Abstract
Electrostatic turbulence covering a rest-frame frequency range from zero-frequency (D'Angelo and Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities) to lower-hybrid frequency (Electron-Ion Hybrid instability) can be driven by shear in either the magnetic-field-aligned (parallel) or perpendicular velocity. Ion-acoustic, drift, and ion-cyclotron instabilities are significantly modified by velocity shear. Predictions from local and nonlocal models have been benchmarked by laboratory experiments and applied to interpretations of space observations, as reviewed here.
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