Educational strategies applied to the logistics system of transport, treatment and final disposal of used lubricating oils in Colombia

In Colombia, one of the problems that is evident and that is gaining strength is related to the inadequate management of dangerous resources such as used lubricating oils (ALU) from automobiles and motorcycles, where it is observed that there is no adequate pedagogical strategy on logistics systems or logistics processes that allow optimal final disposal, thus avoiding contamination and alteration in the environment. The methodology that was used for this investigation is of a mixed type, with a descriptive investigation, where the ignorance of the conditions for the adequate handling, treatment and disposal of used lubricating oils can be identified, emphasizing small and medium-sized mechanical companies. Mechanical workshops mainly in neighborhoods located in the city of Bogotá and mostly in locations that do not have the latest technology to provide such service. As results of the investigation, it was found that there is no educational model of socialization of a structured logistics system for establishments that provide mechanical services, in addition to the lack of training and awareness on the part of companies and entities dedicated to the use of this type of substances, denoting the importance of providing learning tools from the proposed educational strategy.


Introduction
One of the main most notable problems are those related to environmental deterioration caused by multiple factors derived from human behavior and processes, the indiscriminate use and disposal of used lubricating oils -ALU, which generate a considerable impact considering that their use It is essential around the planet, its bad disposition brings with it contamination and alteration of the environment in which it is compromised.
Currently, there is ignorance of the conditions and necessary elements, for an adequate management and disposal of the ALU, by small and large establishments in which this hazardous waste is handled.This is due to the lack of training and awareness on the part of companies and entities dedicated to the development and use of this type of substance.
According to [1], ALUs are considered hazardous waste due to their flammability and toxicity characteristics.They are subject to a management plan in accordance with what is indicated in the General Law for the Prevention and Comprehensive Management of Waste (LGPGIR), improper handling of these can cause contamination in water, soil and air.
The purpose of the research work is to contribute to the creation of transport routes that optimize the collection times of the ALUs, deliver them to the collection centers so that they can carry out their process so that they can be reused with the in order to avoid future environmental problems.In addition to sensitizing the owners of motorcycle workshops, especially so that they carry out the initial process of collecting the waste in an adequate and optimal way.

Related Works (Literature)
Using various search sources, the research and / or articles that have been published nationally and internationally have been reviewed.The most relevant characteristics are described for each of them.
In accordance with the above, when reviewing the literature on the subject, some works from an international scope stand out, such as: according to the company's research source (Cempre Uruguay), there are numerous processes to recycle hazardous waste (oils) that affect the environment.environment and well-being in terms of the health of an entire community in general, with slight cleaning processes.The most common process used for many years, and in particular for small or medium-scale applications, is the acid-clay process [2].
In this article published by the same company and according to official data, currently in Spain 77% of the 220,000 tons of the total is collected.The remaining 23% (50,000 tons) is out of control.Of the total used oils collected each year, 66,000 tons go to incineration or combustion, 51,000 tons go to cogeneration, 49,000 tons go to regeneration and 4,000 tons go to other destinations.
In Uruguay, the only form of safe disposal for the ALU is the burning in Portland cement kilns, because the high combustion temperatures (over 1000ºC) and the long residence times ensure the destruction of potentially dangerous chemical substances that they may be present.
The authors [3] of the University of Zaragoza, Spain, wrote an article called "Public Policies for the Promotion of Recycling: The Regeneration of Used Oils", in order to investigate which process is the most suitable for the adequate reuse of ALUs. .This project analyzed the effectiveness of public policies against this great environmental problem.Also, the operation of the market for these oils in Spain was analyzed, in order to design the structure of public policies that support the regeneration of these residual oils.
According to the (International Center for Environmental Law Studies) CIEDA-CIEMAT of Spain.Order APM / 205/2018, of February 22, establishes the criteria to determine when processed used oil from ALU treatment for use as fuel ceases to be waste pursuant to Law 22/2011, of July 28 , waste and contaminated soil.Directive 2008/98 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 introduced a new procedure to define the criteria by which it can be established that a certain flow of waste can no longer be considered waste.On the other hand, in accordance with the provisions of article 8 of Law 22/2011, of July 28, on contaminated waste and soil, which regulates the principle of waste hierarchy, used oils must be used as a first priority for the regeneration (recycling) and as a second to energy recovery, either directly or by obtaining fuels.
Taking into account what was mentioned by [4], where they indicate that the Argentine market for lubricating oils for automotive use is dominated by five large regional and international companies, which dedicate large resources and marketing actions to the sale of high-value oils.aggregate.Despite the existence of adequate and easily accessible technologies for the reprocessing of used oil, and that the final product obtained achieves excellent quality standards, no company has been developed in Argentina that produces and markets reprocessed oils on a large scale.Nor does Argentine law establish obligations on petrochemical companies for the recovery of used oil.In other countries, producers must recover high percentages of the total volume sold.For example, in Brazil it reaches 40% of total sales.
In the recommendations made in his thesis, the student Manuel Rimapa Ruiz of the National University of the Peruvian Amazon, (2011), announces that every company that markets used oils must provide constant training to its workers in the handling of oils.used lubricants, in coordination with the sector authorities.
According to what is indicated in the thesis of [5], industrial growth on a continuous basis leads to a significant increase in the demand for natural resources and their derivatives.Lubricating oils are no stranger to this growing demand; growth in industrial development is unthinkable.Such a situation, opens the mind to visualize the problems that are generated around the world, due to not making a correct storage of used oils within the workshops.
From a national level, [6] those who speak in the general context of residual oils stand out about a technical manual for the management of used lubricating oil from the Ministry of the Environment, which was implemented in order to design a plan of activities, workshops and Socialization of a teaching booklet that promotes awareness and training on the proper handling of used lubricating oil for the prevention of pollution and care for the environment.This occurred in the city of Florencia (Caquetá) which increased its automotive fleet in recent years, especially motorcycles, going from 9,987 motorcycles registered in 2012 to 44,300 as of March 31, 2018 [7], which indicates a greater volume of hazardous waste generated in establishments that carry out motorcycle maintenance, especially used lubricating oil.
According to [8], used oils of automotive and industrial origin are classified as hazardous waste from mineral oils, not suitable for the use for which they were originally intended, or mixtures and emulsions of oil and water wastes or hydrocarbons and water.Their dangerous characteristics vary according to the processes or equipment in which they have been used.For this reason, Colombia has the challenge of giving comprehensive management to used oils, which guarantees their environmentally safe management in order to generate a national strategy within the applicable legal framework that guides the management of used oils.For this, they propose a technical manual that allows knowing how to implement the proper handling of used lubricating oils of automotive and industrial origin, published in 2006 by the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development, today the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development.
On the other hand, the authors [9], in their research article, speak of responsible management that is required for the proper use of residual motor oils, which are a highly polluting material, since they can cause damage to the environment when they are dumped on the ground or in water currents including sewers.This can result in contamination of groundwater and soil.The used lubricating oil contains various chemical compounds such as heavy metals, (for example, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, lead, among others), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene and sometimes chlorinated solvents, PCBS, etc.These chemical compounds have a direct effect on human health and several of these products are carcinogenic.A universal concern is the supply of water; used lubricating oils penetrate the ground and automatically contaminate surface and ground water.When they are eliminated in city sewage systems, they end up in wastewater treatment plants, but currently, because there are very few of these plants in Colombia, the vast majority of these oils end up in the environment and in the surface water.
In the Thesis [10] in summary, they make it known that for the development of their thesis they carried out an initial situational diagnosis in Florence (Caquetá) and identified that currently the normative technical management of this type of waste is not applied in the municipality, for what each generator, individually, performs the management of used oils with evident flaws, both in storage and transport and in the final disposal, which is confirmed in the main diagnosis in which the survey was applied to the collectors primary.For the development of the proposal, the current legislation and regulations on the management and disposal of used lubricating oils were analyzed.Likewise, the guidelines and procedures established by control agencies and environmental authorities for the management and disposal of used lubricating oils applicable in each link of the chain were analyzed.
A Reverse Logistics Network (RLI) has been proposed for the city of Pereira [11], where the waste generating points (ALU), distances, associated logistics costs and the type of collection vehicle are taken into account; the system model was modeled and simulated in MATLAB as a capacity constrained vehicle routing problem (CVRP -Capacited Vehicle Routing Problem), the solution points to the order of visit of vehicles to the generating points and was carried out in two steps : savings and cluster heuristics.
A web-based decision system [12] allows the establishment of calendars, milestones and follow-ups based on consumer demand, which in this case is an ALU re-refining plant, the inventories level of the plant closes the link of the RLI.The logistics process has four basic characteristics: the reasons for the return, the type of product, the recovery process and the actors involved.Other aspects that were taken into account were: storage capacities of the sources of the waste, location, characteristics of the containers, heterogeneity of the collection vehicles, quality of the ALU labeled as reusability, the plant's production plans (MRP -Material Requirements Planning and MPS -Master Scheduling Planing).

A. Management of used lubricating oils
To understand the problem further, the difference between vehicle and motorcycle lubricating oil must be taken into account, which do not have the same characteristics as shown below, according to [13] "the greatest obstacle to the exchange of lubricants between cars and motorcycles is presented by the clutch, this because it tends to slide on a motorcycle.Therefore the materials with which they are manufactured are not compatible, and specifically vary in their "anti-friction" additives in addition to being incompatible by contact between the parts, their content is based on different components taking into account that the time interval between changes it is completely different since motorcycle lubricant is usually carried to the extreme more continuously, this generates accelerated wear of its components unlike that used in a car, for this reason it must be replaced more often and There must be a regulated control of the ALU of motorcycle-type vehicles, hence the focus of the project.
According to [9], "all used oils are regenerable, although in practice the process and its cost make this alternative unfeasible" recycling this type of waste is viable because they can be treated in their entirety, On the other hand, they state that "Regarding alternatives for the use of used motor oils, reuse is highlighted as long as its characteristics allow it.This reuse begins with a pretreatment that includes removal of contaminants, insolubles, water, sediments and oxidation products, through the use of different physicochemical processes such as its heating, filtration, dehydration and centrifugation.Regeneration through different treatments is possible, recovering the base lubricating material present in the original oil, so that it can be reprocessed for its use."These can be integrated back to a useful life after a purification process, the oils collected in the The proposed route has great reprocessing capacity because the training will provide the information and advice necessary for the optimal disposal of this type of ALU.For the environmental protection agency (EPA), which is an agency of the United States federal government in charge of protecting human health and protecting the environment: air, water and soil, used oil must have a clear definition, these indicate which is one that has been refined from crude oil or any synthetic oil that has been used and this use is contaminated with physical and chemical impurities [14].The impurities that can be ingested in the oil makes it no longer have the initial properties, impurities such as: earth, water, metal particles and chemical products that in one way or another affect the effectiveness of the oils, that's why When it comes to car or motorcycle oils, they must be changed or replaced in a range of miles traveled by these vehicles, this type of oil is known as lubricant.
According to what the author [15] indicates in his thesis, lubricating oil is solid, semi-solid or liquid substances of animal, vegetable, mineral or synthetic origin, which can be used to reduce friction between moving parts and mechanisms.
Within several investigations, it is evident that the function of lubricating oils is not only limited to reducing friction between materials, but also fulfills other functions that are important for achieving effective functionality within the activities it performs, within these they can be indicated [16]: coolant, impurities remover, sealant, anticorrosive and antiwear, and energy transmitter.

B. Logistics transport system.
In the presentation of [17] he discloses the appropriate procedure for the transportation of ALUs, which is divided into three phases: Phase 1: Packaging There are 3 options for the transportation of 55-gallon capacity drums, 55-gallon capacity containers and tank trucks.The containers must be in perfect condition, without dents or damage to their edges, be made of materials resistant to corrosion and that can be hermetically closed before starting their movement, avoiding at all times the spillage of used lubricating oil.To fill the 55 Gallon drums, a 10 cm free edge must be left.

Phase 2: Labeling
Each tank, drum or storage system must be labeled with the words "Liquid substance potentially dangerous for the environment-it contains used lubricating oil", the vehicle must have on a plate the United Nations number corresponding to the character of the product transported (UN 3082), on all visible faces of the unit and the front of the cargo transport vehicle cabin.

Phase 3: Transportation
Vehicle conditions: in the case of a vehicle with 55-gallon drums or tanks, these must be fixed to the vehicle through the use of fastening devices used especially for this purpose.If the mobilization is carried out in a tank car, the length of the chassis must protrude from the rear end of the tank, the tank must have a plate with the name of the manufacturer, the standard or building code, the date of manufacture, capacity and number of compartments. .The tank, drums or storage system must be resistant to hydrocarbon action to ensure complete confinement of the used lubricating oil.There must be a communication system (cell phone, radiotelephone, radio or other) and its respective license issued by the competent authority for applicable cases.
Elements: Pump for loading or unloading used lubricating oils; hose for loading or unloading used lubricating oils; fire extinguishers; oleophilic material; personal protection elements (Overalls, boots, gloves resistant to the action of hydrocarbons).

Procedure for loading ALU in the facilities of a collector or warehouse:
Vehicle inspection: The vehicle driver must check the integrity of the equipment daily prior to the first trip and must make sure to carry a copy of the following safety documents: Safety sheet of used lubricating oils, presented in Annex 3 of this Manual, Contingency Plan for consultation in case of emergency.

Location of the vehicle:
Once in the facilities of the Collector or Warehouse, the vehicle must be located in the temporary storage area where it does not cause interference, in such a way that it is in a quick exit position, according to instructions given by the person in charge of the installations.
Preparing for Pumping: Inspection, the vehicle driver and facility manager should visually inspect the tanks, storage area, and valves to verify their condition and identify the presence of leaks or leaks of used lubricating oil.
In informal workshops, there is no system that allows them to have efficient control of both their entrances and their exits, they can implement a system that provides them with a competitive, proactive and innovative differential, compared to other workshops.Accessing the digital age as indicated in the article from the Uniminuto inclusion and development magazine in its publication of December 10, 2017 in which it reveals the challenges Colombia faces taking into account the different digital changes.
Taking into account the article in the academic journal [18], Characterization of the actions for the separation of waste at the source of the Caracolí, Potosí and Tres esquinas neighborhoods of Ciudad Bolívar, the importance of the classification is determined.and correct disposal of waste, because it has a negative impact on exposed environments, if the high level of waste generated from various activities is taken into account and projecting it into the future, it is concluded that it is vitally important to awareness and treatment of waste at its points of origin.
According to the reasoning that has been carried out regarding the quality of employment that is being generated in the city of Bogotá, the sectors with the highest employability indicator are also those that have a high index of informal work, given that they lack income decent, seasonal work, casual or fixed-term employment.[19] states that: This article presents an investigation carried out in the center of the city of Santiago de Cali, which addresses one of the most complex and growing realities of recent years at the national level: informal work.Through four life stories, the human social drama that informal workers live daily, for not having real job opportunities, for not having adequate educational levels, for lack of economic resources and for the evident disinterest of the State is presented.

Methodology
The research project, which is underway, will be prepared under a quantitative and qualitative methodological approach, based on the gathering of information through surveys, interviews and photographic records, in addition to the analysis and observation that has been made through visits made to workshops located in specific areas; This is a descriptive and explanatory research, becoming a mixed research based on the book "Research Methodology" of [20].
Starting from the descriptive point of view, with the aim of determining the behaviors they present regarding the handling of ALUs in motorcycle workshops in the Santander, San Victorino and Villa Nelly neighborhoods; Since this type of research seeks to clarify the behaviors that are the object of study, such as the number of approximate oil changes and amounts collected daily in order to determine the volume of waste generated, in addition to identifying behaviors and disposal of this type of substances; on the other hand, the type of explanatory research in view of the fact that in the course and progress of the project, responses will be given to the factors and causes that lead to the misuse of ALUs, this in order to provide an alternative and raise awareness regarding the problems studied according to [21].
Following the designed methodology, the identification and recognition of the environmental aspects and impacts generated by the inadequate management of ALUs in motorcycle workshops in the previously described areas will be carried out.
According to this, it was evident that most of the people who make the oil change in the Santander, San Victorino and Villa Nelly neighborhoods, are not clear about the process that these oils receive after being collected from their workshops and in some cases, these used oil residues -ALUs are collected by untrained people, mismanaging this residue.
On the other hand, it was analyzed that in these neighborhoods there is no appropriate route for the collection of used oil, which shows that there is no optimal route to take them where they are given proper management of this waste and the capacity and the types of containers or basins that are used to collect these used oils.This allows us to broaden the vision of this problem a little more and rectify the importance of implementing a transportation system in order to minimize time and optimize resources, such as project design (ALU), giving possible solutions that contribute to it.time with caring for the environment.
Population and sample are based on: In Bogotá DC, the capital of Colombia, there are a large number of establishments dedicated to guaranteeing the useful life of motorcycle-type vehicles.If the size of the city is taken into account, it is complex to try to tackle the entire problem, which focuses on the damages caused by the ALUs derived from the bad disposition and management by those involved, due to this situation, three critical and strategic points of the city are identified, the Santander, San Victorino and Villa Nelly neighborhoods in which it is intended to address and identify behaviors and practices associated with the problems, the result of poor management by the locals and people who work there.
The number of premises for investigation varies in each area, approaching with a range of (80 to establishments in each neighborhood, from which it is taken (10%) to carry out data collection applying in total (30) interviews in the previously described areas, with this we proceed to collect and analyze information for a subsequent interpretation of results; The interviewees proceed to apply the selected method for the acquisition of information, "surveys" that will be applied randomly to a number of people according to [22] accessible population, since they work in the premises and represent a subset of the population temporarily Available for the study, these are in the delimitation of the described areas, both owners and employees who possess basic or advanced knowledge about the practices and procedures applied are involved, in addition to the amounts of ALU waste derived from the activities carried out in a continues in establishments.

Results
The main objective of the research seeks to propose a design of a logistics transport system for lubricating oils used in motorcycle workshops.
The objectives that allow achieving this main objective are founded on as specific objectives and are formed in the phases of the development of the investigation, beginning with the collection of information from the main transport logistics systems, for the proper selection of the best, with the reason for transporting the lubricating oil to have a proper handling and final disposal thereof.Next, it is important to identify the volume of waste originating or derived from lubricating oils from motorcycle maintenance.Next, we seek to define optimal transport routes in order to minimize collection times, improving resources.To end with the socialization of the strategies derived from the transport logistics system and the proper handling of lubricating oil in motorcycle workshops.
The investigation is in the first two phases: Phase 1: Database -Collection of information (State of the art).Phase 2: Information gathering and data analysis.
This shows that the investigation is ongoing, in the database and information gathering phases, for which it was carried out in phase 1, the analysis of the information found, where it was possible to identify and determine that there is no Evidence within the literature of route designs for the transportation of used lubricating oils -ALU, which shows that there is a knowledge gap in this regard and that it is relevant to carry out the research.
In phase 2, within the collection of information, a technical instrument for data collection (Survey) was designed, which was validated by experts in the field to assess knowledge about the proper management of used lubricating oils by the owners of establishments such as motorcycle workshops.This phase is still ongoing, to complete its effective development, applying the instruments.

Conclusion
For the ongoing investigation, the phases developed and which are still being executed, it can be preliminarily concluded that there is no transport logistics design supported by the proper process of handling and final disposal of used lubricating oils, so It can be seen in the literature that, although there are works that use the handling of oils, the final disposal, this has not been worked from the point of view of the motorcycle sizes sector, thinking of the small businessman.
In the partial application of the technical research instrument (survey) to motorcycle workshops, a lack of knowledge and proper handling of lubricating oils was observed, since from the empirical knowledge of many mechanics they carry out the work without any care or recognizing that this It is a hazardous waste, found oil spills, dirt, little training and training to do the job of changing motorcycles oil in a more suitable and proper way.

Table I .
Characteristics of the (ALU).Recovered from "Technical manual for the management of used lubricating oils of automotive and industrial origin, by the Ministry of Environment and sustainable development 2014.Physicochemical characteristics of used oils.P. 18.TableII.Allowable pollutant levels in (ALU).
Source: Recovered from "by which the cases in which the combustion of waste oils is allowed and the technical conditions to carry it out are established", by the Ministry of Environment and sustainable development.1998.Table of percentage for mixing and maximum limits of contaminants in used oils.P. 6