Challenges with gas hydrate formation

Many multiphase flow lines are prone to hydrate formation unless prevention methods are put in place. Chemical management of hydrate formation is traditionally done with thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors but in the last 25 years low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) have been developed which can offer economic, environmental and other benefits. LDHIs are divided into two main categories, kinetic inhibitors (KHIs) and anti-agglomerants (AAs), both of which are successfully being used in field applications. This paper briefly reviews the hydrate management tools available to the operator. Then the review focuses on LDHIs, their structure-performance relationships and the various classes that have been designed and tested. The environmental challenges of both AAs and KHIs are also discussed.