Comparative analysis of the current energy of Colombia and the countries of its meridian.

The research focuses on the evaluation of the progress of the renewable installed capacity of the meridian countries with Colombia. Junto a Colombia, there are 12 other countries that are crossed by an imaginary line that surrounds the planet and because of this, each of these countries that it crosses, have a similar climatology, which, compared to Colombia, is assimilated to have the same conditions for the implementation of renewable energies. A bibliographic compilation was carried out where the amount of published information that can show the moment that the energy sector of each country that belongs to the Equatorial Meridian is going through was taken into account, with the aim of analyzing and comparing the energy news of Colombia with respect to these. This study shows the current energy state of each country, where different points are observed in relation to renewable and conventional energies. This comparative analysis was carried out based on the information found and gives a good impression of Colombia in the current and future energy field, but with difficulties due to factors outside its projection.


Introduction
Among the challenges for the XXI century is energy consumption and the impact for climate change [1].Colombia has focused on improvement systems for the energy sector with sustainable energy planning strategies implementing sustainable energy sources and their challenges associated with obtaining and distributing them.[2].Through studies and research, it has been possible to carry out some of these projects based on energy systems similar to those proposed and with this, create a more environmentally friendly development, trying to improve the demand for energy [2]- [4].
The transition to this type of unconventional energies are not only on the part of Colombia, but are also the present of the vast majority of countries in the world [5]- [7], since, thanks to the use of these energy sources, costs can be reduced and economic benefits obtained [8].In order to perceive the behavior in the energy sector in Colombia, a comparative analysis is carried out based on simular climatological zones [9], so for this study, it takes into account the countries that cross the line of the Equatorial meridian as that Colombia, which allows, to observe their development with respect to these countries that have an equal or similar climate, so the methods to take advantage of these unconventional energies have a factor in common and with this a real improvement can be shown or on the contrary a lack of energy development [10].

Literature review
For the bibliometric review, the analysis of the current state and conventional and unconventional energy trends in Colombia is carried out.When searching with keywords such as "conventional" and "unconventional" in Colombia, 7901 document results are found.For this first search, the , is obtained, where the visualization of the network of the keywords related to the theme is presented Figure 1 network display of related keywords

Figure 1 network display of related keywords
Aitself the discrimination of the words that are indexed in scopus is carried out by performing an analysis of co-occurrence of indexed words as presented in Fig. 2.

Figure 2 co-occurrence overlap of indexed words
In the Table 1 the 15 words with total force mass of link between the different indexed words and the occurrence of the same are presented.Continuing with the documentary purification, 300 articles are discriminated against, in this search those articles that are related to the topic of the current energy of Colombia and the countries of the Equator line were taken into account, so they select 28 articles with which it was developed in the comparison based on 26 articles that provide information about the energies (whether conventional or unconventional) that are used or that are take into account to implement over the next few years in order to obtain an improvement in the energy system of each country.In the

Comparative studies
The material was collected with the criterion of high degree of topicality, so relevant information is determined with a maximum of 4 years old, so only the information published in a period of time between 2019 and 2021 is taken into account.Due to the little information found about the current energy situation of each country involved in the preparation of this document, there are projects, research, reports and studies that address the current energy issue and future projections, with which an idea of the progress of each of these countries can be evidenced and thus be able to analyze the present of Colombia and the other countries belonging to the Equator line.(See Table 3).

2
Renewable energy in Colombia and the opportunity for offshore wind technology [12]   3 Large-scale integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into the future Colombian energy system[3] 4 A look at electricity generation from non-conventional renewables in Colombia [13] 5 The energy potential of agricultural, agro-industrial, livestock and slaughterhouse biomass waste through direct combustion and anaerobic digestion.The case of Colombia [14] 6 The The state of energy poverty in Indonesia and its impact on well-being [31] 23 Policy research to improve the adoption of rooftop home PV systems in Indonesia [32] 24 Biodiesel produced from palm oil in Indonesia: current status and opportunities [33] 25 Optimized renewable energy design, firm capacity and stable operating power plant to serve offgrid commercial loads in Indonesia [ Based on the total bibliographic material consulted and collected, there were countries such as Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon, Republic of the Congo and Somalia, in which relevant information related to the current energy situation of these countries was not obtained and therefore were not taken into account when developing the document.Based on the above, it can be evidenced the amount of renewable energy that has been installed until 2020 in MegaWatts (MW).In the Table 4 se la capacidad instalada por país y por sistema de generación implementada.In relation to renewable sources, Colombia is very weak since as illustrated inFigure 3, the installed solar energy capacity is 90MW which is equivalent to 0.7% of the total installed capacity in Colombia and is below countries such as Brazil, Indonesia and Kenya who have so far had greater projection when it comes to obtaining energy this type of sustainable source.With respect to wind energy, like solar energy, the development and projection of this type of renewable energy source is very low, since its installed capacity of 18MW, equivalent to only 0.14% of the total installed capacity and, in addition, it is below the vast majority of countries that share its meridian.On the other hand, inFigure 4, it can be seen that the use of hydroelectric energy sources is greater than the vast majority of countries with the exception of Brazil, where a positive advance can be idealized.This type of renewable energy is the most used in Colombia, with a capacity of 12258MW, which is equivalent to 96.47% of all installed renewable energies in the country.

Characterization of Colombia's energy news
Colombia is in the process of development and improvement, according to the bibliographic material collected rebuked in the , the exploitation of conventional energies that are used until now, so like the other countries that crosses the line of the Equator maintain an idea of making an energy transition towards unconventional sources that allow benefits in the energy sector, that goes hand in hand with environmental, economic, social, climatological sectors, among others.In addition to getting energy to as many sectors as possible for better access to this resource.The totality of Mega-Watts that are installed in each of the countries that are crossed by the Equator, can be reflected in Figure 5 Total installed renewable energy capacity.Colombia's energy transition to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly country is in process.Currently Colombia is projecting positively towards an energy system that benefits the inhabitants, commercial areas, industries and all other sectors that require the use of energy for its operation, which benefits the largest population and sectors such as environmental, political, social, geographical, economic, among others that are directly and indirectly involved with the development of energy.Clean energy in Colombia has been implemented for many years to make a transition where there is less and less need to use conventional energies that are exhausted over time and damage the ecosystem.The amount of renewable resources that the country has can be used to the maximum so that this transition is as soon as possible, where most of the renewable energy that is being used is hydroelectric energy (See Figure 6), which benefits from the abundance of hydrographic sources found throughout the Colombian country.

wind energy
The energy potential of wind sources that Colombia has is mostly concentrated in the north of the country with approximately 27,000MW distributed in different regions as can be seen in Table 5, where a decrease between 15% and 35% can be seen as this potential is further investigated [13].Some authors such as the case of Pupo Roncallo and his team cite that the wind potential could be approximately 81.2 TWh that can represent the installation of a capacity up to 25 Giga-Watts (GW).Likewise, wind energy can experience high growth if the projects that have been approved for a next execution are taken into account and thus provide a greater capacity than is installed, since Colombia is supplied with a single installed wind farm (Jeripachi project) for the generation of this type of energy [2], [3].

Potential in solar energy
On the other hand, thanks to the average solar radiation in Colombia dating between 4.5 to 6.0 kWh / m2 , there is a high potential for the use of photovoltaic solar technologies [3].This radiation is above the world radiation average of 3.9 kWh / m 2 , mainly due to the tropical climate that Colombia has when it is crossed by the Equator line and not having the 4 stations like the other countries far from the Equator.This potential is foreseen by the UPME for 2025 an increase between 148 and 168 MW and for 2030 between 163 and 216 MW, which can be considered low for a potential in solar radiation as high as that of this type of renewable source in Colombia [12], [13].

Potential in hydropower
Considering that the hydrographic sources available to the country are the most used to obtain energy, the development of this type of energy and the use of its potential has been of great importance in the country.The potential hydroelectric capacity that Colombia can count on is approximately 93 GigaWatts (GW), however, it is not a full and defined potential since there are many environmental factors that can limit it.To date, the installed capacity of 12,258 MW that is projected to continue to increase over the years [2], [3].

Bioenergy potential
The bioenergy available mainly from biomass between agricultural waste, forest residues, energy crops, residual biomass from livestock farms and biomass from municipal solid waste, can represent a high potential in this type of renewable energy with around 110,000 MW and 200,000 MW where 16,000MW could be used.So more research is needed to adapt this type of renewable sources and make the most of the energy that can be obtained from them [12], [14], [36].There is also a vast untapped bioenergy in Colombia of approximately 116 TWh per year.Where with its use it could also generate and promote a development in the rural sector that diversifies the country's energy mix and there is greater sustainability leaving behind conventional energy sources.In general, the potential of the Colombian territory to obtain energy from renewable sources is high and with a great projection, so that, if each of these sources is fully used, it will be possible to count on large amounts of energy that benefit both the energy sector and the economic sector, social and environmental, with a strong and positive development that makes Colombia a sustainable country with better conditions in all possible aspects.

Factors that hinder good progress
Colombia is a country that has great energy potential, due to its diversity in resources to obtain energy.Unfortunately, there are cases in energy planning that miss all this potential, so Martínez and Castillo express that: "The analysis of the Colombian case shows that the central objective of energy planning and its institutionality has been the advancement and maximization of the exploitation of energy resources for export purposes, instead of providing a guide to reorganize the system towards the reduction of energy consumption, non-renewable resources in favor of renewable sources, or energy justice" [37].
According to the UPME energy exports and imports indicator [38], in 2020, 250,795 GWh were exported and in addition to this, the balance with respect to the energy imported by the country is negative, since in 2020 1,301,589 GWh were imported, which on the one hand, increases the internal energy cost of the country and on the other, the exported energy is wasted that would reduce the amount of energy imported.Another problem that the Colombian country presents is the little use of its wealth in renewable resources that are available due to the lack of research, investment and use of other sources other than water.For this reason, renewable energies are currently at a low level of development, which does not allow a wide repertoire of alternatives that are more geographically accessible as in the case of the department of La Guajira, where the difficulty in obtaining energy from water sources is great, and photovoltaic and wind energies that have a potential that can supply a large amount of energy demand in the country are more viable [39].On the other hand, Colombia has also been affected by factors that, on the one hand, are difficult to control such as mega-droughts, which occur at any time and, on the other hand, demonstrate the absence of control in forested areas, since, due to the deforestation of forests by unknown external agents, increases the rate of possible droughts that affect the country's energy sector [40].

Conclusions
The energy sector does not depend on itself, because it goes hand in hand with other sectors such as economic, environmental, social, climatological, among others.Because of this dependence, the availability of bibliographic material at the time of research becomes scarce, since by sectors which require an approach according to the problems presented by each country, energy goes to the background becoming a topic of minor importance, which makes it difficult to obtain updated bibliographic material that is useful for the development of documents whose theme focuses on energy.For this reason, for the comparison between Colombia and the other countries that share its meridian, it was not possible to take into account all of the 13 countries involved in this issue, therefore, the comparison occurred only with those countries where they had available the most up-to-date material possible.With this bibliographic material, it was possible to observe each of the types of renewable energy sources that are used and the capacity of Mega-Watts (MW) that has been installed in countries whose climate is similar to that of Colombia.In the comparison made with the data obtained, there is a lack of renewable energy development in Colombia, since it is below several countries when it comes to taking advantage of renewable energy sources other than hydropower.There is also a trend of superiority on the part of Brazil, where its development has been very broad compared to Colombia and the rest of the countries, so it can be a model towards a future projection, to be able to exploit the energy potential that Colombia has, and to be able to compete in this sector in a more optimal way and with a more significant advance.
The transition to a sustainable energy country as it has been planning for the last few years, so far is slow and lacking investment in the various sustainable energy opportunities offered by the Colombian territory, therefore, the projects that are in the process of research and implementation to achieve this objective that the country has set are good.The progress that the energy sector has had in Colombia may become backward and insignificant, but taking full advantage of the renewable resources available to the country, the research that has been done over the years and the projects that are planned and are being implemented, this transition can be made in a faster way and with greater projection, for a Colombia that is more friendly to the environment and with greater accessibility in the regions that can currently benefit from this resource as important as energy..

Figure 4
Figure 4 Installed Hydroelectric Capacity in MegaWatts (MW)

Figure 5
Figure 5 Total installed renewable energy capacity

Figure 6 Figure 6
Figure 6 Energy mix of different energy sources5

Table 2
Selected journals and bibliographic material.

Table 3
[11] of Selected ArticlesDistributed generation: an inventory of installed capacity in Colombia until 2019[11] [15] of renewable energy for sustainable energy governance and environmental policies for climate change mitigation in Ecuador[15] [27]e series analysis to predict hydroelectric power production: the case of Ecuador[16]8The use of hydropower for electric power generation as a strategy for industrial development in Ecuador [17] 9 Big Oil's Renewable Energy Strategies: From Oil to Energy? [18] 10 Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology and Deployments: A Case Study from Brazil[19] 11 Towards a smart grid electricity system in Brazil: challenges and opportunities [20] 12 Biomass burning in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [21]13 A comprehensive review on the state of solar PV growth in Uganda[22]14 A long-term, multi-criteria energy planning optimization model with on-and off-grid electrification: the case of Uganda[23]15 A comprehensive review of the energy scenario and sustainable energy in Kenya[24]16 Decentralised rural electrification in Kenya: accelerating universal access to energy[25]17 Review of Solar Energy Development in Kenya: Opportunities and Challenges[26]] 18Electrificación rural en Kenia: un caso útil para áreas remotas en África subsahariana[27]19Powering an island complex with renewable energy: a feasibility analysis in the Maldives [

Table 5
Wind energy potential by region