Abstract
The ability to modulate cellular electrophysiology is a fundamental aspect for investigation of tissue development, maturation and function. Currently, there is a need for remote, non-genetic, light-induced control of cellular activity in native-like state, three-dimensional (3D) tissues such as spheroids and organoids. Here, we report a breakthrough hybrid-nanomaterial for remote, non-genetic photostimulation of both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D neural cellular systems. We combine one-dimensional (1D) nanowires (NWs) and 2D graphene flakes grown out-of-plane for highly controlled photostimulation at subcellular precision with laser energies lower than hundred nanojoules, 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than Au-, C- and Si-based photostimulation. Photostimulation using NW-templated 3D fuzzy graphene (NT-3DFG) is flexible due to its broadband absorption and does not generate cellular stress. Therefore, it serves a novel powerful toolset for studies of cell signaling within and between tissues and can enable new therapeutic interventions.