Challenges and recent progress in carbon-based nanocomposites for sportswear and sensing applications

Sportswear is an essential auxiliary wear for physical education activities in colleges and universities. Unfortunately, most sports equipment is made of heavyweight, expensive, and easily rusted metals. Herein, we report the recent progress in carbon-based nanocomposites for sportswear and sensors. To extend the service life of sportswear, advanced lightweight materials for sports goods are briefly discussed. Carbon materials such as 0D fullerenes, 1D carbon nanotubes, 2D graphene, and 3D graphite and their nanocomposites are more and more widely used in various industries in the world, and sportswear has no exceptions. Their superior performance and huge potential have a certain impact on improving sports performance. Firstly, we overviewed the advantages and multifunctional carbon nanocomposites in sportswear, and wearable sports applications at the present stage are explored. While simultaneously monitoring health or energy storage applications also explored, indeed the integration of all desirable functions into lightweight wearable sports goods emerged as a significant breakthrough for effective sports activities. More importantly, some sportswear prototypes equipped with unprecedented characteristics have also been overviewed in this review. Despite the recent developments, many barriers and difficulties still remain. New prospects are also suggested. This article seeks to inspire sports research communities to drive onward real-time advancement in the sports industry.


Introduction
Sports development encourages multiple parties to participate in basic research, technological innovation, the field of sports informatization landscape application, and industry development. It also strengthens the sports industry construction and highlights the basic resources of sports data and intelligent sports facilities [1,2]. The role of innovation in the education industry is in the context of the new scientific and technological revolution. Investigating the role of manufacturing in the growth of sports in any particular nation can directly boost the level of production in the sports sector while also enhancing the sports market and increasing the revenue of sporting goods [3,4]. The sports industry has become increasingly prominent and has become an important way to deal with sports equipment limitations and challenges. Additionally, nations around the world pay more and more attention to sports equipment advancement to have a global impact. Athletes related to their sport began to flood all over the world, which led to global development [5].
Around the world, both large and small nations compete with one another for acknowledgment of athletic performance and physical talent. Individual athletes and sports teams are always challenged to improve their performance in their respective activities or game due to the intense competition in sports [6][7][8]. The raw materials used in sporting equipment have changed over the past century, moving from high-tech metals, polymers, ceramics, and synthetic hybrid materials like composites and cellular ideas to raw materials like wood, twine, gut, and rubber [9][10][11][12][13]. One of the phases in the nanocomposite is on the nanoscale, making it a multiphase solid. The final product could be macroscopic in scale rather than nanoscale [14]. Nanocomposites are classified into three different categories based on the matrix material: ceramic matrix nanocomposites (CMNC), metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNC), and polymer matrix nanocomposites (PMNC) [15]. Polymer's adaptability, thinness, simplicity of processing, low cost, etc are just a few of its many remarkable properties. However, some design and biomedical applications necessitate mechanical properties that these materials lack [16]. Glassy polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have their mechanical properties [17] explored using a new hierarchical computational approach, as reported by Reda et al Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have garnered a lot of attention from analysts and businesses since their discovery due to their superior mechanical properties compared to those of other well-established filler materials. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are characterized by having only one ring of graphene atoms, while multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have multiple rings (MWCNTs) [18]. As reported by Patel et al [19], a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix containing a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT-COOH) functionalized with carboxyl groups was successfully formulated (PMMA) for bone-tissue engineering applications. The inhomogeneous distribution and random orientation of CNTs make it challenging to manufacture nanocomposites containing them. The large surface area, high electron transfer, and outstanding chemical resistance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have made them a material of interest for use in modifying electrodes [20][21][22]. Strong-interactions and van der Waals forces typically lead CNTs to accumulate in aqueous environments, reducing their electrochemical performance and potentially lowering their sensitivity to target molecules in sensor devices [23][24][25]. For the detection of lactic acid, Shao et al [26] reported the successful fabrication of a cobalt polyphthalocyanine/carboxylic acid functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite (CoPPc/ MWCNTs-COOH).
The challenge of engineering new materials with improved properties has been around since the dawn of scientific inquiry. High-performance materials are a prerequisite to technological advancement because they make previously impossible applications possible. Here, a new field is emerging: the modeling and testing of rationally designed polymer-based nanocomposites (PNCs), which can produce novel substances with enhanced mechanical properties and opportunities in the coming [27]. Since the groundbreaking introduction of fullerene 30 years ago, the family of low-dimensional materials known as 'carbon nanomaterials' has received a great deal of attention [28], which was the first representative of this class and identified in 1985 by Smalley, Kroto, Curl, et al [29]. The discoveries in science also brought great feelings to two other allotropes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene in 1991 and 2004 [29]. Most three-carbon nanomaterials are made up of sp 2 carbon atoms, which form a smooth network of conjugated -electrons; however, mixed sp 2 and sp 3 carbon dots with defects and heteroatoms, as well as nanodiamonds made primarily of sp3 carbohydrates, have received a lot of attention [30,31]. For example, the quantum containment effect in these low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials results in many remarkable optical-electronic, magnetic, and chemical properties and practical applications for electronics, and photonics. These properties are not possible in bulky carbon materials like diamond and graphite [32,33]. This review briefly summarizes critical carbon-based nanocomposites that display significant characteristics in sports industry applications [33][34][35]. Besides, specific nanocomposites attributed to wearable sports goods attracted a great deal of interest in a range of multifunctional devices [36].
The effect of sports wearable detecting technology on the sports sector has been the subject of an extensive investigation by numerous academics at the international level. They have reported extensively on wearable sports applications [37][38][39]. According to Ash et al, the Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) established a quality assurance criterion for wearables that offers approved testing of promotional declarations and viable business availability for testing and approval of wearables in response to the recent rapid expansion of wearable innovation and related concerns [40]. Muniz-Pardos and his team reported the multifunctional wristwatch has significantly advanced the world of leisure and top sports including ecosystems designed to employ cloud-based services to gather, process, and send a wide range of physiological, biomechanical, bioenergy, and environmental data are one of the advancements [41]. In order to collect the necessary sports information from the student-athletes and store it in a database that can be accessed by the VR client, Wang et al developed a visual sports management system for the school's physical education classroom [42]. Real-time student motion data gathering and visualization for the virtual scene's role model are made possible by the integration of wearable technology, virtual reality, and network technology. The aforementioned academics have conducted an indepth study on the function and use of wearable technology based on visual sensors. There are still some issues, though. For instance, only a small number of companies integrate wearable technology and sports analysis [43]. In addition, several sports types of equipment are composed of heavy metals which could be easily rusted, and expensive and should be updated with carbon-based nanocomposites equipped with less expensive, lightweight, and enhanced flexibility with portability.
Herein, the current study reports the latest trends in carbon-based nanocomposites showed that these carbon nanomaterials play a significant role in sportswear especially wearable multifunctional sports goods, and racquets, as illustrated in figure 1. A detailed discussion regarding the role of the economic environment in the growth of sports is also impacted by the products is also included. The impact of visual sensor-based sports wearable detection equipment on the sports sector such as athletes' psychology monitoring has been thoroughly discussed. The invention of carbon nanocomposites inspired sports equipment and their selection strategies, robustness, flexibility, etc for upcoming applications, which are anticipated to increase in the upcoming years. In light of the succinct study, a few challenges for researchers in the choice of materials for sporting goods are suggested.

Carbon-based nanomaterials
In recent decades, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have continuously changed modern science and engineering applications, and increasingly affect all aspects of human society, energy, environment, and health care [44,45]. Among them, nanocarbon materials have been used in energy storage, catalysis, and water because of their excellent physical and chemical properties It is widely used in the fields of physics, medical implants, drug delivery, biofiltration, and electronics [46]. Dimensional separation and allotrope formation are possible due to the varying electron orbital properties of sp, sp 2 , and sp 3 hybridization. So, carbon materials consisting of only carbon can take many different shapes and structures [47]. Carbon materials with a dispersed phase scale of at least one dimension on the nanoscale are nanocarbon materials. Figure 2 shows the nanocarbon materials have fullerenes spherical structure and carbon linear structure nanotubes, graphene with monolayer structures, graphite, and diamond with stacked structures, and  amorphous carbon with nanoscale and nanoporous carbon with mesoporous structure. Due to structural features, each nanocarbon material has its unique properties and different uses [48].
Fluorescent carbon quantum dots (C-Dots) and nanosized diamonds (nanodiamonds, NDs) are gradually evolving into promising for various applications. In this contribution, Yu et al [44] developed hydrogels based on carbon dots are both highly elastic and electrically conductive, paving the way for high-performance tactile sensors and battery-free electronic skin. Wang et al [45] developed a fluorescence quenching mechanism investigation of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon nanodots towards bovine hemoglobin. In the realm of carbon nanomaterials, carbon nano-onions (CNOs) are on the rise due to their distinct microstructure and electronic properties. Yang et al [46] reported nanodiamond-derived carbon nano-onions' electrochemical sensing performance compared to that of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, graphite nanoflakes, and glassy carbon. As reported by Bartelmess et al [47], carbon nano-onions modulate efficacious DIIODO-BODIPY in vitro phototoxicity to cancer cells.

Wearable sensing applications
3.1. Athletes' physiology monitoring High-sensitivity pressure detectors that are flexible, biocompatible, and flexible have drawn a lot of research interest in the domains of wearable electronics and smart skin in the modern day [49]. The sensor's high performance demonstrated its usefulness in a variety of situations, including the real-time monitoring of human physiological signals for medical diagnostics [50]. In their study, Sharma et al used MXene (Ti 3 C 2 Tx)/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDFTrFE) composite nanofibrous scaffolds to easily fabricate a highly sensitive and reliable capacitive pressure sensor for ultralow-pressure measurement (CNF) [50]. As can be seen in figure 3(a), the CNS-based sensor displays impressive ability in detecting the physical signals obtained from the human wrist. The inset shows that medical tape was used to conformally connect the flexible sensor to the wrist of a 30-year-old volunteer who was in good health [51].
Spotting the cardiac rhythm with such precision and sensitivity demonstrates the sensor's potential as a transportable clinical diagnostic tool for identifying cardiovascular problems by detecting heart rhythm and rate [51]. According to figure 3(b), the Dwave, Twave, and Pwave peaks of pulse waveforms relate to diastolic, tidal, and percussive response, respectively, which depicts an enlarged representation of the pulse signal's waveform [50,51]. These three crucial peaks can be examined to detect a person's vascular stiffness and heart rhythm anomalies. Figure 3(c) shows how the CNS-based sensor can precisely distinguish between a person's before and after-exercise breathing. The sensor is connected to a mask to track a volunteer's respiratory rate (breathing), as seen in the inset (30years-old, healthy volunteer) [51]. With the average rate of breathing, 24 cycles occur per minute; at the high rate of breathing, 48 cycles occur per minute. Asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, sleep apnea, and other respiratory illnesses may all be detected and treated early if a person can recognize and monitor any changes in their breathing. This is made possible by sensors made from CNS which can potentially provide human respiration detection proficiently and with high reliability. To further advance early Parkinson's disease detection with presenting symptoms like resting tremors or pill-rolling tremors, tapping on the CNS-based sensor at a suitable frequency may allow the sensor to monitor low-frequency changes (figure 3(d) and its insets) (figure 3(d) and its insets) [51]. The identification of the existence of the tremor is essential for earlier detection of Parkinson's disease since individuals with the early stages of the condition have an imperceptible resting hand tremor that typically occurs at a frequency of 4-6 Hz. Similarly, these sensors may be a contender for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, as shown in figure 3(e), (a) magnified image showing a 4.8 Hz tremor figure tapping on a sensor [51]. In addition, the sensor can be utilized as a real device that allows individuals who have a broad spectrum of impairments to converse by generating a series of being on indications like (international Morse code) via finger pressing, according to figure 3(f). In Morse code, a series of tiny signals (called dots) is followed by a series of large marks (dashes) to represent each individual English letter [51]. The two types (short, and long) of taps on the sensor are represented by dots and dashes, respectively, and are often made with a length of one dot, while inter-letter gaps are typically maintained with a length of three dots. This sensor can be used as a detecting tool by people who are unable to make voluntary movements (Todd's paralysis, tetraplegia, Brown-Sequard syndrome, etc) or who are paralyzed to get reactions or convey their feelings and emotions through tapping on the sensor in the style of Morse code. Figure 3(g) shows that a conformal connection was made between the CNS-based sensor and a ventral arm muscle such that it could monitor muscular contraction during the cyclical opening and closing of a fist [51].
In order to make an early diagnosis of musculoskeletal disorders, which are mostly brought on by aging, monitoring muscle activity is crucial. Approximately 6.7% of deaths in the senior population worldwide were attributed to musculoskeletal conditions in 2010, according to a survey [52]. At any point throughout a therapeutic procedure, the CNS-based sensor may be utilized to monitor muscle activity in elderly and disabled patients, providing valuable insight into their progress toward recovery. To further help in early diagnosis or progress reports, the CNS-based sensor provides an appropriate platform for regularly monitoring parameters associated with the musculoskeletal system by comparing signal peaks acquired a few days ago with the present instant. Figure 3(g) shows that when the ventral arm muscle contracts, the opposite direction of change in capacitance (negative C/C0) increases dramatically. Figure 3(h) demonstrates the superior ability of the CNSbased sensor in recognizing the vibration of ocular muscles caused by eye twitching. In the inset, we see the sensor that was placed on the eye of a volunteer. Because of the relative subtlety of the vibration, the variation in capacitance is lower than that of other large deformations. Continuous monitoring of the subject's eyelid spasms may aid in the early identification and diagnosis of a variety of dangerous conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis [53,54]. The sensor has impressive voice recognition capabilities and has the potential to be employed as a human-machine interface in the future. As seen in the inset of figure 3(i), the sensor was affixed to the throat's superficial dermal layer. As shown in figure 3(i), the sensor's output results in diverse patterns for the pronunciation of various phrases, such as 'congratulations,' 'MXene,' and 'Namaste' [52]. The sensor can detect tiny vibrational changes in the throat's epidermis layer, which results in distinctive signal patterns based on various phonation intensities. To ensure the perfect repeatability of the voice recognition sensor, each word was tested twice [50].

Athletes' wearable sports types of equipment
Caron-based nanocomposites have also been extensively exploited for their use in wearable electronic devices. Modern electrochemical sensors owe unique characteristics and are being used to detect a variety of elements on an everyday basis [54]. Electrochemical sensors are preferred due to the facile manufacturing approach, good precision, and quick response. Electrodes are critical components in the design of wearable sensors, particularly when using the electrochemical technique [54]. However, the working efficiency of the wearable biochemical sensor is needed to be optimized by using highly efficient functional materials to improve the performance of sensors [51]. Target analytes can be detected by wearable electrochemical sensors in various body fluids, such as saliva, tears, sweat, and skin interstitial fluid. Researchers have recently focused on the development of wearable chemical sensors capable of conveniently monitoring these biofluids [53,54]. Comparative to others, sweat has been recognized as the most effective biofluid for non-invasive chemo-sensing since it offers a great deal of data to precisely monitor the health of a person [53,54]. Metabolites (urea, lactate, and glucose,) electrolytes, proteins, and nucleotides are only some of the biomarkers that may be found in perspiration (i.e., sodium, chlorine, and potassium, among others). Many sweat glands piled up throughout the skin make it a rich resource for detecting chemicals [53,54]. Hence, several chemical and biological properties may be extracted from sweat utilizing wearable electrochemical devices in healthcare applications to enable detection and diagnosis. By combining MXene/methylene blue (Ti 3 C 2 T x /MB) as active components on the flexible all-paper substrate to interoperate the sweat information using a simple printing process, Li et al claimed the invention of a highly integrated sweet sense paper (HIS paper) (figures 4(a)-(e)) [52].
The smart headband with an integrated biosensor was developed to read the device's output. In order to create the HIS paper's 3D structure, several functioning components were printed on the paper substrate and then folded into a series of layers [53,54]. It is possible for sweat to move perpendicularly through the substrate surface by increasing the hydrophilic surface vertically, one layer at a time, guided by capillary force. Electrolyte accessibility and enzyme fixation are both improved by the three-independent electrode's three-dimensional (3D) location. At a LOD of 17.05 μM (S/N = 3), linear correlations were observed for glucose throughout a concentration range of 0.08-1.25 mM. The sensor response was linear throughout a concentration range of 0.3-20.3 mM lactate (LOD = 3.73 μM) [54]. The sensor, which is part of wearable bioelectronics, is a sustainable and financially viable approach for monitoring biochemical systems. Methylene blue (MB) has a synergistic impact on Ti 3 C 2 T x , causing charge migration and electrochemical performance to be enhanced during sweat examination [54].
In order to alleviate discomfort due to perspiration at the interface of the human body where the sensing device is attached, a novel three-dimensional integrated prototype encourages the direct skin's sweat permeation for analysis. Using PEDOT: PSS (poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate)) hydrogels, Xu et al showed the formation of an electrochemical sensor that is dependent on flexible microfluidics and can detect uric acid (UA) (figures 4(f)-(g)) [53]. When scanning a concentration range of 2.0-250 M, the sensor's sensitivity was found to be specifically high @ 0.875 μA μM −1 cm −2 and its LOD was found to be low at 1.2 μM(S/N = 3). Researchers examined sweat samples taken from humans before and after they had a high-purine meal. In addition, the sensor verified the authenticity of long-term UA samples collected from actual perspiration. It showed promising potential as a wearable platform with on-body applications [54]. Because of its outstanding electrical conduction, flexibility, and lightweight, graphene has lately been investigated as a possible contender to construct flexible wearable gadgets and electronics. According to a study published in Science Advances, Zhang et al developed a face double-side screen-printing approach to paint cotton textiles with high-conductive graphene inkWPU/G-ink/CF, which they then used to create a strain sensor [54]. Low-voltage activating electro-thermal reaction, ease of embedding on the body, and good therapeutic efficacy all contribute to the WPU/G-ink/broad CF's applicability in wearable devices Figure 5(a) shows a general comprehension of the heating site. The heater was tied over multiple locations, including the multiple joints of the elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, and belly. Figures 5(b)-(e) illustrates the comparative analysis of the thermal distribution without and with the applicability of direct current (DC) voltage using an infrared camera upon placing the WPU/G-ink/CFs on the skin. As obvious, the wearable heaters show an IR temperature of 27. 3, 29.9, 26.8, and 29.3°C correspond to the knee joint, finger joints, elbow joints, and wrist joints, respectively. The temperature of the heaters upon application of a 3V direct current (DC) voltage was 52.9, 52.6, 53.4, and 52.8°C for the joints of the finger, wrist, elbow, and knee, respectively. Furthermore, during the movement, the heater maintained a rather consistent temperature within the range of 52.5 ± 0.5°C while moving the body parts. Figure 5(f) depicts the maximum temperature of the gastric heater at 3 V working voltage, which is 52°C [55]. It is effective in treating dysmenorrhea in women of reproductive age. This illustration demonstrates that the heaters may be run on a low voltage, making them ideal for usage as body warmers that can be worn.

Integration of IGT devices in sports equipment
The implication of laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained tremendous attention as a facile technique to fabricate carbon-based wearable sensing, actuation, and energy storage devices for sports goods [56][57][58]. Sensing devices while playing volleyball i.e., hitting, receiving, blocking, and position detection are critical to providing the members with more strategic training which paves the path for modern volleyball. According to Raza et al, an infomercial polyimide (PI) film has been intertwined within an elastic cotton sports fabric with the fabric glue to create wearable strain and stress sensors utilizing laser-induced graphene (LIG) [58]. The prepared sensor was placed on several important components of the volleyball athletic apparel, fingers to inform if a foul was committed whenever the ball touched them; knee strap for stance sensing; arm strapping for positive reception; wrist straps for determining the efficacy of the surges; and so forth. As seen in figure 6(a), the knee braces' IGT sensor exhibits were custom-made. The stretch sensing system delivers rates of relative resistance fluctuation with various knee bending degrees when the knee is flexed at a specific angle during training. According to figure 6(b), knee flexion rises from 30°to 120°(at 120°, 70% deformation is detected by the measuring device). This serves as an example of how the designed IGT strain sensing system for player location monitoring may be used successfully. As shown in figure 6(c), the wrist brace is equipped with a custom-built IGT sensing element for active monitoring of wrist flexion during spiking. A quick prong can end the retort from the opposing side, and wrist bending can properly measure the proportionate change in resistance. As seen in figure 6(d), resistance hardly shifts at all in the beginning whereas the force of hitting the ball is thought to be less during ball spiking. As a consequence, there is a decisive correlation between the amount of wrist bending and the resulting spike force. Phase 2 of the strike involves greater comparative changes in resistance and a faster response time. In the third stage, it is easier to see the shift in relative resistance. This shows that having good and precise spikes during training may also benefit athletes and coaches. These sensory monitoring results point to a detailed investigation of the dynamic relationship between force and amplitude of human spatial motion. As a result, electronic textiles may be perceptively incorporated into volleyball clothing, which has significant implications for sports science research [59].
IGT pressure sensors are affixed to the finger caps and arm straps of volleyball players purpose of providing actual quantification of the centralized stress even before having received and stopped the ball. Using the arms and hand fingers as two illustrative bodily components, sophisticated monitoring, and analysis were conducted. As soon as a player touches the ball, the IGT continuously records every aspect of the influence motion and succeeding bounce back using a resistive sensor array, starting from the instant the ball contacts the arms in various places. During ball reception, the repeated loading and resistive response trend, and sensor response effect are all visible. As seen in figure 6(e), an eye-catching integrated IGT pressure sensor display was built and stitched into arm braces. Whenever the player hits rapidly from both arms, the IGT sensing element will deliver the audible outcome resistive-based signals from stress wearable sensors through multi-channel output resistive signal measuring device. The sensor response peak sizes increase when the ball impacts quicker on both arms, as seen in figure 6(f). In another instance, the sensor response curves are flatter when the ball strikes slowly on both arms. Real-time evaluation of the ball reception speed and efficacy is possible with signal processing, and software is also able to produce statistical and analytical results. The accompanying output signals from each channel show how the created IGT pressure sensor system can be used to detect motion and realistically distribute data. Sometimes the umpires would perhaps find it challenging to assess whether the ball was committed a foul during the block. Therefore, the IGT pressure sensor is fastened to the fingers and subjected to external intrusion whilst also obstructing the ball. Figures 6(g)-(h) shows a complete finger-touching chart with each finger-touching ball signal illustrated and explained in depth. In scenario 01, the ball established contact with all three fingers (thumb, index, and middle) while in scenario 02, it only formed contact with two fingers (ring finger and little finger). The sensor may help players as well as coaches keep signal strength high.

Application of carbon-woven composite materials
Woven composites have been widely used in military, defense, sports, aircraft, spacecraft, and industrial industries Factory and many other fields. The application of composite materials is extensive, and its development progress and the speed and scale of process manufacturing It has become an important symbol to measure the advanced level of national science and technology [60][61][62].

Carbon woven-inspired sportswear
Carbon-woven-inspired materials are very emergent, especially for fishing rods, golf rods, all-carbon badminton rackets, tennis rackets, treadmills, Sports and fitness equipment such as bows and arrows, snowboards, ice hockey sticks, rowing, bicycles, etc [60,62]. It is worth mentioning that the amount of carbon fiber used to manufacture sports and entertainment equipment accounts for about 35% of the world's total carbon fiber use. Woven-class structure composite materials have pushed sports and sports equipment to a new level due to their lightweight and stable performance of times [63]. Carbon-woven-inspired sports goods such as football, shoes, shirts, and gloves are demonstrated in figures 7(a)-(d).

Overview of the development of the foreign carbon fiber industry
At present, PAN-based carbon fiber is the world's carbon fiber today the mainstream of dimensional development accounts for more than 90% of the world carbon fiber market. International production of PANbased carbon fiber, from the 20th century to 60 years generation started, after the stability of the 70 s ∼ and 80 s, and the rapid development of the 90 s. By the beginning of the 21st century, its production process technology has matured. Initially, carbon fiber is mainly used in the military industry and aerospace, but after more than 40 years of development, its application areas are expanding to the industrial field and the general civilian field. Now it has developed into two major carbon fibers: large tow carbon fiber and small tow carbon fiber class. Research on the production of carbon fiber from polyacrylonitrile in China started in 1962, it was not too late, but it did not achieve substance for a long time progress. The reasons for the rapid development of large tow carbon fiber may be as follows:

Carbon black
As another all-purpose carbon-based conductor, carbon black (CB) has recently obtained several benefits in the manufacturing of e-textiles [27]. CB has found widespread usage in wearable sensors because of its high energy conductivity, affordable costs, broad manufacturing potentials, increased chemical and thermal resistance, stretchability, and simple chemical operation [63]. CBs may be made from a wide variety of materials, including pure graphite, dry wood, sawdust, coconut shell, seashell high-density polyethylene, and benzene [27]. In order to increase specific capacitance and electrochemical stability, metal nanoparticles might be utilized to physically separate the carbon sheets in the electrode while simultaneously serving as a conducting route for charge transfer [27]. The study authors concluded that screen printing is superior to dip coating when it comes to CB [64]. CB is simpler to synthesise and has a higher load density per unit volume than other battery types, in addition to the advantages of electrochemical processing [27].

Carbon fiber material
Carbon fiber is mainly available in four product forms that are fiber, cloth, prepreg billets, and chopped fibers. Cloth refers to fabrics made of carbon fiber prepreg blank is a carbon fiber arranged in a consistent direction and will carbon fiber or cloth is soaked in resin to transform it into flakes, chopped fiber dimension refers to the short filament.
Carbon fiber materials (CFs) may be used to construct pressure-sensitive capacitive sensor arrays, where the resolution is set by the strand spacing [65]. Carbonizing acrylic fiber at high temperatures produces an extremely strong but lightweight synthetic fabric [65]. Furthermore, CF could be made by dispersing liquid crystals. [34]. So far, the most popular CFs to be employed in supercapacitors are mostly made from polypyrrole and polyaniline (PANI) [64]. Liquid crystal dispersion is employed in the production of cf [66]. For fast ion mobility and excellent conductivity, this mixture of microspores and mesopores is ideal. Carbon fibers (CFs) are thin, very resilient strands of material, whereas carbon crystals (CCs) are honeycomb-shaped molecules composed of long chain-like molecules of pure carbon [63]. Because of its great electrical conductivity, it may function as a supercapacitor. Supercapacitors with a diameter of 1-2 mm may be successfully made from CFs with a diameter of 0.25 mm using combination treatments of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)/H3PO4 polymers. As PANI has been shown to have desirable properties for use in supercapacitors (high conductivity, high electroactivity, and high specific capacitance) and is also rather stable, it has been the subject of much research in this area. By suspending aniline and graphene in an acidic solution, in situ polymerization occurs, resulting in nanocomposites of the two materials. Using PANI and graphene oxide (CO), Zhang et al created a nanocomposite for electrochemical study [65]. Different CO concentrations were found to produce a distinctive CO/PANI nanocomposite morphology, which in turn altered the supercapacitance electrode's properties. Adding more carbon monoxide reduces the nanocomposite's specific capacitance. It can also be affirmed from the fact that pure PANI nanofibers had a specific capacitance of 420Fg −1 . Fiber-reinforced composites have found a number of uses in athletic gear (table 1).

Market demand
Before the nineties, aerospace needed high-performance small tow carbon fiber, which can be used to reduce weight even at a high price Fruit to solve. But after the nineties, the aerospace industry comes, and it is said that the high price of carbon fiber limits its application and needs to be developed at a lower price Large K-bundle carbon fiber. At the same time, the performance of carbon fiber also possible to meet the needs of the aerospace industry, the performance and price ratio occupy a certain position advantage.

Physical properties of carbon fiber
Carbon fiber is an excellent performing mass-produced high-performance fiber in terms of specific strength and maximum specific modulus of fibers, notably at 2000°C, attributed to its superior mechanical qualities and chemical resistance. Unlike other key structural materials, carbon compounds retain their strength even when exposed to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen and nitrogen (metals and their alloys). Carbon fiber is highly desirable due to a wide range of other properties, such as its low density, high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, friction resistance, fatigue resistance, attenuation against vibration and decay, high electrical and thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, high x-ray penetration, non-magnetic nature while providing electromagnetic shielding, etc.

Comparison of carbon fiber reinforced composite properties
Carbon fiber-reinforced composites mainly include carbon fiber-reinforced ceramics porcelain matrix composites, C/C composites, carbon fiber-reinforced metal bases composite materials, carbon fiber-reinforced resin matrix composites, etc.

Carbon fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite
Reinforced ceramics with carbon fiber can effectively improve toughness and change pottery porcelain brittle fracture morphology while preventing cracks in the ceramic matrix Spread and expanding rapidly. At present, carbon fiber is relatively mature at home, and abroad reinforced ceramic material is carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide material, in aviation applications.

C/C composites
It is made of carbon fiber or fabric, woven, and other reinforced carbon-based composites Material composition is mainly composed of various types of carbon, namely fiber carbon, resin carbon, and sedimentary carbon. In addition to high strength, high rigidity, and dimensional stability, this material has high strength In addition to the characteristics of fixed, oxidation resistance, and wear resistance, it also has a high fracture toughness and pseudoelasticity. In high-temperature environments, high strength, non-melting and non-combustible, widely used in missile warheads, solid rocket motor nozzles and fly machine brake discs, and other fields. Carbon fiber is a conventional high-tech technological product with many desirable properties, including high tensile strength, high stiffness, resistance to high temperatures, resistance to corrosion, endurance, electrical conductivity, heat transfer, and more. The aerospace, sports goods, industrial, transportation transmission, civil engineering, and construction industries all make extensive use of ACM, for which it is primarily utilized in preparation.

Summary and Outlook
In summary, we tried our best to report the latest trends in carbon-based nanocomposites and these carbon nanomaterials play a significant role in sports equipment especially wearable multifunctional sports goods, and racquets. A detailed discussion regarding the role of the economic environment in the growth of sports is also impacted by the products is also included. The impact of visual sensor-based sports wearable detection equipment on the sports sector such as athletes' psychology monitoring has been thoroughly discussed. The invention of carbon nanocomposites inspired sports equipment and their selection strategies, robustness, flexibility, etc for upcoming applications, which are anticipated to increase in the upcoming years. In light of the succinct study, a few challenges for researchers in the choice of materials for sporting goods are suggested.

Sports and leisure goods
The demand for carbon fiber in the field of stationery and sports products has an average annual growth rate of 48%, carbon fiber used in sports and leisure goods is more than 5000 t, accounting for around 25% of the world's total carbon fiber consumption. Sporting goods use the absolute amount of carbon fiber is still increasing, according to U.S. sporting goods manufacturing, the latest statistics of the chamber of commerce on the sale of sporting goods equipment in the US market sold in 2010 totaled about $50 billion, not including shoes, motor vehicles, and weight equipment. With extensive use of carbon fiber composites, the products are golf tanks, rackets, sleds, snowboards, hockey Sticks, fishing rods, and bikes. Sporting goods use carbon fiber the number is still increasing, and the annual growth is expected to average over the next few years 4. 3%, it is expected that the use of water in the future may exceed that of the recording industry flat. It is estimated that the annual production of golf clubs worldwide is 3400 Wanfu, mainly produced in the United States, China, Japan, and Taiwan Province of China; while the production of ball carbon fiber fishing rods is about 20 million payments per year; tennis racket frame the market capacity of the rack is about 6 million payments per year. carbon fiber in other body applications also includes ice hockey sticks, rowing, rowing, surfers machinery, etc bicycles are a must for people's daily lives. For now, full among the ball bikes, premium bikes, and special purpose mountain bikes account for the approximate area of 5%, processing bicycles, short production cycle, and low manufacturing cost. According to the relevant Statistics and forecasts of carbon fiber in the field of bicycles worldwide by 2017, The demand is estimated to be 3886 t [4]. In recent years, with the development of science and technology, China's demand for carbon fiber is growing, sporting goods rank first in the carbon fiber consumption structure, of which sports equipment is the largest, accounting for about 80% ∼ of the total consumption of 90%. This is followed by a small number of military products (missiles and rockets) in general industry etc), and aerospace ranked third.

Carbon nanocomposites in racquets
Some experts predict that by 2013, global sporting goods will be available every year At least 8 kt of carbon fiber will be consumed [2]. According to incomplete statistics, the current full ball produces about 50 million golf clubs per year, fishing. The production of rods is about 24 million per year, and the production of tennis rackets is per year About 6 million a year, carbon fiber is used as a reinforcement material. The reason for this is that the special properties of carbon fiber allow manufacturers to control it. The mechanical and dynamic properties of the product, which are other materials such as metals. What is expected to be unattainable? Such as reinforced composite materials made of carbon fiber material, their specific strength, specific modulus, and other comprehensive indicators in existing materials are paramount. To meet the requirements of lightweight and high rigidity, traditional sporting goods are mostly made from wood and its composites, but carbon fiberreinforced composites (CFRP) have better mechanical properties than wood. Therefore, it is widely shipped in sporting goods yes, especially in the following applications, as schematically illustrated in figures 8(a)-(c). Properties of different sports equipment and their current status like the material used are illustrated in table 2.
Tennis racquets made of CFRP are light and strong, rigid and strained Small, which can reduce the deviation of the ball when it is in contact with the racket; meantime CFRP has good damping properties, which can extend the contact time of the ball and make the tennis ball obtain a large acceleration. For example, the contact time of a wooden racket is 4.33 ms, 4.09 ms for steel rackets and CFRP rackets is 4.66 ms, and the corresponding initial velocity of the ball is 1.38 km h −1 , respectively. 149.6 km h −1 and 157.4 km h -1 .
Badminton racquets made of CFRP are lightweight and rigid and avoided the broken handle phenomenon caused by the lack of rigidity of wood products, at the same time It also has the same advantages as the aforementioned tennis racket.
Racing Tubes made of carbon fiber filament composites can be used to build a frame for a race car or universal bicycle, which is characterized by its low weight, It can reduce the weight of the bike by about 50% compared to the steel frame so that the total weight of the bicycle is reduced 15% lighter.
Skis CFRP makes skis that are characterized by their rigidity and durability rub, lightweight (generally around 150 g), in turns, slopes, and in cross-country races, the soles of the feet are less forced.

Functional fabrics for kinesiology
The wide application of new fiber materials in the development of sporting goods, to a large extent, is closely related to the design and processing of the final product. A series of kinematic functions have been successfully developed based on the characteristics of the new fiber energy fabrics that can meet a variety of different properties in sports requirements, showing a broad front for the development of various sporting goods view [5].
Toray's entrant is waterproof and breathable with PU resin coating fabric, which can remove excess moisture from the inner surface of the fabric, presently Annual production in Japan reaches 1.3 million m. Toray's other non-coated is high. The density fabric 'HZOFF' is made of polyester ultra-fine air-intertwined yarn The special fabric made has a structure with a high degree of moisture permeability. Toray's recently developed entrant G-II consists of double layers of varying densities PU honeycomb membrane with a humidity transmission of 8 000 g/(m 2 24 h). The size of the barrier raindrops ranges from 100∼500 μm (from drizzle to pour Heavy rain). The newly developed 'Dermizax' is a non-porous PU resin coated on polyester woven fabric, and the moisture permeability can reach 5500 g/(m 2 24 h). In addition, the use of porous resins allows the fabric to drain moisture at high temperatures gas, which has a warm effect at low temperatures while maintaining moderate moisture in the fabric.

Acknowledgments
The author is grateful for support from the Hunan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Adamson University.

Data availability statement
All data that support the findings of this study are included within the article (and any supplementary files).

Conflict of interest
The author declare that there is no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Equipments
Material Properties The skis CFRP PU, PVC, Aluminium, metal, and fiber composites Lightweight (generally around 150 g) The bicycle Carbon fiber tube and aluminum alloy, Carbon fiber reinforced composite material Light in weight and strength, stiffness is higher than chrome molybdenum steel frame Golf clubs CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced composite material), Carbon fiber composite material Small density, high strength, high elasticity, impact resistance Tennis racket Carbon fiber composite materials Absorb shock absorption performance is good, and design freedom Racing Tubes Carbon fiber filament composites Reduce the weight