Topical reviews of research on resilience to natural environment in Fujian traditional dwellings of China

The original purpose of resilience design for traditional architectures is to be coordinated with and adapted to the natural environment. The natural environmental resilience of traditional dwellings refers to the ability of the dwellings to maintain the residents’ comfort, safety, and health in the face of natural environmental challenges including various disasters. In the process of designing traditional dwellings, the wisdom contributed to improving living environment conditions is of significant reference value. Therefore, this paper reviews the main literature on the resilience of traditional dwellings to the natural environment in Fujian of China. A topical review framework is proposed to cover the resilience performance of traditional dwellings in Fujian under various natural environmental conditions. Specifically, it is divided into two aspects: internal comfort resilience and external disaster-resistance resilience, based on which researchers in related fields can establish a clearer classification of resilience research in their future studies. In terms of internal comfort resilience, this paper focuses on relevant perspectives such as humidity, temperature, brightness, noise, etc. In terms of external disaster-resistance resilience, this paper summarizes the adaptability of traditional dwellings in the face of disasters triggered by natural hazards such as fires, floods, earthquakes, and typhoons. Based on this framework, this paper reviews the current research status, discusses the limitations and shortcomings in this research area, and proposes corresponding prospects for future research.


Introduction
The environment in which humans live is significantly impacted by the resilience of the natural environment.The study on the natural resilience of architectures has become crucial to the science of architecture because of its huge impact on human survival.The concept of resilience was proposed by ecologist Holling in 1973 and called 'ecological resilience' [1].Subsequently, the concept of resilience was extended to different disciplines such as architecture, urban planning, environmental science, and sociology, and played an important role in disaster management, sustainable development, etc.In architecture, resilience emphasizes the adaptability and resilience of architectures in the face of various internal and external impacts, especially in disasters and unpredictable natural and human events [2].
For rural architecture, the resilience of the natural environment is composed of multiple factors.On the one hand, resilience emphasizes the system's 'sustainability and adaptability' [3], which leads to the thinking of the buildings' sustainability and the comfort of residents [4,5].In 1923, Houghton and Yaglou first proposed an effective temperature index for thermal comfort evaluation using air temperature and humidity [6].The lighting environment is also an important factor affecting the indoor comfort of buildings [7], and the lighting of the space determines the overall brightness of the area.Xue P, Mak CM, Cheung HD explored the impact of lighting and human behavior patterns on the main tourist comfort of residential units in Hong Kong through a questionnaire survey in their 2014 paper 'The Impact of Lighting and Human Behavior on Residential Building Lighting Comfort: A Questionnaire Survey' [8] Noise has been listed as one of the four major pollutants in the world, posing a serious threat to human physical and mental health [9].People's perception of indoor noise is also an important indicator for evaluating the comfort of indoor spaces [10].It can be seen that temperature, humidity, brightness, and noise are important conditions that affect the thermal comfort assessment of indoor environments.On the other hand,resilience is seen as a desirable property of natural and human systems, including cities and coastal zones, in the face of a range of potential stresses, including weather-related hazards (UN/ISDR, 2002) [11].Natural disasters refer to natural phenomena that pose a threat to human survival or damage the human living environment, including droughts, high temperatures, low temperatures, floods, mountain floods, typhoons, etc.However, for rural architecture, the impact of four natural disasters, namely typhoons, floods, earthquakes, and fires, on the building is more significant than other natural disasters [12,13], and is a key factor in the outdoor disaster resistance of the building.In summary, the resilience of rural architecture can be considered to be divided into two parts: internal comfort resilience and external disaster resistance resilience.Furthermore, internal regulation resilience includes four aspects: temperature, humidity, brightness, and noise, in order to focus on the impact of buildings on the comfort of residents in daily life.The external resilience to disasters can be divided into four aspects: typhoons, floods, earthquakes, and fires, from which specialized research can be conducted.Therefore, organizing research on the natural resilience of buildings has significant value in promoting the scientific development of architecture.
Due to its diverse climate, the region of Fujian in China frequently faces various disasters triggered by natural hazards such as typhoons and earthquakes.The natural resilience strategies contained in its traditional dwellings reflect the wisdom of people during their long-term living.Traditional dwellings, as a type of architecture, have effective interpretations of architectural resilience and wisdom through their spatial layout and tailored construction methods.Therefore, a comprehensive review of the natural resilience strategies in traditional dwellings in Fujian is expected to provide beneficial insights for contemporary architectural design, and promote the new generation of architectures to be more flexible and sustainable in the face of complex and everchanging natural environments.From the perspective of geographical distribution, traditional dwellings in Fujian can be categorized into six types (figure 1), including dwellings in Northern Fujian, Puxian Area, Hakka Area, Southern Fujian, Eastern Fujian, and Central Fujian 1 [14].The ancient residential areas in Northern Fujian are regarded as the birthplace of Fujian culture [15] and also the birthplace of gray brick architectures [16].The representative architectures of Puxian Area, Jiufeng Village Stone House Dwellings, embody distinct regional characteristics of Putian [17].Tulou in Hakka Area represents its unique architectural style [18], fully integrating local natural materials and traditional techniques [19].Red Brick Houses are a typical form of residential buildings in the Southern Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl Fujian region [20], and ancient houses of Cai family represent the architectural culture of Quanzhou City in Southern Fujian [21].Central Fujian has some Tubao with characteristics such as wind resistance, earthquake resistance, ventilation, lighting, and insulation [22], known as Central Fujian Tubao [23].Representative buildings in the Eastern Fujian region not only include Pingtan Stone Houses [24], but also include Yongtai Zhuangzhai, which is known as a site of world cultural heritage [25].
The organization of current studies on natural resilience strategies in traditional dwellings in Fujian is insufficient, hence in order to promote the in-depth development in this field, it is necessary to conduct more systematic organization to protect traditional culture and provide scientific and practical guidelines for future sustainable architecture design.Statistics show that most studies on the resilience of Fujian dwellings are included in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, and there is a lack of systematic organization, summary and critical analysis of relevant literature.Therefore, based on the CNKI database, this paper systematically organizes and summarizes the existing scattered knowledge to make up for the shortcomings of research on the resilience of Fujian dwellings, thus forming a comprehensive and organized data.By sorting out the resilience research of various types of dwellings, this paper reveals the commonalities and differences exhibited by dwellings in different regions in disasters triggered by natural hazards and environmental changes, providing more scientific and practical design guidelines for the sustainable development of future architecture.

Literature review
Before reviewing previous studies on the natural resilience of traditional dwellings in Fujian, this paper summarizes the different factors involved in natural resilience in dwelling design and establishes a review of two levels: internal livability resilience and external disaster-resistance resilience (figure 2).This paper reviews from multiple perspectives such as spatial layout, architectural construction, and material application, and deeply analyzes the comprehensive consideration of natural resilience in the design and construction of Fujian dwellings.In terms of internal livability resilience, this paper discusses four factors, namely humidity, temperature, brightness, and noise, to provide scientific basis for the livability design of resilience of dwellings.The resilience to external disasters triggered by natural hazards focuses on the resistance and adaptability of dwellings to various disasters triggered by natural hazards, especially extreme natural events such as fires, floods, earthquakes, and typhoons.In summary, this paper covers two important levels and a total of eight key factors, comprehensively and systematically sorting out the natural resilience of traditional dwellings in Fujian, China.

Internal comfort resilience
In the studies of the internal comfort resilience of traditional dwellings in Fujian, temperature, humidity, brightness, and noise are widely recognized as key factors affecting the comfort of residents (tables 1-2).The spatial influences of these elements traditional dwellings are interrelated, with each or several elements exerting more or less influence on the spatial layout, construction, and material utilization of the architectures.

Temperature
Firstly, temperature is an important and complex factor in the comfort evaluation of traditional dwellings.Unique spatial layouts are adopted to achieve temperature regulation in these dwellings through the consideration of natural conditions such as terrain, orientation, and direction of the building sites [26].Most traditional dwellings face south or have a layout of 'being surrounded by mountains and waters' 2 , utilizing  terrain to promote ventilation and microclimate formation (figure 3) [27][28][29].Some dwellings in Fujian do not exactly face south.For example, the traditional dwellings of Cai family in Southern Fujian are 15°southeast, avoiding scorching sun in summer and having sufficient ventilation, while preventing the north wind from entering the hall in winter, resulting in warm winter and cool summer [30].In terms of architectural structure, traditional dwellings in Fujian are mainly courtyard style buildings centered around a courtyard 3 .Multiple ventilation paths are formed through the halls, eaves corridors, and other spaces set up around the courtyard, achieving external heat transfer [21,[31][32][33][34].The 'Guarding House' style dwellings in southern Fujian achieve indoor ventilation and cooling through the shadows generated by the front and rear courtyards as well as windand-fire walls 1 [21, 32, 35].Windows also affect temperature.The ancient feudal hierarchy and defense requirements caused thick and small exterior walls of buildings, which limited ventilation.Ventilation could only be achieved through windows in atriums, courtyards, and internal walls.For example, the Huaiyuan Building in Nanjing [36] has openings in the entrance hall and traditional Southern Fujian dwellings have small high windows on the top of the walls [35], both of which use wind pressure to achieve air flow and promote ventilation(figure 4) .However, the air humidity at the seaside is high, and Pingtan Stone House dwellings emphasize wind prevention, and the windows are rarely opened, resulting in poor ventilation and causing dampness and mold in the interior [37].The direction of the windows face to is a key factor affecting temperature.The vast majority of dwellings in Southern Fujian have windows of one direction to face and two  directions to open, and south facing corridors, which are extremely beneficial for indoor ventilation and have a certain degree of shading and heat protection [27].Landscape design is also an important factor affecting temperature, especially the layout of plants and waters [32,38].In practice, Aijingzhuang set up flower beds in the backyard of the building to adjust the local microclimate [39].There are also Taiping Tanks 5 , ponds, rivers, and reservoirs equipped in the dwellings, which reduce environmental temperature through evaporative cooling [32].In addition, the interrelationship between local materials and the environment in architectural practice is emphasized in traditional dwellings in Fujian.In Tulou, rammed earth is the main building material, which creates an indoor environment that is warm in winter and cool in summer [40][41][42].The Oyster Shell Houses in Southern Fujian dwellings have achieved thermal insulation effects in different seasons through the natural pores of oyster shells [32][33][34][35].For Pingtan Stone Houses, granite, igneous rock and other stone materials are used to construct double-layer walls, which have a good thermal insulation effect [43].

Humidity
There is also a wealth of relevant literature on the design of humidity control in traditional dwellings in Fujian.In terms of spatial layout, a sound drainage system plays a crucial role in building humidity regulation.The overall layout of buildings such as Dongxing Hall in Central Fujian [44], Guilan Hall [45], and Aijingzhuang in eastern Fujian [39] is based on the optimal site selection of sloping land.If the buildings are located on the back of a mountain but with a gentle slope, or above a platform, the internal ground height will be adjusted according to the internal functional location, which is conducive to internal drainage [46].In terms of internal layout, the courtyard is an important part of adjusting drainage and humidity.In the courtyard, not only will water wells or Taiping Tanks be installed to regulate air humidity [47], but the ground will also be constructed with a slight tilt to promote drainage [48].Great importance is attached to drainage systems in Fujian dwellings.The rainwater from the eaves flows into the courtyard through the eaves gutter, and then flows into the underground drainage ditch through the internal water outlet to discharge from the pools outside the villages to meet the drainage needs (figure 5) [49].Even, the courtyard in Zhuangzhai presents a water flow trend of high in the east, low in the west, and high in the middle and low in the periphery, which is combined with underground arc-shaped underground ditches or water holes to promote drainage, thereby affecting the humidity of the building [39].In  terms of architectural structure, techniques such as double sloping roofs, large bays, sunlit windows [50], and elevated floors [26] are adopted in traditional dwellings in Fujian to promote indoor moisture evaporation.The wall structure also has a certain impact on humidity, such as the thickness of the bottom wall and the eaves of Tulou, which have a moisture-proof and waterproof effect [40,51].The floor tie-beams 6 , balusters 7 , wooden keels, wooden floors and other structures of the dwellings promote indoor ventilation and keep the rooms dry [50].The roof structure of the dwellings often has sloping roofs and eaves with an angle of about 30°to prevent rainwater from eroding the walls and reducing humidity [50].The use of materials plays a crucial role in humidity.The wooden structure itself is not waterproof, but Fujian dwellings such as Tulou perfectly combine the wooden structure with rammed soil, maintaining humidity balance while stabilizing the structure [36,37].
Even, ingredients such as brown sugar and egg white are often incorporated into rammed earth walls in Tulou, making the buildings more water resistant [52].In Puxian dwellings and Fujian Tulou, a layer of block stones or pebbles are often added on the outside of the raw soil walls to play the role of moisture resistance and protection of the plinth [14,40].The black-grey buildings in Northern Fujian emphasize local materials, with white limestone filling the gaps among the T-shaped arrangement of black bricks to prevent moisture (figure 6) [53].
Oyster ash has moisture-proof properties, and the bonding between the stone joints in Pingtan Stone Houses is reinforced by clay or oyster ash bonding [37] .Tiles, as a commonly used material, are fully utilized in moistureproof design, both on the surface of roofs and wind-and-fire walls [49,54].Due to its ability to prevent leakage and moisture, lime is often applied to the surface of wooden walls and sections of roof tiles to prevent moisture [49,55].In addition, due to the water repellent properties of oyster shells [35,56], the ancestors picked up oyster shells to decorate the outer walls, forming Oyster Shell Houses 8 in the early stage.

Brightness
In addition to temperature and humidity, brightness has also been fully considered in traditional dwellings in Fujian.In terms of spatial layout, orientation and terrain play a crucial role in daylighting.The layout of Zhuangzhai facing south provides the best daylighting for the hall, while the gradual elevation difference ensures that light enters the hall (figure 7) [32].As a core element of traditional dwellings in Fujian, the courtyard not only serves as the main lighting source [35,57,58], but also incorporates a reservoir design to enhance the reflection effect of light, highlighting outstanding performance in lighting optimization (figure 8) [32].
However, the construction of a building can also have an impact on indoor lighting.As an open space, the courtyard is the main source of natural lighting for buildings.The wind-and-fire walls have a certain impact on indoor lighting due to their heights above ordinary walls [32].In addition, the small wooden grille windows in the bedrooms also lead to insufficient lighting and require additional artificial lighting [59].Therefore, Zhuangzhai adopts a bearing roller shutter structure, which has a certain effect on indoor lighting [60].For the use of materials, Fujian dwellings also contain some considerations regarding the impact of materials on building brightness.Lime is used in dwellings, which enhances the indoor brightness level through their scattering of light [49].The unique materials and spatial form of Tulou enable it to achieve moderate brightness contrast in its internal light environment, reducing the risk of glare, and demonstrating its advantages in terms of comfort in light environment [59,61].

Noise
Finally, a small amount of research has been conducted on the resilience of environmental noise in traditional dwellings in Fujian.In material selection, Southern Fujian dwellings have hollow wall structures and place bamboo in the hollow part, which can save materials and achieve sound insulation(figure 9) [62].Sound insulation effects vary with materials.Brick and stone masonry and rammed earth internal partition walls have better sound insulation effects than wood partition walls, lime and board walls, and bamboo woven mud walls [63].In addition, the insufficient sound insulation of wooden floor panels and the noise caused by walking on the floor are the main problems, affecting privacy [63,64].However, The construction techniques in Fujian allow engineers to achieve balance through material mixing and matching.For example, 'Houses' not only have windproof, heat insulation, and water repellent properties, but also have certain sound insulation effects (figure 10) [35,56].

External disaster-resistance resilience
Natural disaster prevention is the main cause and direct driving force for the development of buildings, thus the external resistance of traditional dwellings to disasters triggered by natural hazards is another thoughtprovoking research field.At present, the academic community is committed to exploring how to effectively cope with extreme weather conditions such as earthquakes, fires, typhoons, and floods through multiple research details such as spatial layout, architecture structure, and material utilization, thereby enhancing their survival and recovery ability in the event of disasters (tables 3-4).

Earthquakes
Fujian, adjacent to the Pacific seismic belt, is one of the regions with more earthquakes in China, while traditional dwellings in Fujian have withstood many tests of earthquakes with different intensity .In terms of spatial layout, some dwellings in Fujian have effectively improved their seismic resistance by using foundation reinforcement methods such as using pine wood and stone strips [49].Meanwhile, plant layout also has an impact on seismic resistance, such as the planting of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl in Anzhenbao, Yong'an, which helps to stabilize the foundation [65].In terms of architectural structure, traditional dwellings in Fujian can be categorized into timber structure, earth-and-timber structure, and stone structure.In timber structure, the framed bents of 'terrace wooden houses' in Eastern Fujian dwellings lean on each other, and even if the building is severely tilted, it will not fall [66].The bamboo-and-timber structure adopts perforated timber and tenon joints, which have properties of integrity and seismic resistance, such as the ancient dwellings in Cuijiao (figure 11) [26].However, the strength of raw soil walls in civil structures in Fujian Province is generally low, making it difficult to resist horizontal seismic effects.Nevertheless, the earthen walls of Tulou are exceptional.Their unique wall structure, enclosure method, and stone foundation have shown good performance in wall stability and can reduce seismic impacts [66,67].Building materials also play an important role in seismic resistance.The walls of Tulou are built with unburned sandy clay and wood of fir to enhance tensile strength, and the seismic resistance performance is improved through ramming and external lime treatment [68].The traditional dwellings in Hanjiang Town, Putian are mostly timber structures, with rammed earth building walls and stones building foundations (figure 12).In this way, local building resources can be fully utilized, and also the requirements of the geological foundation in active seismic belt can be satisfied [14].The exterior walls of Fangjia Stone Houses in Jiufeng Village are mainly built with a mixture of bricks and stones, which to some extent helps to stabilize the foundation by reducing vibration, resisting earthquakes, and dispersing pressure [18].

Fire
Moreover, due to the subtropical location of Fujian, fire is another common natural disaster.Great emphasis is placed in traditional dwellings in Fujian to improve the fire resistance performance of buildings in terms of material selection and structural design.Firstly, in traditional dwellings in Fujian, spatial layout can be fully utilized to prevent fires.The 'Guarding House' style side houses of dwellings in Southern Fujian have a protective function, which can be quickly demolished in the event of a fire in adjacent buildings to contain the spread of the fire [49].A similar idea is also reflected in the layout of the courtyard, which serves as a fire isolation passage and improves the safety in fire prevention [54].For dwellings close to the water system, water sources can be introduced and rainwater can be collected with pottery water tanks, which also have fire protection functions [39,69,70].For dwellings lacking water, residents usually rely on ponds with multiple functions such as water    storage, aquaculture, irrigation and fire protection [65,71].The entrance serves as the key to escape from fire, thus having multiple entrances and spacious areas is conducive to evacuation in emergency situations [71].In terms of architecture structure, wind-and-fire walls play a role in fire isolation [72,73], and generally, windows are not opened or small windows are opened to ensure fire prevention effectiveness [74].The techniques in wall construction also reflect different fire prevention effects, such as the use of granite wall foundations in Tulou, which gradually narrow to form circular walls and improve fire resistance (figure 13) [75].In addition, the architectural form of traditional dwellings achieves functions such as lighting, observation, shooting, and fire extinguishing through various window openings [76].In terms of details of the gates, there is a dark room above the Tulou gates to drain water, and the gate panel is thick and a water inlet is set at the top.When needed, hot oil or hot water can be poured to prevent fire attacks(figure 14) [77].Tubao is equipped with internal and external gates, with a long strip-shaped water tank in the middle to help guide water to the main gate.Through the flow of water, the iron gate can be quickly knocked to achieve rapid fire extinguishing [78].Tubao also has escape gates to increase escape routes [57].Finally, the selection of building materials also affects the fire resistance performance.Iron sheet, as a fire-resistant material, has excellent performance.It is often used to wrap the doors and windows in Tulou, reducing the probability of fire occurrence [79].As a commonly used material, tiles are even used to build effective firewalls [80] in Beishan Village [69], Qingshi Village, Zhufeng Village, Shao'an Village, and other villages.

Typhoons
Additionally, facing extreme weather caused by typhoons in Fujian, traditional dwellings have gone through a long history of thousands of years in the wind disaster environment, and the shape design of the dwellings has been gradually optimized.In terms of spatial layout, dwellings in the coastal areas of Fujian are often located in valleys or low-lying flat areas to avoid open areas and mountain passes that can be directly attacked by typhoons.The natural shelter of the terrain is used to reduce the impact of typhoons on buildings (figure 15) [50].The traditional dwellings of the Cai family in Southern Fujian are located in the central area surrounded by  mountains and water.The surrounding mountains and suitable terrain slopes provide typhoon resistance for the buildings.In terms of architectural structure of traditional dwellings, the impact of typhoons can be reduced through the design of building height, roof structure, window structure and form.The building height determines the area affected by wind, thereby affecting the path of wind transmission [81].For example, gables 8 are crucial windproof structures, and high gables completely wrap the roof of the building's main body to avoid severe damage from typhoons [82].The roof is a weak point for wind protection, and the tilt angle of the roof is set within the range of 26.6-33.7°,which can effectively reduce the harm of wind disasters to buildings (figure 16) [83].The design of the eaves is also crucial for wind protection, for example, special techniques are applied to the short eaves of Pingtan Stone Houses to create extremely strong wind resistance [37].The windows serve as ventilation openings, and the stone houses have smaller openings to prevent strong winds from entering.
The circular shape of Tulou has better wind resistance compared with square buildings [14,84].In terms of material application, stone or brick materials are often used in coastal dwellings for exterior wall masonry to adapt to strong wind climates and high humidity [24,43].In the construction strategy to cope with typhoons, the quality and integrity of roofs of the dwellings had been diversely enhanced [85].Heavy objects are evenly placed to enhance wind resistance, and mud is applied on the back of tiles to increase the integrity and waterproofing performance of roofs [74,83].For example, square and regular stone tiles are used in Fangjia Stone Houses in Jiufeng, Puxian District to prevent the tiles from being lifted by strong winds [18].The load-bearing structure of stone walls can greatly enhance the wind resistance of the stone houses [86].

Floods
In addition to wind resistance, how to quickly and effectively drain water and prevent floods is needed to be considered in building traditional dwellings in Fujian.The difference in terrain provides an effective guarantee for natural flood control, for example, the location of Anzhenbao is relatively high, which can avoid the invasion of floods [65].In terms of architecture structure, the arrangement of open and concealed ditches inside the buildings is crucial for sewage discharge and flood prevention and drainage [39].Chailan Houses 9 in Fuzhou are effectively prevented from the impact of waterlogging through the design of an elevated ground floor (figure 17) Figure 15.Layout of the building for wind protection.[15].Due to drainage needs, the exterior walls of Maojingbao are curved to facilitate drainage [87].Yongtai Zhuangzhai has corresponding water outlets in the courtyard, and the corresponding water outlet of the building is the rice field in front of the village, which can form a natural water system for flood discharge (figure 18) [88].In terms of material application, the rammed earth structure of traditional Tulou has poor water resistance, especially in dealing with floods caused by typhoons [67].The oyster shell walls have double layers, and the internal part is made of adobes while the external part is made of bricks or oyster shells, with a certain water repellent effect [56].

Conclusion 4.1. Summary
This paper examines the resilience of traditional dwellings in Fujian, focusing on the exploration of human adaptability to architectural designs and their capacity for survival in the face of environmental changes.The organization concentrates on the two key dimensions of internal comfort resilience and external resistance resilience, aiming to reveal the wisdom and adaptability strategies of traditional architecture in dealing with changing natural and cultural environments.This paper is of distinctive academic significance and provides rich experience for the theoretical system of architectural design by analyzing the resilience characteristics of traditional dwellings in Fujian.The sorting out of internal comfort resilience, especially the study of key factors such as humidity, temperature, brightness and noise, not only expands the understanding of creating comfortable environments for traditional dwellings, but also provides practical design guidelines for the sustainable development and indoor comfort of modern buildings.Research on exterior resilience, particularly that conducted in the context of disasters triggered by natural hazards such as earthquakes, fires, typhoons, and floods, reveals the effective strategies of traditional architecture in protecting the lives of the residents.This paper is also of guiding value in practice, which will assist in integrating flexibility, sustainability, and cultural heritage  elements into modern architectural design and urban planning to build a more resilient and adaptable living environment.

Limitations
While the research on the resilience of traditional dwellings in Fujian demonstrates some depth in a number of areas, its comprehensiveness still needs to be improved.In terms of internal comfort resilience, previous studies have extensively explored factors such as humidity, temperature, and brightness, providing profound insights into creating a comfortable living environment for traditional buildings.The study of external resistance resilience, especially in extreme weather conditions such as earthquakes and fires, provides a theoretical basis for the design of traditional buildings, emphasizing its effectiveness in protecting residents' lives.Among them, the courtyard is the key to climate regulation in traditional dwellings in Fujian, in which factors such as temperature and humidity, brightness, fire prevention, ventilation and lighting are taken into account, demonstrating a comprehensive consideration of natural resources.Water wells play a positive role in fire prevention, wind prevention, and firefighting, highlighting the full utilization of water resources and providing support for overall safety and sustainability.In addition, the design of doors and windows is also crucial when considering the natural resilience of the building.The precise use of geographical location and local materials demonstrates the effective utilization of local resources, while also shows the pursuit of a profound understanding of climate and geological conditions.However, there are still some imbalanced research distributions on the resilience of different types of dwellings and various external factors.Firstly, there are significant differences in the focus of resilience research among different regions.There has been extensive research on the internal and external resilience of dwellings in Eastern Fujian, reflecting the need to face diverse threats.Research on Hakka Area mainly focuses on internal comfort resilience, while research in other areas is relatively limited.The horizontal comparison reveals the differences in research among different areas, with the research on Eastern Fujian being the most comprehensive, while the research in Hakka Area focuses more on the influence of cultural traditions and architectural technology.In terms of internal resistance resilience, research on noise is relatively scarce, and research on the impact of landscape greening on the natural resilience of buildings appears superficial.In terms of external resistance resilience, the existing research has relatively insufficient exploration on flood disasters.Moreover, the research tends to focus on a single type of disaster, while neglecting the resilience requirements under a combination of multiple disasters.Additionally, the existing research is limited by the research perspective of a single discipline, specific regions, or individual cases, which makes it difficult to exchange and promote practical experience of resilience study in various regions.Finally, the existing research has not fully explored the potential for the integration of traditional architectural wisdom and modern resilient design principles, which hinders the full utilization of this advantage of integration in practical applications.

Research prospect
The research on the resilience of traditional dwellings in Fujian still has a number of inadequacies, which both show the limitations of the existing research and point to potential areas for further investigation.Firstly, future research should focus more on the noise and flood factors that have received less attention, in order to improve the resilience of traditional dwellings in Fujian and propose corresponding resistance strategies.Secondly, it is crucial to delve into the comprehensive resilience design under the concurrence of multiple disasters.Future research needs to systematically examine the interdependence of diverse disaster types, in order to comprehensively consider various natural disaster response strategies.In addition, the integration and sharing of practical experience in cross-region and cross-domain resilient design is of significant research value.Future research should systematically review the practical experience of resilience design in different regions from a cross-regional perspective, promote experience exchange and sharing, and extract universal principles and strategies for resilience design.It is necessary to carry out cross-domain cooperation by integrating knowledge from various domains such as engineering, geography, meteorology, etc to comprehensively understand the composite effects of multiple disasters.Finally, traditional and modern resilience design concepts can be deeply integrated.Future research should delve into traditional building materials, structures, and experiences to achieve innovation and inheritance of resilient design.The comprehensive consideration of social, economic, and cultural factors in resilient design cannot be ignored.Meanwhile, the development of a cross-regional platform for resilient design can encourage the implementation of resilient design across domains.By bridging the gaps in existing studies, these endeavors will enhance the resilience potential of Fujian dwellings and better equip them to overcome the ever-changing difficulties posed by disasters triggered by natural hazards in the future.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution map of traditional folk houses in Fujian.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The T-shaped arrangement of black bricks.

Table 1 .
Research statistics on the internal comfort resilience.

Table 2 .
Strategies for internal comfort resilience.

Table 3 .
Research statistics on the external disaster-resistance resilience.

Table 4 .
Strategies for external disaster-resistance resilience.