and it is used as a convertional medicine that has the potential as an anticancer agent. This study aims to determine the optimum activity of the L-asparaginase enzyme purification and its anticancer potential test. The stages of this research include isolation, purification, characterization (pH, temperature, incubation time and metal ion addition) and anticancer potential test by the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The study result showed that the highest specific activity of fractionation was fraction 2 (20-40%) of 19.94 IU/mg. The L-asparaginase enzyme has an optimum activity including pH of 8, the temperature of 370C, and an incubation time of 30 minutes with metal ions of K⁺ and Na⁺ as activators and with metals of Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺ and Mn²⁺ as inhibitors. The result of the toxicity test was an LC50 value of 158.48 μg/mL which was a very toxic level. The purification of the L-asparaginase enzyme from the C. ordorata L. leaves has the potential to be developed as an anticancer agent in the future.

Rice husk is a product of the rice milling process. The high cellulose contents in rice husk that supports the use of it as raw material for bioplastic. This study aims to determine the effect of supporting polymer such as chitosan to the mechanical properties of bioplastic. The stages of this research were cellulose extraction from rice husk by maceration method, optimization of NaOCl concentration as a bleaching agent and printing of bioplastics with various treatments, namely cellulose-sorbitol (CS), cellulose-chitosan (CC) and cellulose-sorbitol-chitosan (CSC). Characterization was conducted by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The study showed that the optimum NaOCl concentration was 2.0% with a cellulose content of 59.2% in the form of white powder. The best bioplastic was bioplastic cellulose-sorbitol-chitosan (CSC) with the tensile strength of 0.060 Kgf/cm² and the elongation of 4.75%. The peaks appeared in the FTIR spectrum were O-H, N-H and C-O at 3450.64, 1638.41, and 1087.76 cm⁻¹, respectively. The interaction between cellulose from rice husk, filler addition, and plasticizer effected the quality of bioplastic.

Red algae Eucheuma spinosum is one of marine organisms which have the potential bioactive protein. This research aimed to determine the protein concentration of red algae Eucheuma spinosum and to discover its potential as an anticancer agent. Protein was isolated from bacterial symbiont of red algae Eucheuma spinosum by buffer A with pH value 8.3. Protein crude extract was fractionated by adding ammonium sulphate with a saturation level of 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60%, and 60-80%. The result was dialyzed using cellophane membrane. Lowry method with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) was used as the standard to determine the protein level. An anticancer preliminary test was conducted using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The result showed that the protein concentration from crude extract of red algae Eucheuma spinosum was 33.325 mg/mL. The highest concentration that was obtained at fraction 0-20% is 32.145 mg/mL. The result of toxicity test using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method at protein fraction of 20-40% has a very low LC₅₀ value at <1000 µg/mL. Red algae protein fraction is potential to be developed as anticancer agent.

A phenolic amide namely (R)-N-trans-feruloyloctopamine has been isolated from chloroform fraction of the root timber Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. Visenia (Paliasa). Isolation compound has been done by maceration, fractionation, and purification. The molecular structure was determined by IR spectroscopy, NMR 1D and 2D (¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, HSQC and HMBC). Isolate formed yellow paste (83.4 mg) with melting point of 156 – 158 °C. The λ_maks data on the UV-Vis spectrum of 333.80 nm (3.795) indicate compound has a long conjugated double bond. Data IR vmax cm⁻¹ for groups as follows : 3327 (-OH), 2933 (C-H aliphatic), 1653 (C=O amide), 1593 (olefin). The data of NMR 1,2D show that this compound contains 18 carbon atoms, consisting of: 1 methyl, 1 methylene, 11 metin and 5 carbon quartener. Metin carbon consists of 2 alkene protons (olefins), 7 aromatic protons, and 1 alkyl alcohol (δ_C 72.58 ppm). NMR data also shows that one quartener carbon as C = O amide group (δ_C 166.92 ppm) and one methoxy (δ_C 55.35 ppm). The (R)-N-trans-feruloyloctopamine is the first compound found in the genus Melochia.

Lingula sp is one of the bivalves, where it is very popular for people as food consumption. However, the high consumption of society is not accompanied by the utilization of residual waste from Lingula sp. In the composition of the structure of the compound, the shell of Lingula sp contains chitin compounds which are very potential to be applied in the field of biotechnology and have an economical value. The aims of this study to isolated chitin from Lingula sp shell used steam flush pressure method. Chitin isolation was carried out with three stages of the process, namely deproteination, decolorization and demineralization at 121 °C, a pressure of 15-20 psi with variations of time 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes. Chitin characterization showed that 60 minutes was the optimum treatment time with characteristics of 9.5% water content, 1.01% ash content, total N-content of 6.87% and deacetylation degree 33.19% with a yield of 5.06%. These results showed that the exploration of chitin potential contained in Lingula sp is very potential to be used as a new source. In addition, the steam flush pressure method is a breakthrough to isolation chitin.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) and Celery (Apium graveolens L) are vegetables and medicinal plants that have excellent benefits for health. The content of secondary metabolites that are very diverse in these two plants has the potential to be developed in other fields. This study aimed to determine the content of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of moringa and celery leaves. The phytochemical analysis using the qualitative parameters of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, and steroids, and antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method. The results showed that moringa leaves contained considerable flavanoid, saponin, tannin, and alkaloid compounds while celery leaves contained fewer flavonoid, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. Results of the antioxidant activity assay showed that moringa leaf extract had the highest activity with an IC50 value of 248.85 μg/mL while the formulation of moringa-celery (1: 1) had the lowest activity with an IC50 value of 1451.86 μg/mL. These results showed that the antioxidant activity of moringa leaf extract had better antioxidant activity than the moringa-celery extract formulation.

The isolation and identification of bioactive proteins from the microsymbiont algae Eucheuma cottoni from Laikang district of Takalar in South Sulawesi have been carried out. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive proteins from microsymbiont algae E. cottonii and their potential as an anticancer. The experiment method includes the stages of extraction, fractionation, and dialysis. The obtained bioactive proteins were identified by determinating protein contents using the Lowry method. Furthermore, the preliminary anticancer test was conducted by testing Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method against shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach. and the antimitotic test was also conducted against the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla Linn. zygote cells. The result showed that the protein fraction of 40-60% saturation was the most toxic with LC₅₀ with a value of 91.83 μg/mL and IC₅₀ with a value of 74.13 μg/mL. This result suggested that the bioactive proteins of microsymbiont algae E. cottonii could be used as a potential anticancer agent.

Mustard green leaves (Brassica rapa L) is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants that can be used as an antidiabetic drug. This study aims to prove that administration of ethylacetate fracion of ethanol extract of mustard greens (Brassica rapa L) leaves increased superoxide dismutase (SOD)`level in hyperglycemic Wistar rats. Mustard green leaves powder (Brassica rapa L) was extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol to yield crude ethanol extract. 30 Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups consisting of 6 rats each group. Negative group, P0 (received food standart only), positive control, P1 (induced with streptozotocin and given glibenclamide drug); P2, P3, and P4 were treatment groups (induced with streptozotocin and given ethanol extract of mustard green at doses of 0.5, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/KgBw/day respectively). The dose of streptozotocin used to induce hyperglycemia in all rats was 125 mg/KgBw/day. The level of superoxide dismutase was examined before inducing streptozotocin and after the rats hyperglycemic. The ethanol extract was then fractionated into ethyl acetate fraction and then idenfified using GC-MS. The result showed that administration of ethanol extract at doses 5 mg/KgBW significannly increased SOD level(4.13 ± 1.18 ng/mL) of hyperglycemic rats as compared to negative control (2.75 ± 0.55ng/mL). Analysis GC-MS spectra of the ethylacetate fraction of ethanol extract of mustard green showed 6 major peaks assigned as vinyl propionste, buthyl formste, 2-methoxy4-vinylphrnol, 13-oxa-dispiro{5.0.5.1}trican-1-one, 1-methyl isoeugenol and 3-isopropoxy-5-methyl-phenol.

Starch from hump (Musa balbisiana L.) was isolated bythe maceration method. Bond characterization and determinationof gelatinization temperature, morphology, and particle size were conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC), respectively. This isolation produced starch with a yield of 17.2%, amorphous phase portion 78.8%, particle size of 70 nm, and the starch gelatinization process occurred at 67.5°C. Based on these data, the obtained starch has high potential to be applied as a precursor to synthesize polyurethane biopolymers.

Soursop (Annona muricata Linn) is one of herbal plants that are widely used as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, antimalarial, anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant. Soursop leaf has many benefits because it contains phytochemical compounds. This research aimed to identify the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of soursop leaf. This research were carried out in a few steps which are extraction, evaporation, phytochemical tests and measurement of antioxidant activity. The result showed that the ethanol extract of soursop leaf was contained steroid, alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic and saponin. The ethanol extract of soursop leaf has antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical with IC₅₀ of 141,127 μg / mL.

This paper reports the use of Fe₂O₃ intercalated bentonite as a photocatalyst to degrade remazol brilliant blue. The photodegradation was conducted by irradiating aqueous solution of the coloring agent and Fe₂O₃ intercalated bentonite with UV ray at 259 nm. The degradation percentages were observed at various pH, photocatalyst mass, and irradiation duration to obtain the optimum condition of the photodegradation. The observation showed that the optimal photodegradation occurred at pH 4, using 100 mg bentonite-Fe₂O₃, irradiated for 2 hours. The proses can degrade effectively 200 ppm remazol brilliant blue with a percentage of 98.20 ± 0.07%.

Amino acid characterization of forest honey was carried out in eight samples from Terasa, Mallawa and Bontojai, South Sulawesi Province. Analytical method of amino acid concentration in honey is using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). 16 amino acids with an average amino acids concentration in mg/kg dominated by histidine (589.20 - 2776.81), glutamic acid (992.76 – 1527.40), and arginine (674.10 – 1038.76) followed by alanine (424.84 – 707.41), aspartic acid (256.51 – 595.42), phenylalanine (200.59 – 711.29) and serine (419.18). Other amino acids were tyrosine (215.33 – 333.54), glycine (240.26 – 402.00), leucine (259.63 – 315.27), proline (209.51 – 333.73), threonin (217.09 – 279.36), valine (198.08 – 290.88) and lysine (157.01 – 275.86). Amino acids in small amounts were methionine (86.46 – 129.89) and isoleucine (98.24 – 125.94). Forest honey from Terasa, Mallawa and Bontojai can be a source of essential amino acids.

Iron is included as micronutrient which is needed in limited quantities by plants. Extraction from the soil is carried out through ion exchange between roots and solution in the soil. While the transport mechanism from the root to the leaves is carried out through xylem by a capillary mechanism. Iron concentration in acid sulfate soils is excessive, so it becomes toxic to plants. This research has been carried out to determine iron accumulation by Perumpung in various pHs in hydroponic solutions. The research was also carried out to determine the level of adaptation in the acidic pH and stress of iron ions at a concentration of 50 mg Fe/L. Perumpung used in this study has been seeded on hydroponic media for 3 weeks. The experiment was carried out for 3 and 5 weeks. The nutrient solution used according to the standard Hoagland Solution then added iron ions to a concentration of 50 mg Fe/L. Then 4 variations of pH were made 3, 4, 5, 6 plus two variations as a comparison, according to Hoagland's solution without the addition of iron (blank) and Hoagland's solution with the addition of iron but the pH was not regulated (control). The results of this study showed the highest level of adaptation which grew on the blank, then followed by pH 5.6 (control), pH 6, pH 5, and pH 4. Perumpung at pH 3 dead. The highest level of iron accumulation in roots was occurred at pH 5, followed by pH 6, then pH 4, and the control. The accumulation of iron in roots was higher than in shoots. Perumpung was suitable to be used as an iron accumulator at pH 5, while for cultivation it was suitable to be planted at pH 6.

Demand for bioethanol in Indonesia will increase with the increase of energy need. Seaweeds, Gracilaria verrucosa and Eucheuma cottonii containing high cellulose content are considered very suitable to be developed in Indonesia and can be used as a raw material for low cost bioethanol production. The seaweeds were obtained from Mandalle, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The method used in this research was a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. The results showed that 1. G. verrucosa and E. cottonii seaweeds could be converted into bioethanol having ethanol levels of 5.7% and 6.1%, respectively after 10 days of fermentation. 2. The optimum condition of fermentation process of G. verrucosa and E. cottonii using Clostridium acetobutylicum bacterium to produce ethanol was 10 days fermentation at pH 6.0 with the ethanol level of 7.7% and 7.2%, respectively. 3. The conversion value when G. verucosa cellulose was used as the raw material was 3.33% (33.3 g of bioethanol was produced from every kg of cellulose) with the obtained ethanol having the purity of 96.4%.

Polyurethanes from methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 and banana weevil starch have been synthesized. This polymer has been characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermogravimetry (DTG), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS), and polyurethane physical tests which include: tensile and strain tests. Thermal properties can be measured using TGA and DTG devices, which aim to determine the weight of the sample under controlled conditions and cooling at a controlled rate as a function of time. TGA and DTG analysis results showed that KBH starch with a concentration of 15% in phase 1 polymerization reaction occurred at a temperature of 78 ° C, then in phase 2 a mass change of 2.87% occurred and in phase 3 saturation occurred marked by a mass loss of 97.03%. Polyurethane physical test results showed a strain of 34.37% GL and an extension of 8.6733 nm. These results indicate that polyurethane has the potential to be applied as an ingredient in the manufacture of medical devices, that operate under heating conditions

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the infection with the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), and according to the World Health Organization, was responsible for 1.6 million deaths and the emergence of 9.6 million new cases in 2017. A serious problem worldwide in the fight against TB is the rapid spread of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB due to inconsistent for protracted periods of treatment and the lack of new drugs in the market. New and effective drugs are needed for the treatment of tuberculosis by studying the synthesis of complex compounds that can be developed as anti-tuberculosis agents. A new complexes of dithiocarbamate, Zn(II) phenylalanine dithiocarbamate ligand were synthesized using an 'in situ' method by reaction complexes in a 1:2 molar ratio in refluxing ethanol. The complexes were characterized by using Ultra Violet Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR), HNMR, XRD, conductivity, and melting point. Complex Zn(II) each of them is 260 nm and 431 nm electronic transition is π → π* of CS2 and N-C-S. Infra-Red absorption spectra at wave number Zn(II) phenylalanine dithiocarbamate is 372^nm-1 coordination occurred dithiocarbamate ligands and atoms M=S. Complex characterization using UV-Vis, IR, and HNMR showed that complexes are successfully synthesis. The bio-assay results show these complexes are potential as anti-tuberculosis agents.

Eucheuma spinosum is one of the seaweed species that found abundantly in Takalar Regency. We used the biomass of the seaweed as an adsorbent for the removal of metal Co(II) ions from an aqueous solution. The adsorption of Co(II) ion by E.spinosum biomass was carried out in various contact time, pH, and concentration. The concentration of metal ion Co(II) before and after adsorption was determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The adsorption capacity of Co(II) ions by E. spinosum seaweed was determined using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results showed that the optimum time was 20 min, and the optimum pH was 3. Adsorption of metal ion Co(II) using E. spinosum seaweed was in parallel to the Freundlich isothermal model with the adsorption capacity (Qo) of 3.46 mg g⁻¹. The functional group involved in adsorption of Co(II) metal ions was C-OH groups.

This study aimed to find out the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol extracts from macroalgae Halimeda cylindracea that was collected from Gulf of Boni. The antibacterial activity was evaluated against Stapilococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi with the Kirby Bauer method. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated with a Brine Shrimp Lethality test. Extraction was performed successively with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol for 3 x 24 hours with maceration method and evaporated with a rotary evaporator to obtain dry extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by inhibition zone where the cytotoxic was observed by LC₅₀ value of each tested extract. The result indicated that ethyl acetate extract showed active to all bacteria test which acetone extract was active against S. aureus and E. coli, n-hexane extract was active against S. aureus, and ethanol extract was not active to all bacteria test. N-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol extracts of macroalgae H. cylindracea were toxic toward Arthemia salina Leach with moderate toxicity category with LC₅₀ value 134.90, 281.84, 338.84 and 295.12 µg/mL respectively.

The reaction of 3-chloropropionylisothiocyanate with hydrazine did not give the expected bis(3-chloropropionylthioureido)hydrazine but instead 3-Chloro-N-[5,5-dimethyl-4-(4-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,3]thiazin-2-yl)-4,5- dihydro-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-yl]-propionamide 2 was obtained with 23.56% yield. On the other hand 2-thiocyanatopropionylisothiocyanate undergoes crisscross cycloaddition leading to the formation of 3,3,7,7-Tetramethyl-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazole-1,5-dithione 1 with 96.1% yield. The mechanisms involving the acetone solvent for both reactions are discussed. Both compounds were evaluated to their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging method. The results shows that compound 2 with EC50 > 1000 μM is less active than 1 (EC50 of 76 μM) may be due to the S-alkylated on the structure which eliminated its activity. Compound 1 showed higher activity than ascorbic acid (EC₅₀ of 561.36 μM) so that it is potential as antioxidant agent.

The study aims to explore and identify cellulolytic bacteria of termites that have the potential to cellulose hydrolysis on newsprint into glucose. The cellulolytic bacteria are characterized by the formation of clear zones in the medium agar containing newsprint paper after 0.1% Congo red testing. The isolates that produce large clear zones are identified by the type of bacteria. Identification of bacteria morphologically in colonies, gram staining and biochemical tests. The activity of cellulose enzyme based on concentration of reducing sugar (glucose) produced from the cellulose hydrolysis on newsprint was tested by 3.5-dinitrosylicyl reagent using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results showed that 6 cellulolytic bacterial isolates through the Congo red test, 2 isolates that have a large diameter of the clear zone are: Isolates C1 and D1 4.27 cm and 2.05 cm, respectively. Cellulase enzyme crudes of isolates C1 and D1 have an enzyme activity of 15.7 mU/mL and 2.33 mU/mL, protein concentration of 0.35 mg/mL and 1.18 mg/mL with specific activity of 45.17 mU/mg protein and 1.98 mU/mg protein. Based on the observation of the colony's morphology in macroscopy, microscopy and biochemical test results, an isolate of C1 is the Provedencia sp and D1 isolate is the Bacillus sp.

prebiotics which is made from cassava peel is one of the functional foods that cannot be digested by the intestine, functioning as a supplement to encourage the growth of good microorganisms, namely Lactobacillus plantarum in the digestive system. This study aims to determine the effect of adding Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ metal ions to prebiotics from cassava peels to enhance the broiler quality. Stages of research include fermentation, glucoamylase enzyme analysis using dinitro salicylate acid (DNS) and prebiotic application of broiler by observing two variables, there are broiler weight and blood cholesterol levels. The treatment given to broilers first is without any precautions namely control (P0), second where the positive control with addition of antibiotics (P1), third with the addition of prebiotics (P2), fourth is the addition of both prebiotics and metal ions 0.002 Molarity (P3), fifth is the addition of both prebiotics and metal ions 0.004 Molarity (P4), sixth is the addition of both prebiotics and metal ions 0.006 Molarity (P5). The results showed that glucoamylase enzyme activity in P2, P3, P4, and p5 were 0.0099 U / mL, 0.0117 U / mL, 0.0133 U / mL, and 0.0183 U / mL, respectively. The results for the application of chicken weights at P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 respectively were 1061 g, 1094.8 g, 1159.2 g, 1222.7 g, 1225.8 g, and 1227 g, while the results of blood cholesterol in broilers in P0, P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 are 255.5 mg/dL, 177 mg/dL, 139 mg / dL, 118 mg/dL, 103 mg/dL, and 120.5 mg/dL respectively. The results showed that the used prebiotics and the addition of metal ion concentrations Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ 0.002 Molarity, 0.004 Molarity, and 0.006 Molarity were increased the broiler weight, while reducing broiler blood cholesterol levels.

Prebiotic is a nutrient for probiotic bacteria in the digestive tract of broilers. Prebiotics are used as a substitute for antibiotics in stimulating safer broiler growth. This study aims to determine the effect of prebiotics on broiler weight gain, the effect of prebiotics on the addition of metal ion combinations, and the effect of antibiotics when compared with controls. Prebiotic production is carried out using cassava peels as a substrate and Lactobacillus plantarum as an enzyme producer that acts as a catalyst. The cofactor used is a combination of metal ions K⁺ and Mg²⁺. Prebiotic administration was carried out for 23 days with a volume of 1 mL/L as well as the determination of blood cholesterol levels in broilers. The results showed that the weight of broiler s given prebiotics was 1230.75 grams with blood cholesterol levels 143 mg/dL. At the control of 1079.5 grams with a blood cholesterol level of 255.5 mg/dL. Antibiotics amounted to 1120.75 grams with blood cholesterol levels of 178 mg/dL. In prebiotics, metal ions of 0.4 mM are added; 0.6 mM; and 0.8 mM in a row of 1254.25 grams; 1192 grams; and 1167.25 grams with blood cholesterol levels 131 mg/dL; 132 mg/dL; and 145.5 mg/dL. This study showed that prebiotic administration affected broiler weight gain and blood cholesterol levels.

The Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) synthesis with the precipitation method uses more porogen solvent volume has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to obtain MIP which would be applied as a selective adsorbent against β-Sitosterol. The structural characteristics of MIP were carried out using FTIR, SEM, EDS, BET, and TGA. FTIR spectrum shows that functional groups that play a role in the formation of MIP are functional groups of OH, C=C, and C=O. The surface morphology of the MIP was analyzed by SEM and the analysis of very important elements in the formation of MIP was analyzed by EDS. Surface area, pore-volume, and pore diameter were analyzed by BET, and TG analyzed MIP resistance to heat. MIP is a white polymer granule and has better adsorption ability than NIP. The morphology of the rough and porous surface of MIP based on SEM data and EDS data shows that there is a loss of % carbon atoms and % mass respectively 1.88 % and 2.28 % after extraction of β-sitosterol as a printing molecule. BET data show that the pore diameter of MIP is 3.4 nm which includes mesoporous material. Based on the adsorption ability and structural characterization of MIP_MAA-co-TRIM β-sitosterol it is very good to be applied as an adsorbent in the SPE method and chromatography.

Candlenut shell based carbon which was chemically activated using a solution of phosphoric acid and modified with nitric acid has been used to adsorb chromium ions (Cr(VI)). This study aims to examine the effect of phosphoric acid activation on the surface area of the candlenut shell carbon and the effect of nitric acid on the adsorption capacity of metal ions Cr (VI). The study was carried out by activating the candlenut carbon with 10% phosphoric acid for 24 hours then modified with 6 N nitric acid for 24 hours. The activated carbon that has been modified is then optimized with several parameters, namely time, pH and the number of adsorbents to maximize the performance of activated carbon. The surface area of candlenut based activated carbon was determined by methylene blue method and the adsorption capacity was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results showed that the carbon surface area before and after activation increased from 1557.3 m²/g to 1669.5 m²/g, respectively, and the surface area increased dramatically after HNO₃ modification to 2090,8 m²/g. The adsorption capacity to the metal ions (Cr(VI)) tends to follow the Langmuir isotherm model which is equal to 20.4 mg/g.

A new complex of Zn(II) that contain amino acid valine and dithiocarbamate ligands were synthesized and characterized by using Ultraviolet Visible (UV-Vis), Infra Red (IR) spectroscopy, X-Ray Fluoroscence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), melting point and molar conductance. The complex was prepared by "in situ method" and showed that complexes are successfully synthesis. The invitro cytotoxic complexes compound was examined againts MCF-7 (breast cancer) using cis-Pt drug as a control positive and the complexes exhibit very strong invitro cytotoxic againts MCF-7 based on IC₅₀ data is 639,35 µg/mL which indicates that the complex can induce the morphological MCF-7 cancer cells changes towards apoptosis. Complexes compound were evaluated as their antibacterial agents activity against of mycobacterium tuberculosa H37RV using LJ method and results show these complexes are potential as anti-tuberculosis agents. Therefore this complexes compounds can be use to new drugs compound in the treatment againts of MCF-7 and tuberculosis.

This study aims to comparison micronutrient (Fe, Cu and Mn) concentrations in cacao beans and its potential as food product for fulfilling body nutritional adequacy, cacao beans comes from plantation area and transmigration area. The content of micronutrient was analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-OES Perkin Elmer Optima 8300. The results obtained that the average content of Fe, Cu, and Mn in cacao beans from plantation and transmigration area were 2.022 mg/100 g; 3.009 mg/100 g; 1.571 mg/100 g and 2.684 mg/100 g; 2.202 mg/100 g; 1.801 mg/100 g respectively. Analysis results indicated that Fe, Cu and Mn content in cacao content from plantation and transmigration area can be used as raw material for food products to fulfill the body nutritional adequacy.

Stigmasterol has been isolated from the stem bark extract of Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. Visenia. The methods used include multilevel maceration, fractionation, and crystallization. Elusidation structure of compound based on spectroscopy data IR, 1H and ¹³C NMR. Stigmasterol obtained has the potential as a dengue antiviral agent with IC50 9.11 μg / mL.

This study aims to determine carbon-14 activity on coral from Barrang Caddi. Several stages of research were physical and chemical cleaning to eliminate contamination on coral. CO₂ absorption pre-treatment method, titration to determine total carbon absorbed in the process of absorption CO₂ and enumeration with LSC Hidex 300 SL to determine the optimum time of enumeration, the average value of activity ¹⁴C and specific activities ¹⁴C. In this study, marble from marble karst, Maros, was used as a background. The results show that the absorption capacity was 0.2188 mol CO₂/mol OH, the absorption efficiency of 21.87%, total carbon mass was 0,168 gram, optimum counting time was 15 minutes, average activity ¹⁴C was 433,597 DPM, enumeration efficiency was 0,567 and specific activity was 15.262 DPM/gC. It was concluded that coral in Barrang Caddi relatively new.

Modification of microencapsulate protein crude extract from Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis were conducted to get the best formula for baby biscuit application to offer a solution to malnutrition. Analysis method were carried out by the ultrasonic extraction for short and cheap lyses of phytoplankton biomasses; proximate test to determine protein concentration from phytoplankton crude extract and Spectroscopy Electron Micrograph (SEM) to show shape of microencapsulated. The result showed for the best microencapsulated composition were Formula 3 for Chlorella vulgaris and Formula 4 Spirulina platensis, while ratio maltodextrin and crude extract protein were 1.75:1 and 2:1 respectively. High protein concentration crude extract for Chlorella vulgaris addition was 47.45% DW, therefore Spirulina platensis addition was 78.025 % DW. Baby biscuit S.platensis addition was very potential application which average weight of mice in six week was 36.56 gram than C.vulgaris and control biscuit. Overall data showed that crude extract protein of S.platensis microencapsulate was the best material as ingredients in baby biscuit.

An examination have been done of the cause of damage to the prehistoric paintings in Maros South Sulawesi. The cause of the damage is besides human factors, natural factors are the main cause. A total of 4 prehistoric caves as samples where four painting colors (red, black, brown and white) were taken. After being observed, it can be seen that the form of damage consists of peeling painting paint, weathering the rock where the painting is, and erosion. The method used is by gouging out damaged paintings as samples and analyzing these samples using X-Ray Fluoroscence (XRF) and X-Ray Difraction (XRD) instruments. Based on XRF and XRD data analysis, these colors contain compounds CaO, SO₃, Cl, P₂O₅, V₂O₅, Nb₂O₅, MoO₃, SiO₃, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, Nb₂O₅, dan Sb₂O₃.

The results of the analysis show that in general the main content of all paint paintings from different locations is CaO and SO₃ . This indicates that the measured paint contains a lot of lime. Other chemical components contained are reddish brown Fe2O3. This compound contributes to the color of red, brown and one black painting.

Based on the results of elution absorption and color reactions, paints of red and black are not derived from human or animal blood. The results of this study provide useful information about the composition of the compounds used to produce prehistoric painting paints, which can later be reproduced and utilized in the context of conservation and restoration of damaged paintings.

Dimethylsulfide (DMS), particulate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and phytoplankton abundance are measured on the surface of the sea and sub-surface in the spermonde area, the Makassar Strait in January 2018. At the mouth of the Tallo River, domestic runoff affects the dominance (D) of phytoplankton from the Makassar city river flow, and the reduction of nutrients from the sea cannot be predicted. Pangkep river estuary abundance of phytoplankton is more dominant than the genus Chaetoceros sp. The location is relatively strong research at the highest flow velocity at the estuary Pangkep is 10.45 cm/sec, and the lowest is located at the estuary Tallo is 5.87 cm/sec. The most abundant phytoplankton abundance in the west are found in sea level comes from Coscinodiscus sp class with the same abundance percentage composition of 71% and zooplankton groups are most often found originated from Temora sp class with composition percentage of 6.2%. The highest abundance of phytoplankton in the substrate Leptocylindricus sp is 73%, while the highest zooplankton abundance was 4.9%. The average value of the diversity index is 1.11; 0.082 and 0.521 while the value of diversity index, uniformity and dominance at sea subsurface 1.14; 0.088 and 0.55.

A research on the adsorption of Pb²⁺ ions by candlenut shell carbon that was activated with 10% ZnCl₂ and then modified with HNO₃ has been done. The candlenut shell was carbonized at 400°C before activation and surface modification. Characterization of the carbon was carried out by surface area test using methylene blue method, identification of functional groups using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and adsorption experiment at optimum condition. The concentration of Pb (II) ions was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Surface area of carbon, activated carbon and modified activated carbon are 503.57 m²/g, 516.63 m²/g and 524.86 m²/g, respectively. Boehm titration and FTIR analysis results showed that functional groups such as -OH (in carboxylic acid and phenol) and C=O (in lactone) increased after modification with HNO₃. Based on analysis using AAS, the optimum adsorption time was 30 minutes and the optimum pH was 4. The adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺ ions by modified activated carbon was higher than un-modified activated carbon.