Factors Supporting The Implementation of Mass Transport System in Indonesia

Development of cities in Indonesia is along with increasing of community mobility that traveling from the surrounding district (hinterland) to the central city and its reverse. However dominanly city in Indonesia haven’t mass transport system. Unavailability of mass transport facilities also have taken place in Cilegon, one of industial city in Indonesia. The ratio of the use of public transport and private transport vehicles in Cilegon was 1:90. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) was one alternative to serve good public transport. This research aims were look at factors that affect the success of the BRT application, and analyzing important factors that support BRT implementation. The approach on technology transfer was used in determining the characteristics of the transferor and transferee in supporting the implementation of mass transportation. Three parties involved in the transfer of technology in the BRT system were goverment, operator, and the community. This study procured there were nine factors supporting the implementation of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) System, they were transferor readiness, basic capabilities and adaptation to the mass transport system, transferee readiness, supporting regulations and policies, cooperation in the supervision and services development, counceling and community management, culture, confidence level, and local sub contract. Nine construct factors represented the data in terms of variance explained (61.802%). The transferor readiness was the main factor with percentage of explanation was 25.987%. The main role in technology transfer in BRT system was hold by the Government as a manager that playing role in achievement of targets 46.89%.


Introduction
Development of cities in Indonesia is along with incresing of community mobility that traveling from the surrounding district (hinterland) to the central city and its reverse. This phenomenon was the impact of population increasing, economic activities, and economic interactions. The direct implications of these circumstances led to two major problems, they are the necessity on infrastructure and the need for good transportation services. Further, the availability of good transportation service will increase the community mobility.
Cilegon is an industry region that placed 90 km from Jakarta, with population approximately 412 thousands in 2015. Cilegon constitute an industrial town which has 81 large industries and 20 thousands workers, but the town didn't have good public transport system. Community need mass transportation system that integrated, cheap, safe, and reliable. This town like others region in Developing Country, did not have good public transport management because the government hasn't served community with mass public transportation. Actually the public transportation system was managed by some small  10.1088/1757-899X/598/1/012013 2 automobile company. Poor transport management made community preferred using private vehicle for transporting. Planning Bureau of City of Cilegon (2014) reveal vehicle that operate in Cilegon dominantly was private vehicle, approximately private car was 9.40 %, motorcycle was 86.52 %, public transport was 0.81% and others 3.27%. They also said the ratio the use of public transport and private transport vehicles in Cilegon was 1:90. It had an impact on congestion at some node in Cilegon on rushhour.
Planning public transport system should began with identifying the factors supporting the success of public transport program. Factors that affect the level of public participation using mass transportation already examined in several countries. Research by UCLA Institute of Transportation Study in Los Angeles-US got the higher numbers of no-vehicle households, percent Hispanics, and percent female within the vicinity of a transit stop were significantly associated with higher levels of bus ridership [1].
Meanwhile research about quality of pedestrian environment in San Diego-US said higher median household incomes was significantly associated with lower levels of transit ridership at any particular bus stop [2].
Build a new transit system can be likened as a process of transfer of technology in the transportation system in Indonesia. Analysis of mass transport procurement by the Government and the readiness of the community towards a new transportation system can be analyzed with Technologi transfer approach. A conceptual model for technology transfer have accommodated the numerous factors believed impact on the processes effectiveness, it derived outcomes the factors namely Technology Transfer Value Added (AV), and four technology transfer enabling factors : Relation Building (RB), Transferee Characteristics (TE), Government Influence (GI), and Technology Characteristics (TC) [3]. Warronkun [4] had identified 23 considerations as macro ergonomics factors of transferee on which management should pay attention to realize a successful technology transfer in Indonesia Companies. The factors that support technology transfer in industry in a number of developing countries had been examined. Some of the factors that affect the success of Technology Transfer were characteristic of transferee and government policy. Successfull of industrial sector in future depend upon the degree of which the country can develop, consolidate and strengthen technology development and transfer activities [5]; [6]; [7].
Three parties involved in the transfer of technology in the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system were the government, operator, and the community. The Government of Cilegon was manager of the BRT system, and operator of the BRT was a private outomobile company that was appointed by the Government. The Government was the transferor meanwhile the operator and the community were transferee. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) was one alternative to serve good public transport in Cilegon. BRT had schedulling and service system of mass transport that is orderly and used the technology of electronic cards. The application of BRT system that examined in this research looked at factors that affect the successfull of the application. The approach on technology transfer was used in determining the characteristics of the transferor and transferee in supporting the implementation of mass transportation. Transfer technology and apply new system was issued in this research. Aims of this study were analyzing important factors that supporting implement BRT in Cilegon.

Literature review
Some researches have studied the needs of the community towards public transport both from the side of its characteristics such as public transport convenience and price, as well as other facilities that support the use of public transport such as the intermodal transfer facilities, station facilities and travel time. Using privat vehicle for transporting in Indonesia have made stagnation in some cities, so studies on shifting users from private transport to public transport are need.
A study by Abuhamoud [8] was conducted in Tripoli, Libya (which has high car ownership) using a binary logistic model. The results show that some measures have to be taken to encourage car users to use other forms of public transport. Transit oriented developments are often designed to promote the use of sustainable modes of transport and reduce car usage. The Binary Logistic models reveal that personal and transit characteristics have an impact on the decision of mode selection. Cowdhury have researched in two major transport centers in Auckland -New Zealand and used theory of planned behavior to explore public transport users intention to promote ridership of public transport for community and find authorities need to focus on developing attractive transfer routes (e.g. reduced total travel time savings) with comfortable transfers from a user perspective to encourage ridership of public transport [9].
Stated preference survey was conducted in Brisbane-Australia to forecast travel behaviour in a hypothetical travel environment whereas the revealed preference survey was used to study the current travel behaviour [10]. The study revealed commuters mode choice was influenced by trip purposes and trip lenght. There were 45% commuters perceived to split to bus on busway if in-vehicle travel time can be reduced to 40 minutes.
Chauhan [11] used a binomial logistic regression model to predict whether existing metro users have shifted from buses or Privat motor vehicles in India. The mode shifted from was used as the categorical dependent variable and was correlated with categorical and continuous independent variables responsible for the shift. Studies revealed that commuters can actually shift to public transport if management concerns were addressed on quality of mass transport they are comfortable, quick and safer. Improving the quality of public transport alone was not sufficient to affect the desirable mode shift from privat motor vehicles to public transport (metro in India). In this study, this is reflected in the low share of privat vehicles to metro and the low likelihoods of commuters owning privat vehicles shifting to the metro.
Irawan [12] studied about the characteristics of the train users to travel for working in Yogyakarta Indonesia. Intermodal facilities that still limited was the attention in this research. The main reason of the community using railways to work because the distance of their home to the stasion was relatively close and parking fees stay relatively cheap. Dominantly mode that used by users to get the station is a motorcycle and then they continue their travel by train. Whereas for the purpose of shopping, trades, and social activities the train users using a variety of modes to get to the station. Users can shift from motorcycle to bus as mode out of the station, it was influenced by several variables such as distance of travel to the bus stop, in vehicle bus travel time, bus tickets price, bus waiting time, parking fees, and the distance to stasion parking location.
Carteni [13] studied the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan of Naples, in southern Italy. This scenario distributes the metro and pedestrians evenly around Municipio square. The scenario also make the flow of traffic and pedestrians smoothly. This scenario gives advantage to pedestrians due to make widening sidewalks and paths. External layout of Municipio square was designed to service wider space for passenger as consequenced of new metro stasion. Infrastructures and paths will build to minimize the conflicts.

Material and methods
This research was an exploratory research that studied factors of technology transfer in application of Mass Public Transport to users in Cilegon. The study involved community of mass transportation operators, and government as respondents in filling the questionnaire.

Questionnaire
The survey questionnaire was chosen as the data collection instrument. It was developed based on the inspiration of the conceptual model for technology transfer developed by Waroonkun (2015 Enablers and their associated sub-factors, including: Transfer Environment, Learning Environment, Transferor Characteristics, and Transferee Characteristics. Part two focused on measuring the Outcome of the Technology Transfer strategy in the categories: Economic Advancement, Knowledge Advancement, and Project Performance. This section also solicited the respondents' personal information to establish their demographic and professional profiles. Respondents were requested to rate these variables in assessment columns that assess every variable based on its importance in implementing BRT. The assessment using a five-point of Likert scale. Respondents asked for their opinion about the statements related to BRT implementation, the scale range from 1 (strongly disagree) until 5 (strongly agree). Respondents consider their perception of the impact of Technology Transfer factors in public transit system environment, based on their experience and knowledge. These results were used to determine the importance/significance of each variable. These results were essential for determining the effectiveness of BRT implementation in Cilegon.

Respondents
There were three groups of respondents, they were included of users, public transport operators, and government. The users were community of Cilegon that used public transport that selected based on clustered sampling. Respondents for operators were private buses that already exist in the town. And respondent for government were bureau that regulate transportation in Cilegon related to BRT implementation. The questionnaires were hand carried and distributed to users which was clustered by each origin nodes of the corridor's intersection. Respondents were clustered based on origin nodes of their transporting. Five origin areas were selected as sampling node and total 158 respondents were surveyed from these areas for the research.

Data Processing
The variables that influence the success of the BRT application were get from the dissemination of the questionnaires to the three parties involved in this mass transport system, they are the community as user, the bus operators, and Government as management. The variabels were processed using factor analyzing with varimax rotation to get the factors supporting the implementation of the BRT system. Data from questionaire was condensed and summarized into more defined data sets using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). This step purpose was identifying the factors that influence the succesfull of BRT system. There were four steps in factor analyzing : 1). Conducting assumption tests to make sure that PCA can be used to analyze the data. The tests included a) Reliability test was performed and assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha, which was a coefficient of reliability (internal consistency). (b) Sampling adequacy. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy was used to find out there is no uncertainty due to the prediction of communality problems. and (c) Bartlett's Test of Sphericity. 2). Communalities. It explain how much factor which built can explain the variable. All of variables can be explained by the factors with value more than 0.5. 3). Extraction. Output of the extraction indicated the proportion of each variable's variance that can be explained by the retained factors. 4). Rotation. For ease of interpretation of the factor extracted, the principal components matrix often rotated with goal to achieve a simple structure. Varimax exploratory principal factor analysis method was conducted to assess the 29 variables of the questionnaire into some new construct factors with minimum loss of information

Results and discussion
One hundred and fifty eight (158) respondents from the Cilegon responded to the survey questionnaires and eight questionnaire were not used further because had invalid data. The respondents gender were fairly distributed, 99 resodents were male (66%) and 55 respondents were females (34%). The majority of the respondents (100%)) had aged less than 50 years old. Respondent occupations were variably, they were included employees of automobile company, employees of private company, government employees, lecturer, teacher, housewife, bussinesmen, etc. Next table explained the respondent occupations. Mean values of all variables on approval and impact showed a value of more than 3, its indicated that the 29 factors present in the questionnaire were important and those factors had a good impact on the implementation of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). Among the successor data can be seen that the Supervision with average score 4.40 was the most accepted variable of the respondents for its influence in the implementation of BRT, while Training Variables with score 4.43 plays an important role in the process of implementation of BRT System. Survey also revealed variable of Transferee Management (S.4.3) had the lowest value (3.21) for its influence in the BRT implementation. Respondents agreed that the added value in the implementation of BRT was very important to consider. A very important concept factor was Economic Advancement with an average value 4.18. Performance and Quality Standards with an average score 4.21 emerged as the two most important factors as the added value in the implementation of BRT, while Quality Standards with an average value 4.29 was also variable that have the great impact in the technology transfer process, followed by Competitive that have an average value 4.23.
Next graphics showed assessment of respondents on successors and impact of each successor in implementing BRT.