Table of contents

Indonesia has a vast agricultural land. However, during the dry season, agricultural land does not get enough water. The problem can be solved by using the abundant amount of solar light during the dry season. It is Smart Solar Photovoltaic Water Pump (SSPWP). This research is system design of SSPWP. It consists of Photovoltaic panel, solar charger control, accumulator, inverter, water pump, mobile phone, and alarm. The working principle of the system is a solar cell in Photovoltaic panel exposes solar light then it produces direct current electricity. It is supplied to the water pump to irrigate farm. This system is connected to a mobile phone so that farmer can control irrigation for their farm automatically. System design consists Electric water Pump 220 Volt AC 200 Watt, with four Photos voltaic panels 12 – 36 Volt 180-Watt Peak Maximum power 720 Watt, and 72 Ampere Hour Battery.

This study proposes to determine the ability of activated charcoal from sugar palm bunches (Arengga Pinnata MERR) as lead adsorbent (Pb), copper (Cu) and chromium (Cr). The sample was carbonated with a temperature of 200-400°C, then mashed by using mortal and sieved using a size of 100 mesh. Samples were activated with activation temperature variations of 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with 2500x magnification and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The SEM results indicate surface morphology of the best-activated charcoal of at a temperature of 700°C with uniformly distributed pore size. In the AAS analysis results obtained for Pb absorption capacity of 0.0082 mg/g and absorption efficiency of 86.86%, the Cu absorption capacity of 0.0203 mg/g and absorption efficiency of 94.37% and Cr adsorption capacity of 0.0243 mg/g and efficiency absorption 96.39%. The value of absorption capacity obtained the result of AAS characterization, and the best adsorption efficiency was at 700°C.

Modeling of time lapse microgravity anomaly have done. The modelling was done with two ways are first gravimetri position on the earth's surface, and second position at a height of 25 cm from it. The first model shows for 30 % rock porosity than any change in groundwater within depth 1 meter causes gravity change 12,579 μGal. The second model show that reduction of groundwater wil reduce time lapse microgravity vertical gradient (TLMVG) anomaly. Reduction of groundwater will provide TLMVG negative value (-) and reverse groundwater give positive value (+). It was concluded that in the Kota Lama during the range of March to September there was no subsidence, but there was a decrease in groundwater level of 1.449 m

This research aims to determine the influence from particle size and pH variation on lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) adsorption by using activated carbon from cashew nut waste. Waste samples obtain at Kendari Bay of Southeast Sulawesi. The sample of cashew nut shell dried in the sun for 24 hours, then carbonated sample with temperature 250-500°C for 8 hours using pyrolysis reactor. After that the sample was smoothed with mortar and sieved using particle size variations 60,100 and 200 mesh. The sample was activated using a blast furnace for 20 minutes. Cashew nut shells and massive metal waste are tired using a shaker for 30 minutes. Samples activated with activation temperature 700°C with grain size variations and pH using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results of the analysis explained that grain size and pH variations affect the adsorption ability. The results obtained at pH six maximum particle size of 200 mesh on the metal Zn and Pb. The Consequences adsorbed metal of 0.6913 mg/L for Zn metal and 0.7966 mg/L for Pb with the absorption efficiency of 99% for Zn and 95% for Pb. Getting more approaching acidic pH, the better the adsorption ability and the smaller the grain size, the higher the adsorption capacity.

A polymer optical fiber based on Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) was proposed and experimentally demostrated for temperature sensor. The MZI comprises two couplers with length of 2 cm and two POF branches with different length which are 5 cm and 3 cm. The jacket of the 5 cm branch was removed to increase the temperature effect on the MZI. Characterization of the sensor was done by putting the sensor in temperature chamber while the two ends of the MZI were connected to light emitting diode (LED) and spectrometer, respectively. The temperature was varied from 40°C to 80°C with an increment of of 5°C. The results showed that the sensitivity is 0.0822 nm/° C with correlation of 97,66%. The MZI sensor has the highest accuracy at temperature of 55°C and the lowest accuracy at temperature of 70°C.

In the area presence of remnants of a historical Speelwijk castle friary built in 1681 – 1684 and in 1780 the inside building ruined. It different if we see from map Speelwijk castle around earlier years when the inside of the building is still there. To see the traces of the building we used geophysical methods i.e GPR. GPR survey using mostly a 600 MHz frequency antenna to get high-resolution and low penetration. GPR works by sending a tiny pulse of energy into a material via antenna. Subsurface variations create reflections that are picked up by the material content. GPR can provide high resolution imaging of shallow subsurface targets based on changes in the electromagnetic properties of the material. The visualization data GPR will image two dimensional (2D) where we can see the depth from anomalies body. The 2D view allows the enhanced targets to an identification of potential archaeological object buried.

Mach Zehnder interferometer (MZI) based on plastic optical fiber (POF) is interesting due to its robustness and simple fabrication. In this work, MZI-POF was designed and its sensitivity to temperature change was characterized to investigate its performance for sensor application. The MZI-POF was fabricated by forming two tapers at several distance by simple heat-pull method. The spectra was investigated by launching white light emitting diode (LED) and the output were observed using VIS-NIR spectrometer. It is shown that the wavelength of spectrum peak and spectrum dip were shifted compared to that of un-tapered POF which indicates that the structure serves well as MZI. Sensor sensitivity to temperature was determined by measuring the spectrum for various temperature which was varied from 40°C to 80°C with increment of 5°C. The result showed that the sensor sensitivity is 0.0693nm/°C in terms of peak measurement and 0.0487nm/°C for dip measurement. Therefore, MZI-POF is a potential candidate for temperature sensor.

We study compactness of dark stars as the function of rotating period, tidal deformation, and moment of inertia of dark stars using vector meson exchange model. These stars are compact object formed of bosonic dark matter. In this work, bosonic dark particle mass is set to be 300 MeV and 400 MeV. We use total cross-section elastic scattering in low-density limit to constraint the effective interaction mass of vector meson. We obtain that compactness exceeds threshold compactness of dark stars using self-interaction model predicted in paper Maselli et all. We also compare the properties of the corresponding dark stars with the ones of the white dwarf and black holes.

ZnO doped Al (ZnO:Al ) thin film was deposited on corning glass substrate using DC magnetron sputtering method. Depositon process of the ZnO:Al thin films was kept constant at Argon pressure, deposition temperature and deposition time are 500 mTorr, 400°C and 2 hours, respectivelly. Furthermore, for deposition process has been done on the variation of power plasma are 33, 43, and 50 watt. For the optical properties of the ZnO:Al thin films using Photoluminescence spectroscopy. Different plasma power will affecting on ion energy and momentum pounder. It's effect on the quality of thin films that influence to photoluminescence intensity was obtained.

General relativity had been succeeding to describe gravitational phenomenon in weak-field gravity but some deviation had been observed in compact objects such as neutron stars and quark stars. This phenomenon of spontaneous scalarization which shown for the first time by Damour and Espasito-Farese appears in one of the modified gravity theories i.e., scalar tensor theory of gravity. We will study such novel phenomenon in quark stars. Furthermore, different to that of previous study, here we introduce new conformal function. A(φ) = 1 − Ln[1 − 0.5β(φ − φ₀)²] We found that spontaneous scalarization using such conformal function appears for the first time when β ≈ −4.5. Furthermore, the scalarization effect depends on the equation of state (EoS) of the quark stars. The corresponding effect appears rather different when scalar Coulomb EoS or vector Coulomb EoS are used.

Black carbon from PET plastic bottles has been successfully synthesized by heating methods. Six gram sample of PET plastic bottle were heated by furnace for 2 hours with various heating temperature as 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, and 450°C. Black carbon then mixed with methylene blue in aqueous solution with various masses as 20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, and 100 mg. This study shows that the black carbon which synthesized at temperature of 450°C performs as the most effective absorbent. The solution of methylene blue changed its color significantly and became clearer after the adsorption process. The absorbance spectra of methylene blue lies at the wavelength of 550-700 nm and decreasing the absorbance intensity. It indicates that the concentration of methylene blue is decreased during adsorption proccess which predicted due to the oxygen molecul and the porosity. The analysis of carbon morphology showed that black carbon which synthesized at temperature of 450°C has more pores, while the black carbon which heated at temperature of 400°C has few pores. The EDX analysis shows that black carbon that heated at temperature of 450°C contains 32,4% oxygen, whereas black carbon that heated at temperature of 400°C contains 24,3% oxygen.

Modified gravity is believed to be a good candidate in explaining unknown components such as dark energy and dark matter. Recently, The Rastall gravity one of the modified gravity, provide the interesting result that dark energy may cluster. Some of the modified gravity use several parameters whose value must be constrained from experimental results or existing theories. In this context, energy condition is expected to be able to constrain this parameter. In our study, we are able to limit the parameter in the range λ ≤ 0 and λ ≥ 1 in the context stellar matter(where λ is Rastall parameter). We display the results in the graph of the equation of state parameter w againts Rastall parameter λ. So this results can be generally used in studying cosmology or stellar objects.

Constraining free parameters of two modified gravity theories such as beyond Horndeski and Eddington Inspired Born-Infeld Theories of Gravity have been done precisely with LHS6343C data. However, it remains insufficient to explain the radius and mass relation of Brown Dwarf globally. We still need to identify how well beyond Horndeski and Eddington Inspired Born-Infeld Theories of Gravity being compared by the completed observation mass-radius data of Bayliss et. al. The provided data gives error-bar that can be used to study more systematically through the standard deviation analysis. We do Chi-Squared test to obtain minimum value on the free parameters of both Modified Gravity theories. We compare the two results and constrain the free parameters of both theories on confidence level 1 σ. We can obtain the more accurate results for determining the limits of free parameters of both theories.

This paper discusses stress analysis of electric bus ladder chassis. The objective of this paper is to obtain an optimum design that has less weight but strong enough to receive load from passenger and body of bus. The chassis is subjected to load which are static, dynamic and cyclic loading. Therefore, the chassis should have good properties that can withstand to those types of load. During the travel, chassis are excited by road roughness, engine, transmission and more. Stress and displacement can be obtained by using finite element method. Simulation was carried out by using commercial finite element packages Abaqus in order to find stress distribution and displacement of chassis. The material used were AISI 4130 Alloy steel, AISI A514 GRADE B Alloy steel and Grey cast iron, with variations in thickness of 2 mm, 4 mm and 6 mm. The model with the AISI 4130 Alloy steel with 6 mm in thickness was chosen as the optimum model due to the lowest stress and displacement among all materials and thicknesses.

The effect of the pH on the color change characteristics of the methyl red solution, when exposed by gamma radiation, is the main objective of this study. The colorwas characterized using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer and a digital photography camera. The used irradiator source is ⁶⁰Co with doses varied from 5-100 kGy and a dose rate of 5.5 kGy/h. The color stability was studied by observing the effects of the storage conditions of the solution: temperature, light, and humidity. The original methyl red solution at pH 6.3 has a red color and gives a radiochromic phenomenon with a change of color from red to dark red for a dose of 5-20 kGy, then the color fades and turns colorless gradually at a dose of 25-100 kGy. On the other hand, for a methyl red solution of pH 7.1 before irradiation has a yellow color, turns to dark yellow at doses of 5-25 kGy, then the color fades and becomes colorless at a dose 40 kGy. The color of the methyl red solution at pH 7.1 is more stable against storage light conditions compared to pH 6.3. These results suggest that this methyl red solution can be used as a gamma-ray dosimeter in the dose range of 5-40 kGy.

We have investigated the influence of strong magnetic fields at the center of the quark stars which is an impact to shape of stars by using Einstein's theory of gravity, which uses the EoS CIDDM model. Our focus in this study is to compare the results of the deformation degree of quark stars from theory of gravity Einstein and Rastall, where on Rastall gravity introduced degree of freedom λ, where we use variations of λ = 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, where Rastall gravity will reduced to Einstein theory of gravity at the value of λ = 1. We obtained for each EoS with different values of κ₁ indicate the degree of deformation tends toward prolate at the maximum mass of the same quark star for the both theories, the most significant difference on Rastall gravity is the maximum mass of quark stars increases with the high value of the λ we set.

Colorimetric labels used to detect acetic acid vapor are becoming very popular as they are useful for directly monitoring the freshness of dairy products. In this paper, an investigation of a colorimetric label made of tracing paper dyed with Ipomoea pes-caprae flower extract to detect acetic acid vapor was reported. For extraction of Ipomoea pes-caprae flowers have been used maceration method. The absorbance spectrum as a function of the pH of the extract solution has been measured with UV-Vis spectrophotometer equipment. These labels were tested for detecting of acetic acid vapor produced by the solutions of various concentrations for 12 hours. The labels were then scanned with a flatbed scanner, and then its image has been analysed using ImageJ software to obtain its RGB color component. The label was originally green and after detecting acetic acid vapor the color changed to pink. The greater concentration of acetic acid solution provides a change from the color of the labels more quickly. The red components of the RGB show the highest sensitivity to acetic acid vapor. Results of the stability against the temperature and humidity of the label color test indicate that the color is more stable when stored at 10 °C and 55% relative humidity. Based on these results, this colorimetric paper label can be used as a monitoring label for freshness of dairy products.

It has been successfully grown thin film CdTe, CdTe:Cu (2%) and CdTe:Cu (15%) using DC Magnetron Sputtering method. Sample preparation was performed with different temperature and plasma power parameters above the ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) substrates. Then sample a thin film on annealing for 20 minutes. The addition of Cu doping causes the film polycrystalline structure to change from zincblende (cubic) to wurtzite (hexagonal) crystal phase. The optical transformation of CdTe as absorber is indicated parameter by the Eg = 1.48 eV or α = 7,348×10⁴ cm⁻¹ corresponding to the CdTe:Cu (2%) thin film sample with optimum crystal size and high lattice parameters.

Research has been conducted to determine the position of earthquakes that occurred in Sulawesi Island in the last decade (2008-2018). The study area included 2.64 N; 126 E; 118.57 W; and -7.36 S with a maximum depth of 1000 km. A total of 13 data of seismicity were recorded on 26 BMKG stations with a magnitude more than equal to 6 Richter scale. Relocation was done based on the travel time data of P wave and S wave obtained from the Seismic Analysis Code. The data were processed using Geiger method to determine earthquake position. The earth model used in this study was diverse. The relocation result depends on the model of the earth used. Local earth models were required to perform routine data analysis of activities in the region of Sulawesi earthquake.

The effect of annealing time on the morphology and oxygen content of ZnO:Ga films has been deeply studied. ZnO:Ga films were grown with the use of the dc Magnetron Sputtering on the corning glass substrate. The films are grown with a plasma power of 30 watt, Argon gas pressure of 500 mtorr, and a substrate temperature of 300 °C for an hour deposition. The effect of annealing time on the morphology of ZnO:Ga films was observed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), whereas the oxygen content of the film was determined by Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometers. The SEM images showed that the ZnO:Ga film grown with an annealing time of 40 minutes possess relatively more homogeneous and compact morphology with smoother grain size than the ZnO:Ga films that deposited with annealing times of 30 and 50 minutes. The EDX results confirmed that this film possess lowest oxygen content (24.5 % of mass) but highest Ga content (1.7 % of mass) comparated to the ZnO:Ga thin films grown with another annealing times.

Sugarcane bagasse is an organic waste which has been produced in industrial scale. This waste has big potential to be utilized into carbonaceous material, such as carbon dots throughout its carbon contents. However, to synthesize carbon nanodots, temperature and carbon content source have important aspects. Therefore, this study is conducted to synthesize this material, and to investigate the properties of carbon nanodots. Cellulose fibrils were isolated by steam explosion treated within alkaline condition, and the nano-sized material was obtained by homogenizing alpha-cellulose. While the carbon nanodots were synthesized by hydrothermal method involving acidic reagents for 4, 8, and 12 hours. Based on FTIR analysis, the patterns showed similar properties to cellulose regarding on functional groups of O-H, C=O, C-O-C, and amino whereas the amount of cellulose fibrils isolated accounted for almost 30 percent from the raw materials, which show potential value of sugarcane bagasse. Photoluminescence characteristics were performed to determine the carbon nanodots property under UV-Lights, and the results showed that each samples displayed different colours from green to blue. Therefore, carbon nanodots which were successfully synthesized from nanofibrils cellulose were affected by time.

Leaf litter is an organic waste that can be degraded biologically in nature. Based on the previous research, mahogany trees in Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) campus produce about 10 ton ha⁻¹ leaf litter in campus forest area and 2.5 ton ha⁻¹ along campus street within three-month-period. By this abundant amount of leaf litter, it is quite difficult to overcome the problem of litter management. Therefore, the idea of leaf litter utilization as a raw material of biocomposite is promising to reduce the use of wood as an important commodity of human needs. However, the characterization of leaf litter feasibility for biocomposite production has not been done. This research aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of mahogany leaf litter. Leaf litter was oven-dried for 5 h at 50 °C and then was ground using a mechanical blender to obtain leaf litter powder. Then, the proximate (moisture, proteins, fat and carbohydrate content) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis were performed. The results show that the content of crude ash is 9.90 ± 0.65%; crude protein content 24.83 ± 0.79%; crude fat content 11.37 ± 1.05%; volatile compound 65.14 ± 4.77%; charcoal content 7.66 ± 0.71%; and moisture content 6.61 ± 0.69%. The FTIR spectrum shows that leaf litter has low water content and indicates the content of phenolic compounds such as flavonoid. The physic-chemical properties of mahogany leaf litter indicate that mahogany leaf litter is suitable to be used as the decay resistance of biocomposite material.

PET (polyethylene terephthalate) waste is a plastic bottle waste that difficult to recycle in large scale, so it was causing environmental pollution. In this research, PET waste used as a main material of bricks by using the mix design method. The mix design method used includes cutting of PET waste, melting of PET waste, mixing with other materials, and molding the materials. This research used four variations of PET waste added by cement and sand to find the ideal composition that mentioned by SNI (Indonesia National Standard). The ideal composition of brick is solid plastic: cement: sand volume ratio is 66:22:12. The result of this research showed that brick quality is ideal, which was characterized by FT-IR and SEM. This composition has 0% of water absorbency, the compressive strength is 75 Kg/cm², water absorbency of SNI brick is under 20%, and the compressive strength is between 60-100 Kg/cm².

Teacher is the main actor who has important role in problem solving in every learning process. The problem solving can be done through research studies. Uniquely, teachers' research reports in Indonesia are more done by the male teachers than the female teachers. Teacher comes from a trained pre-service teacher. Research skills are obtained when they become pre-service teachers. This research exploring belief in the research skill of pre-service teacher and showing the difference of research skills based on gender. The method used was through some surveys on a Likert scale. This research skills questionnaire was measuring as follows: planning, choosing problems, studying literatures, choosing instruments, collecting data, choosing method and analyzing data, interpreting data and concluding research result. Samples were chosen from random sampling consists of 22 males and 140 female's pre-service physics teachers of university in Lampung. The results showed that the average value of different test for each aspect of research skills obtained p-value ≥0.05. The conclusion that pre-service physics teachers have good research skills of average value = 4.03, there is no significant difference by gender. The result of this survey can be used in developing research skills of pre-service teachers, especially in publication of article.

This research is a descriptive quantitative research which aims to determine the level of physics learning difficulties of students and factor causing of physics learning difficulties of X MIA grade students of SMA Negeri 3 Pinrang. Subject in this research is X MIA grade students of SMA Negeri 3 Pinrang of Academic Year 2017/2018 which amounted to 204 students. The level data of physics learning difficulty of students is obtained from diagnostic test result of students. The factors data that causing students have learning difficulty of physics, obtained from semi-open questionnaire sheet filled by students and it's continued by semi structured interview. Based on the results of data analysis, level of physics learning difficulties on material of newton's law was in the very high category with an average score of diagnostic test of students in the amount of 9,59. The difficulties experienced by students in solving diagnostic tests consist of: linguistic knowledge with percentage of difficulty level is 52,81% at the high category, schematic knowledge with percentage of difficulty level of 87,59% at the very high category, and algorithmic knowledge with percentage of difficulty level of 93,09% at the very high category. Difficulties experienced of students are caused by factor of health, intelligence, community environment, study habits, and study time.

Despite Virtual Laboratory (VL) in 21^st century Physics learning is commonly used, but its development which is appropriate with theories and concepts is still a lacking. VL is a media to explain abstract concepts and minimize misconceptions. If VL is applied in Physics instruction, a better understanding of Physics theories and concepts is needed. This development study aims to 1) map important components for creating Physics Virtual Laboratory (PVL), 2) create PVL innovation which is appropriate with theories and concepts of Physics, and 3) design the PVL sketch and animation. This study uses an instructional design of Morrison, Ross, and Kemp to create the PVL. Isobaric process in Thermodynamics is provided as the topic. The findings of the study are 1) PVL consists of some components, i.e. basic competence and indicator, video, experiment goals, virtual experiment, and problems, 2) Thermodynamics is applied for developing the PVL, and 3) the final sketch is designed using Corel Draw and Adobe Illustrator, while the animation is created by Adobe Flash. Further study is recommended to implement the PVL to other Thermodynamics processes, such as isothermal, isochoric, or adiabatic.

The aim of this study to develop an instrument of scientific literacy assessment that tested its validity, reliability, characteristics, and described the skills of natural science teacher candidates, consist of three aspects based on PISA 2015 as follow: cognitive, competence, and affective aspect. The subjects are 2^nd semester natural science teacher candidates at Universitas Negeri Semarang. Test validity has been done by the content, construct, and concurrent validity. Test reliability has been done by calculating a reliability coefficient "r". Characteristics tested by determining the level of difficulty and distinguishing features. Profile of scientific literacy skills is determined by measuring natural science teacher candidates' mastery of scientific literacy. The result of a reliability test is the value of "r" is 0.71 in high category. Validity test results showed that the instrument fulfils the content, construct and the concurrent validity with very valid category and strong validity. The characteristics of developing an instrument assessment showed that the instrument has a level of difficulty that the proportion is 26.7%. The result of distinguish analysis obtained 56.7% of the items with the good quality. Profile of scientific literacy skills showed that the cognitive and competency aspect of natural science teacher candidates is very low and the affective aspect is good.

The purpose of this study is to reveal students' conceptions of Ohm law. This study uses a qualitative method. The sample used consisted of students who took courses related to current and electrical resistance. That is the second semester (11 students), four semesters (13 students) and four semesters (17 students) in the electrical engineering education program at the Universitas PGRI Madiun. Data is collected by giving essay and interview questions. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that students who have majored in electricity have not yet 100% understood the concept of Ohm's law. The results of the analysis show that the wrong conception will arise because students do not understand the language of physics in relation to electro properly.

The purpose of this research is to know the development of senior high school student's critical thinking skills through Science, Engineering, Technology and Mathematics (STEM) based learning physics. The critical thinking indicators developed in this study include hypothesizing, interpreting, analysing, summarizing and evaluating. Design of this research uses One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. Subjects in this study were 2nd grade of Senior High School Students, from three Senior High School in Semarang City. The results showed that discussion, experiment, project making and presentation activities that were packaged in STEM based physics learning could develop critical thinking skills in aspects of hypothesizing, interpreting, analysing, summarizing and evaluating. The result of the gain test shows the development of hypothesis, analysing, and evaluating ability included in high category, while the ability to interpreting and summarizing is included in the medium category.

The discussion of celestial body coordinates in astronomy requires scientific understanding and reasoning to view the concept of the celestial sphere. Students often have a complicated knowledge of the visualization of the celestial sphere through lectures in class. This initial study was carried out through observing the quality of student presentations in the category as the assignment product given by the lecturer. Small group discussion design to explore prior knowledge of students about the content of celestial body coordinates and review students' understanding. The method of this study is pre-experimental design in the form of one group pretest-posttest design consistof 32 teacher candidates teacher divided into eight small groups. Analysis of the discussion of video recording shows an increase in students' scientific reasoning on aspects of the ability to explain content through presentation tasks and investigating the concept of celestial body coordinates through the learning community. The significant scientific reasoning increases the quality of presentations is proven in the presentationsystematic and presentation content. A good quality presentation requires an adequate source of material investigation and prior knowledge based on the scientific conception of celestial body coordinates.

In this research, the pyrolysis proceeded at five destilate temperature, ie. 115 until 515°C.Targeted results of this study was to use liquid smoke, charcoal, oil, and gas produced from Biomass (Pine wood and Cacao shell) waste through fast pyrolysis technology, so the charcoal can be used potentially as bio fuelleather raw material analysis showed that leather raw material for wood pine analysis showed that the lignin content 26,06%, and so, 49,23% alpha cellulose and hemicelluloses content of 23,62%. and lignin content cacao waste 46,82%, so 26,73% alpha cellulose and hemicelluloses content of 4,86%.GC-MS results showed that liquid smoke each source contains different compounds. Different types of compounds found in liquid smoke from pine waste condensate such as acid (4 types), keton (10), alcohol(1), phenol(1), esters(3), quaiacol(1), aldehyde (1).furfural (1) and so on. And Cacao waste such acid (3 types), keton (7), alcohol (3), Alkana (1), Levoglucosan (1), resorcin (1), and so on. Identification of liquid smoke from the hazelnut shell by GC-MS yield potential chemical components including products levoglucosan and hydroxy methyl furfural as Biofuel and chemical raw material.FTIR analysis results for charcoal pine shell can be seen in Table 1shows. Changes in aromatic peak at 1579 cm^{− 1} shows that it contains lignin. 1159,1cm⁻¹ indicated dehydration and depolymerization of cellulose and hemicelluloses content. Wave number3423 cm-1 shows hydroxyl group. FTIR analysis results for charcoal cacao l can be seen Changes in aromatic peak at 1585 cm⁻shows that it contains lignin. 1111 cm⁻¹ indicated dehydration and depolymerization of cellulose and hemicelluloses content The wave number 3406 cm-1 shows hydroxyl group. Pyrolysis technology may reduce carbon emission.Each of the ten challenges was presented with a review of relevant literature followed by future directions which can ultimately lead to technological eco friendly that would facilitate commercialization of pyrolytic biochar.

Due to the quick advancement of automotive headlights from glass to polycarbonate (PC) plastic, ultraviolet (UV) hard coating that offers excellent properties are ideal in meeting the requirements of modern designs. However, PC is known to deteriorate upon exposure to sunlight, moisture, dirt and other environmental conditions. In this work, TiO₂ in the form of suspensions were attached on the PC sheet's surface that had been modified by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS). FESEM results showed that the TiO₂ are almost spherical in shape and agglomerated. Analysis using GI-XRD showed that the coated samples were of anatase phase with low crystallinity. Based on the results, it was found that TiO₂ prepared via method 3 coated on PC sheets managed to produce a more uniform coating, with the strongest adhesion, although with some reduction in transparency. The photocatalytic activity testing was carried out through the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) under UV light irradiation and it was found that the prepared samples were able to decompose MO, although not at a lower percentage. It can also be observed that PC sheet coated with TiO₂ prepared by method 3 showed a higher photocatalytic activity as compared to the other method.

Santalum album Linn (S.album) has been traditionally used to treat inflammation. This research aimed to evaluate topical anti-inflammatory activity of nhexane extract of S.album leaves on croton-oil induced rat ear oedema. The anti-inflammatory activity test was done using 25 Wistar rats which divided randomly into five groups. Group 1 (negative control, croton oil 35% in acetone only), group 2 (positive control, hydrocortisone drug 2.5% and croton oil), and groups 3, 4, and 5 treated with 10, 20, and 40 mg/ear of n-hexane extracts respectively along with the croton oil. The rat ear-oedema thickness was measured manually using micrometre after 6 hours of observation. The topical application of n-hexane extract of S.album leaf at doses 10 and 20 mg/ear, and hydrocortisone significantly reduced croton-oil induced rat ear oedemawith percentage inhibition of 36, 52, and 73 % respectively. However, at a higher dose of 40 mg/ear, it did not significantly inhibit inflammation as compare to negative control. Histology analysis result also revealed that n hexane extract at doses 10 and 20 mg/ear, and hydrocortisone decreased significantly infiltration of leukocytes. Based on this result, it can be concluded that n-hexane extract of Santalun album Linn leaf showed topical anti-inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has been synthesized from the palmitic acid Ketapang kernel oil (Terminalia catappa L.) through an enzymatic reaction. Usually, PEA was synthesized from pure fatty acids by chemical catalysts. In this study, the raw material used was ketapang kernel oil (renewable and in-edible oil) and the reaction was carried out with lipozyme as a catalyst. The palmitic acid content of ketapang kernel oil is 25-30%. The enzymatic reaction conditions weretemperature at 40°C for 24 h, substrate ratio of ketapang kernel oil and ethanolamine of 1 : 3, amount of enzyme (Lipozyme)of 0.15 gand hexane as a solvent. The formation of the PEA was confirmed using Thin layer chromatography (TLC), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). FTIR spectra of the PEA shows the characteristic absorption band at 3340-3100, 1642 and 1270-1216cm⁻¹ for stretching vibration of O-H, N-H,C=O (carbonyl) and C-N, respectively. The GC-MS chromatogram shows that the peak of PEA appears at retention time of 11.98 minutes.

The mining business in Indonesia has a large contribution to economic growth and the supplies of domestic minerals. However, if the mining businessis conducted illegally and does not use the good mining practice, it will not only harm the country but also risk endangering human safety due to environmental damage caused. In gold mining process, only the main metal, that is gold, is taken while the other metal is discharged into the sewer as waste.One of the metal ions to be waste is copper ion, Cu(II) ion. In this study, removal of Cu(II) ions from illegal gold mining waste was carried out using fatty hydroxamic acids (FHA) immobilized onto bentonite.The FHA used is enzymatically synthesized from Jatropha curcas L. kernel oil. The effects of Cu(II) ion pH and FHA concentration on copper removal have been investigated.The presented results indicated that the extraction of Cu(II) ion was very sensitive to the copper ion pH and extractant concentration. The optimum pH of Cu(II) ion adsorption by FHA-Bentonite (FHA-Bent) is pH 5.A quantitative recovery of Cu(II) ion from FHA-Bent was obtained using 10% HNO₃ solutions as eluent with a pre-concentration factorupto 60.

Cymbopogon nardus has the potential to be an essential oil, used for kitchen spice, cosmetics (aromatherapy), and cancer medicines which contains citrate, eugenol, citronellol, citronellal, geraniol, citronellyl acetate, geranyl acetate, beta-caryophyllene, limonene, and methyl eugenol. This study aimed to analyze the components of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) after heating and adding Cymbopogon nardus compared to commercial products. The method of making coconut oil was enzymatic and heated for about ten minutes. Analysis of VCO components after being heated and added citronella was carried out by using ultimate size difference, microscopic analysis, and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry compared with the commercial VCO product. The results showed that there was an intensity change in the similarity of ion fragments as well as microscopically and carbon content of more than 70%, hydrogen 10%. Separation of VCO components resulted in good separation among ethyl esters such as ethyl caprylate, ethyl laurate, and ethyl myristate detected for 30 minutes by gas chromatography and fragment ion similarity in mass spectrometry. Chemical components in commercial oils were lauric acid, ethyl laurate, glycerol tricaprylate, and vinyl decanoate.

Research has been carried out on Fe metal content from samples of tin cans of Lassegakote circulating in the community. This study aims to determine Fe metal content from canned beverage. Sample beverage solution are taken based on the difference in the length of time the sun is exposed. The consentration of Fe is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results show that Fe metal content at various type of beverage with tinplate cans is increase if the sunlight exposure is longer.

Spinning band distillation is one of the methods to separate high and close boiling mixtures. Spinning band distillation can be effective as it does not use solvent or other additive for the separation. Fractionation of Citronella, Cajeput, Patchouli essential oils has been experimentally conducted using B/R Instrument Spinning Band Distillation System Model 36-100. The crude oil was placed in the 150 mL heating pot and the temperature cut and heating rate was set. The range of temperature cut is around 230-300, 176-280, and 150-230°C for Patchouli, Citronella, and Cajeput, respectively. Running pressure was set at 10 mmHg for Patcouli oil, and 30 mmHg for citronella and cajeput oil. As expected, the heating process was stable and the solution manages to boil. It is observed that using spinning band distillation, the condensed vapor flow faster than simple vacuum fractionation and at the end product was maximize. The citronella, 1,8-cineole, and patchouli alcohol component were 88%, 67%, 44%, respectively.

Patchouli alcohol is an essential oil compound which obtained by fractional distillation of patchouli oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth). Patchouli alcohol has several benefits in aromatheraphy field. Patchouli alcohol is useful for reduce depression by breathing is steam. The essential oil is a sensitive and susceptive material towards high temperature, oxidation, UV light, and humidity which are able to cause the oxidative damage. Encapsulation can be the way to resolve this problem. Maltodextrin and gum arabic are kind of good catalysts in the essential oil encapsulation. In this research will be done patchouli alcohol encapsulation by using freeze drying method with maltodextrin, gum arabic and tween 80 catalysts as emulsifier. Patchouli alcohol that will be used is coming from the distillation with the content of 42.37% which will be tested its antidepressant to mice further. The test results of the best antidepressant was on microcapsule powder with the variation of (1 g maltodextrin: 1 g gum arabic: 3 g patchouli alcohol).

The availability of pollen in plants depends on the season. The rainy season becomes a limiting factor for honeybees to obtain a source of pollen because there are not many flowering plants this season. This causes the development of honey bee colonies to be inhibited, as pollen is the only source of protein for the naturally available bees that can affect the rate of reproduction and the life span of bees. The winged bean contains a high enough protein and amino acids that the bees require, so the winged beans can be used as artificial feed of pollen substitute. Winged bean seeds be processed into three types of processed, namely roasted winged bean seeds (TKS), boiled winged bean seeds (TKR), and fermented winged bean seeds (TKF). Winged bean seeds flour given to bees in pasta form. Based on the observations obtained the results that the consumption of the bee's liked is roasted winged bean seeds, because it does not a bad odor. The smell is lost due to the roasting process. Protein content of fermented, boiled, and roasted of winged bean seeds was 6.46%; 7.36%; and 15.19%. While the fat content on fermented, boiled, and roasted of winged bean seeds were 8.35%; 8.31%; and 12.07%. This indicates that the most preferred type is roasted winged bean seeds with the highest protein and fat.

Mangoes are an abundant local fruit. Mango seed is a biowaste material that only becomes an environmental problem. Therefore, a study was conducted to utilize one of the compounds contained in mango seeds particularly the seeds of the Arummanis (Mangifera indica L.) from Indonesia, namely flavonoids. One of the most optimum methods is used for extraction with a variety of solvents, namely ethanol, methanol, and hexane. Determination of total flavonoid content is based on the AlCl₃ method with total flavonoids content expressed in QE (Quercetin equivalent) at a maximum wavelength of 425 nm. The results showed that the most optimal total flavonoid content was from ethanol extract with the reflux method of 3.234 mg QE/g extract.

The aim of the study was to determine the mastery of the salt hydrolysis material of learners. Achievement of mastery of the material measured by the learning outcomes on knowledge domain of the learners while the results of learning on the domains of attitudes and skills were used as supporting data. The learner's worksheets with a scientific approach was applied during the learning. After being treated, the learners were given formative tests in the form of questions in which contained indicators of the mastery of the material. Data were also collected through a validated observation sheet to measure attitude and skill learning outcomes. Behavioral learning outcomes were measured during discussions, while skills learning outcomes were measured during laboratory works. Data from the formative test and observation sheet were analyzed and the conclusions were drawn. The results of the formative research showed that 21 people (63.6%) were on moderate, while the other 12 people (36.4%) were on high achievement of the mastery. Most of the learners were on highly achievement both in attitudes domain (89.22%) and skills domain (91.79%). Based on the data that has been obtained can be concluded that most of the learners of class XI MIA 4 MAN 1 Magelang were on moderate category for the domain of knowledge, and on good category both for attitudes and skills domains of the achievement on their mastery on salt hydrolysis matter.

This study discusses the mastery of students' learning outcomes who join the remedy program using the test instruments based on multiple representations arranged in Computer-based Test (CBT) model.CBT used in this study using the Beesmart application. The multiple representations studied include three levels of representation, namely macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic on redox learning. Research subjects are 100 students of X grade of natural science class in MAN 2 Semarang (Islamic senior high school 2 Semarang). The test instrument was validated by 3 instrument experts with a mean score of 38.7 from a maximum score of 44, and 2 media experts obtained a mean score of 24.5 with a maximum score of 32 with a decent category tested. The level of completeness of student learning outcomes who join the remedy program is calculated using the percentage of mastery. The results showed that the level of ability of students' learning outcomes that followed remedy was 83%.

The study on solubility equilibrium materials based on Lesson Study (LS) have been conducted by chemistry teachers in Kampar District, Riau. This lesson study was involved three main step, namely step plan (planning), do (open class) and reflection. Meanwhile the selected samples in this study were student of Senior High School 1 and chemistry teacher community in Kampar District, Riau. The number of chemistry teacher community and student were involved 6 peoples and 35 peoples, respectively. Research data was analyzed descriptively quantitative. The average score of students' critical thinking abilities was obtained by 84.21 with very high criterion quality and average score of critical chemistry teacher's ability on chemical equilibrium material equal to 68 with high criterion. The results of this study indicate that the process of making module discussions and application of solubility equilibrium module can improve the ability of chemical teachers' thinking effectively.

The purpose of this study was to analyzed the ability of teachers in designing the lesson plan and student worksheet based on learning models of Curriculum 2013. A total of 8 people as subjects in this qualitative descriptive research. The ability to design lesson plans and student's worksheet which prepared by subjects was analyzed using a particular assesment rubric. The performance of lesson plans preparation was generally weak in terms of writing preliminary and learning activities. The ability of give apperception in terms of connecting between the pre-requisite and the material to be studied was less attention. In the case of the writing of learning activities in student's worksheet, 4 out of 8 subjects choosed discovery learning. The stimulus provided in worksheet still lacks opportunities for students to identify problems. PBL and PJBL models were selected by the rest of the subjects. The results were also not appropriate for writing for a student-oriented phase on issues for PBL and fundamental questions for PJBL. Another weakness was the ability to give students opportunities to construct their own knowledge through connecting observation data, video observation, or discussion activities. Some things that have been considered were the integration of character education development and literacy reading. Higher-order thinking (HOTs) still needs to be improved. In addition, the ability to understand the vastness and depth of the material, and learning strategies need to be improved better so that students were able to construct their knowledge.

This research aims to know the student's conceptual understanding of the submicroscopic level using a three-tier multiple choice test with the help of multiple representation's teaching material. This research used mix method with sequential explanatory strategies, and the research subject was students of Islamic senior high school (MA) Riyadlotut Thalabah, Rembang, Central Java, Indonesia which consists of the class of XI IPA 1, XI IPA 2, and XI IPA 3. The data collection technique used three-tier multiple choice test that most questions focus on the submicroscopic level. The result shows that the percentage of students' Conceptual Understanding of Particulate Level on Solubility and Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) material was 15,14% for Scientific Knowledge(understand)category, misconception type 1 was 7,99%, misconception type 2 was 0,97%, misconception type 3 was 21,55%, lack of knowledge type 1 was 5,06 %, lack of knowledge type 2 was 0,36%, lack of knowledge type 3 was 46,03%, and for lucky guess was 2,86%.

This study aims to analyze the intrapersonal intelligence of students after the treatment of guided inquiry-based chemistry learning on buffer solution material. The type of research used is a case study with a descriptive analysis approach and the sample is taken using purposive sampling technique. The sample group used in this study is class XI IPA consisting of 32 students. The study was conducted in four meetings where each meeting used guided inquiry learning models and discussion and task learning methods. Intrapersonal intelligence is measured from individual daily tasks and supported by an intrapersonal scale to classify intrapersonal intelligence levels. The results of the analysis of the average value of individual tasks achieved by students increased during 4 consecutive meetings namely 51.11; 55.78; 70.05; 83.47. The results of the intrapersonal scale analysis were good and the data obtained from intrapersonal calcifications 0 students were very good, 27 students were good, 5 students were sufficient, and 0 students were less.

The following study was carried out as a preliminary investigation of students' critical thinking skills after a learning process in redox reaction matter. The subject of this research was 36 students of science class grade XI school year 2018/2019 in SMA Negeri 8 Semarang. The data analysis technique in this research was done by calculation of the questionnaire results of students' responses to the questions on redox material. Methods of data collection were done by observation, documentation, teacher interview, and student interview. The instruments of this study consisted of observation sheets, questionnaires, and interview sheets. The results showed that students' critical thinking skills in redox material concept after learning process included in the category was low achievement. In advanced, we will develop efforts to improve students' critical thinking skills at SMA Negeri 8 Semarang that will be done by applying creative learning models and use of learning media.

This research uses an experimental method which is aimed to know the difference of science literacy ability toward science-based model based learning project on hydrolysis material and buffer solution. This research was conducted in SMA Negeri 2 Salatiga. Design The research used is Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The sample used is two classes chosen by cluster random sampling technique. Methods of data collection in the form of documentation, observation, and test methods. The project work done by the students in the making of shampoo from rice husk. The data obtained were then analyzed using the N gain and t-test. The result of gain normality test obtained average science literacy ability of post-test result increased 0,77 and 0,69 with the high category in experiment class and while in control class. In addition, t-test analysis showed that the tcount of 3,660 is greater than ttable 2,002 with 5% significance level which means there is a significant improvement difference between experiment class and control class. In addition, the determination coefficient test obtained the value of 0.6 with the category of the influence of Project Based Learning Model is strong. Based on the results of the analysis can be concluded that the application of Model-Based Learning on the ability of science literacy is more significant than the Conventional Model.

This research is a mix method research with the design of sequential explanatory strategy. This research aims to know and describe students' conceptual understanding of buffer solution material and to get student response to teaching material of multiple representation buffers (macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic). Research subjects were 114 students from eleven grade of natural science class (XI MIPA 3, XI MIPA 4, and XI MIPA 5), state senior high school 12 (SMA Negeri 12) Semarang, Indonesia, academic year 2017/2018. Quantitative data was collected through a diagnostic test in the form of three-tier multiple choice test totaling 20 items and questionnaires to find out the student's response to multiple representation of teaching materials. Qualitative data is obtained by interview to confirm student answers. Multiple representation materials validated by three validators and received very excellent results with an average score of 190.33 from 212. The average score of the questionnaire was 30.026 with a proper category, and Alpha Cronbach reliability was 0.884. The results of this study indicate that the understanding of the concept of students on the material of buffer solution as much as 47.061% understand, 29.868% less understood, 12.763% misconception, and 10.307% do not understand.

This research aims to propose a new strategy for an investor when using Black Litterman Model (BLM) in order to gain higher performance on their portfolio. The proposed strategy is starting to cluster stocks then combine it with allocation weight following the Black-Litterman rules. We describe two scenarios combination cluster and BLM in the processing of portfolio construction then we investigate both performances measured with the Sharpe index. In this research, we limited for expressing views which only use absolute views. We find that a result from combining the cluster technique will help investors to determine which assets that will be given certain views on their portfolio.

In this paper, the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) of two-level supply-chain systems has been analyzed using the Nash Equilibrium concept. In this paper, a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a single vendor and a single buyer that both under the non-cooperative strategy. A mathematical analysis method, which according to appropriate literature, data and recent research result, is used to determine the mathematical formula of expected individual total cost both vendor and buyer, expected total cost of inventory system and also EOQ of decision variables. The non-cooperative strategy is used by the vendor and buyer to gain their optimal revenue. Thereby, game theoretical solution which is Nash equilibrium concept is used to determine the economic order quantity of this system. In this study, several assumptions are considered like the existence of the imperfect quality product in the manufacturing process and inspection error (Type I and Type II) in buyer's place. To the best of authors'knowledge, this is the first paper that deals with a game theoretical solution, which is especially Nash equilibrium, in probabilistic supply chain under the imperfect condition and inspection error

This paper aims to provide a descriptive explanation about the employment trends in Central Java Province. Using some publication from Central Bureau of Statistics, starts from 2014 until 2017. This paper found that (1) the creation of formal employment is still not sufficient to increase population aged 15 and above; (2) the outcomes of employment still tend to fluctuate to decrease throughout the year; (3) the outcomes tend to concentrated among employment of aged 25 years and female in rural areas; and (4) the service sector and the financial sector accelerate employment growth and an improve the employment elasticity. The suggestion of this study is the local governments still have to maintain the continuity of the momentum of economic growth and the labor market, with a focus on strengthening the job creation needed. The projected workforce population continues to grow with the dominance of the millennial generation above and the high penetration of the digital economy, so it needs to be a major component in the employment development strategy in Central Java Province.

The paper aims to determine the socio-economic factors that significantly affect the individual smoking consumption and to make smoker profile in Central Java Province. This paper uses national economy social survey (Susenas) based on individual analytical units. The estimation technique with ordinary least squares regression. The findings of the paper is the factors that significantly influence the individual smoking consumption are cigarette prices, income, marriage status, urban-rural, education level, poor status, and living condition. This study suggests that to reduce cigarette consumption, the government needs to increase the price of cigarettes. In addition, the government needs to promote anti-smoking campaigns and smoking bans at work.

Lembaga Perkreditan Desa (LPD) or village credit institution is a financial institution that is only exists in Bali. LPDs had been developed to promote the local people economies by providing micro credits as well as to deposit their money. This paper is aimed to study the satisfaction of customers toward LPD's services. A hundred and fifty customers of LPD Sidakarya that is located at Denpasar were purposive sampling selected as the respondents of the study on July 2017. The data were collected by applying self-organized questionnairé which its items were developed using 7 scale on Likerts' measurement. The respondents were asked to value their expectation as well as their perception on five dimension of service quality i.e. tangible factor, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The study reveals tangible factor was perceived positively whilest the other determinants need to be improved.

The aim of this study is to find out the spatial thinking process of students in transforming 2-dimensional (2D) object image to 3-dimensional (3D) object image representation. Spatial thinking is needed to build how to transforming 2- dimensional (2D) object image to 3- dimensional (3D) object image. There is application of spatial thinking in our daily activities for examples in using maps, planning routes, designing floor plans, and creating art. The students of 5^th grade have concrete operation level's, it is critical period of concrete operation toward early abstract period. In preliminary study researcher found that they have problem to drawing 2-dimensional image object to 3-dimentional image object. They had said that side of cube is not square after they had drawn it but it was parallelogram. It is a problem and important thing, the researcher needs to explore how student using their spatial thinking. It is included how to student thinking process specially in case transforming 3dimensional (3D) object image to 2-dimensional (2D) object image in critical period. Spatial thinking in this study is identified through geometrical problems of transforming a 2dimensional object image into a 3-dimensional object image. Subject in this study are a boy and a girl who have visual learning style in middle level of mathematical ability. This is explorative descriptive study through qualitative approach. The result are: 1) there are different internal representations and spatial reasoning of spatial thinking between a boy and a girl, 2) there are different external representations and spatial reasoning of spatial thinking between a boy and a girl, 3) there are different representational transformation spatial objects between a boy and a girl.

Epidemics have a major impact on human life both in the health and economic fields. One such epidemic is avian influenza. This epidemic causes the infected human to get hospitalization. Some action is needed to prevent the extension of this outbreak. Measures undertaken include vaccination in poultry, burning of infected poultry, and quarantine and treatment of infected humans. In this paper, we developed the mathematical model of AI with burning infected poultry and noticing the success ratio of poultry vaccination in a constant population.

Lubrication theory is applied to model thin film flow on an inclined channel. The flow is uniform, but it is disturbed by a bump so that it produces a surface wave that is formulated into a single equation of the fluid thickness. Since the model is strongly non-linear, a numerical method is chosen for solving the equation. The effect of the bump can be seen by generating the wave at the surface. The wave increases the amplitude, splits, and propagates. For the long run, we obtain a steady form of the surface. The profile depends on the bump.

Heuristics decision-making is the path, the shortcut of the human mind in making an immediate decision on the process of problem-solving in abstract algebra proofing. Heuristics decision-making are classified into four components, i.e. representative, availability, adjustment and anchoring. This study combined a quantitative and qualitative approach. A test was done twice in order to measure the five stages of verification, and questionnaires were also used to measure heuristics decision and were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study were (1) the students having representative heuristics were able to write the verification well; those having availability heuristics were able to prove when they were given the similar example with the problem; those having adjustment heuristics were able to prove with the ideas and concepts that have been understood; and those having anchoring heuristics cannot control the mistakes made in symbols writing, key ideas, steps, conditions of proof, and reasons supporting theorem; and (2) from the interview, it was revealed that the proof can be done if there are similar examples and with the help of friends, the students did not have a fully learning independence, the students were less confidence in making heuristics decision.

Estimation of variance components in the model often needed in the problem of model-based prediction. We present the concept of restricted maximum likelihood estimation for variance components in the mixed model with additive p-spline. We provide simulations as a result of applying the REML estimator concept to variance components in diverse models with p-spline additives. The model is then used to predict the means of sub-area of the population. The limited simulation shows the performance of the model using the REML estimator for the variance component to provide better predictive results, indicated by the average RMSPE value and smaller absolute average values and the denser distribution of the MSPE with a lower median, than that produced by the model the same as the ML estimator for component variance.

The purpose of this research is to observe the proportion of chronic disease sufferer in the Duren Sawit district, East Jakarta. The data that used in this research is the primary data in the form of survey data directly and the secondary data in the form of census data from Dinas Kesehatan (Dinkes) 2017 and Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) 2017. The sampling method used is simple random sampling with a sample size of 1% of the total heads of families living in the Duren Sawit district, that is 1229 the heads of the family. On direct estimation, estimating parameter only based on survey data of subpopulations is inappropriate action, because the sample size obtained relatively few or there are subpopulations that is not selected as the sample. To overcome this, indirect estimation is used with small area estimation (SAE) method, which borrowed extra information such as administrative data or census data from other areas or area itself and there's an addition random area effect into the model. In this research, the proportion of chronic disease sufferer in Duren Sawit district is obtained used direct estimation and indirect estimation with hierarchical bayes method in SAE. The results of the estimates proportion from direct estimation is 18.87% with Mean Square Error (MSE) is 0.000130741, whereas the estimates of the proportion from indirect estimation is 18.37% with MSE 0.0000922915. Based on the MSE that obtained, the estimate proportion of chronic disease sufferer from indirect estimation is more reliable than direct estimation.

This research aims to know the relationship model of OSA, DM type 2, and prediabetes simultaneously. Data used in this research is primary data which obtained by direct examination to patients with OSA at RSCM. The sampling method used in this research is non-probability sampling, with the number of samples is 205 patients. Partial Least Squares (PLS) method is used to obtain the purpose of this research. OSA, DM type 2, and prediabetes are dependent variables. Moreover, the independent variables are gender, age, blood pressure, obesity, and sleep hygiene. The risk of OSA is determined using the Berlin Questionnaire. DM type 2 and prediabetes are determined using fasting blood glucose (FBG). Using significance 0.1, we prove that OSA is directly affected by obesity and sleep hygiene. DM type 2 is directly affected by prediabetes, and indirectly affected by gender, age, obesity, and OSA. Gender, age, and OSA have direct effect to prediabetes, meanwhile, sleep hygiene has indirect effect to prediabetes. While obesity has direct and indirect effect to prediabetes, through OSA.

This research aims to develop a 3CM learning model to support student to improve their creative thinking skills. The method used in this research was R&D with ASSURE development model consisting of six stages: 1) analyze learners, 2) state objectives, 3) select method, media, and materials, 4) utilize media and materials, 5) require learner participation, 6) evaluated and revise. The participants in the research is pre-service primary teacher students. Product validation was done through an expert's assessment by using the expert's validation sheet. The practicality of the product is tested with limited trials with college lecturers and some students with questionnaires and interviews. Product effectiveness was seen by implementing limited development testing to a particular class with a group pretest-posttest design and the result was analyzed by using a Paired-Samples T-Test. The result of this research is a 3CM learning model to support students' to improve their creative thinking skills. The validity and practical of the learning model was proven by the result of the expert assessment in learning and limited test by peers and students in small group, material and instructional media. The effectiveness of the learning model was also proven based on Paired-Samples T-Test of students' pretest and posttest.

Youth as an economic actor is also a rational agent. Youth are always faced with various alternative choices, one of which is entering the labor market (working), attending school, going to school while working, or not both. The findings of this paper suggested that youth have become a major part of the workforce, also a determinant of economic conditions, in addition to the demographic posture of a large population of young people. Youth are faced with a variety of economic challenges including the need to increase productivity in increasingly competitive global markets. They must be creative, innovative, and productive with increased capacity to compete, not only in the global market but also in the domestic market.

One potential processing industry business developed in the area of Jembrana Regency of Bali is weaving industry. Weaving industry business is one of the creative industries based on local wisdom of Bali, need to be developed with the concept of modern entrepreneurship (orange economy). Based on empirical theory and facts, this study aims to examine how the direct influence of the role of government and social capital on business performance in the weaving industry in Jembrana Regency of Bali. Based on surveys and structured interviews on 70 business actors through data analysis techniques using SEM-PLS with Smart PLS 3.0 software support, it was found that: (1) the role of the government and social capital directly influenced positive and significant impact on business performance; and (2) the most dominant component of social capital is the network, then the norm and the last sense of trust. Strengthening of the government's role in all aspects and the capacity of social capital based on local wisdom are quite successful in improving the business performance of the weaving industry in Jembrana Regency of Bali.

In this paper will be studied an Oscillator with Mass that changes periodically and forced vibration of a simple degree of freedom. This system related to the dynamics of cables such as stayed bridges, electricity, telephone, and others. Under normal conditions for all type of cables one would not expect galloping type of vibrations due to wind-forces. There is an exception concerns vibrations excited by a wind-field containing raindrops. As has been observed on scale models in wind-tunnels the raindrops that hit the inclined stay cable generate one or more rivulets on the surface of the cable. It will be studied in this paper an oscillator single degree of freedom with mass that changes periodically and forced vibrations. Small masses which periodically hitting and leaving to the oscillator with different velocity give a forced to the vibration. Because the small mass stay on the oscillator surface for some time then the effective mass of the oscillator will periodically vary in time. In this paper it will be studied the possibilities of the mass and the velocity of the masses which are hitting and leaving to the oscillator by using a perturbation method.

This paper aims to decompose time series data in segments where many segments are unknown. The data in each segment is modeled as a stationary autoregressive where the model order is unknown. The model parameters include the number of segments, the location of segment changes, the order of each segment, and the autoregressive coefficients of each segment. The Bayesian method is used to estimate parameters, but Bayesian estimator cannot be calculated analytically. The Bayesian estimator is calculated using the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The performance of the algorithm is tested using synthesis data. The simulation results show that the algorithm estimates the model parameters well.

This paper deals with the construction of the various inflate-deflate pipe patches with its center curve of a line segment. The construction is formulated by the cross-section, the longitudinal section and the line segment center curve of the pipe patches. The objectives of the research are to model the cross-section curves of the patches by using the polar coordinate, and the longitudinal section of the trigonometry, Bézier, and Hermit curves to enable designing the various models of pipe parts. The study found that some polar formulas and regular polygon sides can evaluate the various cross-section forms of the pipes, and the function cosine, sinus, Bézier and cubic Hermit can draw, respectively, the longitudinal section forms of the pipes. We have tested as well these formulas, and the results show that they are very useful to design the pipes in which its center curves are lines. In the future works, we need to study the pipe modeling with its center curves of space curves.

Let is a Hilbert space over field real number . An operator T on is a function from to . A Self-adjoint operator is an operator that satisfies T = T*. Furthermore, a linear relation ε on is the set of pairs of elements w and x with w,x ∈ . A self-adjoint linear relation is a relation that meets ε = ε*. Some properties of a Self-adjoint operator on is not applicable in self-adjoint linear relation. This paper aims to determine the properties of a self-adjoint linear relation based on linear operators.

A spectral theory studies eigenvalues and eigenvectors of SALR on H. SALR on Hilbert space H is a linear relation satisfying A = A*. Many applications of SALR on quantum theory, such as the homogenous abstract Cauchy problem.If M is an operator that has an inverse then eigenvalues and eigenvectors are easily determined, but If M is an operator that does not have an inverse then eigenvalues and eigenvectors are quite difficult determined. One way that can be done is to use a linear relation. Furthermore, there are some properties of spectral theoryof linear operator that can not apply to SALR. This paper aims to give a spectral theory for SALR and its application in a homogenous abstract Cauchy problem.

Multi agent system present in our daily live. The Multi agent system, starting from a few agents to tens and even millions of agents. Control of multi-agent is one of the most important problem in control theory. Many methods are used to control of multi agent, one of the method is optimal control. Approach with optimum control too many kinds. In this paper, the authors use the Serret-Frenet system. In mathematical models of multi-agent systems written, multi-Serret-Frenet dynamics systems are used. Some agents move with the initial formation from the starting position, towards the final position that is popularized. The movement of maintaining the formation and minimizing the cost of control is translated into the functional cost model. From the dynamic system model and functional model of cost is designed multi-agent control system with the optimum control approach.

The purposes of this research are to analyze a mathematical model of tumor with chemotherapy and to present numerical verification of the derived result. There are four classes in the model, namely tumor cells, immune cells which is divided by active CTL cells and helper T cells, and chemotherapy drug. There are three kinds equilibrium point: tumor free, tumor persistent, and coexisting equilibrium. The dynamical behaviour of our system by analysing the existence and stability of the system at each equilibrium is discussed. The dynamical behaviour of the model is also numerically verified.

Linear programming problems consist of two parts are objective function and inequality constraints. A redundant constraint is a constraint that does not change the feasible region. There are many methods for detecting redundant constraint. The methods for identifying redundant constraints which in the process only uses the objective function and inequality constraints, among others, Heuristic method, Llewellyn method, and Stojkovic-Stanimirovic methods. Heuristic method cannot identify weakly redundant constraints as redundant constraints. Llewellyn method comparing two constraints. Stojkovic-Stanimirovic depend on objective function. In this paper, we give some examples to recognize characteristics of these methods.

Important techniques in linear programming are modeling and solving practical optimization. A redundant constraint is a constraint that can be remove from a system of linear constraints without changing the feasible region. Method for identifying redundant constraints which in the process only uses the objective function and inequality constraints, i.e., Stojkovic-Stanimirovic method. In this paper we give a modified method of Stojkovic-Stanimirovic method to detect redundant constraints in linear programming problems. The advantages of employing the propose method is still to use the different objective function on linear programming associated the same feasible set have the same result. To clarify these method is given an example cannot be solve using detect Stojkovic-Stanimirovic method but can be solve using propose method.

Determining the effective number of clusters can influence forecasting results in FTS method's applications. Unfortunately, the issue of how many clusters should be used to improve forecasting results has not been touched in previous researches. We observe for some different number of clusters and compare its Root Mean Squared Errors (RMSEs) results. The numerical simulation using Jakarta Composite Index (IHSG) data and the forecasting results show that RMSEs value decrease when the number of clusters is increased. The RMSEs value drops significantly when n = 50 clusters are used.

A concept of defining classical probability is often based on the equally likely outcome assumption of an experiment, so the experiment should be based on the equality outcome of media or tool used. If the equality assumption is not met then the alternative for defining probability is done by using the concept of relative frequency. The concept of a relative frequency means that the probability of an event is the proportion of the event occurred in an experiment with infinite trials. Mathematically If P(A) denotes a probability of event A, f(A) denotes the frequency of event A occurred, and n denotes the number of trials in an experiment, then P(A) = lim_n→∞f_A/_n, assumed the limit exists. This paper proves the existence of limit for the relative frequency as the number of trials goes infinitely through simulation. This simulation can finally be used as an alternative learning method in understanding the concept of probability.

Usually the applications of fuzzy forecasting methods use triangular fuzzy number for calculating the value of member's function.In many previous researches on forecasting, FTS (FTS) methods were implemented using symmetric triangles in the fuzzification step. In the present paper, we study on how hypotenuse of the triangle can affect forecasting accuracy rates. We modify the TMF to be non-simetric triangle with different line of orientation (left and right leaning triangles) to find out the effect of FTS forecasting results. This modification isapplying on Firefly-Chen FTS method to forecast the Indonesian Composite Stock Price Index (IHSG). Its performance verified through simulation by using Matlab.

Each thinking level van Hiele will describe the process of thinking a people use learning the geometric concepts and types of geometric ideas thinks. This research is a qualitative descriptive research what aims to describe the thinking process of students at the level of deduction in solving geometry problems. The collection data's method in this research is test and interview method. The test is classification of students' thinking geometry level according to van Hiele using instruments developed by Usiskin, so that the students get the level of deduction. The test of geometry to knowing the thinking process students use 1 problem from the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) field Geometry. Interviews were conducted to the students to confirm the student's work. The results of this study indicated that students at the level of deduction to solving geometry problems as accordance with the characteristics of van Hiele geomeri thinking in its level.

Wave run-up is the vertical extent of wave up rushed on a structure. To describe wave run-up characteristic, we tend to relate to its maximum height. It was a common belief that the leading wave will usually reach the maximum run-up. However, It turns out that this is not always the case. Resonance is a phenomenon when the incident wave shares the same frequency as the natural frequency. In this article, the natural frequency of a semi-enclosed basin on a plane structure is derived using the variable separation technique. Next, the staggered conservative scheme is used to test these natural frequencies through simulations of wave run up on a plane structure. The result shows that when the incoming wave frequency is close to the natural frequency, the largest run-up height is not the leading wave, but the second, third, or fourth waves. This indicates the occurrence of resonance phenomena. Sensitivity analysis was applied to show the dependence of the maximum run-up height to the structure's slope, as well as the incident wave frequency. Further, a physical simulation was conducted to examine whether the resonance phenomenon appears in the actual events.

UNNES has Regulation of Rector, No. 19 Year 2016, which contains 12 ethics/characters for students. So, lecturers need to know how to evaluate the character values. While Guangxi Normal University (GXNU) of China is known to have some Ethics too for university level. Its follow up, then we need go to a university in China, namely: Guangxi Normal University (GXNU) and Prof. Dr. Guo Yuanbing as our Partner Lecturer. Questions: How does Mathematics lecturer at GXNU evaluate the values of the characters that grow on the students? Method of this research is Qualitative approach. The research subjects: Some of Local Students of GXNU were selected and some of GXNU lecturers. Main activities in GXNU: With guided by Prof. Dr. Guo Yuanbing, we do observation in class, interviews, triangulation, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in GXNU. The results: There were 5 character values in GXNU, which became the focus of GXNU's lecturers to be evaluated, namely: (1) Civility, (2) Harmony. (3) Freedom. (4) Rule of Law. (5) Integrity. In addition, also found how GXNU Mathematics lecturer in assessing the growth of student characters.

Forecasting method based on Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) has been widely developed in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new improvement at determining IHSG data and partitioning stage. At the present study, we define the IHSG data then calculate the basis value to find out how much interval should be used. Secondly, we divide the main interval into several numbers of sub-intervals. The empirical analysis shows that sub-interval caused the fuzzy number getting closer to crisp value. Then, it causes the better forecasting value. We use the data of Jakarta Composite Index (IHSG) for simulation. The Means Squared Error (MSE) value reduces significantly with this modification. The value of Average Forecasting Error (AFER) 0,00386% shows the method outperforms the previous method.

FTS is popular in many recent years. Researchers are competing to outperform existing method by making new improvement including modifications at clustering step. Here we discuss about clustering process, i.e., partitioning based metric frequency density and firefly clustering algorithm. In the simulation, we compare the forecasting results and error value of the method with previous existing methods. The modifications give better forecasting results than previous methods indicated with smaller Root Means Errors (RMSEs) and Average Forecasting Error (AFER).

Traffic congestion causes late arrivals at customers and long travel times resulting in large transport costs. Traffic congestion also can result in the travel time of the vehicle from one place to another cannot be determined precisely even though the distance travelled is the same. In this paper, fuzzy capacitated vehicle routing problem (FCVRP) with travel time expressed by generalized trapezoidal fuzzy numbers is addressed. The fuzzy model is reduced to corresponding crisp one using fuzzy ranking method. Then, we propose ant colony system (ACS) algorithm with the status transition rule, global pheromone trail update and local pheromone trail update for constructing the optimal vehicle routes of the reduced problem. A numerical example of Bright gas 5.5 kg distribution is demonstrated to find the optimal solution of the proposed method. Travel time are obtained basing on real data measured by an electronic system at ten different times. The proposed method is simpler and more computationally efficient when compared to existing methods.

Over the last two decades, tourism has been successfully proved its significant effect on Bali economic development as well to increase people wealthiest. Since 2010, tourism in Bali contributes more than 35 percent in formulating the regional domestic product. In addition, this sector and its related industries also absorb more than 41 percent of Bali labor force. It is well known that tourism in Bali based on its cultural uniqueness where Uluwatu and Taman Ayun temples are two famous cultural destinations for foreign as well as domestic tourists. This work is directed to elaborate the effect of visitors motivation visited Uluwatu and Taman Ayun temples toward their loyalties. By positioning internal and external motives as the antecedents of tourists' loyalties and their satisfaction as a mediating construct, the structural equation model (SEM) is built. A hundred visitors of Uluwatu or Taman Ayun were asked to fill out the questionnaire with 5-scaled Likert's items on August 2017. By applying variance-based SEM, both types of motivations show a significant role in forming visitors' satisfaction, but only the external motive affect visitors' loyalties, significantly. Examining the mediating role of visitors' satisfaction, there is no evidence this construct able to strengthen the effect of internal and/or external tourists' motives in forming their loyalties.

Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) was firstly annunced by Akaike in 1971. In linear regression modelling, AIC is proposed as a model selection criterion since it estimates the quality of each model relative to other models. In this paper we domonstrate the use of AIC criterion to estimate p, the number of selected varibles in regression linear model through a simulation study. We simulate two particular cases, namely orthogonal and non - orthogonal cases. The orthogonal case is run where there is totally no correlation between any independent variable and one dependent variable, whereas for the the orthogonal case is run where there is a correlation between some independent variables and one dependent variable. The simulation results are used to investigate of the overestimate number of independent variables selected in the model for two cases. Although the two cases produce the oversetimate number ofindependent variables, most of the time the orthogonal case still provide less overestimate of independent variables than the non orthogonal case.

The purpose of this article is to define the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft matrices and to study their operations. Then we obtain some relevant properties of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft matrices. To apply the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft matrices for decision making problems solving, we define the Rate matrix, the Resultant matrix and the Goal matrix. Then by developing an algorithm, finally the decision is obtained based on the maximum score in the Goal matrix. This study is a generalization the concept of intuitionistic fuzzy soft matrices.

There are some conditions for the existences of the equilibrium points on cervical cancer mathematical model and their local stability. In this paper we make continuation on some parameter to find a bifurcation phenomena. Bifurcation is the appearance of a topologically non-equivalent phase portrait under variation of parameters. While we make continuation on parameter maximum invasion rate together with continuation on infection rate, we find a Cusp Bifurcation. Cusp bifurcation is a condition where two-bifurcation curve are met. First we do the continuation by AUTO to detect the bifurcation. Further we do some analysis and simulation by Matlab and then make some interpretation for these phenomena.

This research constructs mathematic model for string vibration on Sasando that expressed as a second-order linear partial differential equation with u denote the vertical displacement experienced by the string at the point x at time t. Besides, the purpose of this research is to determine analytical solution using a method known as separation of variable. There are three analytical solutions from three cases based on constant coefficient values. Case 1 occurs when ${k}_{d}{}^{2}\gt 4{\left(\frac{n\pi }{l}\right)}^{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}{c}^{2}+2\frac{{c}^{2}}{l}\right)$. Based on he simulation, the string produces a quarter wave within 3 seconds. This means the vibration wavelength 0.083 Hz. In this case the vertical displacement of the string is back to quiescent after vibrating to produce a quarter wave. Case 2 occurs when ${k}_{d}{}^{2}=4{\left(\frac{n\pi }{l}\right)}^{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}{c}^{2}+2\frac{{c}^{2}}{l}\right)$. The string produces 3.5 waves within 3 seconds, means the vibration wavelength is 1.67 Hz. In this case, the farthest vertical displacement (amplitude) become smaller drastically and back to quiescent. Case 3 occurs when ${k}_{d}{}^{2}\lt 4{\left(\frac{n\pi }{l}\right)}^{2}\left(\frac{1}{2}{c}^{2}+2\frac{{c}^{2}}{l}\right)$. The vibration wavelength of the string is 2.83 Hz, with 7.5 waves within 3 seconds. The vertical displacement decreases periodically and back to quiescent at a certain time. Analysis of 2-dimensional graph for vertical displacement u(x,t) is done with n = 1,2,3,4,5 which is compared with profile of u(x,t) Gulla (2011). Based on results of the model were mentioned before, the mathematical model of string vibration on Sasando has the similar profile as Gulla (2011). For further, this research is suggested to perform a graph profile analysis of other cases that may arise with variation of parameter values.

Hesitant fuzzy sets are tools that appear and are useful for dealing with vagueness and uncertainty. Interestingly, we can determine two new operators inspired by operators which have been defined. Some properties associated with binary operations of hesitant fuzzy elements that were introduced by previous researchers are constructed. We obtain several relations between the new operators and such binary operations. Here we also give a correction of a result in previous related article.

This research is motivated by the lack of students' interest in learning mathematics that isconsideredto be difficult and tedious. Then, this problem results the low cognitive learning outcomes of the students. The matter happens because the teacher is still considered to be the centre in learning process, the lack of variations in instructional media, and the way the teachers teach in the class. This study aims to determine whether there are differences in the students' cognitive learning outcomes from the use of ICT instructional media using adobe flash CS6 programs at SDN 01 and 09 Bandar Buat. This type of research is a quasi-experimental in the form of non-equivalent control group design. The sampling technique is purposive sampling, in which the first class is chosen as the control class and the second class is the experimental class. The instrument used in this study is an objective test with multiple choice types. The data analysis technique used is inferential statistical test with t-test. The results show that the values of the experimental class using the ICT media of the Adobe Flash CS6 program based on STAD is 82.66 with a standard deviation 13.67, while the class that does not use ICT media of the Adobe Flash CS6 program based on STAD is 74.84 with a standard deviation of 13.88. It can be concluded that the hypothesis testing using the t-test at the significance level a = 0.05 obtained t_count = 2.36 and t_table = 1.99. Thus, the condition in which t_count >t_table shows that the hypothesis H.

The concept of representation is one of the psychological concepts used in mathematics education to explain some important phenomena about how to think. Metacognition knowledge is an indicator of how well a person uses methods and strategies to control and improve their learning and knowledge. The purpose of this study is to describe the representation of students' metacognition in constructing graphics. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. Research subjects were 6 second semester students at the Department of Mathematics UNNES in 2018. The data collection technique used was a test in the form of constructing a graph. Test results are analyzed by referring to aspects of metacognition, which are revealed through student representation in resolving the problem of constructing a function graph. Based on the results of the analysis, can be grouped into 3 groups; namely Group (1): Students, able to plan problems by understanding the problem and choosing the right strategy, able to monitor the problem through illustrating the picture correctly can then find the results by connecting information obtained from prior knowledge and can relate to other material and be able to evaluate problems indicated by the ability to draw conclusions; Group (2): students have been able to plan the problem correctly but there are still errors in the writing of the settlement procedure, and are able to evaluate the problem through conclusions drawn from the results of the solution, although still not thorough, seen in the absence of units on the results obtained; Group (3): students have not been able to plan problems in writing but can explain the procedure through direct explanation, have not been able to monitor the problem because understanding of the concept is still wrong so it cannot solve the problem and is unable to evaluate the problem correctly.

This research was aimed at showing the effect of using cooperative learning type Think Pair Share toward learning outcome of math. This research included two classes in class . The classes were chosen by using Random Sampling. The Design was Treatment by Block Design. The result of the study showed that: (1) The result of the study of the students who were taught by cooperative learning type Think Pair Share modelwas higher than the result those tought by conventional model. (2) The result study of male students who were taught by using cooperative learning model type Think Pair Share is higher than the those tought by conventional model. (3) The result study of female students who were taught by using cooperative type was higher than those tought by conventional model. (4) There was no interaction between the learning model with gender toward students result study.

This study aims to enhance teachers' competence in conducting Classroom Action Research (CAR) in order to improve their professional services in handling the teaching and learning process. The researchers' preliminary observations found that many teachers were still lack of competence in conducting correctly classroom action research following the guidelines, though some of them have conducted it several times. This problem is caused mostly by the factor of research proposal which is still unrecognazible. The qualitative method was applied in this study through training and intensive counselling on how to design CAR. The research findings focused on the qualification of research proposal in terms of language aspect and theoretical aspect. The language aspect focuses on sentence construction, paragraph construction, the use of language in the chapter of introduction and the chapter of theoretical bases. The theoretical aspect focuses on the accuracy of selection of theory, and the variety of theoretical sources. It is found that 25 % of CAR proposal contains recognizable sentences based on the form of S-P-O-K1-K2, 75 % of the proposals are recommended to be reviewed, 50 % of proposals contain regonizable paragraphs in terms of cohesion, and coherence. In the aspect of theoretical accuracy, 75 % of proposals contain theories which are in line with the research problem, and 25 % of proposals should be revised. Moreover, more than 95 % of proposals still depend on the books as the source of theory and only 5 % of proposals which cite from journal. It is concluded that the teachers' competence in using scientific language must be improved and the source of theory must be upgraded through citing from recommended journal.

Mathematical thinking Ability in this research includes mathematical problem solving and mathematical representation. Mathematical problem solving and mathematical representation is important for students in the Study Program of Mathematics Education. Some research findings suggest that gender perspective affects not only differences in students' mathematical thinking Ability, but also influences in students' mathematics learning process. The primary purpose of this research is to analyze the gender perspective comprehensively in the achievement of students' mathematical thinking Ability as the result of the implementation of Calculus Textbook that supported with GeoGebra. This research used quantitative methods. The population of this research consisted of all students in the mathematics department a university in Central Java, Indonesia. The sample was groups of students in the Study Program of Mathematics Education who enrolled in Integral Calculus course. From these study programs, sample groups were selected randomly. This research used various instruments: Test of Mathematical Thinking Ability, and Observation Sheets. The data were analyzed by using t-test. From this research, it can be concluded that The achievement of the students' Mathematical Thinking Ability in terms of gender perspectives give no different results.

Mostly student meet difficulty in learning elementary linear algebra (ELA). The aim of this research is to discuss errors, misconceptions and their causes in learning ELA. The subjects of this research were 41 chemistry students who took part in ELA course during the 2017/2018 academic year at Andalas University. The study use qualitative methods to explain how students reason to form errors and misconceptions. The partisipants were asked to answer four questions in system of linear equations as a part of the mid term examination questions. Students' solutions to the mid term examination questions were taken as the key source of data used to generate a list of errors and to extract the underlying misconceptions. The findings show that the average of student unable to: understanding the problem (E1), devising a plan (E2), carrying out the plan (E3.1 & E3.2), verified the solution (E4), respesctively are E1 = 6.61%, E2 = 28.40%, E3.1 = 24.43%, E3.2 = 2.27%, E4 = 89.23% and one misconceptions revealed, that is Cramer's rule can be used to solve every kind of SLE.

This research is a development research referred to Four-D model. This research aims to develop Interpersonal Intelligence-based of basic statistics learning devices to improve students' social competence. This type of Four-D model development research consists of four stages: (1) define, (2) design, (3) develop, and (4) disseminate. The learning devices produced are RPS and a textbook that meet valid criteria.

Children with disabilities (CwD) have limitations in conceptual understanding of mathematics. Lack of numerical conceptual understanding will cause CwD to experience difficulty in counting. The purpose of this case study was to analyze the growth of numerical abilities of students with disabilities through the application of manipulative teaching aids. This research method used a qualitative approach. The subjects of this study were students of the seventh grade of the State Extraordinary School of Salatiga (SLBN) who had limited vision, mind, hearing, or speech impairment. After the results of the students' work were corrected, the qualitative data analysis was done by analyzing the results of the test, interview, and triangulation data. The results of this research: Through the use of Manipulative Teaching Aids, the numerical abilities of CwD could be improved and developed. It is recommended that teachers in ES should use Manipulative Teaching Aids so that the numerical abilities of CwD can be improved and developed.

The problem faced by teachers in SMP Negeri 2 kebakkramat is the mastery of students in triangular material, especially in instilling concepts in a limited time in the learning process. Although the provision of material determines the completeness of learning, the reality of achieving the learning objectives is far from what is expected based on the KKM. It was conducted at Junior High School (SMP) Negeri 2 Kebakkramat in academic year 2017/2018 by using purposive sampling technique to select the participants. Hence, the selected research subjects were 2 students. The results of the study show that students' critical thinking skills are still relatively low. The way to improve students' critical thinking skills in solving mathematical problems in learning styles one of the strategies that teachers can do is student-centered learning and optimizing on each student's learning style.

The purpose of this research was to develop mathematics learning media which were valid, practical, and effective. The mathematics learning media which was developed in this study consisted of mathematics instructional media which the topics was circle. Data were collected by using observation sheet of instructional media implementation, student's and teacher's response questionnaire, and test of students learning outcomes. The collected data analyzed descriptively. The result of this research showed that the mathematics instructional media were categorized very high in validity, had fulfilled the practicality and the effectiveness aspects. The characteristics of the instructional media are: (1) practical usage; (2) learning activities were guided students to think critically and creatively; (3) exercises and real problems gave students the opportunity to think about alternative solutions to solve problems; and (4) provide variations in the learning.

The purpose of this study is to analyze prospective teachers in problem solving ability using an onto-semiotic approach. The onto-semiotic approach is a method emphasizing mathematical object meaning based on language, concept, procedure, computation, proposition and argument. This research is an explorative qualitative. The subject of research is a mathematic students of STKIP PGRI Tulungagung who have high mathematical ability. The main instrument of the research is the researcher herself, the auxiliary instrument are math problems solving test and interview guidelines. The collecting data techniques are tests and interviews. Data analysis consist of data reduction, display and conclusion. The data are validated by time triangulation. The result of the research shows that, prospective teacher have good categories in the language and the concept in understand the problem, good categories in language, concept, procedures and argument in devise a plan, good categories in terms of language, procedures, computations and arguments in carry out the plan, and bad categories in the look back. So, the onto-semiotic approach can be implemented on learning to improve prospective teachers' understanding in solving math problems.

The study aims to investigate thinking of students during the mathematics instruction. Data were collected by conducting observations and interviews at 7 secondary schools in Manokwari, West Papua, Indonesia. Observations were held in the classroom and studied videos of instruction to identify what they think during the classroom activities. Data obtained then triangulated through intensive interviews with students, teachers, and pre-service mathematics teachers. The results showed that there are two groups of students, those who have positive and negative thinking. Students who think positively tend to be active, confident and have high motivation. But they tend to be dominant so that it can disrupt the instruction process. On the other hand, students who think contrary tend to be inactive. Students who are inactive are caused by low ability, lack of courage and poor perception of teachers. All groups of students need help from teachers through different teaching strategies.

This study aims to identify students' understanding of missing angles in parallel lines by considering what is arbitrary and what is necessary. Data were collected from observing a lesson in a year 7 classroom about the role of angles in parallel lines and interviewing the students to identify their understandings. The results reveal that there are three levels of students' understanding: (1) the students can remember arbitrary things, but not be aware of the missing angles; (2) the students can remember arbitrary things and sometimes can be aware of necessary things, but get confused when solving a different problem; (3) the students can remember arbitrary things, can be aware of the missing angles although the problem is different from what they usually do, but they do not remember the terms introduced by the teacher during the lesson. It is suggested that teachers have such skill to identify if their students can memorize what is arbitrary and be aware of what is necessary, to assist their students' memories and to help to educate their awarenesses.

Metacognition as knowledge and cognition on cognitive phenomenon and one's own knowledge on his self-cognitive processes and use of this knowledge in order to monitor cognitive processes. Metacognitive skills refer to a person's procedural knowledge for regulating one's learning activities including problem solving. Word problems in mathematics have been vastly included in educational literature mainly due to the fact that the issue is considered to be one of the most difficult in math lessons. This research aimed at investigating the contribution of students' ability to metacognitive thinking to metacognitive thinking skills in the aspects of prediction, planning, monitoring, and evaluation through the provision of mathematical words problems. The data was collected through tests, Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI-Jr-Modified) observation sheets and interviews. The results of the study showed that the score of students metacognitive ability was 75.80 which contributed to the level of students metacognitive thinking skills at 78.98% in the high category based on the four aspects of metacognitive skills namely 78.13%; 81.25%; 84.38% and 71.88%. Learning through the provision of mathematical problems in the form of words problems can develop students metacognitive skills.

HOTS is a real-life based assessment of everyday life, but in practice, the students are having trouble completing the HOTS issue. Learning difficulty is also influenced by artisan character type. The artist's subject finds patterns and relationships by scribbling on the answer sheet and using the knowledge he has. The artist's subject guesses by connecting the information from previous experience available. The artisan subject generalizes by using symbols. The artisan subject examines the validity of an argument by showing a supporting example. The instruments used are character type questionnaire, and HOTS test. This study aims to describe the difficulty of structured numbered heads mathematics learning model in students with artisan character, especially in solving HOTS in trigonometry material. This is descriptive qualitative research. The results show that students with artisan have a total of 2.02 % difficulties in number fact skill, 13.1 % in arithmetics skill, 34.34 % in information skill, 27.27% in language skill, 23.23 % in visual-spatial skill.

This research aims to improve students' understanding of the Concept Group in instructions of Abstract Algebra through mathematical connection analysis. This research was conducted at the University of Papua for 32 student'smathematics student who took the course of the algebraic structure in the academic year 2017/2018. Instruction was carried out using cooperative model, through the application of group investigation. Students were grouping based on the prerequisite lesson grades, especially introduction to mathematics. The results show that the connection between concepts provides better results on improving students' concept of understanding, compared to conventional teaching learning, where lecturersprovide a formal definition, provide further examples of theorem and proof of theorem.

These research aims were described teacher's stimulus in mathematics learning for developing thinking the skill of Junior High School students grade VIII, and perceived teacher's perception about a scientific approach and thinking of Junior High School students grade VIII. This descriptive-qualitative research involved professional working group for mathematics that is the Association of Mathematics Teacher (Musyawarah Guru Mata Pelajaran, MGMP) in Semarang. The first step of the research was forum group discussion with 19 mathematics teachers grades VIII in Association of Mathematics Teacher Semarang. The second step was research in SMPN 23 Semarang and SMPN 36 Semarang. Data collection techniques include a questionnaire about teacher's stimulus for facilitating student's thinking; a questionnaire about students response based on teacher's stimulus; a survey about teacher's perception in a scientific approach, thinking, and 2013 Curriculum in the field; and observation sheet about teacher's stimulus for facilitating student's thinking. Method and sources triangulation used in this research. The result were teachers already have a good understanding about a scientific approach, and this research recommends problem posing, numerical investigation, and open-ended task as teacher stimulus in developing students' thinking ability in mathematics learning in Junior High School.

This research aims to comprehend how the impact of ICT in mathematics learning, particularly in middle school, and to study teachers' perspective toward implementation of ICT application in mathematics learning based on the gender of teaching teacher. The research method isdescriptive, giving questionnaires and interviewing 56 mathematics' teacher in West Java, Indonesia. The results showed in applying ICT in mathematics learning, categories show many times 45%, ever applied 54%, and never applied 1 %.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) have a higher prevalence in Asia population. OSA have associated with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) from hypoxemia condition even though the association between OSA and AF could be contributed to risk factor AF among OSA patient. AF has four times the higher prevalence in a patient with OSA than without OSA (4.8% vs. 0.9%). Although, the study about factor affecting AF in OSA patient has not been widely practiced, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the factors affecting AF in patients with risk of OSA. The data used in this study is primary data of patients with risk of OSA at RSCM based on interviews with the Berlin questionnaire. The sample size are145 patients with risk of OSA based on the Berlin questionnaire using a technique of non-probability sampling. The number of patients diagnosed AF is 45 patients (31.03%). The decision tree used is CHAID and CART to determine which factors significantly affect AF and classify based on the factor. Dependent variables in this study are AF, while independent variables are age, sex, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), neck circumference (NC), blood pressure (BP), smoking history, history of consuming alcoholic, history of heart failure, history of coronary heart disease (CHD), and history of stroke. The results of this study, which factor significantly affect AF in a patient with risk of OSA using CHAID are age, BP, WC, and NC with the accuracy rate is 71.7%, although using CART are age, BP, WC, BMI, CHD, and smoking with the accuracy rate is 77.2%.

Indonesia has always been ranked the bottom 10 (2009-2015) in literacy capabilities under the OECD. Based on that the students still use a lot of memory in the process to memorize. For the purpose of this study is to see the support of increased learning effectiveness, it is necessary to reduce the unnecessary cognitive load in working memory. Based on the above study, the authors are interested to develop the Development of Mathematical Literacy Ability through the Learning Device Based CLT (Cognitive Load Theory). The type of research undertaken in this research is development research, with stages in the research process based on the modified Thiagarajan development model, namely: defining stage; design stage; development stage. Based on the research in getting results that the development of learning mathematics-based CLT can create a more enjoyable and effective learning atmosphere for students; students are more active in the learning process in the classroom; modules are made with illustrations of color and design are clear and interesting, and the presentation of the problem is also in accordance with the level of ability of students, the language used communicative so easy to understand.

Mathematic connection is part mathematic thinking competence meant as the interrelationship of mathematic concept internally. The study aimed to investigate the students' profile of managed mathematic conection in SMK Pelayaran. The study was qualitative with test method. The subject of the study was ten class year student consisting of three persons having different mathematic connection competence in SMK Pelayaran. The result of the study that students having high managed mathematic connection competence had characteristics of: 1) Able to identify problem other to mathematic concept, 2) able to identify concepts mathematic, 3) able to apply mathematic outside of mathematic context, 4) Able to determine basic mathematic to solve the problems, 5) able to understand mathematic concept was interrelated. Students with managed mathematic concept competence had characteristics of: 1) able to identify in other to mathematic concept, 2) able to identify concepts in mathematics, 3) able to apply mathematic outside mathematics context, 4) Able determine mathematic concepts. Low competence of mathematic connection students had characteristics: 1) not able to identify in other to mathematic, 2) unable to identify concepts in mathematics, 3) less ability in applying mathematic outside mathematics context . 4) Unable determine mathematic concept.

The research objective is to explore the mathematical connection capabilities of hearing-impaired students in grade 8 in completing tests related to connection with other disciplines. The type of research used is qualitative research with a case study design. The number of subjects in the study was six people who were taken purposively based on the characteristics of language and speech, intelligence, and social-emotional spread in 3 schools namely; SLB B KaryaMurni of Ruteng - East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), State SMPLB Semarang and SLB B Don BoscoWonosobo. The results of the analysis of work and interviews found that mathematical connection abilities that arise in hearing impaired students in completing tests related to connection with other disciplines include; (1) in building an understanding of the problem, hearing impaired students tend to represent problems by making pictures. (2) in making a preliminary plan to complete, the students are inclined to use the media related to the problem given. (3) if hearing impaired students can find patterns by seeing regularity, then in determining these patterns they tend to use the results of exploration by making pictures. Thus concluded that hearing impaired students can solve non-routine questions with a high level of difficulty by using the patterns found by first exploring through images.

This study aims to improve the conceptual understanding and procedural fluency in learning Polyhedrons using blended learning strategy. A blended learning strategy was done by combining face-to-face and online learning using Edmodo. The subject of this study consisted of 34 students of 8th Grader (14 males and 20 females) of SMP Negeri 1 Sukawati in the academic year 2017/2018. The study had taken place for 8 weeks (2-Cycles) on the topic of Polyhedrons. The research data were conceptual understanding and procedural fluency measured quantitatively by test and then coded, analyzed qualitatively using content analysis techniques of students' posts on online discussion. The results showed that (a) a very good category of conceptual understanding (score 88) and a good category of procedural fluency (score 75) had been achieved quantitatively, (b) Qualitatively, there was also an improvement in the quality of conceptual understanding and procedural fluency found on the student online discussion' posts. Of all 797 posts, there were 31.7% questions and 68.3% answers that significantly indicated a good conceptual understanding (39.65%) and procedural fluency (29.9%) on teaching Polyhedrons.

The purpose of this research is to get the analysis result of the problem solving ability of PS teachers in West Ungaran by benchmarking of Mathematical Connection ability. The method is done by qualitative research. Activities: (1) Data retrieval. (2) Data analysis. (3) Interviews. (4) Triangulation. (5) Interpretation and conclusion. The result, based on the analysis results of the problem solving ability of PS teachers in West Ungaran with benchmarks on the Mathematical Connection ability, then the problem solving ability of PS teachers have tendency categorized of Enough.

The purpose of this research is to know the success of learning mathematics in grade 1 SD Sebasang Ketanga 2 by utilizing magic stick, in terms of student's interest in learning. This study is a classroom action research, in the order of Plan-Act-Reflect and indicator has been achieved in 1 cycle. But, the teacher decided to continue the act into cycle number 2. The results, after 2 cycles finished, showed that the students' learning outcomes in the abatement materials had reached an average of 92.4 and 100% had met the KKM. In addition the magic stick has succeeded in making the students eager in learning reduction, shown by the spirit of students when delivering the results of calculations by using magic sticks.

Critical thinking is believed to have significant contributions to learners' academic context in the era progression of technology and information. Critical thinking skills are needed to solve problems, especially in solving algebraic problems. This critical thinking process is influenced by several factors including cognitive style and gender. The purpose of this study was to understand the process of critical thinking from the perspective of cognitive style and gender on solving algebraic problems students in the mathematics department at Walisongo State Islamic University. The kind of research qualitative descriptive, a test MFFT used to analyze cognitive style students into groups impulsive or reflective cognitive style. Tests to analyze skills critical thinking based on Ennis consisting of Focus, Reason, Inference, Situation, Clarity, and Overview. The research indicated that style cognitive and gender significantly affected the way and the ability to think critically students. This study provides information that on the subjects of reflective cognitive style, male are better than female in terms of critical thinking skills and there are differences in the process. Male subjects on reflective cognitive style are better than female subjects, but for the cognitive style exclusive female subjects are better than men.

The values of Nationalism and Integrity are very important to be grown in the young generation. Japan has succeeded in strengthening those values through education in schools. Therefore, it is necessary to do collaborative research between the Research Team of Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES) with the partner lecturer from Hiroshima University, that is Prof. Takuya Baba, Ph.D. The problem: How to integrate the values of Nationalism and Integrity in mathematics teaching-learning process at Miyauchi Elementary School of Hiroshima? The research method uses a qualitative approach with the research subjects of Miyauchi Elementary School teachers were selected. The main activity in Japan: observation, interviews, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) in Miyauchi Elementary School, guided by the partner lecturer. The results of this research: (1) Nationalism and Integrity values has been instilled through families traditionally. (2) Schools apply Nationalism and Integrity values in real context through the learning process, including in the mathematics learning. (3) Courtesy and discipline were also planted in the classroom and has been entrenched among teacher-students. (4) When the student answers the teacher's question, the students immediately stand up and salute by bowing, then respond.

What is the project-based learning model? The project-based learning model is a learning model that uses the project (activity) as the core of learning. In this activity, students conduct exploration, assessment, interpretation, and synthesis of information to obtain various learning outcomes including knowledge, skills, and attitude. Currently learning in schools is still more focused on learning outcomes in the form of knowledge (knowledge) alone. It is very superficial, only up to the level of memory (C1) and understanding (C2) and has not been much touched on aspects of application (C3), analysis (C4), synthesis (C5), and evaluation (C6). This means that in general, learning in schools has not invited students to apply, to process every element of the concept learned to make (synthesis) generaliasi, and has not invited students to think critically on the concepts and principles that have been studied. In facing the global era and creating strong cadres of young generation cadres, educational institutions are expected to fulfill future conditions that fulfill educational qualifications such as curriculum, facilities and infrastructure, learning methods, quality of teaching staff, and management of educational institutions

The framework of the 2012 Mathematical PISA, mathematical literacy is defined as an individual's ability to formulate, use and interpret mathematics in various contexts. The level of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah needs an understanding of mathematical literacy. The purpose of this research is to know the ability of mathematical literacy of fifth grade students in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Darul Ulum Ngaliyan Semarang 2017. The research method used is mixed methods. The study was conducted in grade 5 students. The quantitative analysis is tested by the average difference test with dk 56 and 5% of real level then obtained t_table = 1,674. The result of t-test t_count = 1.087. So compared between t_count and t_table then t_count < t_table so that H₀ is accepted, it means there is no difference on the average of students 'mathematical literacy skills taught by using the RME approach with the average ability of students' mathematical literacy using the expository method. The result of the mathematics literacy test of fifth grade studentsin Salman MI Darul Ulum is still in low category Qualitatively, after interviewing 6 students, it can be seen that the ability of students' mathematical literacy is still lacking and there is no habituation of mathematics literacy in learning.

Most of students at X class MIA 1 Senior High School PGRI 4 Denpasar can not reach the minimum requirements criteria. It's caused of lack of attention of students on the learning process, and lack of collaboration of subject matter with student's reality life. One effort can be taken to improve learning activity and Mathematics learning outcome was by apply Quantum Teaching Learning Model. This study aims to improve learning activity and Mathematics learning outcome students. This study was a classroom action research conducted in 2 cycles with the subject of research was all of students at X class MIA 1 Senior High School PGRI 4 Denpasar Lesson 2017/2018 which consists of 46 students. The objects in this study was learning activity and Mathematics learning outcome. Learning activity data obtained by observation sheet while data of Mathematics learning outcome obtained by test technique. The result of this study concluded that quantum teaching learning model is a solution to improve learning activity and Mathematics learning outcome of students especially at X class MIA 1 Senior High School PGRI 4 Denpasar. Other school which have similar problem can apply this model to solve the problem.

This research was aimed to analyze mathematics learning disabilities of the slow learner on Pythagorean Theorem. This research was an exploratory study with qualitative approach. The subjects of this research were 2 of the 8th grade's slow learner students of two inclusive schools in even semester of the 2017/2018 academic year. Data collection was done using test and interview method. Based on the data analysis, the results showed that the subjects had mathematics learning disabilities on Pythagorean Theorem that was categorized in (1) procedural memory deficit: the subject could not do the procedure properly and still had difficulty in operating the algebraic form, (2) semantic memory deficit: disability in learning arithmetic facts, disability in using the principle (3)visuospatial deficit: the subjects were still confused when the triangle was rotated.

This study aims to analyze climate change content integrates into the new geography curriculum in Indonesia. This research uses content analysis method of curriculum document consisting of basic competence and syllabus. Results represent that overall basic competence provides a huge opportunity for students to learn climate change. But the condition is not supported by the syllabus. The topics of climate change in the syllabus are a bit and also dominated by aspects of cognition of climate change. Those are serious problems to integrate the climate change in curriculum. The Teachers will get into difficulty to teaching maximum because the teacher's understanding of the concept of climate change in Indonesia is very limit. Therefore, it needs to be supported by a syllabus that explicitly presents topics and learning activities. The findings of this research are essential to provide input to the government in future curriculum reviews.

This study aims to criticize micro teaching assessments that have been going on so far which feel slow, monotonous, using a lot of paper with various formats, not involving students who do not practice as teachers and waste time. Innovations offered are peer to peer assessment without using paper, based on conservation. The practice of teaching is very important in order to produce a professional Mathematics teacher. Assessment of micro teaching requires precision and thoroughness, for that required student participation in the assessment. Peer-to-peer assessment is attempted without paper, according to facts, and gives thoughtful advice to the characters.

Problem solving plays an important role in mathematics that is to understand students' difficulties in math skills. This study aims to reveal students' mathematical problem solving profiles based on their cognitive style in their creative thinking process. As a result of this study, students who have Field Independent cognitive style are able to solve the mathematical problems given so as to belong to the process of creative thinking level 4. Students who have Field Dependent cognitive style are generally confined to math problems that can be solved to include creative thinking process level 0 (not creative). In this study, it is seen how the solution of mathematical problem-solving based on their cognitive style influences the creative thinking process.

Ethnomathematics is a study of mathematics ideas form society. This research is undertaken in Sidomulyo Jember. This research goal is describe ethnomathematics model on ethnomahematics activities of coffe farmers. This research is qualitative type research with an ethnographic approach. The method of collecting data used are observation and interview. Research subject are four farmers in Sidomulyo Jember. The result of data collection were analyzed descriptively. As the result of this research visible farmer's activity such as design activity, measure activity, and calculate activity. The activity starts from the beginning of planting to the harvest.

Students' ability to formulate, use and interpret mathematics in various contexts is called mathematical literacy ability. Hence, the purpose of mathematics learning is not only to make students able to use and apply mathematical knowledge in solving real-world problems or situations, but also to develop students' mathematical literacy. The process of problem solving is carried out through five stages, namely defining, evaluating, planning, implementing and communicating. These five stages are known as the DAPIC problem solving process. The development of students' mathematical literacy can be done through the DAPIC problem solving process. In this current experimental research, learning activities were developed by using lesson study analysis and synthesis and the DAPIC problem solving process. 64 of eighth grade students from junior high school were taken as subjects of study. There were five steps done by researcher in developing learning activities, namely (1) posing problems in real life contexts, (2) solving problems either individual or in group, (3) presenting and discussing student' works, (4) developing formal mathematics, and (5) applying mathematical knowledge. The experimental group was given treatments of learning activities based on learning plans developed by researcher, while the control group was given learning activities based on traditional learning plans. Data on students' mathematical literacy ability were obtained through mathematical literacy tests. Based on the results of the study, it can be evidenced that the mathematical literacy ability of students in the experimental class were higher than the mathematical literacy ability of those were in control class.

The mission of twenty-first-century education is to construct a knowledge-based society through the integration of Information and Communication Technology in the learning process. Mathematics teachers are required to be able to integrate technology in learning. Appropriate model and instructional media can encourage students' critical thinking skills. Currently, the learning process not solely takes location in the classroom, however also makes use of digital media, online, teleconferencing, and cellular technology outside the classroom. Various learning applications in mobile devices can be utilized in mathematics learning. Mobile Learning is a learning model that is performed between places by means of the use of technology that is easy to raise when the learner is in a mobile situation. By using mobile learning, the availability of teaching materials can be accessed at any time and interesting material visualization. Mathematics Mobile learning is the use of mobile devices in mathematics learning. TPACK is a framework that describes the relationship and complexity between the three basic components of knowledge (technology, pedagogy, and content). The TPACK framework is a model used for technology integration in education. The suitability of material characteristics with appropriate instructional media, learning model, and technology selection in Mathematics Mobile Learning can improve learning achievement and motivation of learners.

In the 21st century assessment is not only done at the end of learning, but also can be integrated directly in the learning process, called assessment for learning. This study explores the effect of it implementation in the process of mathematics learning. The main purpose of this research is to describe the achievement of learning objectives which consists of understanding concepts, reasoning, problem solving, and communicating ideas. Design research, which consists of three steps, preliminary research, prototyping stage, and assessment phase, is the method chosen for designing assessment for learning. The design is tested to 36 students. The implementation of assessment for learning is carried out in three activities. The results of the implementation of it on the achievement of learning objectives are as follows: at the first meeting 6 of 9 groups succeeded. In the second activity all groups achieved the learning objectives, and in the third activity 7 out of 8 groups also did it. This indicates that the implementation of assessment for learning can achieve the learning objectives that have been set very well. Because of that, effect of the design most learners can achieve the learning objectives that have been set. Furthermore, the design facilitates learners to be actively involved in learning activities so that it makes a good interaction between educators with learners, fellow learners, and the atmosphere created in the classroom becomes more positive.

This research wants to be seen reflective thinking process of grade VIII students at SMP N 4 Karanganyar based on Adversity Quotient (AQ) level of students. The subjects of this study were chosen by purposive sampling. AQ is the ability of a person to survive in the face of a problem. AQ has 3 levels of climber, camper, and quitter. Based on the AQ test results are taken students with climber, camper, and quitter level with different scores. The climber level is the highest level with an AQ score between 135 until 200, camper level is medium level with score AQ 60 until 134, and the quitter level is the lowest level with a score of 59 until zero. Data collection techniques use task-based interviews. The results showed that the thinking process of students with AQ scores of climber level was different from students with camper and quitter level. Students with AQ climber level, reflective thinking in the defining stages of the problem, analyzing problems, selecting categories, analyzing information, providing solutions, selecting solutions, implementing solutions, and analyzing feedback on all C-5 and C-6 type. Students with AQ climber level, reflective thinking at all stages when solving items of type C-5 only, while for item type C-6 students think reflectively only in the stage of analyzing information, providing solutions, choosing solutions, implementing solutions and analyzing bait behind. Furthermore, for students with AQ quitter level, reflective thinking is only in the stage of analyzing information, giving solution and implementing solution for item type C-5, while item of C-6 student can only go through phase analyze information only.

The background of this research is the absence of standard instruments that can measure the ability of high-level thinking in students on learning mathematics. The objective of this research is to produce valid, practical, and effective devices that can measure the strength of high-level thinking of the students majoring in elementary school teacher of education. This research is development research. The development steps of this research are theoretical analysis, formulating the operational definition, the determination of the contract, the dimensions and indicators, the preparation of the grid, the development of the items, the analysis of legibility and social desirability, field trials and data analysis. This research uses validation sheet, questionnaire and item. Based on HOTS instrument validity test 85.50% with the very valid category. Practicality test result from lecturer percentage is 87% with convenient category and student percentage 84.50% with the practical category. The effect of the HOTS student instrument assessment from the first trial to the second trial increased by 23% indicates a positive change in the students' HOTS ability. Therefore, the HOTS instrument is declared effective. HOT instruments for elementary school teacher of education students are consequently valid, practical and effective. This research implicates research can be used as a standard instrument of thinking ability of high-level students of elementary school teacher education.

The background of this research is the lack of information about the mathematical connection ability of elementary school students. This study aims to determine the strength of mathematical connections of elementary school students concerning the ability to solve problems in the matter of numbers. The research used the qualitative approach with descriptive method. Instruments used in research are observation and test. The results showed that in the indicator to recognise ideas in mathematics as many as 12.50% of elementary school students scored between 60 and 69 with enough category, 55.83% composed between 45 and 59 with less category, and 31.67% scored between 0 and 44 with less than one category. Indicators understand how ideas in mathematics interconnect and underlie each other as many as 10.83% get scores between 60 and 69 with enough category, 61.67% get scores between 45 and 59 with fewer category and 27.50% scored between 0 and 44 with less than one category. The indicator of applying mathematics in everyday life shows that as many as 11.67% of elementary students who scored between 60 and 69 with sufficient category, 67.50% scored between 45 and 59 with less category, and 20.83% scored between 0 and 44 with less than one category. This research shows that the mathematical connections of elementary school students in solving mathematical problems in the number matter are still low. The results of this study have implications as the basis of teachers to improve the ability of mathematical connections of the elementary school student.

The APOS approach in mathematics learning has been developed by Dubinsky and has been applied in many studies. Instructional to build the concept through the stages of Action - Process - Objects and Schema do not always run well as genetic decomposition that has been built. This study explores students' cognitive difficulties in learning advanced mathematics on the Riemanns Sum, particularly in the process of interiorization Action into Processes. The subject of research is first year student of UIN Walisongo Semarang and the study was conducted in the first half of 2018. The data were taken using observation, tests and interviews. The results of the qualitative analysis show that students got the Action well but failed to interiorize it into Process due to the inability to connect two-dimensional knowledge with the given partition. It was showed when students could not find rectangular elements on a partition built from the area under the curve with a particular function. Unexpectedly, even though students understand the problem and the student could not use the given function y=f(x) to determine the partition height. Furthermore, students got an obstacle to imagine adding partitions when the number of partitions approach to infinity. The transition from school mathematics to advanced mathematics is perceived when students represent their knowledge partially, instead understanding the problem as a whole interrelated concept. This constraint also indicates the importance of mathematical connections and mastery of prerequisite materials to construct the further concepts.

Learning is often seen as developing academic abilities and achievement through formative assessment. Students always hate their 'failure' and are not as happy as students with better theoretical results. Equally important is the fact that undue emphasis on results rather than the process is likely to scare students from originality. Taking risks without fear of failure is the foundation of creative effort. This study used qualitative research methods, and the research subjects are students of mathematics education in a class of Differential Equations. This article shows two processes in evaluating learning, with the aim of seeing how students see a mathematical problem based on the question of the problem. One student class is given an issue clearly and leads to one answer, and at another time the question is presented again with questions by emphasising the role of creativity in learning and skills development. Of the two results of the work will be seen in how students face a mathematical problem. How to think convergent and divergent affect learning outcomes, and what factors need to be developed to make students feel more creatively.

Pre-service mathematics teachers need to understand the school mathematics curriculum in order to ensure their capability as future teachers. As a learning planner, they have to possess an adequate understanding of what and how the school mathematics materials should be organized to fit the students' need. The current Indonesian curriculum challenges the teachers to design mathematics learning which integrates four domains of competence, namely the spiritual attitude, the social attitude, the knowledge, and the skill. However, there has been no textbook available to guide the pre-service mathematics teacher designing the desired mathematics learning better. This research aims to develop a textbook for mathematics curriculum analysis, especially for senior high school level. It was an R&D using Plomp model stages, including initial investigation, design, construction, and test, evaluation, and revision. In the final stage, we have successfully developed a valid project-based learning textbook for mathematics curriculum analysis.

Differential calculus becomes a primary pre-requisite material for every student to start learning calculus. It mainly discusses the concepts and theorems regarding derivative of functions. Many mathematics educators believe that learning differential calculus needs specific conditions and attitude as it cannot be set as rote and procedural learning. This research aims to find out the students' perception towards the implementation of self-regulated flipped classroom approach in their differential calculus class. Thirty-six students participated in the seven meetings of the class and gave their perceptions at the end of every meeting. They were engaged in a various type of learning activities outside the classroom such as setting their own goal, gaining information from many sources, and uploading a video of their presentation, while during the class, they were assessed with an interview confirming their understanding about the topics. The result suggests that the self-regulated flipped classroom approach is promising to maintain the students' right attitude towards differential calculus.

Mental construction in this study is mental construction based on APOS theory (action, process, object, schema) in conducting mathematical proof. Therefore the purpose of this research is to find out how mental construction is based on APOS theory in mathematical proof and the results obtained from its application. This study included a quasi-experimental with posstest only nonequivalent comparison group design. This study conducted at IKIP PGRI Bali. The research sample was students who took real analysis courses. Based on the sampling results obtained two classes. Data retrieval is done by direct observation and tests. Based on the observations, it shows that the student worksheet is able to make all students active in learning. Data analysis shows that the mental construction of students proving ability is only up to the object stage. Based on the whole test results, the experimental class achieved significantly better results compared to the comparison class. This shows that the mental construction of students in proof has not yet reached the schema stage, which means that it needs to be improved and the application of APOS learning is able to help students in mathematical proof.