Preface

The 10th International Conference Of The Military Technical College Abstracts of Scientific Papers, The 10th International Conference On Chemical and Environmental Engineering 7 - 9 July, 2020 PREFACE The military Technical College is honored to organize the 10th International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ICEE) in the period 7-9 July, 2020 sponsored by the Egyptian Ministry of Defense. The conference provides a valuable opportunity to exchange, update the knowledge and stimulate discussions on recent developments and research activities. List of Conference Committees, Contributors, Reviewers, Scientific Sessions are available in this pdf.


Abstract
Production of high-quality Muti-Walled Carbon Nano-Tubes (MWCNTs) is essential for achieving desired fields, especially in medical and mechanical applications. This work illustrates the synthesis of high quality (MWCNTs) by Injection Chemical Vapour Deposition (Inj-CVD) method using the optimum concentration of Ferrocene dissolved in Toluene solution as a carbon precursor. The effect of pyrolysis temperature, which has a pivot impact on the synthesis process, was investigated. The structure defects, impurities, yield, and sample morphology, as well as the mean diameters of the MWCNTs, were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. The results revealed that the change of quality, mean diameter and purity were observed when the pyrolysis temperature increase between 700°C to 850°C. High-quality carbon Nanomaterial was observed by Raman spectroscopy at a pyrolysis temperature of 700°C. While the Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to confirm that this product is MWCNTs with 24±5nm, 7.8±1.5nm outer and inner diameter, respectively. The Inj-CVD achieves excellent control of the carbon to catalyst ratio.

Keywords:
High-quality Carbon Nano-tubs, Effect of temperature on CNTs and Characterization of CNTs

Abstract
In this work hard magnetic glass ceramics has been fabricated using Egyptian Bahariya oasis ore; which contains not less than 51% of its weight as pure iron. High energy planetary ball mill was used to convert the prepared magnetic sample into nanoparticles. Different mechanical milling times were applied to study its effect on the properties of the produced magnetic glass ceramic. SEM, TEM, XRF, DTA, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and VSM analysis techniques were performed to characterize the prepared glass ceramic samples before and after exposing to mechanical milling process. XRD revealed crystallization of barium hexa-ferrite as major phase with average crystallite size ~26 nm. Saturation magnetization Ms depicted 21.2 emu/g after 5 hours milling. The produces nanoparticles after 5 hours milling showed a good performance in removal of pollutants like methylene blue and Congo red from water by adsorption.

Keywords:
Magnetic glass ceramics;

Abstract
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with different percentage of nano tungsten powder (0wt%, 30 wt%, 45 wt%, 60 wt%, and 70 wt%) composites(EVA/W nanocomposites)were prepared by melt blending in a twin-screw brabender. The structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared nano-composites were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the EVA composites show a higher thermal stability at high levels of tungsten loading.

Keywords:
EVA, Nano tungsten powder, higher thermal stability

Abstract
Industrialization has led to a severe deterioration in water quality. Textile industry is considered a huge consumer of water in Egypt, the result is generating large amounts of dye-containing wastewater that is essential to be treated before the final disposal. However, searching for an efficient treatment is an important aspect for a sustainable environment. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been emerged as efficient techniques for industrial wastewater remediation. Among the AOPs, Fenton based reactions is considered a promising process for its simplicity in application and costefficient with high process efficiency. In this study, heterogeneous Fenton reaction using magnetite nanoparticles induced by ultraviolet radiation (UV) was applied as a green technology pathway for textile dying wastewater oxidation. Nanostructured magnetite was successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method that is used as the precursor of the Fenton's reaction process. The heterogeneous iron (Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ) supported catalyst with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used as a coupled Fenton and Fenton-like oxidation system for methylene blue dye removal in aqueous media. The obtained results investigated that the dye oxidation rate increases with decreasing pH to 3.0. However, increasing H2O2 and magnetite nanoparticles catalyst results in an increase the dye oxidation rate and the optimum operating values were 80 and 1600 mg/L for Fe3O4 and H2O2, respectively. By optimizing the amount of reactants and process conditions, the results revealed that magnetite was considered an efficient Fenton-based catalyst for dye oxidation that is reached to 94% within 3 hr of oxidation time. Finally, magnetite catalyst could be easily recovered by magnetic separation to confirm the process sustainability.

Abstract
Poly-butadiene is the most common polymeric binder for composite solid propellants. This polymer suffers from oxidative degradation reactions on storing with deterioration in mechanical properties. Certain anti-oxidant materials can retard such reaction offering enhanced aging characteristics. In this study, two different primary antioxidants including phenol-based (AO2246) and amine-based (Flexzone 6H) were employed to stabilize polybutadiene polymer. Oxidation induction time (OIT) was evaluated using isothermal DSC. High OIT value means high resistance to oxidative degradation. The impact of anti-oxidant on mechanical properties was evaluated using shore A. Flexzone 6H significantly improved binder oxidative stability with an increase in OIT value by 20 folds with significant decrease in oxidation enthalpy. Flexzone 6H can offer enhanced resistance toward oxidative reactions; as it can act as efficient H atom donor to break down chain degradation reaction. Additionally, the three stabilized aromatic rings can capture free radicals. AO2246 enhanced the binder mechanical characteristics during aging at 80 0C using Shore A test. In the meantime, AO2246 could enhance the mechanical properties due to its integration into the polymeric matrix due to -OH functional groups. The two anti-oxidants demonstrated controversy effects. Whereas Flexzone 6H offered enhanced resistance to oxidative degradation; AO2246 offered enhanced mechanical properties.

Abstract
The behaviour of shock wave inside a shaped charge is so important that the detonation wave nature characterizes (determines) the degree of jet coherency at the liner interface. The detonation wave shape inside the shaped charge depends on the casing thickness, material, the liner material, geometry and the applied wave shaper geometry. In this paper, a series of numerical simulation models were performed to study the incident and reflected waves and to characterize the resulting shock wave front to evaluate its effect on the produced (generated) jet characteristics. The used code was Autodyn 3D based on non-linear dynamic analysis with jetting analysis model. Inert wave shapers (Lead, Aluminum and steel) and active ones (TNT and PETN) behaviour were studied. The liner type used in this study was copper with in which the apex angle of the liner cone was 40o. It was concluded that the wave front shape has an obvious influence on the characteristics of the jet formation and its properties such as mass of jet and velocities of its tip. Also, the bulk sound speed of the liner itself in addition to the collapse characteristics of the liner was discussed in this paper successfully.

Abstract
The destructive parameters of underwater explosives (i.e. shock wave energy, maximum pressure, and bubble radius) are limited to explosion heat; that is comparatively low. One approach for enhanced heat output can be accomplished by integrating reactive metal particles (i. e. Aluminium). However conventional aluminium particles (μm size) would contribute only with combustion gaseous products behind detonation wave front. Underwater, there is no oxygen for such contribution to take place. Furthermore, conventional Al particles could decrease the detonation velocity. So far, full exploitation of aluminium particles in underwater explosions couldn't be achieved. Aluminium nanoparticles would combust more efficiently within detonation wave front, offering smaller critical diameter, high reaction rate, and high heat release rate. Consequently, Al nanoparticles could be ideal high energy density material for underwater explosion. Ship model with positive metacentric height, GMT =4.7 cm for ship transverse stability, and GML = 19.3 for ship longitudinal stability was designed. Ship model offers large angle stability (heeling angles= 0-70 deg.). 2 g of explosive charge was detonated underneath the developed naval structure. Upon explosion, the acceleration of the naval structure was measured using shock accelerometer VC tri-axial, high frequency, 5000 ground acceleration, Dytran, Inc. While, Al particles (10 μm) offered an increase in mono-hull acceleration by 16 % compared to TNT; Al nanoparticles offered an acceleration increase by 49 %. This novel finding can be ascribed to the efficient combustion of Al nanoparticles within detonation wave front offering ideal detonation reaction with enhanced destructive effect.

Abstract
Even though, reactive metal particles can boost the energy density with an increase in total impulse of explosive materials. Such particles will react behind the detonation wave front with decrease in detonation velocity and brisance (destructive effect). This study reports on the effective development of aluminium nanoparticles of 100 nm particle size. Al nanoparticles offered superior performance compared micron scale particles. Whereas conventional Al particles (10 μm) offered increase shock wave strength of TNT by 17 %, nanoparticles offered an increase in shock wave strength by 48 %. While micron-Al decreased the destructive effect of TNT by -6.5 %; Al nanoparticles offered an increase in destructive effect by 21 %. The main outcome of this study is that Al nanoparticles offered an enhanced detonation velocity 6330 m/s compared with 5650 m/s for TNT It can be concluded that while conventional Al particles could act as desensitizer; Al nanoparticles could act as sensitizer and could combust more effectively within detonation wave front. Additionally Al nanoparticles offered decrease in TNT critical diameter from 40 mm to 20 mm. This study reports on the real development of metalized nanocomposite explosives with superior performance (combustion/detonation).

Rain Transmission Losses Assessment in Arid Environment, Egypt: Numerical and Experimental Study
Adel Bakheet 1 , Ahmed Sefelnasr 2

Synthesis and characterization of zinc-imidazolate coordination polymer and its use for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation
Mostafa Mohsen 1, 2 , Ibrahim Naeem 1 , Mohamed I. Awaad 1 and Ahmad Baraka 1

Abstract
In water-scarce regions, Transmission Losses Assessment from rainfall is required for the estimation of groundwater recharge. This Study is an attempt to assess Transmission Losses and the infiltration rate at Wadi El-Assiuti, Egypt, field infiltration experiments were conducted to measure the infiltration and porosity at the target area, such as using a double-ring infiltrometer. Quantifying the soil infiltration capacity is very important for determining components of the hydrological modeling, irrigation design and many other natural or man-made processes Steady state infiltration rates have been determined in selected sites of Wadi El-Assiuti. Accurate determination of infiltration rates is essential for reliable prediction of surface runoff and groundwater recharge. Double ring infiltrometer was used to measure infiltration rate at selected sites. An important part of the study was the accurate and consistent measurement of infiltration rates. .The infiltration rate was calculated according to the installation and operating instruction for the double ring in ASTM 2003. Final infiltration rates were 18 cm h -1 , for the first observation site, 24.2 cm h -1 for the second site and 59 cm h -1 for the third site. The analysis indicated that the soil for the three selected areas is sandy soil. Infiltration rates were taken at 0 to70 minutes of 10 minutes intervals. The infiltration rate at the third site is high compared to the other two selected sites. After performing the experiments, soil samples have been gathered and analyzed in the laboratory for porosity analysis. The results of this study can therefore be applied in the prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity of the surface layers and groundwater recharge, and in developing or selecting the most efficient irrigation methods. The results from this work have been also involved in a numerical hydrological model to estimate the Transmission Losses form rainfall at Wadi El-Assiuti using Hydro-BEAM.

Abstract
In this study, the sorption behavior of synthetic (Analcime) zeolites with respect to nitrate ions has been studied in order to consider its application to purity ground water. Analcime or also can be called analcite (from the Greek, means "weak") is a kind of grey, white or colorless tectosilicates minerals. It is hydrated sodium aluminum silicates which exist in cubic form in crystalline. Analcime was successively synthesized from kaolinite as a raw material using the fusion with NaOH method. The conditions of hydrothermal crystallization (zeolitizatioQ ZHUH IRXQG WR EH DW WHPSHUDWXUH RI &Û and time span between 36 h and 72 h for kaoline with the molar composition of 6Na2O: 0.75Al2O3:30SiO2. 780H2O.The synthetic materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermo gravimetric (DTA/TGA) analysis. The results indicate that the crystallization of analcime not affected by the hydrothermal reaction time. Also analcime was tested as adsorbents for the removal of nitrate ions from the ground water samples from Wadi El-Assiuti -Egypt .The adsorption capacities of nitrate ions by analcime, as a function of its concentration, were determined at room temperature by varying analcime concentration for each water samples. During the process, all the other parameters (pH and contact time) were kept constant with respect to the initial concentration of nitrate ions in the water samples. It was found analcime has good removal efficiency obtained at pH 6-7.6, adsorbent dosage 10-12 g/L, and contact time 60 min. The Langmuir constants model for NO3ion sorption on the adsorption isotherms is fitted well. The RL value in the present investigation was equal or less than one, indicating that the adsorption of NO3ion by analcime is favorable.

Effect of the Formation Parameters on the Thermal Properties of La2Zr2O7
Ahmed Abdelkareem

Abstract
Lanthanum zirconates has been suggested as a thermal barrier coating for many high temperature applications. This study is focusing on the effect of different preparation parameters on the thermal conductivity of La2Zr2O7. We have used solid state reaction to form the zirconates powder was very good homogeneity. We have studied the effect of the intimal ZrO2/La2O3 ratio, and found the 50% to be the optimum. The effect of the sintering temperature has also been studied and 1100 o c was chosen as the optimum sintering temperature. The sintering time was also studied, where 3 hours was proved to be enough to obtain a homogeneous single phase compound with affordable method.

Keywords:
Ceramic composites, Sintering, Thermal properties, Thermodynamics and kinetics of processes in materials

Abstract
Thorium has a special interest in the future nuclear energy as a fuel especially the breeder reactors. The present research has been fulfilled throughout successive research schedule manner on separation and purification of thorium from Egyptian beach monazite mineral acid digtion. Monazite mineral was digested with sulfuric acid and dissolute with ice water, the clear solution precipitated to produce thorium pyrophosphate with 45% purity.
The purification was carried out after the caustafication and leaching with hydrochloric acid with the addition of oxalic acid at pH 0.3-0.4 to produce 91.68 % purity of thorium oxalate. The high purification is done with the uses of thiosulphate salt to produce 99% purity.

Keywords:
Monazite mineral, thorium separation and production, sodium thiosulfate

Abstract
In wadi El Atshan area, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt, the main rock types exposed in that area are the older granites, Hammamat sedimentary rocks, younger granites , trachytic sills and dikes. The Field studies and radiometric survey indicate that the trachytic sills are the main rock type in the investigated area which contain secondary uranium minerals. Sargassum detifolium is used to capture uranium from the trachytic sills. The analysis indicate that this algae absorb the uranium content by 100% in two samples where happened in the other samples as well as, it change the chemical composition of some minerals content, while some elements changed while other elements are decreased, Sargassum detifolium has the ability to biosorbe uranium content about 75% as in uranotile mineral {CaU2(SiO4)2(OH)6.3H2O}.