Investigating the Atmospheric Mass Loss of the Kepler-105 Planets Straddling the Radius Gap

An intriguing pattern among exoplanets is the lack of detected planets between approximately 1.5 R ⊕ and 2.0 R ⊕. One proposed explanation for this “radius gap” is the photoevaporation of planetary atmospheres, a theory that can be tested by studying individual planetary systems. Kepler-105 is an ideal system for such testing due to the ordering and sizes of its planets. Kepler-105 is a Sun-like star that hosts two planets straddling the radius gap in a rare architecture with the larger planet closer to the host star (R b = 2.53 ± 0.07 R ⊕, P b = 5.41 days, R c = 1.44 ± 0.04 R ⊕, P c = 7.13 days). If photoevaporation sculpted the atmospheres of these planets, then Kepler-105b would need to be much more massive than Kepler-105c to retain its atmosphere, given its closer proximity to the host star. To test this hypothesis, we simultaneously analyzed radial velocities and transit-timing variations of the Kepler-105 system, measuring disparate masses of M b = 10.8 ± 2.3 M ⊕ (ρ b = 3.68 ± 0.84 g cm−3) and M c = 5.6 ± 1.2 M ⊕ (ρ c = 10.4 ± 2.39 g cm−3). Based on these masses, the difference in gas envelope content of the Kepler-105 planets could be entirely due to photoevaporation (in 76% of scenarios), although other mechanisms like core-powered mass loss could have played a role for some planet albedos.


Loading
Load with \usepackage[options]{natbib}.See list of options at the end.

Replacement bibliography styles
I provide three new .bstfiles to replace the standard L A T E X numerical ones: plainnat.bstabbrvnat.bstunsrtnat.bst

Basic commands
The natbib package has two basic citation commands, \citet and \citep for textual and parenthetical citations, respectively.There also exist the starred versions \citet* and \citep* that print the full author list, and not just the abbreviated one.All of these may take one or two optional arguments to add some text before and after the citation.et al., 1990, pg. 32 \citetext{priv.\ comm.} ⇒ (priv. comm.)The \citetext command allows arbitrary text to be placed in the current citation parentheses.This may be used in combination with \citealp.

Forcing upper cased names
If the first author's name contains a von part, such as "della Robbia", then \citet{dRob98} produces "della Robbia (1998)", even at the beginning of a sentence.One can force the first letter to be in upper case with the command \Citet instead.Other upper case commands also exist.
These commands also exist in starred versions for full author names.

Citation aliasing
Sometimes one wants to refer to a reference with a special designation, rather than by the authors, i.e. as Paper I, Paper II.Such aliases can be defined and used, textual and/or parenthetical with: ⇒ (Paper I) These citation commands function much like \citet and \citep: they may take multiple keys in the argument, may contain notes, and are marked as hyperlinks.

Selecting citation style and punctuation
Use the command \bibpunct with one optional and 6 mandatory arguments: 1. the opening bracket symbol, default = ( 2. the closing bracket symbol, default = ) 3. the punctuation between multiple citations, default = ; 4. the letter 'n' for numerical style, or 's' for numerical superscript style, any other letter for author-year, default = author-year; 5. the punctuation that comes between the author names and the year 6. the punctuation that comes between years or numbers when common author lists are suppressed (default = ,); The optional argument is the character preceding a post-note, default is a comma plus space.In redefining this character, one must include a space if one is wanted.

Other formatting options
Redefine \bibsection to the desired sectioning command for introducing the list of references.This is normally \section* or \chapter*.
Define \bibpreamble to be any text that is to be printed after the heading but before the actual list of references.
Define \bibfont to be a font declaration, e.g.\small to apply to the list of references.
Define \citenumfont to be a font declaration or command like \itshape or \textit.
Redefine \bibnumfmt as a command with an argument to format the numbers in the list of references.The default definition is [#1].
The indentation after the first line of each reference is given by \bibhang; change this with the \setlength command.
The vertical spacing between references is set by \bibsep; change this with the \setlength command.

Automatic indexing of citations
If one wishes to have the citations entered in the .idxindexing file, is only necessary to issue \citeindextrue at any point in the document.All following \cite commands, of all variations, then insert the corresponding entry to that file.With \citeindexfalse, these entries will no longer be made.

Use with chapterbib package
The natbib package is compatible with the chapterbib package which makes it possible to have several bibliographies in one document.
The package makes use of the \include command, and each \included file has its own bibliography.
The order in which the chapterbib and natbib packages are loaded is unimportant.
The chapterbib package provides an option sectionbib that puts the bibliography in a \section* instead of \chapter*, something that makes sense if there is a bibliography in each chapter.This option will not work when natbib is also loaded; instead, add the option to natbib.
Every \included file must contain its own \bibliography command where the bibliography is to appear.The database files listed as arguments to this command can be different in each file, of course.However, what is not so obvious, is that each file must also contain a \bibliographystyle command, preferably with the same style argument.

Sorting and compressing citations
Do not use the cite package with natbib; rather use one of the options sort or sort&compress.
These also work with author-year citations, making multiple citations appear in their order in the reference list.

Long author list on first citation
Use option longnamesfirst to have first citation automatically give the full list of authors.Suppress this for certain citations with \shortcites{key-list }, given before the first citation.

Local configuration
Any local recoding or definitions can be put in natbib.cfgwhich is read in after the main package file.
As an alternative form of citation, \citealt is the same as \citet but without parentheses.Similarly, \citealp is \citep without parentheses.Multiple references, notes, and the starred variants also exist.