The Relationship between Socio Cultural Background and Sport Achievement

The aim of this research was to find out the relations between social cultural background of people of North Sumatera province in Indonesia (helper, show off, dominate, self-ego, hard worker, independent) in relation to sport achievement. This research used descriptive method by reviewing existing literature. Sample of this research was 1072 athletes from 34 different group of sport that have been participating in National Sport Competition (PON) in years 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016. The result shows that nine different kinds of self-defence group have been chosen by 291 athletes such as: fencing, wrestling, Judo, Karate, Pencak Silat, Taekwondo, Tarung Derajat, Boxing and Whusu. In contrast, 781 athletes preferred to another kinds of sport than self-defence, 148 for measurable sport, 143 for accuracy sport, and 490 for games sport group. Eventually, self-defence athletes always contribute highest medals in each national sport competition event. In conclusion, the research shows that social-cultural background of people of North Sumatera has significant relationship to the sport achievement. The implication of research’s results can be utilized as a basic talent scouting and talent development for determining young talented athletes in North Sumatera.


Introduction
Success or achievement in sport can be measured by the amount of medals that have been collected by athletes in various sport events in both single or multi event [1]. There are 55 sport organizations in North Sumatera province that has been registered on the National Sport Committee [2]. Self-defense became the most sport that contributed achievement for North Sumatera both in single or multi sports event. People of North Sumatera tend to take their sports that require some characteristic such as, physically strength, body contact, which all these requirements point to self-defense. Self-defense became the most sport that contributed achievement for North Sumatera both in single or multi sports event. Is there any relationship between social cultural backgrounds of people of North Sumatera Utara with their sport preferences? By reviewing various literatures this research is trying to prove the relationship between social cultural background and sports achievements.

Sport Achievement Culture
It is stated that an empirical studies commonly acknowledge that active sports' participant is socially stratified and therefore is correlated with social and cultural characteristics [3]. Rationality of sport can be known as playful activity in interaction. In an action system frame of reference, it can be describe that this activity depends on the organic, personality, social, and cultural system [4]. There are subsystems that have their own sub-culture found in the society which will be another influence on sport. In modern societies, the female role still depends on a culture that stresses obedience as the main value- orientation, whereas, there is strong orientation of the male culture towards achievement. Another subsystem which in its culture shows a strong relationship to sport is that of the adolescent age-group.
Result of research shows that dependency of sport is more on the culture of the adolescent than on that of any other age group [5]. When we try to describe a national culture as a system, there will be of many sub-systems in it, and one of them is sport achievement culture. According to the substance of sport achievement culture, there are at least having four important aspects: (1) Hard work (2) discipline, (3) appreciation of achievement attitude, and (4) be brave to compete [6].

Socio Cultural of North Sumatera
Culture relates with both patterns and abstractions that underlie behavior or are the result of it. Moreover, culture exists of cognitive aspects which grow out of day to day or scientific experience. Culture consists of beliefs, values, norms, and of signs, that include symbols of verbal and non-verbal communication as well [4]. Participation in physical activity is complex and influenced by multiple factors such as demographic, biological, psychological, cognitive-emotional, behavioral attributes and skills, sociocultural and physical environment [7]. Moreover, combination of social, personal, environmental and cultural factors influence a person's motivation and ability to participate in sport [8]. Along with developing social cultural aspects, the combination of social and culture shaping character and habit of people of north Sumatera which are quite easy to be acknowledged, such as helper, show off, dominate, selfish, hard worker, and independent [9]. In relation to that human preference, it can be seen as the subjective part of a person's 'habitus', habitus being the set of beliefs and dispositions that have been developed over time and in response to particular contexts and relationships [10]. Eventually, in different living conditions, different people (1) generate different preferences for participating in sport and (2) experience different meanings through their participation in sport [11].

Sport Achievement of North Sumatera
Based on the characteristic of sport, term of sport divided into four categories: (1) Measured sport group, such as track and field; weight lifting; race; bike race; aquatic; rowing; diving; wall climbing; and aero sport, (2) Self-defense sport group: fencing; wrestling; judo; karate; pencak silat; taekwondo; tarung derajat; boxing; kempo; and wushu. (3) Accuracy sport: bowling; billiard; sport dance; drum band; hang gliding; diving; shooting, golf, archery, and gymnastic [12] Based on data of Sport National Competition (PON) 2004, 2008, and 2008, it is noted that the achievement of athletes of North Sumatera are mostly reached by a single event athletes, and medals won specifically obtained from self-defense's athletes, such as wushu, karate, boxing, wrestling, tae kwon do, pencak silat, judo, fencing, and tarung derajat. This condition clearly shows us that self-defenses the outstanding sport for North Sumatera.

The Correlation of Social Cultural Background and Self Defense Achievement of North Sumatera Province
It is difficult not to be accepted that sport has some significant impact on higher culture, as may be shown by symbolic elements from sport to be found in script and language [4]. In fact, that structure of sport is related to culture and society has sometimes been questioned. Yet it is quite easy to show how strong this relationship is. Sport is indeed an expression of that socio-cultural system in which it occurs [4]. The role of culture in explaining variability in human behavior has long been considered in the anthropological and sociological studies of play, games, and sport [13]. Situation specific research is required to better understand the relationship of sport in ethnicity in any certain community due to uniqueness of time and place and the social construction of sport within different societies background mean that [14]. Ethnicity is paramount factor in predicting recreational physical activity patterns in pluralistic countries reported by leisure scientists [15]. Similarly, research investigating participation motives in competitive youth sports has found that cultural factors do indeed have an impact on these motives [16]. Differences (as well as similarities) among these cultures [17] has been revealed in the previous research in their approach to sport/physical activity participation, popularity and types of different sports, as well as the meaning that sport has in each culture. North Sumatera Society has been well known by their socially and culturally diverse community consisting of various tribes, languages, arts and sports. The diversity become basic elements on shaping strong characters of their people, such as helper, show off, dominated, shellfish, hard worker, and independent. These all character seems to be the strong reasons why people of North Sumatera prefer self-defense to other sports up, hard worker, and be the best. The similarity of characters within both North Sumatera people and self-defense are advantages to produce excellent athletes.

Method of Research
This research has been conducted in North Sumatera province, and the focus of this research was North Sumatera National Sport Committee [12] and board of local sport organizations. This research was conducted from August to October 2016. The sample used in this research was 1072 athletes from various sports, 291 self-defense sport's athletes, 143 measured sport's athletes ,148 accurate sport's, athletes and 490 games sport's athletes. This research used descriptive method by reviewing existing literature.

Result and Discussion
The diagram below is the data of North Sumatera Athletes and their sport preferences based on the study of collected achievements data that was documented by National Sport Committee.

Figure1. Diagram Distribution of Sport in North Sumatera 2004-2016
The diagram above shows us that the number of athletes self-defense always placed in second position under the Game Sport for four times National Sport Competition staged (2004,2008,2012, and 2016 respectively). Moreover, the number of self-defenses' athlete was raised sharply from year 2004 to 2008, although there was a little decreased happened in 2008. Self-defense has reached the highest number of athletes in year 2016.
Based on the number of athletes in their participation on every National Sport Competition there is a positive correlation particularly between number of self-defense athletes and the number of medals collected. It can be seen in the diagram 2. Meanwhile, Data of National Sport Committee of North Sumatera describes the precise medals collection of Measured Sport Group that consist of karate, wushu, boxing, wrestling, taekwondo, pencak silat, judo, fencing, and tarung derajat.  2  1  4  2  2  5  4  2  4  2  1  6  2  Whusu  5  4  -9  3  6  9  4  9  8  4  3  Boxing  1  4  2  4  5  1  1  0  0  0  2  4  Westreling  0  0  2  0  0  2  0  1  2  1  1  2  5  TaeKwondo  1  1  1  0  0  0  1  0  2  0  1  0  6 Pencak Silat According to the table, Wushu has contributed the highest number of medal in four times National Competition (2004,2008,2012,2016) followed by karate and others. In contrast, in year 2004, Wushu has only reached 5 gold medals. Meanwhile, pencak silat placed its position at the lowest medals contributor comparing their counterpart. Surprisingly, the most prestigious achievement in this group has been achieved by Wushu in year 2008 with 9 gold medals collection.