Energy efficient building in the Arctic

This article covers the topic of energy-efficient buildings belonging to the Far North and the design of such a house in these conditions. The analysis of existing energy-efficient technologies was carried out and the prospects of their application in the Arctic conditions were determined. New technical solutions have been developed to ensure the energy efficiency of buildings in the Arctic. Research methods included: theoretical study of existing energy-efficient buildings; software: Autodesk Revit to create a three-dimensional model of the building together with Austodesk Green Studio to calculate energy efficiency and Solar plugin to calculate the energy performance of solar panels. The scientific novelty of the work consists in obtaining practical recommendations for the design of an energy-efficient house located in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 62 degrees North latitude and 129 degrees East longitude. The practical value of the work is to use the recommendations for the construction and reconstruction of energy-efficient buildings, geographically located in the Arctic zone. The theoretical significance of the developed model and the proposed technology for determining energy efficiency indicators will allow it to be used for further calculations.


Introduction
One of the priority directions of development of science and technology is energy efficiency and energy saving. In modern architecture and construction, this can be achieved by improving architectural and planning solutions, the use of external building envelope structures with the necessary level of thermal protection, the introduction of effective systems to ensure microclimate and energy saving in buildings, the use of renewable energy sources, improving the quality of building design.
Construction, being one of the most energy-intensive sectors of the economy, at the same time has great potential for the development and application of various energy-efficient solutions. From here such concepts as active and passive houses began to appear.
The relevance of this work lies primarily in the importance of this issue in the construction field. According to statistics, construction projects consume 40% of the world's energy. Industrial and residential buildings are becoming one of the main sources of thermal emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
The need for the development of the Arctic is due to global economic development trends, climate change, advances in technology and regional development requirements. For more quality and productive potential of the Arctic plays an important role proper and adequate use of available resources, if it in practice has universal value, in extreme climates and remote areas where the infrastructure is poorly developed around it is paramount. To do this, it is necessary to pay attention to the accounting of the practice of energy-efficient construction and the promotion of all energy-efficient technologies. It will also be necessary to adapt and respond to the large-scale changes that will arise due to the implementation of intensive production of raw materials, it is necessary to reduce the negative impact on the environment to a minimum.
The territory of the Arctic is a kind of platform for the development of innovative solutions for energy efficiency. Some countries already have well-established and proven innovative solutions (e.g. clean technologies and energy in the Tamper region, Finland). Territorial cooperation can support new and innovative solutions to improve efficiency by combining knowledge and research resources. The specificity and heterogeneity of Artika as a region as a whole is a certain development of alternative energy, for example, in places of high latitudes where regions can receive a significant amount of energy from solar stations, in other places biomass, wind turbines will be used. The Arctic climate is very different from the temperate climate. In the Arctic regions, the ambient temperature reaches extreme values and has a direct large impact on heat loss through the building fence and creates problems with the Foundation due to permafrost. Solar time is completely different due to the limitation of winter, but in summer the sun can also be above the horizon for 24 hours. Strong winds and storms have a great influence on the penetration of cold in buildings, and they strongly affect the heat loss passing through the fence of the building. Wind conditions have a great influence on the local microclimate around the building and create large drifts and problems with thawing, icing occurs and there is a high probability of condensation in the enclosing structure. Humidity in the interior in winter is forced through the fence of the building due to the pressure drop, strong winds and low coefficient of water in the open air. The Arctic region is determined by different conditions, such as what construction methods are used and what materials are available, and energy supply is more important.

Materials and methods
In this article, the design of an energy efficient house was carried out using the example of a two-story residential building, which is shown in Figure 1. Certain solutions were used to optimize the energy efficiency of the house according to the "Passivhaus" standard.
The main purpose of the work was to design an energy-efficient, environmentally friendly, comfortable for living building, as well as its energy analysis for compliance with the "Passivhaus" standard, taking into account the climatic features of the proposed construction. The analysis of the building was performed using Autodesk Revit software and its extensions: Energy Analysis, Solar and Green Building Studio.
The study solves the following tasks:  Application of various architectural and planning, spatial solutions and analysis of their impact on energy consumption  Selection of enclosing structures and analysis of their effectiveness in accordance with the standard  Selection of possible engineering equipment, as well as the concept of the most rational system of ventilation and heating  Analysis of the building for compliance with the "Passivhaus" standard   Using the program "Teremok" has been defined thickness of insulation 50 mm. Adopted the layers of the wall structure is presented in figure 4.

Energy efficiency parameters
In our work, we calculated the energy efficiency of the building, Autodesk Green Building Studio was used as a tool

Orientation of the building
For the analysis of the solar load was carried out a few calculations with different orientations of the building. Initial position -the most glazed facade is directed to the South.

Ventilation
The scheme of natural heat recovery was selected, which is shown in the Figure 5.  Figure 5. Heat recovery scheme.

Solar panel
A number of measures related to photovoltaic panels have been calculated in the Autodesk Green Studio software for the calculation of energy efficiency indicators and the Solar plugin.

Wind impact.
In our calculation was taken into account the high-speed wind flow and its direction in the Figure 6.

Heating
The building was calculated the influence of heating and refrigeration loads in the Insight program. Figure 8 shows the energy efficient model of the building in the Insight program, where the "FRONT" view is the southern most glazed facade.

Lightning
Calculation is performed in the Lighting module of Revit program.  Figure 9. Daylight Lighting module (red color -50 LK, blue -107 LK).

Thermal engineering calculation of reinforced brick wall
This section presents the calculation of the brick wall using reinforcing mesh of steel and basalt in the software package Simulia Abaqus 2017. Figure 10 shows the wall unit with the layout of the reinforcement mesh.

Results
During the calculation of energy efficiency indicators, the following energy parameters are obtained, shown in figure 11.  Figure 11. Energy efficiency indicators.
When choosing the orientation of the building, it was found that the most favorable orientation was the location to the SOUTH, the option was the most effective, this was confirmed by the Green Building Studio program. The calculation data is shown in the diagram of the Insight program in figure 12. It was considered that the rational use of natural ventilation allows to reduce some energy costs, which can be seen in figure 13, while reducing the value of electric energy by 2 kWh/m2 per year.  Figure 13. The values of the potential for natural ventilation according to Autodesk Green Building Studio.
The amount of heat that our building will receive from photovoltaic panels is 171 kWh/m2 per year. This can be seen in figure 14.   According to our calculation to the lighting of the building complies with all building codes even without artificial light with the exception of utility rooms and stairwells that during the daytime allows you to save electricity for lighting.
When calculating the thermal performance of the wall, the following results were obtained:   Figure 18. The result of the calculation (the thermal conductivity brick is 0.6, and basalt -1.5).
The figures show that the size of the cold bridge in the inner corner of the wall reinforced with basalt mesh is smaller than that of the wall with steel mesh (figures 17, 18).
The use of composite reinforcement not only increases the strength of the reinforced structure, but also reduces the energy for heating, which is also positive for the energy efficiency of the designed house.

Conclusion
After a number of changes, based on the analysis of various energy efficiency indicators through the prism of Autodesk Green Building Studio, the following result is obtained: the Intensity of energy use (heating costs, hot water and electricity) -691.4 MJ/m2 /year, or (if you take 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ) 192 kWh/m2 /year. We also used a number of measures that reduce the value obtained: The use of photovoltaic panels -171 kWh/m2 per year, the use of natural ventilation -2 kWh/m2 per year. Total we obtain that the specific value of the annual energy consumption of 19 kWh/m2, which corresponds to the required value of the standard "Passivhaus".
Also on the schemes obtained through the service Autodesk Green Building Studio, it is clear that the selection of structures of walls, roofs and infiltration system is rational. The diagrams are shown in figure 19.