A Review on Investigating the experimental process for partial replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse in the construction industry

In the last few decades there has been speedily increasing in the agriculture and industrial wastes. This causes many environmental issues and raises the potential to contaminate the natural resources of living such as water, air and soil. Recently, the amount of organic waste produced daily has been rising, while it is poorly managed. It is either burned or disposed improperly, which effect negatively the environment and public health. On the other hand, during the cement production process many wastes, and pollutants are generated which have major negative impacts on the environment. Cement is considered as a substantial constituent of building materials in the construction industry. Many research’s intended to explore the potential of utilizing organic waste products in the construction industry by partially replacing cement with organic wastes such as sugarcane bagasse to create an eco-friendly brick with appropriate structure properties. Previous research’s used different treatment techniques to treat the organic waste and prepare it for construction industry. It was noticed that the treatment method used in previous research’s affected the structural properties of the new bricks with organic waste partially replacing. This research intends to study and analyse the process and techniques used by other researcher’s experimental work to treat and replace cement with sugarcane bagasse. This research will present the best procedures for partially replacing cement with sugarcane bagasse in cement bricks without compensating the structural properties of regular cement bricks. This study will analyse and compare previous researcher’s experimental work to obtain the best experimental program and to utilize sugarcane bagasse in brick industry.


Introduction
Agriculture and industrial wastes generation are becoming a dangerous and significant problem in the world (Xu, Ji, Gao, Yang, & Wu, 2018). This problem is becoming more significant by time due to growth in population rate. The accumulation of wastes causes many environmental issues and raises the potential to contaminate natural resources of living such as water, air and soil. So, the appropriate disposal of these wastes and by products is a serious burden of every country (Moussa, 2019). The safe disposal of such industrial wastes is very expensive. Furthermore, there is a lack of disposal sites which can appropriately handle such wastes without causing harmful effects on the environment.The At present, brick industry is cursed with its environment pollution from cement production as shown in Fig. 3. Cement is considered one of the most important industries worldwide as it is the backbone for the development of any country. It is the world's most consumed construction material because of its excellent mechanical and durability properties. According to (Stajanča М., 2012) for every one human being in the world, 1 ton of cement is being produced every year and as a result to its significant, its production impacts need to be understood. According to the Industrial Development Authority, Egypt alone has produced 83.5 metric ton (M/T) of cement in 2016 and it is also named as the 14th country in the list of the cement producing countries as cement Industry estimates to be 5.9% of the Egyptian economy (2019). Cement production is one of the major energy consuming industries in the construction system and generates harmful emission, odours and noise thus harming the environment and its inhabitants. As demonstrated in Figs. 4 and 5, some of the emissions produced from the process are dust, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and Sulphur dioxide (Stajanča М.,2012).   In recent years, various studies have been conducted to produce bricks having an appropriate strength and better mechanical properties with low environmental impacts with the integration of agricultural waste. Many researchers started testing the process of partially replacing cement by sugarcane bagasse to reduce waste generated from cement production industries and utilize the usage of bagasse in various areas, this is briefly explained in Fig.6. This study aims to investigate the production of a block by using an organic waste Material; sugarcane bagasse fibres as a partial replacement of cement to improve its physio-mechanical properties.
Achieving the aim of this study, there are some of integrated objectives that must be applied: x Utilizing the usage of organic waste materials such as sugarcane bagasse in the construction industry x Analysing previous researchers' experimental work and compare theirresults x Obtain the best experimental program for cement replacement by sugarcanebagasse The presented research suggest that the sugarcane bagasse fibres can be used as a cement replacement to produce a new model of eco-friendly bricks with lower thermal conductivity of the brick and appropriate strength as shown in Fig. 7. The results of this research are developed by two Theoretical qualitative methods (Fig. 8): x Literature review descriptivemethod x Analytical comparative previous experimental workmethod The first theoretical method section will be covered through the detailed background information in the literature review. The literature review will be composed of detailed information about organic waste, its environmental impact and its use in the construction industry. Then the sugarcane bagasse component, properties and its negative impacts on the environment will be stated. In addition, the cement production and its impacts will be explained with the properties of the ordinary Cementous brick. The second theoretical method will be covered through analyzing and comparing previous researchers' experimental work that was done on this topic. Several case studies with several experimental alternatives will be compared to obtain the best experimental program for future research.

Organic waste
In this part, the sugarcane bagasse is introduced in detail with description and analysis of its chemical, physical and mechanical properties. In addition, its negative impacts to the environment and people's health are presented to highlight its recycling and management necessity. This will assist in understanding of its importance in the utilization in other industries especially the construction industry.

Sugarcane bagasse inEgypt
Around the world, 38 billion metric tons of organic wastes approximately are produced annually. This dramatic increase is the result of numerous factors such as human actions, consumption rate, and population explosion (Kiyasudeen, et al., 2016). According to Elfeki & tkadlec 56% of the total Egyptian municipal solid wastes of 12.88 × 106 tons are organic wastes which is considered the main source of solid wastes in Egypt as shown in Fig. 9 and 83.5% is being dumped and poorly disposed.  Figure 9. Composition (left) and performance (right) of MSW in Egypt as reported in 2010 ( Elfeki & tkadlec, 2014) Despite the existence of 66 composting plants in Egypt, the recycled organic waste still does not exceed the 20%, therefore managing organic waste is crucial to avoid serious environmental and public health problems (2014). By 2025, it is predicted that the annual organic waste generation will exceed 30 million tons annually. Poor disposal and combustion of organic waste have always been the result due to the poor management of these wastes which lead to numerous environmental problems. In addition, improper disposal of organic wastes in dump sites and waterways contaminated air and water supplies, this hindered the Egyptians natural resources, heritage, and population welfare.
Organic wastes have been utilized in many sectors in the construction industry. In 10 are the six main fields of applications identified are (Arub, 2017): Interior partitions and finishes such as flat boards, furniture, acoustic absorption, thermal insulation, carpets, moquette and envelope systems.

Types of agriculture waste inEgypt
Agricultural wastes are the highest type of organic waste source in Egypt, Egyptian crops produce numerous amounts of residues every year, Table 1 lists the types of major agricultural crop residues in Egypt and its generation amounts annually. The table illustrates the sugarcane residue production is more than 16.8 million tons annually. Therefore, sugarcane bagasse recycling is a promising field in Egyptian neighbourhoods as it provides a great opportunity for creating a sustainable building material.

2.3.
Sugarcane inEgypt Sugar is one of the main substrates of human diet. India, Brazil, Thailand, Australia and China are the world's five top sugar producing countries. Sugar production industry in Egypt started from the year 710 AD (Hassan and Nasr, 2008). Distribution percentages are shown in Fig. 11. Cane plantations are concentrated in the area of Upper Egypt in Menia, Sohag, Qena, Luxor and Aswan. Annually, about 16 million tons of cane are cultivated in Upper Egypt (Hamada, 2011). Among Arab countries, Egypt is considered the largest producer of sugarcane followed by Sudan, at 7.5 million tons annually (ESCWA, 2009). During the sugar production process in the mill, several by-products and residues are generated. These are (Fig.12): x 30% Bagasse, which is the fibrous remaining material produced from sugarcane chopping and milling. x 3.5% Filter mud/cake resulting from cane juicefiltration.
x 0.4% Furnace ash, in case the bagasse is combustion for steam and electricitygeneration.

Sugarcane bagasse(SCB)
In this part, the sugarcane bagasse is introduced in detail with description and analysis of its chemical, physical and mechanical properties. In addition, its negative impacts to the environment and people's health are presented to highlight its recycling and management necessity. This will assist in understanding of its importance in the utilization in other industries especially the construction industry.

3.1.
Sugarcane bagasse inEgypt Sucrose extraction for sugar and ethanol production is the main reason sugarcane has been grown. The sugarcane culture accountable for huge bagasse generation quantities, its generation of bagasse is 140 kg bagasse for every ton of sugarcane (Faria, 2011). Nowadays, the by-product; sugarcane bagasse is valued by sugar-alcohol sector producers as it is the main raw material for bioenergy and biofuel production, this grants the use of bagasse an economic and environmental importance for the producing countries (Mulay, Vesmawala, Patil, & Gholap, 2017). Till this day, the use of bagasse for energy generation in industrial ovens is continuous, however its industries have expanded as its value is remarkably growing g due to the increase in recycling awareness and it is nowadays used to produce building materials, packaging materials, and disposable tableware. In addition, the paper industry started to introduce sugarcane bagasse fibres as a replacement of wood fibres for the production of napkins, toilet paper and cardboards (Sales & Lima, 2010).
Bagasse a heterogeneous in size and particles shape with respect to its three dominant constituents, the polymers: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Their chemical ingredients and compositionare listed in Table 2:  Table 3 presents a list of the physical properties of bagasse. The fibres with the highest aspect ratio have the highest tensile properties and provide a high surface area which is useful for reinforcement purposes.

3.2.
Negative impact of SCBdisposal The dramatic residue generation during sugarcane harvest mismanagement, insufficient tools and data assessment for using waste management alternatives regardless economic criteria and lack of cheap sustainable waste management alternatives to reach the optimum environmental balance results in numerous negative impacts. Sugarcane bagasse is poor disposing and burning during the harvest season cause various many detrimental impacts for example air quality degradation and harmful combustion products emission such as, carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic carbons (VOC). This negatively affect neighbouring communities' health and contribute to black cloud formation. This contamination is not limited to only the surrounding environment, but also the production of fly ash damages the soil microbial diversity. In addition, water stream polluted by fertilizers and waste from sugarcane harvesting are subjected to reduction of water-oxygen content which negatively impacts the aquatic animals (Kiyasudeen et al., 2016). Air and water pollution occur mainly from agricultural disposal and burning. Various harmful emissions are produced due to bagasse combustion this causes numerous health issues to the community such as lung problems and breathing issues. Moreover, fertilizers' chemicals and pesticides leaking into ground drinking water contributes to many health-related problems such as blue baby syndrome which causes death in infants (Hussein & Sawan, 2010).

3.3.
Current uses ofSCB Sugarcane bagasse as shown in Fig. 13 is currently used in various industries. Some of its uses in Egypt are steam and electricity generation as it is a free, secure and reliable fuel generated originally as a waste product, fibreboard production which positive effect on deforestation as it avoids the use of virgin wood and pulp and paperproduction.

3.4.
The use of SCB in the constructionindustry Recent studies are made to use organic fibres in the construction industry in brick industry as shown in the table below, insulation boards, fibrous building panels and cement boards. Organic fibres are produced from various solid wastes for example bamboo, coconut, date palm, oil palm, sugar palm, sugarcane, and vegetable wastes. These fibres have inert chemical properties than either steel or glass fibres in addition to their lower cost and natural form. Table 5 demonstrate the different types and sources of solid wastes worldwide and their recycling and utilization potentials for construction materials. The principle causes of environmental concerns and burdens of the continuous growth of agriculture and industrial waste generation, therefore using organic wastes in the construction industry such as brick production is highly beneficial (Xu, Ji, Gao, Yang, & Wu, 2018). Researchers from around the world started focusing and searching for ways to utilize these wastes, to reduce their harmful effects. Many studies nowadays try to approach this issue by partially replacing cement with bagasse. According to a study, one ton of sugarcane produces 280 kilo grams of bagasse waste which is also considered as an economical issue also as an environmental issue due to poor disposal and handling (Xu, Ji, Gao, Yang, & Wu, 2018). Recycling the sugarcane bagasse in the brick industry to partially replace cement is considered as inexpensive and will reduce both environmental and economic problems.

Cement
In this part, the cement production process will be introduced, and its negative environmental impacts will be evaluated. This will help understand the cement's properties and application in brick industry. In addition, Cements brick will be explained to help understand its properties and usage.

Cement productionindustry
Cement is a fine, soft, powdery-type substance, used mainly for binding sand and aggregates together for concrete mixing. Cement acts as a hydraulic binder; hardens during water addition, and it is the key ingredient in concrete and mortar to be used for building durable structures. According to the European cement association (2016) The cement-making process can be divided into two basic steps (Fig.14): x The main constituent of cement is clinker, is manufactured in a kiln with gas at temperature of 2000 °C, this heats raw materials such as limestone and other materials for example clay to 1450°C. in this process, limestone is transformed into calcium oxide (lime) then reacts with the other components to form new minerals. This semi-molten material is then rapidly cooled to a temperature of 100 -200°C. x Cement grey powder is produced by grounding clinker with gypsum and othermaterials  Energy consumption is the biggest environmental concern with cement and concrete production. Manufacturing process of cement is considered to be the most energy intensive industries around the world. Cement production, direct fuel use for mining and transporting raw materials consumes around 1,758 kWh per cement ton (Parga, Rocco, Christoforo, & Panzera, 2012). Fig. 15 present the percentage of energy demand during cement production process.

4.3.
Cementsbrick Cement is used by architects and structural engineers to design structures with high structural capacity, fire resistance, water resistance and insulating and acoustical advantages. In many cases, this minimum-maintenance material provides economical advantage to building codes and clients'needs.

Structuralproperties:
Cement blocks vary by type however; its primary structural property is compressive strength. The Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete include the structural property standards for cement bricks at 7-day and 28-day (Dlamini, 2014). According to the Egyptian standard specification 1292, for load bearing brick to be 5.6 N/m² and for non-load bearing brick to be 2 N/m².

Thermalconductivity:
The insulating properties of various concrete blocks vary depending on manufacturer and on block density. As the density of the block decreases by volume producing low weight block, the lower the thermal conductivity of the block, which enhance the insulation properties of the block (

Waterresistance:
Permeability and porosity vary by unit type, but generally cement blocks water absorbents. The mixture of course and fine aggregates creates a better waterproofed cement block finish. The block's permeability is affected by the amount of cement used in the manufacturing process. As the mixture gets rich in cement, the less the block's permeability (Torrie, 2017).

Aestheticproperties:
Most cement blocks come in greyish colour. Nowadays, manufactures produce blocks with variety of colours, textures and finishes for different purposes. This eases the architect's job for utilizing this type of block in various uses, design and to meet the ever-evolving constructionmarket.

Case studies
In this part, several case studies that experimented sugarcane bagasse as a partial cement replacement will be analysed to obtain different experimental alternative for the different experiment's components. This helps to obtain the best suitable experimental program to be adapted in this research.

Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (Kumari, 2015)
A. Location: India B. Date: July2015 C. Type of model experimented: concrete cylindrical specimens with dimensions of 150 mm x 300 mm D. Cement type: Portland Pozzolana cement with trade name "LAFARAGE DURAGUARD" cement referring to IS code 1489-1-1991(part 1).  E. Bagasse treatment method: Combustion; The bagasse was heated at 700 ºC for one hour until it became dry and black ash as shown in Fig.17.

K. Conclusion:
x Concrete containing SBA showed a decrease in workability as SBA increases due to the higher water absorption of bagasseash. x The concrete's compressive strength decreases with the increase of SBApercentage x Density and compressive strength of concrete showed slight reduction as water to cement ratioincreased x Sugarcane bagasse ash concrete is more economical and have lowerdensity.
x The burning of bagasse altered the mechanical, chemical and physical properties of the bagasse thus reducing itsproperties.  D. Cement type: The ordinary Portland cement (ASTM C150 Type-I). Table 7 shows its properties Table 7. Ordinary Portland cement physical properties (Mangi, 2017) E. Bagasse treatment method: Combustion; The bagasse was heated and burned is a close drumfornon-controllableburninguntilfullyturningintoblackishgreyashasshowninFig. F. Percentage of replacement: 5%, and10% G. Water-cement ratio:0.4 H. Factors tested: Compressivestrength I. Methodology: the 2 concrete mixes are prepared and poured then cured for the period of 7, 14 and 28 days. Cement is then partially replaced by bagasse ash by 5%, and 10% and cured for the same period then all specimen was tested for compressive strength after the completion of the curing period. The steps are shown in Fig.22. Figure 22. steps of concrete specimen from curing to testing and its final shape (Mangi, 2017)   The compressive strength in M20 mix results are presented in Fig. 23. It is observed that at 5% replacement the strength is at the highest strength of 28.5 N/mm² then it decreases to 26.4 N/mm² at 10% replacement of SCBA. It is 12% higher than the normal concrete sample.

K. Conclusion:
x Concrete with SCBA shows higher compressive strength compared to normal concrete and the optimum replacement is5%. x Usage of SCBA reduces cement and reduce wastes by itsproduction x Cement replacement decreases the workability ofconcrete. (Mangi,2017) A E. Bagasse treatment method: Sodium Hydroxide NaOH treatment; after drying bagasse completely under the sun for 7 days it is cut into small pieces 5cm until 10cm, then it is immersed in 50% dilute NaOH for 3 days. This is done to remove the impurities and withstand longer to use in concrete. After this, it is completely dried under the sun as presented in Fig.25.
Methodology: the concrete curing in water at room temperature 7 and 28 days in order to harden to achieve maximum strength. For each sample of normal concrete and light weight concrete, 32 samples were prepared then compressive and tensile tests wereconducted. J.
Results and findings: the following graphs show the compressive results obtained from both of normal concrete and light weight concretesamples   x The optimum bagasse addition for the higher compressive strength is 0.5% addition for both normal and light weightconcrete. x In normal concrete, the tensile strength increase as bagasse addition increases and the optimum percentage is 1.5%, while in light weight concrete the tensile strength decreases as the bagasse percentage increases and the optimum addition is0.5%.  Table 8

E.
Bagasse treatment method: hot water treatment; as displayed in Fig. 28, the bagasse is soaked in hot water for 4-6 days to remove excess sugar and impurities then it is washed thoroughly and placed dry in the sun. after drying the bagasse is cut into smallpieces. Methodology: the samples presented used cement to sand ratio of 1:3 and cement-water ratio of 0.45 for cement brick production. The bagasse was introduced by 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. A control sample with 0% bagasse was introduced for comparison. This is to ensure the optimum results based on the most favourable. 50mm × 50mm × 50mm samples were produced for compressive strength test, while 102.5mm × 215mm × 65mm samples tested thermalconductivity. J.
Results and findings: the following graphs show the compressive results and the thermal conductivity-compressive strength correlation obtained from the 2 dimensions samples of 50mm × 50mm × 50mm and 102.5mm × 215mm × 65mmbricks The compressive strength of 50mm × 50mm × 50mm brick results are presented in Fig. 29. More than 4% replacement results in a decrease of strength of the brick. This happens due to poor workability and poor boding between bagasse and mortar.  shows that the 102.5mm × 215mm × 65mm cement brick sample compressive strength and thermal conductivity correlation. The thermal conductivity decreases as the percentage of sugarcane bagasse increases. At 0% bagasse the strength was lower, but the thermal conductivity was higher compared to 4% and 8%. Although 10% replacement shows the best result for reduction of thermal conductivity, the compressive strength decreases lower than the required strength, so it is not favourable for permeantstructure.

K. Conclusion:
x Sugarcane bagasse has a potential of partially replacing cement in cement brick industry.
x Sugarcane bagasse can lower the thermal conductivity of the brick if the strength was maintained x 4%-8% preplacement is the optimum result before the strength drops below the standardstrength

Case studies conclusion
After analysing the previous four case studies, Table 9 summarizes all the results. Analysing Table 9, it was deducted that cement replacement with sugarcane bagasse is not limited to any specimen dimensions and most case studies used ordinary Portland cement. For bagasse treatment 3 methods were used combustion, NaOH treatment and hot water treatment, both combustion and NaoH treatment alter the properties of the bagasse, whereas the hot water treatment does not affect the bagasse's properties and it is a cheap method. Preferably the replacement should begin at 4% and does not exceed 10% to maintain standard strength with W-C ratio of 0.4 and 0.45 since as W-C ratio increase strength decrease. Hot water treatment is favourable as it does not alter the bagasseproperties Hot water treatment is easy and cheapbut takestime

Conclusion
As a result, to the negative environmental impacts from cement production industry, the government with the aid of scientist, engineers and researchers are searching for alternatives to decrease cement production and usage in the construction industry. The huge production of agricultural waste provided these parties with an alternative to utilize them in the construction industry. sugarcane bagasse is highly produced in Egypt; therefore, it is a good candidate for cement replacement in the brick industry. As a conclusion, sugarcane bagasse is a great candidate to be used as cement replacement to reduce the environmental impacts of cement production industry and poor disposal and burning of bagasse and to develop cheap alternative for cement brick despite its strength and durability. Sustainability will be achieved through reusing sugarcane bagasse to produce useful products like cement bricks. These proposed utilizing techniques are simple, available, cheap and can be by smallscale workers. This approach has a significant impact on achieving environmental sustainability factors, socially and economically. This type of bricks can be used for temporary and non-bearing structures. The results of previous experiments have been encouraging as in most of them strength increases and thermal conductivity and density decreases. Adding fibre to concrete bricks has reduced the density of cement bricks, which can be attributed to low fibre density this lowers the total structure weight. Although past certain percentage results drop, more research and development in this sector may alter these results in the future. As a conclusion, the use of sugarcane made cement bricks a great future in the field of construction in Egypt because it is able to achieve the three factors environmentally, socially and economically. As a result, from the previous analysis of the literature review and case studies, the following SWOT analysis (Fig. 31) shows the strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the brick with cement replacement, then experimental program alternatives are shown in Table10.