Table of contents

Preface

The 1^st International Scientific Conference on Pure Science (ISCPS2019) was held on 23 -24 January 2019 at the University of Al-Qadisiyah, College of Education, Diwaniyah, South of Iraq. The ISCPS2019 was the first forum to present the innovative results of the advanced topics in physics, mathematics, biology, and chemistry. The conference was jointly organised by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq. The conference is an opportunity to achieve the strategic goals on the processes of activating the own capability to build (knowledge society), and keep abreast of scientific developments in the fields of science, and their applications and investments to serve the society. Thus, the conference aims is to bring together leading academics, scholars and students to discuss theoretical and practical issues to share their experiences and research findings, as well as ideas, problems and solutions related to the multifaceted aspects of Advanced Science.

In this Conference, 300 technical papers were presented by local and international participants. The event included the contributions of large number of researchers, elite of universities and scientific institutions inside and outside Iraq. The contributions focused on the exchange of ideas and the dissemination of scientific knowledge.

A number of reviewers assessed the quality of manuscripts. A rigorous peer-review process have implemented to evaluate the manuscripts. All accepted papers will be published in the conference proceeding. A booklet of abstracts was given to all participants on the registration day. The Committee have selected the high-quality manuscripts for publication in a special issue within a recognized international journal (with Clarivate and Scopus Indexing). The organised committee would like to thank the editors, Keynote speakers, reviewers and authors who have contributed to the Conference Proceedings. Our special thanks go to the Iraqi Higher Education and Scientific Research for their support towards the successful organization of the conference.

The EDITORS OF THE WORK:

Dr. Qusiy H. Al-Galiby Editor-in-Chief

Quantum Electronics & Nanoscience, member of Colin's group in Quantum Nanotechnology Centre (c.lambert@lancaster.ac.uk), Lancaster University, UK Department of physics, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Emails: qusiy.algaliby@qu.edu.iq qusiyalgaliby@gmail.com

q.agaliby@lancaster.ac.uk

For Physics section:

Solid State Physics Editor

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abdul-Lettif University of Karbala, Iraq

Email: Abdulateef1962@gmail.com

Nuclear physics, Radioactivity and Medical Physics Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Murtadha Sh. Aswood University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: murtadhababylon@gmail.com

Molecular Electronics Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Laith Algharagholy University of Sumer, Iraq

Email: l.algharagholy@gmail.com

Plasma Physics Editor

Prof. Dr. kadhim A. Aadim

University of Baghdad, Iraq

Email: hadhim_adem@Scbaghdad.edu.iq

Applied Physics and Nanotechnology Editor

Araa Mebdir Holi Alshabbani University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: araa.holi@qu.edu.iq

Image Processing Editor

Dr. Hayder Saad Abdulbaqi University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: hayderhany@gmail.com

Laser and Optics Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Al Musawi University of Al Mustansitya, Iraq Email: laser_mu@yahoo.com

For Biology section

Plant Physiology Editor

Prof. Dr. Abdulameer Ali Yaseen Alhares

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Abdulameer.Alhares@qu.edu.iq

Parasitology Editor

Prof. Dr. Hadi M.H.Al_Mayali

Department of biology, University of Al_Qadisiyah Email: Hadi.Hamza@qu.edu.iq

Microbiology Editor

Prof. Dr. Majid Kadhim Al-Shibly

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Majid.shibly@qu.edu

Ecology Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Raid Kadhim Abed Al-Asady Email: raid.al-asady@qu.edu.iq

Animal physiology Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Jassem Al-Naely

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: ahmed.jassem@qu.edu.iq

Phycology Editor

Assist. Prof.Dr. Haider A. Alghanmi

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: haider.alghanmi@qu.edu.iq

Editors for Mathematics section:

Prof. Dr. Rahim Alhamzawi University of Al-Qadisiyah Email: Rahim.alhamzawi@qu.edu.iq

Prof. Dr. Nadia Mohammed Ghanim University of Technology

Email: nadiamg08@gmail.com

Prof. Dr. Raid Kamil Naji University of Baghdad

Email: rknaji@scbaghdad.edu.iq

Prof. Dr. Waggas Galib Atshan University of Al-Qadisiyah Email: waggas.galib@qu.edu.iq

Prof. Dr. Habeeb Mtashar Abood University of Busrah

Email: iraqsafwan2006@gmail.com

For chemistry section:

Physical Chemistry Editor

Prof. Dr. Hassan A.Habeeb Alshamsi

Department Of Chemistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Hasanchem70@gmail.com

Analytical Chemistry Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Layth Sameer Jasim Mohammed Department Of Chemistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Email: layth.alhayder@qu.edu.iq

Organic Chemistry Editor

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Abdul-Reda

Department Of Chemistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: nabeel.a.alradha@qu.edu.iq

Inorganic Chemistry Editor

Prof. Dr Khalid Jawad AL-Adilee

College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Khalid.Jawad@qu.edu.iq

Biochemistry Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Anwar J. almzaiel

University of Al-Qadisiyah,

College of Medicine, Department Of Chemistry Email: anwar.almzaiel@qu.edu.iq

http://qu.edu.iq/icpsedu2019/

1. ABOUT ISCPS2019

The 1^st International Scientific Conference on Pure Science (ISCPS2019) was held on 23-24 January 2019 at the University of Al-Qadisiyah, College of Education, Diwaniyah, South of Iraq. The ISCPS2019 was the first forum to present the innovative results of the advanced topics in physics, mathematics, biology, and chemistry. The conference was jointly organised by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Iraq. The conference is an opportunity to achieve the strategic goals on the processes of activating the own capability to build (knowledge society), and keep abreast of scientific developments in the fields of science, and their applications and investments to serve the society. Thus, the conference aims is to bring together leading academics, scholars and students to discuss theoretical and practical issues to share their experiences and research findings, as well as ideas, problems and solutions related to the multifaceted aspects of Advanced Science.

In this Conference, 300 technical papers were presented by local and international participants. The event included the contributions of large number of researchers, elite of universities and scientific institutions inside and outside Iraq. The contributions focused on the exchange of ideas and the dissemination of scientific knowledge.

A number of reviewers assessed the quality of manuscripts. A rigorous peer-review process have implemented to evaluate the manuscripts. All accepted papers will be published in the conference proceeding. A booklet of abstracts was given to all participants on the registration day. The Committee have selected the high-quality manuscripts for publication in a special issue within a recognized international journal (with Clarivate and Scopus Indexing). The organised committee would like to thank the editors, Keynote speakers, reviewers and authors who have contributed to the Conference Proceedings. Our special thanks go to the Iraqi Higher Education and Scientific Research for their support towards the successful organization of the conference.

B. TOPICS AND SCOPE

PHYSICS: Material Physics, Theory of Molecular scale and Transport, High Energy Nuclear Physics, Plasma Science, Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics, Nano-Technology, Electromagnetism and Electronics, Applied Physics and Quantum electronics and Technology.

MATHEMATICS: Pure Mathematics, Applied Mathematics, Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.

CHEMISTRY: Organic chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Analytical chemistry, Biochemistry, Industry Chemistry and Nanochemistry.

BIOLOGY: Animal physiology, Animal physiology, Biochemistry, Ecology, Entomology, Histology, Microbiology, Molecular biology, Mycology, Parasitology, Phycology, Plant physiology, Plant Taxonomy and Environmental pollution.

C. IMPORTANT DATES

DESCRIPTIONS DEADLINES

Call of paper 1 September 2018 Abstract Submission Due date: 1 November 2018 Notification of Acceptance: 15 November 2018 Full Paper Submission: 1 December 2018 Conference Day: 23-24 January 2019

D. KEYNOTE SPEAKERS 1-Professor Dr. Hadi Arabi,

Department of Physics,

Faculty of Science,

Ferdousi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

2- Professor Dr. Nabil Mohie Abdel Hamed Aly,

Faculty of Pharmacy,

Kafrelsheikh University,

Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, Egypt

3- Professor Dr. Ali Iranmanesh,

Department of mathematics,

Faculty of mathematical Science,

Tarbiat Modares University,

Tehran, Iran.

4- Dr. Qusiy H. Al-Galiby

Quantum Electronic & Nanoscience

Department of Physics, University of Al-Qadisiyah,

Diwaniyah, Iraq.

5- Prof. Dr. Eman S. Bhaya

Department of Mathematics,

University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

6- Dr. Saad Mohammed Hamada

From Sweden Kingdom

Sustainable Energy.

E- COMMITTEE

1- The Organized Committee

Prof. Dr. Khalid Jawad Kadhim

Dean of the College of Education / University of Qadisiyah

Chairman

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Sattar Hameed Hamzah

Assistant Dean for Scientific Affairs and Graduate Studies /College of Education

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Dafer Abdul Kadhim Jameel

Assistant Dean for Administrative Affairs / College of Education

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Saleem Azara Hussain

Head of Physics Department / College of Education

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Layth Sameer Jasim

Head of Chemistry Department / College of Education

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Jassem Hassan

Head of Biology/ College of Education

Member

Dr. Mazen Omran Karim

Head of Mathematics Department / College of Education

Prof. Dr. Hadi Medlool Hamza

Department of Biology

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr Raid Kadhim Abed

Department of Biology

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Akeel Ramadan Mehdi

Department of Mathematics

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hassan Rashed Yassein Mathematics Department Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Faiq Fathallah Karam Department of Scientific

Affairs

Department of Physics Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Shaimaa Adnan Bahjat Department of Chemistry Member

Dr. Qusiy H. Al-Galiby Department of Physics Member

F- The EDITORS OF THE WORK:

Dr. Qusiy H. Al-Galiby Editor-in-Chief

PhD in Quantum Electronics & Nanoscience Member of Colin's group in Quantum Nanotechnology Centre (c.lambert@lancaster.ac.uk), Lancaster University, UK Department of physics, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq qusiy.algaliby@qu.edu.iq qusiyalgaliby@gmail.com

q.agaliby@lancaster.ac.uk

For Physics section:

Solid State Physics Editor

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abdul-Lettif University of Karbala, Iraq

Email: Abdulateef1962@gmail.com

Nuclear physics, Radioactivity and Medical Physics Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Murtadha Sh. Aswood University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: murtadhababylon@gmail.com

Molecular Electronics Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Laith Algharagholy University of Sumer, Iraq

Email: l.algharagholy@gmail.com

Plasma Physics Editor

Prof. Dr. kadhim A. Aadim

University of Baghdad, Iraq

Email: hadhim_adem@Scbaghdad.edu.iq

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Abdulhussein Abbas Khadayyeir

Applied Physics and Nanotechnology Editor

Araa Mebdir Holi Alshabbani University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: araa.holi@qu.edu.iq

Image Processing Editor

Dr. Hayder Saad Abdulbaqi University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: hayderhany@gmail.com

Laser and Optics Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Mustafa Al Musawi University of Al Mustansitya, Iraq Email: laser_mu@yahoo.com

For Biology section

Plant Physiology Editor

Prof. Dr. Abdulameer Ali Yaseen Alhares

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Abdulameer.Alhares@qu.edu.iq

Parasitology Editor

Prof. Dr. Hadi M.H.Al_Mayali

Department of biology, University of Al_Qadisiyah Email: Hadi.Hamza@qu.edu.iq

Microbiology Editor

Prof. Dr. Majid Kadhim Al-Shibly

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Majid.shibly@qu.edu

Ecology Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Raid Kadhim Abed Al-Asady Email: raid.al-asady@qu.edu.iq

Animal physiology Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Jassem Al-Naely

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: ahmed.jassem@qu.edu.iq

Phycology Editor

Assist. Prof.Dr. Haider A. Alghanmi

Department of biology, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Email: haider.alghanmi@qu.edu.iq

Editors for Mathematics section:

Prof. Dr. Rahim Alhamzawi University of Al-Qadisiyah Email: Rahim.alhamzawi@qu.edu.iq

Prof. Dr. Nadia Mohammed Ghanim University of Technology

Email: nadiamg08@gmail.com

Prof. Dr. Raid Kamil Naji University of Baghdad

Email: rknaji@scbaghdad.edu.iq

Prof. Dr. Waggas Galib Atshan University of Al-Qadisiyah Email: waggas.galib@qu.edu.iq

Prof. Dr. Habeeb Mtashar Abood University of Busrah

Email: iraqsafwan2006@gmail.com

For chemistry section:

Physical Chemistry Editor

Prof. Dr. Hassan A.Habeeb Alshamsi

Department Of Chemistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Hasanchem70@gmail.com

Analytical Chemistry Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Layth Sameer Jasim Mohammed Department Of Chemistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Email: layth.alhayder@qu.edu.iq

Organic Chemistry Editor

Prof. Dr. Nabeel Abdul-Reda

Department Of Chemistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: nabeel.a.alradha@qu.edu.iq

Inorganic Chemistry Editor

Prof. Dr Khalid Jawad AL-Adilee

College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq Email: Khalid.Jawad@qu.edu.iq

Biochemistry Editor

Assist. Prof. Dr. Anwar J. almzaiel

University of Al-Qadisiyah,

College of Medicine, Department Of Chemistry Email: anwar.almzaiel@qu.edu.iq

2- The Conference Secretariat

Assist. Prof. Dr. Methaq Hamzah Geem

Department of Mathematics

Chairman

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Abdul Whaid

Department of Biology

Member

Dr. Hayder Saad Abdulbaqi

Physics Department

Member

Dr. Wisam Hindawi Hoidy

Department of Chemistry

Member

Assist. Lecturer. Zainab Fahad Mhawes

Department of Mathematics

Member

3- The Scientific Committee

Prof. Dr. Raad Shaker Alnayli

Chairman

Prof. Dr. Ahmed Khudhair Obayes Al-Hamairy Member

Prof. Dr. Foad manher alkam

Member

Prof. Dr. Hassan A.Habeeb Alshamsi Member

Prof. Dr. Ziad M. Alkhozai

Member

Prof. Dr. Noori Almayahi

Member

Prof. Dr. Waggas Galib Atshan

Member

Prof. Dr. Rahim Alhamzawi

Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Saleem Azara Hussain Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Araa Mebdir Holi Alshabbani Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hisham Mohammed ali Hasan Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Akeel Ramadan Mehdi Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Murtadha Sh. Aswood Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Haider Abdul Whaid Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Layth Sameer Al-hyader Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Hameed Jabaar Huzairan Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Qhatan Adnan Yousif Member

Assist. Prof. Dr. Abbas Al-Nayili Member

4- Documentations

List of Photographs are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

A series of MgxZn1-xO thin films were grown on glass substrates using modified chemical bath deposition (m-CBD) called successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique. The crystal structure, surface topography and the optical characterization of the prepared films were studied as a function of Mg/Zn (x) content. It is observed that the deposited films have polycrystalline structure in nature and grown in two phases Hexagonal and cubic. The preferential orientation of the films was absorbed along (002) plane. Structural parameter such as crystallite size, number of dislocation density and micro-strain were also investigated. The crystallite size and surface roughness are increased with the increase of Mg2+ ions content. Thus the results showed that the surface topography and the surface quality of the deposited films can be controlled by Mg2+ ions content. The optical transmittance spectra analysis showed that transmittance increase with the increase Mg2+ content to about 85% for x = 0.75, and the energy band gap increases (2.82 - 3.17) eV as the Mg2+ content increases x = (0.25 - 0.75). These results indicate that the MgxZn1-xO thin films can be potentially used in high-performance ultraviolet optoelectronic devices.

In the present work, effective radium activity, radon exhalation rates and uranium in medicinal plants have been measured,samples collected from Iraqi markets. Sealed cup technique containing CR-39 solid state nuclear detector was used. Radium concentration varies from (0.0297 ± 0.004) Bq/kg to (0.327 ± 0.126) Bq/kg with an average of (0.142 ± 0.025) Bq/kg. The radon exhalation rate in terms of area varies from (2.287 ± 0.384) μBq/m2.d to (25.193 ± 9.729) μBq/m2.d with an average of (10.986 ± 1.989) μBq/m2.d, while uranium concentrations were ranged from (0.018 ± 0.002) ppm to (0.202 ± 0.057) ppm with an average (0.087 ± 0.002) ppm. The values of radium concentration, exhalation rates and uranium in all the medicinal plants samples were less than the recommended by the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations and Scientific Committee On The Effects Of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) respectively. The results have revealed that the radium and uranium concentration as well as exhalation rates in studied medicinal plants and the associated exhalation radon does not pose risk to human health.

Activity concentrations of 20 soil samples were collected randomly from the city central of Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq were measured using NaI (Tl) detector. Estimation of average concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were 15.22, 18.84 and 97.66 Bq kg^-1 respectively. The results showed the average value of activity concentrations for ²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were lower than the level reported by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The radiological hazards of the soil samples were calculated using various models written by UNSCEAR. The radium equivalent activity was found below the permissible limit as reported in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), on the other hand the values of other hazard indices were also lower their limit values. The results have been compared with other location in world.

Various solar phenomena cause anomalous circumstances in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and solar wind plasma emissions. These will produce geomagnetic field disturbances for near earth space at 1AU known as geomagnetic storm.

A selection of solar magnetic storm for the period (2010-2017) have been analyzed, associated with disturbance geomagnetic storm intensity (Dst) less than (-50 nT). Through the study epoch, we found 50 great solar magnetic storms, 32 were moderate, 16 were strong, and two were severe. The major severe storm occurred on 17^th of March in 2015 with (Dst ∼ - 223 nT). The most of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) that initiated the geomagnetic storms have visual width of 360 degree, and with sky plane speed around (350-2500) Km s^-1. There is a better correlation for sunspot number than (CME sky plane speed with Dst index. In this investigation, we notice that the strength of geomagnetic storms has a behavior that is in harmony with solar activity extent.

The reciprocal relation between geomagnetic activity and solar activity infers that space systems and many communications could be harmfully precious for numerous years after an exciting solar maximum.

Nanotechnology laser is one of the fastest growing areas in many fields of science and medical applications. In this study, the behavior of quantitative point semiconductor laser was studied (quantum dot semiconductor laser QDSL) with positive and negative optoelectronic feedback (OEF) utilizing the rate equations to investigate the behavior of the delay time and its effect on the density of the photons as the values of the optoelectronic feedback were changed by the value of the time (τ = 220 ps). Many different regions of stable and double spike when optoelectronic Feedback Strength values as ζ = (+0.2)−(+0.6) and ζ = (−0.2)−(−0.6).

Study of the development of an activated carbon nanotube catalyst for alkaline fuel cell technology. Through the prepared carbon nanotubes catalyst by an electrochemical deposition technique. Different analytical approaches such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the structural properties and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), were used to characterize, Mesh stainless steel catalyst substrate had an envelope structure and a large surface area. Voltages were also obtained at 1.83 V and current at 3.2 A of alkaline fuel cell. In addition, study the characterization of the electrochemical parameters.

In this research, the uranium concentration in (16) water samples collected from some agricultural areas surrounded with AlTuwitha nuclear site in Baghdad-Iraq was measured by using a CR-39 detector. The concentration of uranium in this study was from (0.6 ± 0.33mg/l) to (2.51 ± 0.49 mg/l), and the weighted average for the concentrations (1.262 ± 0.402 mg/l). The results showed it is a concentration of uranium level in water samples studied is higher than the allowed limit recommended by WHO and ICRP.

Despite the fact that security monitoring system is high in communications using optical fibre, communications are still easy to be penetrated and information could be stolen. Companies have developed tools and equipment bugging and stealing data sent over optical fibre network, especially in those areas experiencing high loss of optical signal. Thus, it has become necessary to design and construct monitoring and warning system to avoid penetration or access to optical cable network. It is more convenient to install field application and control security system for optical cable communications that are parallel with the oil transportation pipeline. The project aims to sending a signal light with low-power ability and sensitivity by using Wavelengths Division Multiplexer (WDM), Dense Wavelengths Division Multiplexer (DWDM), and Optical Time Domain Reflect Meter (OTDR) as measurement and Optical Spectrum Analyser as a detector (OSA). The system is then used in monitoring oil and gas pipeline leakage or muggers and monitoring damage in the body of dams by adding fibre optics sensors. The sensors are to be distributed on the surface and connected with each other in the form of retinal rings to reach the receiving devices. It could also monitor ranges reaching to up about a hundred kilometres.

This study explored the use of satellite data to monitor Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) and Water Vapor (H₂O) in Iraq. The retrieved monthly data obtained from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), included on the EOS Aqua satellite, from January 2003 to December 2016 are employed. In order to better assess these two parameters distribution, the spatiotemporal and long term trends analysis are provided for five stations dispersed across Iraq; Mosul, Sulaimaniyah, Rutba, Baghdad and Basra. The OLR and H₂O monthly distribution shows important spatiotemporal variations values over study area, with a maximum in summer and minimum in winter. The higher OLR values of monthly average for study period occurred (370, 364) w/m² in July and August at Rutba, and the lowest values of monthly average occurred were (232 w/m²) in January over Mosul and Sulaimaniyah. The higher H₂O values (6.34 g/kg) observed in July and August over Baghdad and the lowest values of monthly average was (3.30 g/kg) in January and December over Mosul and Rutba. The long term trends analysis reveals decreasing trend in surface-OLR (0.0022 to 0.0026) w/m² per year. The H₂O vapor trend analyses have positive trend ranged from (0.005 to 0.015) g/kg per year. The satellite observation efficiently shows the spatial and temporal variations of OLR and H₂O. This study sheds new light on the processes and analysis of both parameters emission over Iraq.

In this study, an easy and a rapid method has been used to prepare nanoparticles employing the laser ablation technique in Double Distilled Deionized Water (DDDW). Lasers with three different have been used. The laser ablation of a (Au core @ Ag shell) system shows the best ablation at wavelengths of 1064 and 355 nm in DDDW solution with resulting Grain size less than (20 nm).This is the best result for obtaining the size near Quantum Dot (Q.D.) of the Ag @ Au NPS system. The TEM, AFM and statistical distribution of Grain size have been used to analysis morphological properties. The absorption peak shows IR shift for Au @ Ag system, that leads to growth large grains. This indicates that Ag-shell more effective than Au-core at (532,355) nm wavelengths. Some of the optical parameters, such as refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k), have been calculated for the prepared nanoparticles collide. TEM shows the formation (Core -Shell) clearly, and the form of NPs can almost have a spherical shape with size < 20 nm. The gold (Au-shell) is more effective than Ag-core.The colloidal nanoparticles have been used as in biological applications to kill or inhibit E. coli and Staph bacteria.

Graphene is one of the most important materials that have attracted the attention of scientists and engineers because of its unique properties. Graphene oxide was used with different concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 wt%) that were mixed with high molecular weight polymer to prepare several models of PEO-GO nanocomposites using solution casting methods. Some of the properties of the samples, including the density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity were measured using different technologies such as the ultrasound (US). The results showed a change and significant enhancements in these properties with the increase of graphene oxide concentrations in the matrix. Where, the viscosity increased up to 112.5 %, meanwhile the mechanical properties enhanced by 86.2 % and 719 % of ultrasonic velocity and bulk modules, respectively. Most of the mechanical properties were increased exponentially with the increase of GO concentrations. The results found that the best concentration of (GO) was (1.5 wt%) that greatly enhanced the mechanical properties in this study. SEM images presented a clear change in the fracture surface that showed a smooth surface and homogeneous dispersion of the GO nanosheets into the PEO matrix.

CuZnS and CuZnS/Au NPs layer with different Cu/Zn content thin films have been deposited on heated glass substrate by spray pyrolysis technique at 330 °C and annealed at 450 °C for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveals that the structures of all prepared thin films are polycrystalline in nature, with preferential growth orientation along (111) plane corresponding to the cubic ZnS (sphalerite). Two low crystallinity of crystallographic phases corresponding to hexagonal CuS and monoclinic Cu₂S were appeared with Cu/Zn different content. Strong diffraction peak of Au NPs appeared in CuZnS/Au NPs layer structure corresponding to the cubic Au gold phase oriented along (111) plane. Structure parameters such as crystallite size and number of crystalline, dislocation density and micro strain have been determined. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic force microscope (AFM) images of CZS, and CZS/Au NPs thin films shows smooth, uniform morphology and plated regularly with no detectable micro-cracks. The roughness and r.m.s. roughness was increased with increase of Cu/Zn content from 1.95 nm to 4.36 nm respectively, while it decreased with the exists of Au NPs layer from 20.9nm to 3.99 nm. The energy dispersion x-ray spectroscopy spectra demonstrate the stoichiometry of the deposited films. The optical properties results exhibits red shifted in the fundamental absorption edge towards low energies of CZS (Cu/Zn content) and CZS/Au Nps layer thin films. The optical energy gap has been decreased from (2.56 to 2.34 eV, and 2.62 to 2.32 eV) with respect to Cu/Zn content and Au Nps layer, respectively.

Thin films of tin doped zinc oxide (ZnO: Sn) with thickness 300 ± 30 nm prepared by spray pyrolysis method at substrate temperatures of 400°C. The structure, surface morphological and optical properties were studied, for Two weight ratios of doping (2 and 4) wt %. The results of X-Ray measurements showed that all deposit samples have a polycrystalline pattern with hexagonal wurtzite type structure. The films crystallites were oriented along (002) plane. The morphology measurements obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that there is a change in the surface texture by the increasing of tin weight ratios with the rate of porosity of the surface when treating with 4wt %. The measurement of Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed nano particles sized and the roughness of the surface decrease to increase deflection, while optical measurements showed a decrease The energy gap of the models that are expected in the undoped samples.

Thin films of transparent and conductive CdO and B1,3)w% doped cadmium oxide (CdO: B) (1 and 3) wt %, have been deposited using chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP)) technique on glass substrate temperature of 300°C. Microstructural analysis indicates that X-ray diffraction study shows that the obtained films were polycrystalline. The preferred orientation was along the direction (200) and that the average crystallite size increases with the increasing B content. Morphological properties were studied, by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) which reveals that the grains have a similar column shape. UV-visible transmission spectroscopy reveal that the prepared thin films are transparent in the visible range, The value of the optical band gap obtained shows a slight increase in its values from 2.43 eV to 2.45 eV as B concentration increasing.

We present a new relation between pitch angle of spiral arm (a parameter of the tightness of spiral structure) and the galaxy stellar masses.

Taken both with the result that stellar mass seems to determine pitch angle of spiral arm, one would anticipate a correlation to exist between pitch angle of spiral galaxy and the galaxy stellar masses in disk of spiral galaxies.

In this study, we measured the stellar mass of galaxy by using the calibration of L_3.6µm,gal., and using the constant mass-to-light ratio (M/L)_3.6µm,gal., were derived from the stellar population models. We conclude that pitch angle of spiral arm is a instrument to calculate indirect measurements of the stellar mass of galaxy.

Boron is not uniformly dispersed, ubiquitous crucial micronutrient component for vegetation as well as for man. The aim of this research is to measure Boron, ¹⁰B₅, concentration in the water of the wells in Al- Diwaniya governorate in Iraq. The measurements done through analysing the soil samples of wells collected from 30 different locations using ICP/OES Techniques. The Boron concentration, which is obtained from the study, ranged from 0.64 ppm in (Eastern Hamza 4) to 3.81ppm in (Alsuniya 2) in water wells. The findings of the study are introduced and compared with other papers. The findings could be employed to introduce unique supplemental contributions in case a contamination incident happens and to achieve wells water quality standards by related entities to preserve radioactive contamination-free water wells samples, whic are needing for the people. More further, the study discovered that 30 samples of the surface water wells had boron more than detected levels. It is because the higher leaching of boron through monsoon rains from surface water wells beyond the root level. Therefore, in the close future, there will be probability of acute contamination problem with boron.

The paper included a radial map of the study area for the first time in Iraq thirty-one samples of the soil in Babylon governorate were used for the purpose of measurement the radiation Pollution in the region. used γ-ray spectrometer NaI(TI) detector technique for the purpose of measurement the concentration of natural radionuclides of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U and ⁴⁰K we found (397.230 ± 3.802 Bq/kg to 244.511 ± 2.983Bq/kg) for ⁴⁰K (37.091 ± 1.005 Bq/kg to 1.879 ± 0.226 Bq/kg) for ²³⁸U,from (30.971 ± 0.814 Bq/kg to 0.192 ± 0.064 Bq/kg) for ²³²Th and (1.709 ± 0.280 Bq/kg to 0.086 ± 0.063)Bq/kg for ²³⁵U.The radiological hazards due to natural radionuclides content calculated such as gamma dos rate (AD), radium equivalent activity, annual effective does equivalent (AEDE) ranged between (0.4498 Bq/kg to 0.121 Bq/kg). The results obtained in this research were consistent with global results, the concentration of natural radionuclides in soil samples were within the worldwide value reported by UNSCEAR 2008.

In this paper, an experimental study of DC hollow cathode glow discharge plasma at different nitrogen pressures ranged from (0.065 to 0.75Torr) has been proposed. Investigated was carried out under the influence of the hollow cathode geometry such as diameter and depth of hollow cathode on the breakdown voltage of the nitrogen gas, the discharge system consists of two electrodes, the cathode forms various geometrical shapes and anode as a disc- shaped with diameter (8.8cm). The electrodes are enclosed in a large cylindrical glass chamber of pyrex filled with nitrogen gas. Three important physical parameters affecting the condition of the discharge are the gas pressure, constant inter-electrode distance and the cathode geometry. We used the hollow cathode with geometric shapes such as Cylindrical, conical, oppressive and variable dimensions. The cylindrical and conical shapes have inner diameters (3 & 6) cm and repressive shapes have inner diameter (1 & 2) cm. The breakdown voltage V_b is shown to depend on the product (p.d), for lower values of pressure, p or gap, d. This work represents the investigation of the dependence of the breakdown voltage on the gas pressure and on the distance between electrodes and the cathode geometry. The minimum value of breakdown voltage increases with increases gap d or increase the diameter of the hollow cathode with the length of the cavity is fixed.

This work studies the gain from quantum dot plasmonic nanolaser. A metal/semiconductor/metal structure was considered to attain plasmonic nanocavity with active region contains: quantum dot, wetting layer and barrier layers. Band alignment between layers was used to predict their parameters. Momentum matrix element for transverse magnetic mode in quantum dot structure was formulated. Waveguide Fermi energy was introduced and formulated, for the first time, in this work to cover the waveguide contribution (Ag metal layer) in addition to the active region. The gain obtained here overcomes the electron scattering losses which promises in high gain, high power and high speed applications. The waveguide Fermi energy goes deep in the valence band which explains the high gain, where it is shown that covering the structure by a metal makes valence band quantum dot states fully occupied which refers to an efficient hole contribution.

In this research polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by using chemical oxidative polymerization method. The structural properties of polyaniline nano films pure and filled by graphene (GR) at different weight percentage of graphene like (1%, 3% and 5%) were investigated. The nano films prepared by using spin coating technique and deposited on glass substrate at room temperature. The structural and surface morphology of the nano films are evaluated by FT-IR, XRD and AFM. The results showed that FT-IR spectra of pure PANI is similar to tha spectra of PANI/GR composites, While the results of XRD singular that the PANI has amorphous nature, As well as the results of AFM for all nano films of pure PANI and filled by graphene(PANI/GR) composites showed that Roughness average (Ra), Root mean square (Rms) value and average grain size (G.S) increase with increasing addition of GR ratio.

This research aims to employ nanotechnology and spectroscopy in the field of heritage conservation. In this research nanomaterial (calcium hydroxide) used in conservation of manuscripts, paintings and relics because of their impact on reducing the pH of paper which is the basic reason for cellulosic fiber break. The study done in stages, where calcium hydroxide had prepared by chemical method and analysis it by using atomic force microscopes (AFM),scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as a first stage. In the second phase, initialize and the preparation of samples and study the properties of synthetic and hardness and microscopic study of the state of fiber cellulosic. Third phase includes spraying the mixture of nanoparticles with the solvent (ethanol or brobanol) and then left to dry and studying their properties again, where the study proved the effectiveness of nano scale mixture to reduce the pH to a long-term period. This new style in dealing with manuscripts is clean and inexpensive.

In this study different concentrations (10^-2, 10^-3, 10^-4) mol./l were prepared for Rhodamine B dye in solvent water at room temperature, then the optical linear properties for example transmission and absorption spectrum were calculated by employ UV-visible Spectrophotometer to find the linear index of refraction, the linear coefficient of absorption, the coefficient of extinction, and. reflectivity, the results showed an increase in the coefficient of extinction and index of refraction. values with the increase in the concentrations. The properties of nonlinear optical of the samples for example non-linear index of refraction, and non-linear coefficient of absorbance were measured by using a new technical method called the Z-Scan technique, in two parts; The first one was a closed aperture placed ahead of the detector to calculate the index of nonlinear refractive. While the second part; the aperture ahead the detector was taken away (open manhole) to calculate the coefficient of nonlinear absorption. The two cases were performed using diode laser of a continuous wave (CW) with 650 nm wavelength and input power of 50 mW. The result shows that the samples exhibit negative refractive index (-n₂) self-defocusing for all concentrations and two-photon absorption for open aperture Ž-Scan so that the laser dye at this study can be applied in nonlinear optics application and it is useful in the optical limiter applications.

This paper deals with assessing and detecting the changes of soil salinity and vegetation cover for a part of An-Najaf Governorate and verification regarding the impression of soil salinity on the change of vegetative regions, over the period from 2001 to 2015. The results demonstrated a clear reduction in vegetative cover with salinity rates increased. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Soil Salinity Index (SI) were applied for each date using the multispectral images derived from Landsat ETM+ and OLI data. Then image differencing technique was utilized to detect the change/no-change for vegetation and salinity for the two study periods. The results revealed that soil salinity increased from 6.36 in 2001-2009 period to 10.59% in 2009-2015, whereas the vegetation cover deteriorated to 9.95 % for the same period. Finally, the strong inverse correlation which found in this paper between NDVI and SI emphasizes that vegetation cover on long term is heavily and directly affected by changes of soil salinity.

In this study maximum concentration of radon in different location of soil samples collected from Sulaymania governorate has been determined depending on the porosity, pores in the soil, allow water and gases to flow through these media. The porosity of different soils has been determined by diffusing radon gas through these soils. The maximum values of porosity have been found in Kanikurda (0.48), but the minimum in Sheakh-mhiddin (0.40). The lower and higher values of concentration of radon have been found in Zargata (66.80) Bq m^-3, (128.00) Bq m^-3 in Sheakh- mhiddin. Result showed that the maximum values of specific density and bulk density have been found (1777.77, 1047.11) kg m^-3 in Twiymallik, and minimum (1423.49, 777.22) kg m^-3 in Malkani, respectively. Average value of specific density (1551.607 kg m^-3, 64%) was higher than the average value of bulk density (876.4335 kg m^-3, 36%), also the average value of maximum concentration of radon - C_max (1813.859 Bq m^-3, 95%) was higher than the average value of concentration of radon (98.529 Bq m^-3, 05%).

This research is being studied the low lying energy levels structure of some even-even krypton isotopes and possibility of electromagnetic transmission for them using the Interacting Boson Model-1IBM-1 to estimate the nuclear structure for ⁸⁸-92Kr isotopes. The results were obtained using IBM program with Fortran language and the values of parameters in this calculations indicated that Krypton isotopes have a vibration U(5) and unstable O(6) properties. These properties are clear from the ratios and from the potential energy surface. The calculated results are in a good agreement with recent experimental data for theses isotopes.

Determination of radon concentration in a dwelling is preferred method for monitoring the internal exposure of radiological contaminants. Measurement the concentration of radon and their daughter products in indoor and outdoor of dwelling for Al-Medhatyah and Al-Hashimiyah cities, Babylon governorate near mobile stations were carried out by nuclear track detectors (CR-39) in a bare mode. The results show that the concentrations of indoor radon were found to vary from 85.51 Bq/m³ to 157.48 Bq/m³ with an average value of 131.43 ± 20.71 Bq/m³.This values was lower than the ICRP reco mmended values of (200 – 300 Bq/m³) and thus is within safe limits. The outdoor radon concentrations was vary fro m 100.75 Bq/m³ to 110.06 Bq/m³ with average 105.26 ± 3.8 Bq/m³, the outdoor radon concentration is usually low and less than average indoor levels. The equilibriu m-equivalent radon concentration (EECRN), potential alpha energy concentration (PAEC), annual exposure to potential alpha energy (EP), annual effective dose (AED) and the lung cancer cases per year per million people (CPPP) were calculated.

This paper investigated the influence of the preparation method change on the superconductivity properties and crystal structure of HgBi₂Ca₂Cu_2.8Zn_0.2O_8+δ. The crystal structure was examined by XRD for all prepared samples, it was found that consist of a major 1223 high -T_c phase. However, the electrical resistivity as a function of temperature was used to calculate critical temperature Tc, Tc (offset) = 121K,126K and Tc(onset)=124K, 131K for (SSR),(SG) respectively. While the samples dielectric properties which includes (Dielectric constant (real & imaginary), Loss tangent and Alternating electrical conductivity),were studies as a function of the frequency and range (50 Hz-1MHz) at room temperature.

In this paper, different shapes of an E-patch microstrip antenna designed and operating at x- and ku-bands by using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software version 13. The finite element method used to solve electromagnetic values. The dielectric substrate material is Arlon AD320A (tm) with dielectric constant (ε_r = 3.2) and thickness h=1.79 mm used in this design. The new designs including modifying and slotting E-patch increased the gain of proposed antennas and provided a dual band frequency in x- and ku- bands. The return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and radiation patterns are evaluated.

In the present study, thermal evaporation technique in vacuum has been use to prepare CdS thin films doped with 1% Cu nanoparticles with average particles sizes 50 nm. The effect of annealing temperatures with different ranges (R.T, 250, 300 and 350) ⁰C on the structural and the optical properties of the prepared thins films were studied. The XRD technique has been use to study the structural properties of the prepared thins films. The AFM analysis shows that the increase in the (RMS) leads to decrease in the roughness values by increasing of the annealing temperature. The optical measurements showed that the CdS: 1% Cu films have direct optical energies gaps (E_g), and it decreases from 2.43 eV to 2.39 eV with the increasing of annealing temperatures (R.T – 350) ⁰C. The optical properties had measured in the range (200-800) nm of wavelength. The refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), absorption coefficient (α) and the real and imaginary dielectrics constants (ε_r and ε_i) increased by increasing the annealing temperature.

In the present work, the optimization by synthesis approach in the field of charged particle optics has been followed, where a modified analytical function has been proposed to represent the axial magnetic scalar potential distribution of the charged particle lens. Thereby, the corresponding axial field distribution can be deduced which is necessary to determine the paraxial ray trajectories and the aberration coefficients. Indeed, the present work deals with asymmetrical distributions of the lens field, accordingly, the first order properties and third order aberrations of the charged particle lens have been evaluated under zero and infinite magnification modes taken into account the effect of some geometrical parameters. The present work aims to reconstruct the shape of the pole piece of the magnetic lens that produced the proposed target function. The results have shown that, the pole piece shape of the lens and the field distributions have new irregular configurations as well as the objective properties of the lens are of acceptable values, according to the constraints that are imposed in the design process.

The problem of dark matter in galaxies is still one of the most important unsolved problems in the contemporary extragalactic astronomy and cosmology. The existence of a significant dynamic difference between the visible mass and the conventional mass of galaxies firmly establishes observational result. In this paper an unconventional explanation will be tested as an alternative to the cold dark matter hypothesis; which is called the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND).

In this paper covers the simulation of galactic evolutions; where the two hypotheses are tested via the rotation curves. N-body simulation was carried adopting different configuration like a hot disk, elliptical (with arms and without arms) with a different parameter that covers the objects distribution, masses and velocities. It is shown from the simulation results that the MOND hypothesis has generated better rotation curves than the Newtonian theorem. Moreover, the appropriate configuration and parameters for spiral galaxy are investigated. It is shown that this assignment has not been easy; because the problem is very delicate and unstable.

Magnetic activated carbon Nano composite was made by burning Gundelia tournefortii straw in a simple and inexpensive method. Effects of the magnetic activated carbon Nano composite on Chromium (VI) adsorption from water was measured in terms of various parameters. Adsorbent has been characterizing by FTIR, VSD, UV, SEM and XRD studies. Adsorption practical carried out systematization by batched practical in investigating the influence of differentiable factors, as such as absorbent dose, Chromium (VI) concentration, pH, contact time and temperature. Our results show that the prepared Nano composite is ferromagnetic and the optimal condition for removing obtained as follows: 50ppm concentrations, pH=5, 0.03 gr of adsorbent dose and 25°C temperature. We show that activated carbon magnetic Nano composite can be used as a potential absorbent for removing Chromium ions from water. The cleaning solution of synthetically waste of water possesses had been a successful performer by swift removals via chromium (VI) through Artichoke Straw particle from aqueous sol.

The track registration technique with a CR-39 detector was used to measure radon concentrations, and uranium contents in ground water samples from the Nineveh plain region wells. Samples were selected from 20 locations for measurements. This research aimed to assess radiological risks from uranium ingestion, and measure annual effective dose AED resulting from the intake of radon in the ingested water. Radon concentrations in these water samples were found to vary from 0.362 to 1.485 BqL−1, which were below the safety recommended limits 4 to 40 BqL−1 based on the Scientific Committee of United Nations on Atomic Radiation Effects. AED was found to vary from 1.32 to 5.42 µSv/y. Uranium activity concentrations ranged from 0.356 to 1.488 BqL−1, and the corresponding uranium concentrations in water samples were found to vary from 28.76 to 120 μgL−1. Uranium concentrations were over the safety recommended limits when, compared with recommended limits of of 30 μgL−1 for drinking water based on the US environmental protection agency. The excess cancer risk varied from 0.398 to 1.666 x10-4 with a mean value of 0.9 x10-4, indicating that 9/100,000 people in these areas haves a cancer risk from the water.

In present study we have calculated some nuclear properties for ⁷⁰Zn, ⁷²Ge, ⁷⁴Se, 76Kr isotones, by using interacting boson proton and neutron model and calculated some properties for these isotones, firstly: excited energy levels by guessing a small number of parameters in Hamiltonian operators, secondly: display the energy levels $({2}_{5}^{+},{3}_{1}^{+},{5}_{1}^{+},{1}_{1}^{+})$that have Mixed symmetry of state (MSS) property which gets a quick response when changing majorana term ζ2, as a result of mixing between the wave function of protons and wave function of neutrons. Thirdly: it has been calculated energy ratios ${4}_{1}^{+}/{2}_{1}^{+}$and ${6}_{1}^{+}/{2}_{1}^{+}$it was found that these isotones have a varied dynamic symmetries. Starting from the symmetry U(5) of the ⁷⁰Zn nuclei then passing through the transition region between (U5-O6) for ⁷²Ge, ⁷⁴Se nuclei and finally approaching to the O(6) symmetry for ⁷⁶Kr nuclei. As well as have been calculated the probability for electric quadruple transition B(E2), magnetic dipole B(M1) and mixing ratios δ(E2/M1), which All express a good Agreement compared with experimental data.

The energy levels, B(E2), B(M1) and the mixing ratios (E2/Ml) for chosen transitions are calculated for ^160,162Dy isotopes using an IBM-2. The calculations are included for showing the effects of Majrona parameters on the energy of the blending symmetry states. The results obtained for dysprosium isotopes are agreement with the experimental results.

In this paper, preparation and study the effect of polarity of two solvents (Dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone) on linear optical properties for solutions of organic dye (Aurintricarboxylic acid) with different concentrations were investigated. This dye has characterized using nuclear magnetic renounce (H-NMR) and Fourier translation infrared (FTIR) devices. Absorption and transmission spectra of samples recorded using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results referred to that the samples dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent had very large linear optical properties as compared with samples dissolved in acetone solvent due to high polarity of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent. As a result, this organic dye can be used as active laser medium and photonic devices

A simultaneous optical triple-image encryption and verification method based on sparse information strategy was proposed. The information of the encoded images could be integrated into a sparse representation. Only sparse (partial) data from the encrypted information were adopted for verification process. In sparse strategy, the partial data was extracted from the encrypted distribution. For complex-valued distribution, the sparse strategy was applied to the amplitude; thus, only the sparse amplitude pixels kept the phase data for verification process. Therefore, the proposed method can effectively facilitate optical information transmission and storage, as only part of the encrypted information was adopted. In addition, the simultaneous encryption and authentication verification of three images was achieved. The results proved that the proposed method was feasible and effective, and can provide an additional security layer for optical security systems. Moreover, the method that demonstrated secure optical triple-image can lead to a high flexibility and variety compared to that of photon counting technique which required a specific device.

In this research, study the optical properties for Poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA and lead phthalocyanine (PbPc), where the films prepared by spin coating method. The some of optical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) pva, lead phthalocyanine (PbPc) and a combination of polymer (PVA+PbPc) film have studied, which includes (energy gap, absorbance spectrum, transmittance spectrum, reflectance, extinction coefficient, refractive index, absorption coefficient, imaginary and real dielectric constant), this study shows that having different properties and note that the value of the energy gap is as high as possible and reaches to (3.7 eV) after mixing between (PVA+PbPc) in the rate of 50% also enhancement of the optical properties of (PVA) after adding (PbPc).

The present work is a theoretical study of the electronic properties of pristine and alloyed double metal rings threaded by magnetic flux in the presence of transverse flux. The system that takes into account in the study is consisting of two rings connected in parallel, with the same type of atomic sites for pristine double metal ring, and with two different types of atomic sites for an alloyed double metal ring. The tight-binding method was used to calculate the energy spectrum and persistent current in presence of transverse flux. Our results show that the transverse flux causes bending of the persistent current and increase in current amplitude at the pristine double metal ring, while it leads to asymmetry at alloyed double metal ring. The energy gap is not affected by the transverse flux.

A nanostructured film composed of TiO₂ and reduced graphite oxide (_rGO), the grapheme Flakes were prepared by reduction graphite oxide which was prepare use pulse laser ablation in double distilled and de-ionized water (DDDW) by (Q-switcher, Nd:YAG repetitive modified 6 Hz and the pulse duration 10ns) used wavelength 1064nm, 532nm, E=300mj and 1000pulses, The linear optical measurements showed that nanostructure (TiO₂ /_rGO) thin films have direct energy gap. Morphology of the thin films was studied by characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particle size was calculated by using equation Debye – Scherer, The micrographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that TiO2/_rGO has a fluffy aggregation and the form of grapheme as a flakes, AFM results show that the grain size increase by increasing wavelength. Also in theses papers, the nonlinearity property on this nanocomposite, such as nonlinearly index and nonlinearly absorption coefficients have measured use means of the rings diffraction set-up Z-scan techniques. It is educe that this prepared composite has extreme nonlinearity owing to the two photon absorption (TPA) and optical limiter phenomenally.

A fully computerized system of spray pyrolysis was employed for fabricating copper tin sulphite ternary thin film onto glass substrates. During deposition process, the glass substrate was maintained at 310 ± 10 °C. After dissolving the raw chemicals, a mixture of their aqueous solutions was used for spraying process. The optimum solution mixture at the volumetric ratio [S/(Cu+Sn)=1] at 1.5 of pH. XRD investigation was approved a monoclinic phase of CTS. A number of different platform speed was tested in the deposition process. XRD diffraction peaks were described at 2θ = 28.39°, 33.02°, 47.34°, and 56.39° corresponding to the $(\bar{2}\,\bar{1}\,1)\,(\bar{2}\,0\,6),\,(\bar{2}\,0\,10),$ and $(\bar{3}\,\bar{2}\,10)$, respectively. These are crystal planes of monoclinic copper tin sulphide. The FTIR study certified a number of the chemical bond of Cu-, Sn- and S-. The grain size was observed in the range of nano using Scherrer formula. Studying surface morphology of CTS films reveals a uniform coating on the substrates which approved by SEM investigations.

The comparision between pure organic polymer namely Poly(methyl methacrylate) "PMMA" and impregnated with Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) as contact lenses on image quality of human eye have been investigated. Pure PMMA and TiO₂-PMMA materials were considered and applied using ZEMAX software as contact lenses (CLs) basis on Liou & Brennan eye model. Ocular performance was evaluated and analysis by three criteria, namely tangential modulation transfer function (TMTF), wavefront aberration characteristics and root mean square (RMS) of spot diagram. All the criteria showed that contact lens made of TiO_2-PMMA when its refractive index (RI) = 1.61 and Abbe number (ν_d) = 31.8 provided the closest imaging properties to the healthy eye. From the results of our investigation, PMMA doping with TiO₂ resulted in balanced RI with ν_d polymer and it provided the best retinal image when it used in CLs in comparison with image properties of the resulting image using the lens of pure PMMA polymer.

This study investigates the effect of nano zinc oxide on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of natural rubber composites in comparison with the effect of conventional zinc oxide. Six rubber compounds were prepared with nano zinc oxide (particle size = (10-30) nm and surface area = (30-60) m²/g) and levels of (0,0.4,0.8,1.2,1.6,2) phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber weight). Six rubber compounds were prepared with conventional zinc oxide levels of (0,2,4,5,6,8) phr. The cure rate index was improved by 48.29% and torque difference was improved by 4.77%. The tensile strength was improved by 7.37% and the modulus at 300% was improved by 3.27%, while the hardness was decreased by 5.73%. The using of nano zinc oxide instead of conventional zinc oxide reduced the amount of zinc oxide inside rubber composites by 75%.

Bulk AlxSb1-x samples were prepared with different x ratios (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) by quenching technique. This was done throughout mixing the aluminum and antimony elements according to the proper atomic weight and put them in an evacuated quartz ampoule which then sealed and heated at 1273 K for five hours and left to cool in air. Thin films of AlxSb1-xwere prepared by using thermal evaporation under vacuum of 10-5 mbar on glass substrates at room temperature with deposition rate (10-15nm/min) at thickness of ∼ 500nm. The structures of AlxSb1-x bulk and thin films have been studied by X–ray diffraction technique. The results showed that all alloys have polycrystalline structures and the peaks at composition ratio x = 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 were identical with the AlSb standard peaks while at x = 0.1 and 0.9 the peaks are identical with Sb and Al respectively. The x-ray pattern of the prepared thin films are polycrystalline and the peaks identical with cubic structure also the peaks intensity decrease with the increase of aluminum ratio in the prepared thin films. AFM measurements showed the non-regular variation (increasing and decreasing) of both the average grain size and average surface roughness with the increasing of composition ratio. AlxSb1-x thin films showed high charge carrier concentration n_H especially at x = 0.1 and 0.3 on the other side charge carrier concentration showed reduction with the increase of aluminum content whereas n_H reach minimum value at x = 0.7 and then increases with further increase of aluminum content. The electrical conductivity of AlxSb1-x declare similar behavior where it reach minimum value at x = 0.5. From another side AlxSb1-x thin films show high conductivity resemble that of metallic material especially also at x = 0.1 and 0.3.

Thin films of pure WO₃ and the binary systems of TiO₂:WO₃,MoO₃:WO₃,Cr₂O₃:WO₃, and SnO₂:WO₃ were prepared by pulsed laser deposition method. The single and binary compounds were sintered at 1273K for five hours. The deposition were done under vacuum of 2x10^-2 Torr at various substrates like glass and single crystal silicon wafer with negative conductance at ambient temperature thickness of ≍150 nm. The structures and morphology of pure WO₃ and the binary systems TiO₂:WO₃,MoO₃:WO₃,Cr₂O₃:WO₃, and SnO₂:WO₃ compounds and the deposited thin films were studied by X–ray diffraction and AFM atomic force microscope. The optical properties imply optical energy gap as well as optical constants for all the single and binary system were determined and discussed. The results of gas sensing measurements to NO₂ gas showed that MoO₃:WO₃ sensors prepared on n- Si substrate showed maximum sensitivity (194.5%) at operating temperature 300K.

This research aims to determine the concentration of radionuclides in dust samples on the public streets of the small side of Diwaniyah city in Iraq as a result of movements of wheels and cars using the gamma spectra and high purity germanium detector (HPGe) with resolution of (2.3 keV) for energy (1.332 MeV) of cobalt ⁶⁰Co. Dust samples were collected from the streets Diwaniyah city with (26) samples prepared for measurement. The results of the specific activity concentration of Uranium-238, Thorium-232, Potassium-40 and Cesium-137 were (14.66 ± 0.950, 26.29 ± 2.431, 219.04 ± 15.150 and 11.49 ± 0.876) Bq/kg respectively. The radiation parameters Ra_eq, absorbed dose rate, annual effective external exposure rate and annual effective dose rate of internal exposure were (69.122 Bq/kg, 31.787 nGy/h, 0.0389 mSv/y,0.155 mSv/y) respectively. The value of the external risk index (H_ex), the internal risk index (H_In) and the risk index for gamma radiation was (0.186,0.226 and 0.506) respectively. The results obtained from granular volumetric analysis of dust patterns as a result of movement of cars and vehicles indicate that most of dust for some samples of the study area was sandy-silt with a little clay (Sandy Silt Clayey). These components of dust depend on the energy and speed of the transport wind, Volumetric granules.

six specimens of the Hg_0.5Pb_0.5Ba₂Ca₂Cu_3-yNi_yO_8+δ (y=0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0) superconducting compound were prepared by solid state reaction method, with sintering temperature equal to 1123K for 24 hours. The electrical resistivity was examined by the four probe technique, It was found that all the specimens have metallic behavior and increasing the critical temperature with increasing nickel concentration. The optimum critical temperature T_c was found equal to 137.5 K when the value of nickel concentration y=0.8. The structural of all the specimens studied by using XRD analysis, this examination showed the crystal structure of the specimens is polycrystalline with tetragonal structure. The volume fraction of high phase Hg_0.5Pb_0.5Ba₂Ca₂Cu_3-yNi_yO_8+δ superconducting (Hg-1223 phase) increase up to 81.737% by increasing Ni concentration for y=0.8, The increasing in nickel concentration causes due to increase the high-phase 1223 and increment of c parameter.

The linear and nonlinear optical properties for laser dye R6G is investigated in solvent methanol at different concentrations (5x10^-4, 1x10^-4, 1x10^-5, 5x10^-6 and 1x10^-6 Ml) at thickness (2µm). The nonlinear optical properties as refractive index (n₂) and the nonlinear absorption coefficient (β) were studied by using Z-Scan technique in two parts; one part by putting aperture in front of the detector (close aperture) to find the nonlinear refractive index, however in second part is by removing the aperture (open aperture) to find nonlinear absorption coefficient, these by using two wavelengths 532, 1064 nm. The results show the effects of self – focusing in 532 nm and other concentrations in 1064 nm and the change of the saturation absorption effect in open aperture in both wavelengths. The higher nonlinear refractive index is found (n₂=29.93cm²/mw) in the concentration (1*10^-4 Ml), while the higher nonlinear absorption coefficient is (β=8.88cm/mw) in the concentration (5*10^-4Ml) at the wavelength 532 nm.

Thin film of copper sulfide (CuS) with three molar concentrate of Thiouria (NH₂)₂CS (TU) (0.03,0.05 and 0.08) M and Copper Chloride CuCl₂.2H₂O with molar ratio (0.01) M have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique on glass substrates at (75°C), for one hour. As deposition and annealed films were studied, the results of X-ray diffraction showed that the films were polycrystalline with Hexagonal structure. The optical properties of CuS thin films recording by the transmittance and absorbance spectrum for wave length range (300-1100) nm, the results showed that the transmittance increases with increasing molar concentration of Sulfide source (TU) for as deposited and annealed films. It is noticed that the electronic transitions is directly allowed transition and the values of energy gap ranging between (1.3 – 2.2) eV corresponding to increasing of molar concentration of Thiouria. The purpose of the research is to study the compositional, optical and electrical properties of the prepared films and study the effect of sulfur exporters, On the structural and optical properties.

Nickel oxide was prepared using the chemical method. Li-doped NiO thin films with concentrations (0.04) was deposited on glass substrate using drop casting technique with thickness 150nm, and then the annealing at 300 ° C for 60 sec. The effect of the lithium doping on the structural and optical properties of Li: NiO films were examined. The structure of the prepared films were described by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results of X-ray pattern showed the NiO and Li: NiO films to have a polycrystalline structure of a cubic type and preferred orientation (111). (AFM) data indicated that the structure was nanoscale and surface of the films is highly smooth. The study of optical properties included the transmittance spectrum of the prepared films of the wavelengths of (300-900) nm, It was found that the transmittance of pure nickel oxide is 79% in the visible area after doping by Li The transmittance decreases and the absorption increases. The energy gap was also calculated and found to be decreasing by increasing the doping concentration. Other important optical properties of the absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient were calculated. The electrical properties of the prepared films were studied, It was found that the concentration of the carriers increases with increasing doping concentration and mobility decreases. The thin films were deposited on a substrate of FTO to make of schottky diode. The characteristics of I-V, C-V were studied. A solar cell was found the efficiency of the cell was increased by doping.

The aim of this research is to study the effect of annealing on the physical properties of CdO:NiO thin film. In this research, cadmium oxide (CdO) and Nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical method. The optical, structural and topographical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were investigated by using UV-VIS measurement, The plotted graphs show the optical characteristics of the films which varied with the wavelength and the photon energy, atomic force microscopy AFM, The structure of synthesized CdO and NiO thin films was analyzed by X-ray diffraction XRD which revealed that the CdO and NiO thin films are polycrystalline and have several peaks of cubic face structure. The crystallite size, dislocation density and microstrain of the thin films were calculated and listed. the same procedures are also calculated and included. CdO:NiO Nanofluorocarbons were synthesized by mixing% by weight (CdO and NiO).

In this research, Hexagonal barium ferrites and Co⁺²-Ti⁺⁴ substituted barium hex ferrite particles are prepared by the Sol-gel method. The starting materials were appropriate amount of barium nitrate (Ba(NO₃)₂), Iron nitrate (Fe(NO₃)₃) and citric acid (C₆H₈O₇.H₂O) were dissolved into distilled water. When water evaporated, the mixture became viscous and finally formed a very viscous brown dried gel. the sample was calcenid at 950°C for 5 h at a rate of 150 °C/h. to obtain a ferrite powder. The XRD method, using Cu_Kα radiation (wave length λ=0.15405 nm) was used for product identification and phase structure at room temperature. The surface morphology of the powder was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The absorption vibrations of the prepared samples were performed by a Fourier transformed Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer from 4000 cm^-1 to 400 cm^-1. The magnetic properties for the prepared samples were obtained using a vibrating sample magnetometer.

The optical properties of pure (CdO) films have been studied through the measuring of the absorbance spectrum and transmittance spectrum using (UV-VIS) spectrometer within the range of wavelengths (310-1100) nm, and the results showed that the electronic transitions of pure (CdO) films prepared have allowed direct transition type, and the optical energy gap type was identified and was direct energy gap and it was found that the value of the energy gap decreases when the deposition time increases by using (Nd:YAG) laser, and it was also found that the energy gap decreases by the increase of the exposure time to non-thermal plasma. It was observed that the increase of laser deposition time leads to the decrease of the absorbance before the exposure to non-thermal plasma, but the absorbance increases by the increase of the exposure to non-thermal plasma. Absorption Coefficient was also calculated and its value was higher than (α > 10⁴ cm^-1) in the high absorption region.

The anti-corrosive behaviour of some azodyes compounds derivatives,(a)4,6,7-trimethyl-8-((2-nitrophenyl) diazenyl)-2H-chromen-2-one, (b)2-((4,6,7-trimethyl-2-oxo-chromen-8-yl) diazenyl) benzoic acid, (c) 4,6,7-trimethyl-8-(phenyldiazenyl)-chromen-2-one, (d) 8-((2-hydroxyphenyl) diazenyl)-4,6,7-trimethyl-chromen-2-one and (e) 8-((2-methoxyphenyl) diazenyl)-4,6,7-trimethyl-chromen-2-one are investigated using density functional B3LYP/6-311G. Electronic properties such as; the highest occupied molecular orbital, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, the dipole moment, the softness, total energy and the total negative charge are calculated to find a relation between their structural properties and the inhibition efficiency. The calculated quantum chemical parameters correlated to the inhibition efficiency are measured. The results showed a good correlation between the experimental inhibition efficiency and the quantum chemical parameters.

The mono and binuclear compounds, [4,4' methylene bis (2,6-diisopropylaniline) (3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde) AlEt₂] (1), (2,6-diisopropylaniline) bis- (3,5-tBu₂C₆H₂-O-2) AlEt₂], obtained by reacting between triethyl-aluminium and Schiff base derived from reaction of 4,4' methylene bis (2,6-diisopropylaniline with one and two equivalent of 3,5-Di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde to form L¹H and L²H₂ respectively. The reaction of L¹H with triethyl aluminium lead to form monometallic complex, while L²H reacted with two equivalent of triethyl aluminium formed bimetallic complex (2). Both ligands and catalysts have been prepared and characterized by IR, ¹HNMR and CHN analysis. The compounds 1 and 2 are investigated as catalysts for the polymerization of ε-caprolactone in the presence of benzyl alcohol. Both complexes showed moderate activity as pre-catalysts for ε-caprolactone polymerisation.

ZnO-nanoflowers on a transparent conductive tin-doped In₂O₃ (ITO) glass substrate have been successfully prepared via a simple and efficient growth approach that is combining of dip coating and hydrothermal processes. One thin layer of ZnO nanoparticles is prepared by dip coating method followed by hydrothermally grown of ZnO nanoflowers at low temperature. The morphology and structure of ZnO-nanoflowers were inspected by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra of ZnO-nanoflowers are also investigated. The ZnO-nanoflowers photoanode shows dramatically contributed to the separation of electron-hole pairs and enhanced the photoresponse. The photocurrent density is 0.44 mA/cm² indicated that the PEC cells based on ZnO-nanoflowers photoanode have promising application potential in overall solar energy.

In this research study the effect defect on edge of boron – nitride ribbons using first principle study by function B3LYP with large basis set 6-31G. After complete relax replace boron atom by sulfur atom to modify ribbons sensing gas. We using (O₂, NH₃, CO and NO) gases to determine the ability of sensing depending on adsorption energy and total energy. All bond length are agreements with previous study for B-N, C-O, N-H, O₂, N-O and N-S with bond length (1.45 – 1.4338), (1.4090 – 1.3545), (1.012 – 1.0122), (1.4722), (1.3988) and (1.6868) Angstrom. The best position for sensitivity for mixing gases equal (1.75) Angstrom with total energy -1797.434 a.u., this value of energy refer to stability of sensor energy. All sample under study that describe as semiconductor device that using in sensing gas particle depending on energy gap values in electron volt unit varies (0.6 – 1.1). The result from this research is change the insulator state of boron – nitride ribbon to semiconductor state depending on defect on edge of ribbons. Adsorption energy calculation classified that CO gas molecule have high ability of interaction with ribbon resulting from chemical adsorption. Other ribbon have interaction energy is low compared with CO gas molecule. All calculation employed using Gaussian 09 program.

Density functional calculations have been performed to study new rhenium metal complexes. Several molecular properties, such as conformational equilibrium, optimal geometry, and vibrational frequencies, have been computed for these molecules. Ionization energy, electronic affinity and energy gap were also computed. The results showed a suitable SDD basis sets were used to investigate the relaxation of such complexes. We showed the types and positions of ligands in the complex play a significant role in electronic applications.

For measuring the nonlinear refraction index n₂ and absorption index β, we have used modified Z-scan technique with the single laser beam. The media is a nanocomposite films made from the binary (Bi₂S₃ and Bi₂Te₃) with PMMA. The material is prepared via the microwave-assisted chemical method. The Characterization of the nanocomposite films was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and U-V spectroscopy. The band gaps of Bi₂S₃ and Bi₂Te₃ are 2.6ev and 2.38ev respectively. XRD shows that Bi₂S₃ and Bi₂Te₃ have orthorhombic and trigonal (hexagonal axes) structures respectively. The optical non-linearity is intensity dependent. The nanocomposite films exhibit self-defocusing nonlinearity beneath the empirical conditions. Both samples exhibit a large negative nonlinear refractive index and good nonlinear absorption coefficient with increasing laser input power. The spotted nonlinear refraction and absorption are related to thermal in nature and reverse Saturable absorption, respectively. The obtained results indicate that the nanocomposite films may open several new possibilities of using these materials in all-optical element devices.

Using quantum theory (QT) combined with Tight-binding Approximation (TBA), we studied the electronic properties for single-orbital one dimensional, two-dimensional and diatomic crystalline chain to get simply qualitative understanding of electronic structure calculation in the periodic systems. Density of states (DOS) is one of the electrical properties that we try to understand within the band structures that lead to be able to know the mechanism of transport in the materials. The band structure and density of state (DOS) for both cases were calculated by using FORTRAN code. The calculation of DOS for ordered and disordered systems were performed via a numerical decimation method.

In the present investigation, neutron activation technique for nuclear track detectors CR-39 has been applied to determine the uranium concentration in selected soil samples collected from different areas residential, industrial and agricultural of Al-Diwaniyah governorate southern Iraq, with various depths of soil (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm), respectively. The results show that the uranium contents in soil samples ranged from 3.66 ± 0.13 ppm to 0.71 ± 0.16 ppm, with an average value of 2.1 ± 0.12 ppm. Results of this work showed a decrease of uranium concentration with increased depth of soil. The results were compared with the published data and they were found to be within the safety levels.

After the 1991 and 2003 Gulf war increased incidence of cancer especially (leukemia) in Babylon city which is a major motivation to measure the concentration of alpha particles in human blood. CR-39 using to measure the alpha particles emitted from radon concentration in thirty human blood samples for patients and healthy was collected from Morgan Hospital, Babylon, Iraq. The result is showed the highest concentrations in the blood sample for leukemia patient collected from centre city is 13.98 ± 0.94 Bq/m³. Whilst, the lowest concentration is collected from Al-Mudhatia 5.24 ± 0.54 Bq/m³ with an average value is 7.79 ± 0.51 Bq/m³. On the other hand, the concentration of alpha particles emitted from radon concentration in male blood samples higher than concentration in female blood samples. A negative correlation between the disease age and alpha particles concentration in human blood was found. The comparison shows that the concentration of alpha particles in the human blood samples in the present study is lower than the concentration of alpha particles reported by UNSCEAR (2000).

The present study was conducted on the Tigris River in Baghdad Governorate which starting from Al-Muthana bridge to Al-Zaufurania City before it's jointed with Diyalla River. Six Sites were chosen on Tigris River along Baghdad Governorate. Surface water samples were collected bimonthly from January to December 2013 to measuring the concentrations and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) once every two months and predicting their source of the samples of surface water. The lowest of total PAHs value was 0.007 ppm which recorded during October 2013 at Site 3 where as the highest value was 0.279 ppm which recorded during August 2013.The lowest value of 0.0002 ppm was recorded for Fluorene and Fluoranthene while the highest value of 0.2 ppm for Naphthalene was recorded at Site 3.The composition patterns of PAHs in water were determined. The lowest and highest value of 0.0037 and 0.204 ppm was recorded for 2-ring PAHs at site 3 and 6 during summer and winter of 2013, respectively. Whereas the lowest and highest value of 0.001 and 0.095 were recorded for 3-ring PAHs at site 5 and 6 during winter and summer 2013, respectively. On the other hand, the lowest and highest values of 4-ring PAHs were 0.001 and 0.078 which recorded at site 4 and 6, respectively, during summer 2013. The lowest and the highest concentration of 0.0023 and 0.179 were observed for 5-ring PAHs at site 1 during winter and spring 2013, respectively. The highest concentration of 6-ring PAHs was 0.03 ppm which recorded at site 1 in summer 2013 whereas the lowest concentration was 0.0031 ppm which recorded at site 1 and 3 in winter and spring 2013, respectively. According to the values of ratios (Phen/Ant, Flur/Py, LMW-PAHs/HMW-PAHs), the distribution of PAHs in water may have the origin from different source pyrogenic and petrogenic at site 4 and 5 and from pyrogenic and urban air in other sites of the present study.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of Al-Rasheed Power Plant(RPP) effluents on biodiversity of phytoplankton. Samples were collected monthly from January to December 2012, at four sites that were selected on the Tigris River at Baghdad Province. Site 1 was located at the up of RPP, sites 3,4 were located at the down of RPP, while site 2 was located near RPP. The results shown that the total number of the phytoplankton range from 51.7 - 9146.89 cell * 10³/L, which was recorded at site1 and 3, respectively, with average range from1486.68-2053.27 which was recorded at site 1and 4, respectively. According to the relative abundance index all species where rare, except Cyclotella sp. were less abundant species. The Species richness, Shannon Winner and uniformity index values were ranging from 3.71-21.12, 0.3-3.28 bit/Ind. and 0.13 -0.71 at site 2 and 3 respectively, whereas the average value for same index was from 12.42-15.15 at 2 and 1 site; 1.93- 2.34bit/Ind. at 2 and 3 site, and 0.52-0.62 at 2and 4 site, respectively. Generally the result showed a negative effect of thermal effluent on biodiversity and phytoplankton community. Also, the water of Tigris River was considered a poor diversity and polluted especially at site 2.

Background Baicalin the chemical compound also known as Flavonoid glycoside derived from a Chinese herbal plant (Scutellaria baicalensis) that possesses various biological properties. Baicalin has been an important medical agent with a variety of pharmacological properties. Aims of study: The current study aimed to evaluate the immunological and protective role of the herbal extract (Baicalin) in male rats treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine), by measuring the level of some cytokines (IL-10 & IL-12), and measuring the level of antioxidants (MDA & GSH) in the serum of rats by the ELISA technique. The study also included measuring the level of phagocytosis index and the WBC differential count. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the animal husbandry of the college of Veterinary Medicine / Al-Qadisiyah University from January, 2018 to June, 2018. Eighty (80) male Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used in the experiment, and were divided into eight groups, each group had 10 animals. Results: As per the statistical analysis results it was observed that there is significant difference in the study group at the level (P <0.05). The data obtained showed a significant decrease (IL-10 & IL-12) in the T5 group treated with Baicalin in combination with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine) compared to the T1 and T2 groups treated with chemotherapy drug. Not only this, the result obtained showed the marked decrease in the study groups T1 and T2 treated with chemotherapy (Gemcitabine) compared to T3, T4, and T5 groups treated with herbal extract (Baicalin) and control group. While the antioxidant results also showed the marked increase (MDA) in group T1 and T2 treatment with Gemcitabine compared to the study groups. As well as significant decrease in (GSH) in T1 and T2 groups treated with Gemcitabine compare to T3, T4, T5, T6 and control. And the results of the statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in both lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes in the T1 and T2 groups compared to all study groups. Conclusion: Baicalin has a significant preventive role in reducing oxidative stress induced by chemotherapy drugs and has a significant role in improving immune and defensive lines of the body against pathogens.

Background Bee venom(BV) has been used to treat and reduce chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis(RA), pain, skin diseases and to treat cancerous tumors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bee venom on some blood and biochemical parameters in male albino rats with Arthritis and compare it with prednisolone drug.

Materials & methods: (42) mature male albino rats (135-150) gm, divided into (7) groups, (6) male rats for each group. The experiment was continued for (14) days and included: the first group (negative control) was injected by (0.1ml/animal) from physiological normal saline (0.9% Nacl),the second group(Arthritis group) was injected by (0.1ml/animal) formaldehyde, the third group (normal group) was injected by bee venom(i.p) (1mg / kg of B.W), the fourth group (normal group) was treated orally with prednisolone (5mg / kg of B.W), the fifth group (Arthritis group) was injected by bee venom(i.p) (1mg / kg of B.W), the sixth group (Arthritis group) was treated orally by prednisolone (5 mg / kg of B.W) and seventh group (Arthritis group) was injected by bee venom (1 mg/ kg of B.W) and treated orally with prednisolone (5mg / kg of B.W).

Results: Our results showed that 2^nd group (Arthritis) significantly increased (p≤ 0.05) in the number of WBCs and platelets compared with control group, while the 3^rd and 4^th groups showed a significant decrease in WBCs and PLT compared with 2^nd group. The 5^th, 6^th and 7^th groups showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in the number of WBCs and platelets compared with 2^nd group. On the other hand, the present study demonstrated a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in RBCs, hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (HCT) in the 2^nd group (Arthritis group) compared with control group, while the 3^rd and 4^th groups showed a significant increase in RBCs, Hb and HCT compared with 2^nd group. The 5^th, 6^th and 7^th groups showed increase (p≤ 0.05) in RBCs, Hb and HCT compared with 2^nd group. The results showed also, a significant increase in levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and a significant decrease in HDL level in 2^nd group compared with control group, while 3^rd,4^th, 5^th, 6^th and 7^th groups showed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and a significant increase in HDL level compared with 2^nd group.

Conclusion: We conclude from the present study that bee venom attenuates development of Arthritis by improving some Blood and Biochemical parameters.

The aim of this study was to comparative the histological structure of skin in Jenubi cow and its Friesians crossbreed cow. Samples of skin were collected from abdominal regions of Jenubi cow and its Friesians crossbreed cow immediately after slaughter in Governorate of Misan. The results showed similarities in the structure of the normal skin layers which was consists of three layers epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Sweet glands was more distributed in the region between papillary and reticular layer and are associated with hair follicles. The primary hair follicle was associated with Sebaceous glands which were scattered in the deeper part of the reticular layer in both Jenubi and cross breed skin. The deference's found in the micrometrical observations in the dermal layer, these variations between breeds in epithelium thickness of sweet glands where small in Jenubi cow while the epithelium thickness of crossbreed cow was more greater. The present study it was revealed that the sweat gland diameter in the skin of Jenubi cow was lower than in crossbreed cow. The conclusion of this study revealed that the location of the papillary layer is superficial and just under the basement membrane while the reticular layer composed the deeper layer in the dermis. The type of sebaceous gland was a simple, branched or compound. The epithelium thickness of sweet glands in crossbreed cow was more greater than Jenubi cow.

The study aimed to evaluate the quality of entering and leaving water to the textile factory in Diwaniyah and water of AL- Diwaniyah River for the period October 2017 to January 2018, Thirteen sites were selected (three sites) on AL-Diwaniyah River and (ten sites) within Al-Diwaniyah textile factory.

The evaluation of water quality includes14 parameters as confirmed on spatial and temporal changes of these parameters in Thirteen sites (S1,S2,S3, S4,S5, S6,S7,S8,S9,S10,S11,S12 and S13).

These Thirteen sites are divided into four groups, the first group (water of AL-Diwaniyah river), includes (site 1,site12 and site 13). The second group ((Water prepared for textile industries), includes (site 2 and site 3). The third group (industrial processing water), included (site 4, site 5 and site 6). The fourth group is the treatment unit (Outflow water) that includes (site 7, site 8, site 9, site 10, site 11 and site 12). site 1 (AL-Diwaniyah river water), site 2 (soft water), site 3 (boilers water), site 4 (Water for textile preparations), site 5 (completion water), site 6 (water of printing and dyeing), site 7 (water of primary collection basin), Site 8 (Waters of the sedimentation Basin), site 9 (chemical treatment water), Site 10 (Biological Treatment Ventilated Water), Site 11 (water of Filters), site 12(Final assembly basin (river basin) and site 13 (AL-Diwaniyah river water after distance from the dumping of textile industrial waste). the study includes physical tests, which include Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids(TDS), and conducting chemical tests that included pH, Total Hardness (T.H), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Total Alkalinity (T.A), Chlorides(Cl), Sulphates (SO4), Phosphates (PO4) and Nitrates (NO3), as well as heavy metals Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Cobalt (Co), For 13 sites inside and outside AL- Diwaniyah textile factory and AL- Diwaniyah River.

The results of physical and chemical analysis show the following means of: Electrical Conductivity (2277.75 μs /cm in site 13 to 3991.75 μs /cm in site 11)., Total Dissolved solids TDS (759.75 mg / l in site 2 to 1790.75 mg / l in site 11)., pH (7.94 at site 2 to 9.29 at site 4), Total Hardness (313.25 mg / L at site 1 to 574mg / L at site 9), Calcium (166.25 mg / L at site 1 to 375 mg / L at site 9), Magnesium (21.23 mg / L at site 11 to 70.63 mg / L at site 8), Total Alkalinity (288.75 mg/ l at site 5 to 596.25 mg/ L at site 10), Chlorides (174.75 mg / L at site 2 to 483.5 mg / L at site 4), Sulphate (363 mg / L at site 2 to 521.75 mg / L at site 1). Phosphate (0.29 μg/l at site 3 to 1.315 μg /l at site 6)., Nitrate (21.6 μg /l at site 3 to 37.05 μg /l at site 11) The highest mean of Cr, Ni and Co were (0.145, 0.1745, 0.043 mg / L) at site 9 and the lowest mean of Cr, Ni and Co were (0.00125, 0,061475 mg / L) at site 2 and 13, respectively but CO were (N.D) at site1, 2 and 3.

The water quality index values of the water inside and outgoing water from AL- Diwaniyah textile factory generally ranged from (fair to marginal). where the sites located on AL- Diwaniya River (group 1), the site 1 and site 13 got on (fair) were (69.20,67.93), respectively while site 12 got on (marginal) was (51.41)., While sites within the factory (group 2,3 and 4) from (site 2 to site 12) lowest value was (47.82) at site 4 and the highest value was (64.47) at site 2 so the water quality in these sites were (marginal).

This study used wireless remote sensing (WSN) technology to monitor river water in the city of Diwaniyah (Iraq). This technique helps to monitor the water quality of the river using the sensors submerged in water to conserve water resources within a specified standard for local use and the ability to take the necessary measures to restore the health of the body. The eight-month study period included four stations in the Shatt al-Diwaniyah River. Eight environmental factors were observed: water temperature, (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), light penetration and chlorophyll a through wireless sensors. The results of the present study showed that the characteristics of the water quality of the Shatt al-Diwaniyah River were compatible with Iraqi drinking water standards except turbidity and electrical conductivityThe results showed that wireless remote sensing technology in river water monitoring can be considered as an alternative to the traditional manual method used by specialists to monitor river water as a means of shortening effort and time as well as continuous and constant monitoring systems.

Magnesium ions regulate the electronic properties of the tetrapyrrole ring of chlorophyll Without it, chlorophyll cannot capture sun energy needed for photosynthesis. This research dealt with effect of three concentrations of MgO nanoparticles chosen (25, 12.5,37.5 mg/l) according to concentration of magnesium in Chu-10 medium represented by MgSO4.7H2O (25 mg/l) on the growth rate and Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content in the Coelastrella terrestris, which was classified in genotypic analysis and the partial18S rRNA gene sequence submitted to the GenBank database and obtained the accession number MK336793. The results showed decrease in all vital indicators remember previous when alga exposed to the MgO Nanoparticles in comparative to the control treatment which gave the best growth rate and Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids content of the alga. In spite of the magnesium is important to algae, this study found that when its existence in nanoparticles form may behave differently as toxic materials lead to inhibit the growth of Coelastrella terrestris. These results confirmed by the results of the statistical analysis at P<0.05.

This paper conducted on the effect of nanoparticles on the growth of green alga Coelastrella terrestris which was firstly used to find out the effect of nanoparticles on its growth. Four concentrations of copper were used, represented by a proper concentration of CuSO4 that exists in the Chu-10 medium 0.08 mg/l, as control treatment and the rest was CuO nanoparticles represented by (0.04, 0.08 and 0.16) mg/l. Results of exposure of the Coelastrella terrestris to the copper nanoparticles showed a decrease in the growth rate, chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids in comparison to the control treatment which gave the best results of the characteristics. Results were confirmed by the results of the statistical analysis at P<0.05. Although the Copper plays a vital role in fundamental physiological processes. However, CuO in nanoparticles form becomes toxic, causing growth inhibition of alga due to adverse impacts on the same cellular processes.

This study conducted to investigate the effect of nitrate and vitamin C infeed of the females rabbits on the haematological parameters. Twenty-eight adult New-Zealand females rabbits were divided randomly into four groups of 7 rabbits each, were fed nitrate and vitamin C 16 weeks as follow; Group 1 (G1) fed nitrate (170 mg/ kg B.W./ daily),Group 2 (G2) fed nitrate (170 mg/ kg B.W./ daily) and vitamin C (50 mg / kg B.W./ daily), Group 3 (G3): fed nitrate (170 mg/ kg B.W./ daily) and vitamin C (100 mg / kg B.W./ daily) and Group 4 (G4) fed a basal ration as control group. The results showed a significant decreased (P<0.05) in hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, PCV and Hb) in the group that fed nitrate (G1) compared with control group and groups that supplied vitamin C (G4, G2 and G3), whereas the groups that fed vitamin C showed a significant decreased (P<0.05) compared with the control group (G4). From results concluded, the nitrate has inhibition impact on the hematological parameters, while vitamin C decrease this effect.

Breast cancer (BC) is the primary cause of women cancer death, which could be prevented by EGCG that has been recently shown several health properties included anti-cancer, however the mechanism underpinning still poorly understood. In this study, several biological activities of both MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were evaluated in response to EGCG. Cell viability and the role of Akt and AMPK inhibitor molecules, and sodium pyruvate on this viability, apoptosis, metastasis, and interestingly regulation of glucose metabolism were assessed. EGCG promoted cytotoxicity in both BC cell lines after 24h but not less. Co-incubated cells with Akt and AMPK inhibitors alongside EGCG significantly caused more reduction in cell viability compared to the effect of EGCG alone with maximum effect referred to Akt inhibitor. While supplemented sodium pyruvate significantly restored the decreases in cell viability. Remarkably, EGCG induced apoptosis through increased caspase 3/7 activation associated with upregulated Bax gene, in addition to anti-metastatic effect through decreasing cellular migration. Importantly, lactate production was sharply reduced after 6h (no alteration of viable cells) and 24h (decreased viable cells) concomitant with significant blocked glucose uptake in response to EGCG. In conclusion, EGCG could be a potential anti-migration, the anti-cancerous therapeutic agent through targeting cancer cells glucose metabolism.

This study is aimed on investigating the coagulase negative Staphylococci (CONs) in human infections and mecA gene, that is responsible for some virulence factors. One hindered and fifty specimens were collected from different infection case theories, from the period February to June 2018, at AL – Diwanyiah Teaching Hospital. The specimens included urine, ear swab, vaginal swab, pus, wound swab, skin carrier, nasal, nipple, stool and tracheal. The specimens were cultured on blood agar and mannitol salt agar. identification was depended on gram stained and biochemical tests. Then final identification with APi staph system. Thirty three isolates identified coagulase negative staphylococci (CONs) which included S.lentus and S.xylosus. Twenty isolates were highly resistant to methicillin, oxacillin and cefoxitin. The PCR were used to detected the mecA gene. The results showed that 20 isolates had mecA gene. Some virulence factors of CONs were detected including hemolysin- determined in 8 isolates, urease producing - determined in 13 isolates.

The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of black cumin (Nigella sativa) aqueous extracts in reducing the genotoxic effects induced by mitomycin C (MMC) in male mice Mus musculus (balb/c strain). Nigella sativa (N. sativa) has been widely used as a medicinal plant that treats different diseases. To determine the genotoxic effects of mitomycin C, the mitotic index of somatic and germ cells and chromosomal aberrations (chromatid breaks, chromosome breaks, and ring chromosomes) were tested. Twenty-five animals were divided into three main groups: group one was used as a negative control treated with buffer saline, group two was used as a positive control treated orally with mitomycin C (2 mg/kg b. w.) for two days; group three, which was divided into three sub groups, was treated orally with three different doses of N. sativa extracts (50, 100, 150 mg/kg b. w.) for one week, and then treated with mitomycin C for two days. The results of this study showed a protective role of N. sativa effecting a significant increase (P<0.05) of the frequency of mitotic index of both somatic and germ cells. Additionally, N. sativa may improve therapeutic efficiency of mitomycin C by inhibiting the chromosomal aberrations.

The grade of contamination in the Tigris River sediments in the Kut City by heavy metals Co, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cd has been evaluated by using some pollution indices like Enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation (I-geo), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load (PLI). The (EF, enrichment factor) is one of the most factors applied as a way to describe the degree of anthropogenic pollution to find enrichment ratios, where on the geo-accumulation has been mostly applied as a measurement of contamination in freshwater sediment. Whereas, the index of pollution load (PLI), appear the sum of times by which the heavy metals concentrations in the sediment exceed the level, concentration and accord a guide to the total level of heavy metals is toxicity in a special sample. By using these numerical sediments indices we found that the Sediments of Tigris River in the Kut city are polluted by the metals of Lead and Cadmium, and moderately polluted by the metals of Nickel, Zinc and Copper, while the sediments of Tigris River are not polluted by the metals of Manganese, Cobalt and Chromium.

Smoking is the most spreadable habit between people on earth surface impacting human body functions and causing health risks. Our study aimed to estimate cadmium, lead, and iron concentrations in the blood of hookah (Shisha) smokers compared to non-smokers. This project was conducted over a period of time between October (2017) to February (2018) in Najaf province. This period was used to determine smoking hookah effects on heavy elements depositions in blood and organs of smoker's compared to non-smokers. Forty samples of men were measured as a total, divided into 30 samples of smokers and 10 non-smokers. Cadmium, lead, and iron levels were measured in each individual serum. Kidney functions; blood urea, creatinine, and glucose were also examined. Liver functions tests including ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) and AST (Aspartate aminotransferase) were also investigated.

Our results exhibit a significant increase in blood platelets and white blood cell values in smokers while a trend of increasing in hemoglobin values in smokers compared to non-smokers were found not significant. A decreasing in red blood cells of smokers compared with non-smokers was also found non-significant. A significant increase of liver functions in blood of smokers compared to non-smokers were found. Only glucose was significant in smoker's kidney function. There was a marginal significant differences of cadmium in smoker's blood compared to non-smokers. Our study concluded there were a trend of high levels of heavy metals in smokers with high variations in our results. These variations could be related to other factors. More studies focusing on the relationship between organs' functions (e.g. lung) and heavy metals could support our findings by elucidating smoking consequences. Also, considering age, sex, diet, and inheritable status need to be considered in further studies.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of factors as synthetic contraceptives used by women on the incidence of trichomoniasis, (150) vaginal swap samples were collected from women who complained of vaginal infections only (no miscarriage or pregnancy) who visit : the Children's and Women's Hospital in Al-Muthana governorate and private clinics during the period from January 2018 to June 2018, the parasite was diagnosed by using a wet smear and recorded 39/150 (26%) positive infection, after that the samples conducted to molecular method PCR on the basis of 18SrRNA gene to reach more accurate results and showed to rate infection (32%) 48/150, then collect information from each patient about the use of contraceptives:(did not use any method, contraceptives pills, condom, IUCD) and has been recorded infection rates (34.80%), (30.10%), (21.11%), and (6.40%) respectively, these results indicate the importance of the use of contraceptives for the incidence of a parasite as risk factors, the statically analysis for this results showed there were significant differences between rate of infection and type of contraceptives under probability level (p≤0.05).

Undoubtedly the accurate and fast diagnosis in early stages of lung cancer It is very important to give patients a chance to give them the best treatment possible, but this is not an easy process. There are several reasons that increase complexity and difficulty when we need to consider the fitness of the patient which itself may effect of the diagnostic of disease and treatment, so may require a change to the course of treatment or/and diagnostic pathway. In this study we will mention some a new and latest strategies for diagnosis, prevention and treatment such as molecular techniques by microsatellite markers and others to reduce the severity of the cancer and on the other hand increased treatment efficiency

A total of four types of instant dry yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae which are Gloripan, Swan, Super Man (China) and Saf (Turkey), were obtained from the local market in Baghdad, Iraq. All the types were identified according to their morphological characteristics and screened for their ability to produce biosurfactant by oil spread method. Biosurfactant was extracted and partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate at saturation ratio75%. Antibacterial activity of crude and partially purified biosurfactant was tested against twenty isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the results showed that crude biosurfactant has no activity against tested bacteria while partially purified biosurfactant was active against only ten isolates of P. aeruginosa. Also, the effect of some optimum conditions on production was studied and the results showed that mineral salt medium with olive oil as carbon source at pH 5 and incubation at 25 °C for three days were optimum conditions for biosurfactant production.

Around 15% of the couples on the planet confront failure in the primary involvement in pregnancy. These issues in these couples can be explained as infertility. The objective of the study was to determination relationship among polymorphisms Protamin1 (G197T) and Protamine2 (C248T) were studied in three groups (Teratozoospermia n=37, infertile normozoospermia n=34 compare with fertile normozoospermia 17=0). Methods: Samples were collected at the Fertility Center Laboratories in Sadr Medical City. Analysis of SNPs was performed for PRM1 and PRM2 by using restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The result showed Three types of polymorphism occur in both PRM1 (G197, G197T and G/T197) and PRM2 (C248, C248TandC/T248) genes found in all our patients. In conclusion the results are consistent with some previous studies and indicating that all our tested with SNPs was associated with teratospermia and normospermia as idiopatic male infertility in Iraqi population, which can find a genetically engineered solution in the future.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants worldwide, genotypes responsible of disease severity and host immune responses. This study aims to determine the infection rate of respiratory syncytial virus in children with respiratory tract infection and identify the genotyping among the study population. Cross sectional study which enrolled 150 infants with acute respiratory tract infection, males 81(54%) and females 69(46%) aged under five years old, who was admitted to Al-Imamin Al-Kadhimin Medical City and Pediatrics Protection Hospital in Baghdad during the period from December 2017 till April 2018. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from each participant and stored as frozen at -70 °C until to use for RNA extraction and convention polymerase chain reaction to detect of respiratory syncytial virus in the study population. According to result of this study out of all these samples, 26 samples were positive for RSV(17.33%). The infection rate of RSV is more common in males 17(65.39%), than females 9(34.61%) and in children ≤ one year (46.15%) also high frequency were noticed among patients live in an urban area (73.08%) and winter 20 (76.92%) than spring 6 (23.08%). According to different clinical feature, fever, cough, and wheezing were more common than other sign. The sequence conducted for all RSV- positive isolates, 11 respiratory syncytial virus positive isolates was in genotype B and 1 in genotype A. The sequence of RSV B the local isolates were closed to Argentina isolation and Tailwind isolate while in genotype A isolates were closed to isolates from different regions (Saudi Arabia, German, India isolation). The conclusion of this study revealed that respiratory syncytial virus B infections were more frequent than RSV A among children with acute respiratory tract infection.

The present study aimed to evaluate the activity of different concentrations from aquatic extracts Eucalyptus globules leaves on the vitality of the protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus. which collected from the infected sheep livers in Al- Najaf Al-Ashraf abattoir. protoscolices suspension was added to each concentrations (2.5,5,10) mg/ml for different time periodes. and the percentage of the viability of protoscolices was measured by using the eosion aqueous stain (0.1%).

The results of the In Vitro. study revealed that the percentage of the viability of protoscolices was decreased at the concentration (2.5 / mg/ml. from 95 % to 27.24% in 96 hour, while the concentration (10) mg/l. decreased from 94% to 2.5% in 96 hour.

The study conducted on 400 aborted women and 30 healthy women as control groups. All these cases were defined as suspected with Toxoplasma gondii and examined by measuring IgG & IgM serum level when attended to Public Health Laboratory, in An-Najaf province from November 2015 to May 2016.seventy eight out of 400 (19.5 %) women were found infected with T. gondii by this test, only 23 positive samples were used in polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism for detection genotypes of T. gondii strains By use three restriction enzymes MseI to nested PCR products GRA6 and BsiE1 & TaqI to nested PCR BTUB products, to detected strain types of Toxoplasma gondii. The results are : 13 of type I (60%), 6 of type II (25 %), and 4 of type III (15%). This can provide possible additional studies of high importance, as they will provide better understanding of the different strains of parasite genotypes is present in samples and how different genotypes are circulating nature. All the evidence provided might be helpful for showing the association between strains type of T. gondii and toxoplasmosis in infected women and aid in providing preventive actions.

This paper tackles a me1t blend of po1y(lactic acid)/ natura1 rubber with dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide(DODAB) modified clay. The study investigated mechanical, therma1 and morpho1ogical properties of poly(lactic acid)/ natural rubber and nanocomposites. The paper also examined Montmori1lonite clay with alky1 ammonium ion of (DODAB). the studied parameters, PLA/ NR nanocomposites revealed 1arger enhancements in mechanical properties in comparison to PLA/ NR blend because of high polymer blend matrix shear forces exerted on clay aggregated during mixing po1ymer-clay. The original MMT with Na+ action leads to weak improvements in mechanica1 properties in comparison to organoclays. It is noted that the strength of tensile, modulus, and the nanocomposite samples can be improved with 4% of clay loading. The optimum samp1e morphology and chemical structure were tested by X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectroscopy respectively. This paper denotes that poly(lactic acid)/ natural rubber-toughened nanocomposites with a higher modulus and in this way, thermal stability could be made.

Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles were prepared by the sol-gel strategy from CaCl₂ and calcinated the gathered powder at various temperatures (400, 500 and 600°C). Additionally, the basic qualities for the readied sorbent were researched by methods for powder X-beam diffraction examination (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) while the textural properties were resolved from low temperature adsorption of N₂ at - 196°C. Great outcomes were acquired under the proper conditions. The capacity of CaO nanoparticles for evacuation of some overwhelming metal particles as chromium (II) and mercury (II) from aqueous solutions through adsorption has been researched. Every one of the analyses was completed by batch method. The impact of pH (2, 5, 7, 8 and 10), stirring time, temperature and the presence of different foreign ions has been researched. The expulsion rate going to 100 % of various metal particles at pH7, stirring time 30 min, room temperature (≍ 25°C) was accomplished and adsorbent dose 30 mg.

An economic and sensitive method was developed to measure pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6) in pharmaceutical formation as an ion pair, as depending on the charge transfer reaction with SDS as a surfactant and a suitable analytical reagent (chlorazol black). The parameters that gave optimum reaction conditions, such as the concentrations of chlorozal black, SDS, pH, equilibration temperature, time and effect of salting were studied to obtain a linear calibration curve where the linearity range was found to lie between 1.22 × 10 ^-3 to 34 × 10 ^-2 mM, and the detection limit (LOD) 2.56 × 10 ^-4mM. The method was applied successfully to determine vitamin B6 concentrations in various pharmaceutical samples.

Some new gemcitabine complexes with some metal (II) chlorides (MCl₂) have been prepared in 2:1 molal ratio (Gem : MCl₂), where M = Cu(II), Co(II). The prepared complexes have been characterized by FTIR, CHN, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Antioxidant properties for these complexes were evaluated and they showed lower antioxidant properties than the gemcitabine (Gem) alone.

Mixed ligand complexes included Schiff base derivative ligand (L1) have been produced by condensed {3-amino-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (APO)}with o-phathalaldehyde and anthranillic acid (L2) with some transition metal ions. Diagnosis of prepared ligand (L1) by 1HNMR, mass spectroscopy, (CHN) elemental analysis and UV-Visible. The complexes were typified by molar conductance, UV-Visible, FTIR, atomic absorption, magnetic susceptibility and elemental analysis techniques. Octahedral geometry are suggested for the metal complexes based on the analytical studies. All these compounds were determined a against with two type of bacteria; Gram positive and Gram negative.

Several heterocyclic derivatives were evaluated experimentally to determine their physical properties and antimicrobial activity. Then these compounds were tested with Marvinsketch program to determine their protonation, geometry, charge, and partitioning. Partitioning characters (log P and log D at pI) were calculated by Consensus and Chemaxon methods while HLB was with Chemaxon and Davies methods. For example, the derivatives of EDTA based structure showed that isoelectric point (pI) did not affected by the presence of negative charge compared with its zero charge. As is expected, negative charge, presence of sulfur atoms, and type of heterocyclic moiety had a good influence on HLB values. The obtained results confirmed high harmonization between the experimental and computerized calculations especially when several of them where tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans.

The study deals with synthesizing new thiadiazole compound (2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiaz0l-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol)(1) by reaction of 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid with thiosemicarbazide in Phosphoric chloride, then it is (1) reacted with 2-Bromobenzaldehydeto getting Schiff base (2-(5-((2-bromobenzylidene) amino)-1,3,4-thiadiaz0l-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol)(2). T0he compound (2) will reacted with (chloroacetylchloride, thioglycolic acid, glycine, sodium azide, phthalic anhydride) to give (β-lactam, thiazolidine, imidazolidine, tetrazole, oxazepine) derivatives respectively. The new synthesized compounds have been identified by their melting points, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and FT-IR spectra. Then the biological activity studied for all the synthesized derivatives toward two type of bacteria.

This study includes a comparison among some important biochemical changes in the hypertensive pregnant women and normotensive pregnant women during different periods of pregnancy. Blood samples were collected from. (60).hypertensive pregnant and(30) normotensive pregnant(control group;G3) from different departments of AL-Diwaniyah hospital in Iraq. The hypertensive pregnant women were divided into two groups according to the trimester of pregnancy,G1 refers(the first twelve weeks) andG2refers(twenty eight weeks) of pregnancy.Serum was analyzed for alkaline phosphatase(ALP),Total protein, Total cholesterol and serum calcium. The results showed significant differences(p<0.05) in serum ALP activity between hypertensive pregnant during the first trimester(16 ± 2.1K.A.U/100ml) and(8 ± 0.3K.A.U/100ml). While the hypertensive women during the third trimester was showed (30 ± 5.5K.A.U/100ml) a significant increase (P<0.05) compared to the other two groups. It was also found that non-significant differences(p<0.05) in the serum total proteinactivitybetween hypertensive pregnant women(G1,7.3 ± 1.2gm/dl) and(G2,7.0 ± 1.3gm/dl) than control group(G3) and was showed significant differences(p<0.05) in the serum total cholesterol between(G1(186 ± 22gm/dl), G2(218 ± 11.5mg /dl) andG3(controlgroup(150 ± 11.3mg/dl)). Thewith G3(2.2 ± 0.5mmol/l) as a control. Whereas, there were non-significant differences betweenG1(3.5 ± 0.7mmol/l) compared withG2(2.4 ± 0.6mmol/l) evaluation of calcium level also expressed significant differences in G1(3.5 ± 0.7mmol/l) compared

A new method for the determination of the Cefixime drug in some Pharmaceuticals using ultra violet-visible (UV- Vis) and indirect Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) by Cloud point Extraction by using Triton X-114 as surfactant, the method based to form chelating complex CEF – Pd (II) at 456nm, variables parameters were studied such as the concentration of metal ion, effect of pH, Triton X-114 amount, equilibration temperature and incubation time. The best pH for the formation of chelating complex was (9). The best temperature on cloud-point extraction was 55 ⁰C at 20 min. then complex extracted with ethanol. The mole-ratio method has been used to determine the structure of chelate CEF – Pd (II) and found to be 1:1 L:M (Ligand : Metal). Beer's Law was obeyed in the range 2.5-30 and 2.5-32.5μg/mL for UVVis and FAAS respectively. Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantitation LOD and LOQ values for these methods were (0.456592, 0.33374) μg/mL (1.521976, 1.112471) μg/mL respectively.the method was validated and successfully applied to drug formulations like Cefix capsules marketed in Iraq. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies and were found satisfactory

This research included preparation of the thiazolyl azo ligand 2-[2^-- (5-Methyl thiazolyl)azo]-4-Ethoxy phenol (MeTAEP) and their metal complexes which was prepared by coupling of diazonium salt produced from diazonited 2-amino-5-methyl thiazole and 4-Ethoxy phenol, New series of chelate complexes of Cu(II), Ag(I) and Au(III) metal ions were also prepared by mixing solution of metal salts with solution of ligand at mole ratio[ M:L] [1:2] for Cu(II) and [1:1] for Ag(I) and Au(III) metal ions. The synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, molar conductance measurments, magnetic susceptibility, Mass spectrum, ¹H- NMR,¹³C- NMR, FTIR, UV-Visb., (TGA), FESEM and X-ray diffraction studies. The biological activity of thiazolyl azo dye ligand and its complexes were tested against the sensitive organisms Escherichia coli (gram negative), streptococcus (gram positive) as antibacterial and Aspergillus Niger and Penicillium. sp as antifungal, The anticancer activity of the(MeTAEP), Ag(I) and Au(III) complexes were screened for in vitro; antitumor activity against human breast cancer.

Graphene oxide / (polyvinylpyrrolidone / acrylic acid) composite GO/ (PVP-AAc) was studied as adsorbent for the Congo red dye. The synthesized composites hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The process of adsorption of the Congo red (CR) dye on the surface of the GO/ (PVP-AAc) composite has reached equilibrium state within 60 minutes. The rate of adsorption of the dye on the surface was good due to the high surface area characteristic of the surface of the composite. The adsorption kinetics of the dye on the surface of the composite GO/ (PVP-AAc) were studied using of pseudo-first order model and pseudo-second order model. The results indicated that the adsorption process follows the pseudo-second order model. The effects of temperature, ionic strength and pH were also studied. In order to determine the maximum adsorption, the linear forms of isotherm of adsorption were studied, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin equations. Also were studied the thermodynamic functions of the process of adsorption of, Gibbs free energy (ΔG), Entropy (ΔS), and Enthalpy (ΔH).

Addition chloro acetyl isothiocyanate (C₃H₂ClNOS) with 3-Aminoaceto phenone (C₈H₉NO) to prepare a fresh Ligand [N-(3-acetyl phenyl carbamothioyl)-2-chloroacetamide](L). The ligand (L) behaves as bidentate coordinating through O and S donor with metal ions, the general formula of all complexes [M(L)₂(Cl)₂](M⁺² = Manganese(II), Cobalt(II), Cadmium(II) and Mercury(II)). Compounds were investigation by Proton-1, Carbon -13 NMR spectra (ligand (L) only), Element Microanalysis for C, N, H, O, S, Fourier-transform infrared, UV visible, Conductance, Magnetic susceptibility and Atomic Absorption (A.A). Based on spectral data, complexes appear octahedral geometry. The anti-bacterial activity of the complexes against two type of bacterial was higher than for free ligand.

In this article, we introduce a new class of analytic functions defined by generalized Srivastava-Attiya operator. Coefficient inequalities, convex combinations are obtained.

In this article, we introduce the concept of (ρ,m)-N-injectivity (where ρ is a preradical, m is a positive integer and N is an R-module) as a generalization of both ρ-injectivity and ρ-N-injectivity. This concept unifies several definitions on generalizations of N-injectivity, such as nearly P-N-injective modules and special P-N-injective modules. Many characterizations and properties of (ρ,m)-N-injectivity are given. The results of this work unify and extend many results in the literature.

In this paper, The notion of a Smarandache filter of a Smarandache BH-Algebra is introduced, some theorems and examples are investigated and discussed to explain properties of this notion. A necessary and sufficient condition is derived for every Smarandache filter of a Smarandache BH-Algebra to become a filter. Finally, the relationships between this notion and Smarandache ideal are established

In this paper, we first introduce and discuss new classes of ideals in − d algebra like M Ideals and S Ideals. Also, we introduce new classes of soft algebras they are called soft S algebras. Next, we use our new connotations to introduce and investigate new concepts in soft S − algebras like soft M − Ideals and soft S − Ideals. In this work, we prove that every S − Ideal is M − Ideal. Moreover, we show that it is not necessary every M − Ideal of ℑ is S − Ideal of ℑ by a counterexample. Also, some properties of our connotations are given.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and investigate a new types of mappings with Strongly Closed Graphs in Topological spaces namely strongly e-θ-(resp. δ-βθ)-Closed Graphs by using the concepts of e-θ-(resp. δ-βθ)-open sets and e-θ-(resp. δ-βθ)-closure operator which were introduced by Murad ÄOzkoc and GÄulhan Aslim [1] (resp. Alaa. M. F, and Xiao-Song Yang [2]), several characterizations and fundamental properties concerning of such these mappings have been studied. Furthermore, some characterizations of strongly e-θ-(δ-βθ)-Closed Graphs and nearly Φ-compact spaces have been obtained.

In this paper, we present a new formulation for the Leontief production model using quantum calculus analogue. This formulation unifies discrete and continuous Leontief production models. Also, the classical Leontief production model is obtained by choosing q = 1. In addition, briefly give an introduction to quantum calculus. We present the formulation for continuous Leontief production models as well as quantum calculus models. Moreover, we establish the weak duality theorem and the strong duality theorem for quantum calculus analogue. Furthermore, using the objective functions for the primal and the dual quantum calculus models, we can easily obtain upper and lower bounds for the value of production at any production plan. Finally, examples are provided in order to illustrate the given results.

The mathematical model Fuzzy Topographic Topological Mapping (FTTM) was developed to solve the neuromagnetic inverse problem during a seizure for determining the location of epileptic foci. The aim of this paper is to investigate various properties for the components and mappings of FTTM. As a result, various kinds of monotonicity have been assured for its mappings. Furthermore, each component of FTTM was demonstrated as a topological group, unicoherent and indecomposable.

This paper proposed a new approach for designing artificial neural network based upon decomposition technique that is the problem decomposing into two sub problems. The first sub problem processed by an artificial neural network depending on the given data to get an estimate of the parameters in problem and then uses to solve the second sub problem by obtaining the differential terms in the formulation of the this sub problem. The proposed design is greatly simplifies the problem of parameter estimation, high computational requiring is avoided and instead two smaller problems which be easier solved. Also, the proposed design is useful for noisy data sets.

The theory of soft set is one of the most important method in solving uncertainties in various real-life problems. The main aim of this paper is to define soft multi fundamental group. The notion of soft multi group, soft multi path, soft multi loop, and soft multi homotopy are to be introduced and their basic properties are also to be investigated. Further, the concept of soft multi homeomorphism is introduced. Added to, we established certain properties and operations on soft multi fundamental group.

In this paper, some sufficient conditions have been obtained for the existence of positive solutions of the first order nonlinear neutral differential equations bounded by a ratio of bounded functions. For this purpose we used Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem and Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem to establish new sufficient conditions for the existence of nonoscillatory positive solutions. An example is included to illustrate the main result.

In this paper, we introduce two new notions related with coretrectable modules which are called essentially coretrectable and weakly essentially coretrectable modules. Some basic properties of these classes are investigated and some relationships between these modules and other related concepts are given.

In this paper, we prove some fixed point results dealing with rational type contractions on generalized Banach Space. Our results in the new cotext extend and completement fixed point theorems of contractive mappings. Also we present certain common point result for such contraction.

In this paper, we introduce a semi group which it constructs the solution of the partial differential equation as the form:

$\frac{\rho (t)}{{\rho }^{^{\prime} }(t)}\frac{\partial u(t,x)}{\partial t}=\frac{h(t)}{{h}^{^{\prime} }(t)}\frac{\partial u(t,x)}{\partial x},\,\,\,\,\,\,h(0)=1,\,\,\,\,\,\rho (0)=1$

First, we introduce the operator theory and the fundamental theorems of the semigroup and certain notions of strongly continuous operators. These concepts are particular types of operator semigroups of functional analytic Using functional analytic tools and methods from ergodic theory, we describe various features of the On strongly continuous ρh -semigroup

In this paper we define Differential operator for certain analytic multivalent functions in the open unit disk U. Two subclasses S_p,δ(|b|, β) and T_p,δ(|b|, β) of f(z) are introduce. The object of the present paper is to discuss some sufficient conditions for f(z) to be in the classes S_p,δ,k(|b|, β) and T_p,δ,k(|b|, β) by using the concept of subordination.

The aim of this article is to establish some results of best simultaneous approximation of unbounded functions {α₁, α₂, ..., α_n} in weighted space L_γ,p(Ω) by given two different definitions and considered the relation between best simultaneous approximation and best approximation of this functions in L_γ,p(Ω).

In the present paper, we introduce a new generated family of continuous distributions based on generalized Gompertz distribution. Then generalized Gompertz - generalized Gompertz distribution is proposed as a special case of this new family. The probability density, cumulative distribution, reliability and hazard rate functions are introduced. Additionally, the most essential statistical properties of this new distribution such as the mean, variance, coefficient of skewness, coefficient of kurtosis, characteristic function, quantiel, median, Shannon and relative entropies along with stress strength model are obtained.

The main idea of this research is to study fibrewise pairwise soft forms of the more important separation axioms of ordinary bitopology named fibrewise pairwise soft T₀ spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft T₁ spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft R₀ spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft Hausdorff spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft functionally Hausdorff spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft regular spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft completely regular spaces, fibrewise pairwise soft normal spaces and fibrewise pairwise soft functionally normal spaces. In addition we offer some results concerning it.

A new data for Fusion power density has been obtained for T-³He and T-T fusion reactions, power density is a substantial term in the researches related to the fusion energy generation and ignition calculations of magnetic confined systems. In the current work, thermal nuclear reactivities, power densities of a fusion reactors and the ignition condition inquiry are achieved by using a new and accurate formula of cross section, the maximum values of fusion power density for T-³He and TT reaction are 1.1×10⁷ W/m³ at T=700 KeV and 4.7×10⁶ W/m³ at T=500 KeV respectively, While Z_eff suggested to be 1.44 for the two reactions. Bremsstrahlung radiation has also been determined to reaching self- sustaining reactors, Bremsstrahlung values are 4.5×10⁶ W/m³ at T=700 MeV and 3.8×10⁶ W/m³ at T=500 MeV for T-³He and TT reaction respectively, ignation values then are 136 KeV for T-T and 155 KeV for T-₃He. So small Z_eff mean small ignition and large fusion power. Tritium Fusion Reactions have large ignition temperature than deuterium reactions.