Method of Determining Characteristic Values of Average and Maximum Wind Pressure from the Carpathians Zoning Trans Carpathian Region

Based on observations of climate parameters in 1955-2005, respectively 9 weather stations using 8 directions between the initial eight weather stations and Playa ultimate meteorological station by the average and maximum characteristic values of wind pressure in July and January to the highest peak of the Carpathians - Hoverla. For 4 directions between the initial weather stations altitude coefficients and formulas using parameters atmospheric pressure, the average outdoor temperature (in January and July) calculated comparative characteristic values of summer and winter average and maximum wind pressure for 9 peaks of the Carpathians.


Introduction
Taking account of the wind load is important when designing wind power stations, calculating structures of high-rise buildings and edifices, preparing general layouts of settlements and so on. The wind load is of a complex physical and probabilistic nature; it depends upon physical and geographical features of the area, in particular, on the geographical altitude.
The territory of the former USSR was divided into 7 zones (from 24 m/s to 47 m/s). Ukraine belonged to zone 3 with an average wind speed of 29 m/s [18]. According to the Ukrainian National Building Code DBN V.1. 2-2: 2006 [17], the territory of Ukraine is now divided into five wind zones: 1st -400 Pa, 2nd -450 Pa, 3rd -500 Pa, 4th -550 Pa, 5th -600 Pa. The map of zoning of the Ukrainian territory according to the average wind pressure is shown in Figure 1. The Transcarpathian Region is classified as wind zones 1 and 2.

Analysis of recent research sources and publications
Starting from the 80-ies, probabilistic researches of the wind load [11 -16] have been conducted in Ukraine, the main result of which is the development of the national norms of loads [17] relying on the modern scientific basis in conjunction with the European norms Eurocode. The concept of the characteristic value of the wind pressure Wo has been introduced into these standards, which is equal to the average (static) component of the wind pressure at an altitude of 10 meters above the ground, which can be exceeded on average once every 50 years and is determined in accordance with the existing rules according to the map of the zoning of Ukraine. The characteristic value of the wind pressure W o is calculated by the formula: where -V is the appropriate wind speed, m/s.
Unlike the previous norms [18], according to which Ukraine was divided into three wind zones, the regulatory document [17] divides now the territory of Ukraine into five zones with the corresponding characteristic values of wind pressure: 1st -400 Pa; 2nd -450 Pa; 3rd -500 Pa; 4th -550 Pa; 5th -600 Pa. Identification of the aspects of the problem, which have not been solved earlier.
According to the norms [17], the Transcarpathian Region belongs to the 1st and 2nd wind zones, which does not have any probabilistic substantiation. Most of the territory of the Region was designated as a mountainous region, for which the estimated dependence of wind pressure applies depending on the geographic altitude that is allowed to be detailed subject to available meteorological data. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, there were no reliable data about the detailed description of the wind conditions for the mountainous part of the Transcarpathian Region. The aim of the study is to work out the detailed wind zoning of the Transcarpathian Region, taking into account the geographical and climatic characteristics of this mountainous region.

Methods and research results
In order to calculate the wind parameters we have used: diagram 23 of directions between 9 weather stations and 18 intermediate stations (Figure 2), the data of observations of climate parameters in 1955-2005 at 9 weather stations in the Transcarpathian Region (Table 1).

Methodology of studying the wind parameters
In order to calculate the wind speed and pressure and compare the calculations [6][7][8]12], the formulas of high-altitude factors were used: a) the maximum wind speed difference divided by the difference of the absolute marks of stations 1, 2 of direction 1 -2; b) wind pressure difference divided by the difference of absolute marks of stations 1, 2 of direction 1-2. In order to calculate the atmospheric pressure: the atmospheric pressure difference divided by the difference of absolute marks at stations 1, 2 of direction 1-2. a) General formulas of high-altitude factors are as follows: or for controlling: where: Z X , Z 1 , Z 2 are parameters (summer, winter) at stations X, 1, 2, namely: Wo is characteristic values of wind pressures HPa; V is the wind speed, m/s; P atm is winter and summer atmospheric pressure at stations X, 1, 2 HPa; K Z, 1-2 is an altitude factor of wind and atmospheric parameters between weather stations 1, 2; H X , H 1 , H 2 are the height of stations X, 1, 2 above the Baltic Sea level, m.  Table 2 shows the results of calculations of summer and winter maximum characteristic values of wind pressure in four directions using high-altitude factors, calculated on the basis of parameters of atmospheric pressure, average ambient air temperatures in July and January obtained from observations at nine weather stations in the Transcarpathian Region in 1955 -2005. Based upon the data of Tables 1, 2 and 3, graphs were drawn, showing changes in the maximum wind speed in July and January ( Figure 1) and the characteristic wind pressure in July and January (Figure 2) depending on the location of the weather stations and the Carpathian peaks above the Baltic Sea level. The graphs clearly illustrate almost a linear dependence of the speed and pressure of the wind on the geographic altitude starting from the altitude of 600 m.