Organic pesticide from non-conventional natural resources

The new varieties of organic pesticides and their application as a substitute for chemical pesticides are the main topics of this paper. Due to the residue left on the vegetables, fruits, etc. which we consume on a daily basis, many of the contemporary, chemical pesticides being utilised today are reducing the soil fertility and negatively damaging human health. Study has shown that natural oils also work as pesticides but the emulsion of oil and water is big task so for that We need chemical based emulsifier so to avoid chemicals we are studying on various fruits and vegetable extracts which can be used as emulsifiers. According to the data of year 2020-21 Maharashtra leads with the 13243 MT of usage of pesticides. Orange peel extract contain chemicals such as saponins and flavonoids, which have the property of emulsifier for the emulsion of oil and water. After studying various papers, we found that orange peel extract can definitely work as emulsifier for oil and water emulsion. In this paper we got to know the presence of saponins with the help of froth test (test for saponins), test for flavonoids and the UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of the orange peel. In this we got the yield of orange peel extract using two different solvents. Paper tells us about the different analysis performed with the help of the parameters obtained for finding the presence of emulsifying properties present in orange peel.


Introduction
Organic pesticides are formed from the substance which are natural ingredients [1].Formulation of essential oils can work as pesticide on the crop to cure the diseases like different pest, fungus, bacteria, etc [2].Due to excessive use of chemical pesticides according to WHO (World Health Organisation) Years can pass before some of the older, less expensive pesticides are removed from soil and water.Although many of these chemicals are no longer utilised in agriculture in wealthy nations, they are still prevalent in many underdeveloped nations.Pesticides have the potential to be hazardous to people and can have both short-term and long-term health consequences.Studies indicate that orange peels are abundant in bioactive compounds and are by products of fruit processing.India produces approximately 25 lakh tons of orange annually, which results in the production of a significant amount of orange by product waste, such as peels.Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Assam, and Karnataka are India's primary orange-producing states.The orange peel builds up in large quantities during the production of orange juice and other orange products, posing a threat to the environment.Neem Oil is a holistic pesticide due to the nature of its active components.This means that it is effective at all stages of the insect's life cycle.Azadirachtin, a key element in neem oil, functions as a natural insecticide in organic farming.As a result, it's critical to figure out where these peels can be used.Numerous phytochemicals and nutrients can be found in orange peels; Consequently, they may be useful 1291 (2023) 012038 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1291/1/012038 2 in numerous food and drug products [3].So for the alternative for chemical pesticides we can use organic pesticides which are derived from natural ingredients.Formulation of essential oils can work as pesticide on the crop to cure the diseases like different pest, fungus, bacteria, etc. Orange peel extract can work as a stabilizer in the oil-water emulsion which can form organic pesticide.Later on the extract of fruits or vegetables which contain saponins and flavonoids can work as stabilizers [3].The agricultural land in India is very huge.Agriculture is the only industry on which farmers depend.According to the most recent figures, India's agricultural sector generates 20% of the country's total GDP.The total amount of chemical pesticides consumed in India in 2021-2022 was 58720 MT.Recent years have seen a rise in environmental concerns from both experts and the general population due to the overuse of pesticides.Pesticides are thought to be used to treat crops with about 2.5 million tonnes of pesticides annually, resulting in $100 billion in global economic losses.This is due to two factors: pesticides' high toxicity and nonbiodegradability, as well as the healththreatening residues found in crops, water supplies, and soil.To address the issue of long-term toxicity to mammals, new insecticides that are biodegradable and highly selective must be developed.It is essential to research and develop environmentally friendly insecticides in order to reduce pesticide use and preserve agricultural yields.In terms of minimizing adverse effects on human health and the environment, natural products are an excellent alternative to synthetic pesticides [4].

Literature Survey
Over 2000 plant species possess some insecticidal diseases.So chemical pesticides should have some alternative which can be used across all the plants in homes and gardens.This paper refers to the formulation of the different types of pesticides and their forms.Spreaders, stickers, wetting agents, and foaming agents are some of the additives used to boost the active ingredient's efficiency.at room temperature normal We acquire organic pesticide to combat insect pests.Additionally, to manage numerous household and field insect pests.Synthetic pesticides are primarily used to control insects, but their high operating costs and environmental pollution have necessitated an alternative method [2].Due to synthetic pesticide it also affect the fertility of soil but in the case of organic pesticide with the accurate active ingredients they become more efficient with the low cost as compared to synthetic pesticide.Steam distillation is a common conventional method for extracting the essential oil from catnip.This can be done by cutting up the flowers, stems, and leaves of the plant and cooking them in a pressure cooker for about an hour.At normal room temperature.Catnip oil is obtained which is highly effective for the insect pest.There are some pest contexts where conventional products have demonstrated equivalent control [4].A mixture that is made up of two or more liquid stages is referred to as an "emulsion."Emulsions are used in food production, healthcare, chemical synthesis, and firefighting, among other industries in the chemical, energy, and environmental sectors.Due to asphaltene, a naturally occurring surfactant, when oil and water are mixed during the oil production process, water-in-oil emulsions naturally form.This study also summarizes previous experimental and modeling research and methodology, focusing on reliable laboratory equipment, simulation software, and modeling approaches for examining emulsion stability and size distribution.This analysis includes systematic parametric sensitivity testing to examine the various effects of important media, process, and thermodynamic features on the variables of interest.In order to properly build and operate the accompanying gear, this review paper gives helpful recommendations for characterising and modelling emulsions and their behaviours in diverse industrial sectors [7].In this study, tea saponin extracts from Camellia oleifera seeds were extracted using AB-8 microporous resin and gradient elution with ethanol in a variety of purities.AB-8 microporous resin and a gradient ethanol elution were used to purify the tea saponins from Camellia oleifera seeds.An ethanol-sulfuric acid color reaction and thin-layer chromatography were used on the obtained eluates.Together, these findings demonstrate that tea saponins have a potent insecticidal effect on the pest E. obliqua larvae that infest tea plantations.This study revealed that tea saponins were 99 percent pure and had insecticidal properties.The saponins have the ability to kill the larvae and their intestines when they come into contact with their exterior surfaces [8].
The primary topic of this essay is brand-new insecticide varieties.The poisons in the soil, air, and water are rising as a result of the fact that many of the modern pesticides remain in the soil for years.Organic pesticides typically have a narrow spectrum of activity, are less expensive, toxic to workers or consumers, and are safer for the environment and for beneficial insects than conventional pesticides like organochlorine.They also provide better control than conventional pesticides like those that contain organochlorine.They are often stomach poisons that operate fast to stop eating, which makes them sometimes much more selective for nuisance insects that feed on plants and less hazardous to beneficial insects.Some plants also have specialised gland cells that create essential oils.Control of cockroaches and other household pests using peppermint oil [9].According to the report, excessive use of pesticides with high toxicity and low biodegradability leads to environmental concerns.More attention has been paid to some of the most recent advancements in green pesticides.Essential oils have been touted as safe and affordable green pesticides with current commercial breakthroughs, as well as their potential and limitations.Plants can use the fragrant qualities of essential oils to attract or repel insects, among other things.The article discusses a variety of essential oils used as natural insecticides and their beneficial effects, including Lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus), on the other hand, is well renowned for its ability to repel pests.Rose (Rosa damascena) is well known in the perfumery and aroma sectors.The reason why so few pest control treatments are based on plant essential oils has also been discovered.Regulatory barriers to commercialization may be brought on by the expense of toxicological and environmental analyses or the fact that the effectiveness of essential oils against pests and diseases is not as obvious or visible as that found with currently available therapies [10].

Materials and Methods
Neem Oil is a holistic pesticide due to the nature of its active components.This means that it is effective at all stages of the insect's life cycle.Azadirachtin, a key element in neem oil, functions as a natural insecticide in organic farming.Neem Oil was bought from the local market and orange peels were bought from the juice centres.The peel was separated followed by drying for 5-6 days.By utilising mixer grinding, dried peels were reduced to a coarse powder.

Soxhlet Extraction
The orange peel powder was extracted with different solvents: acetone and methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.50 gm powder was used with 300 ml of acetone and 30 gm powder was used with 300 ml methanol for the extraction at 70℃ by Soxhlet extraction method for 1 hour [3].

Distillation
As we need only the orange peel powder extract so we performed distillation for removing the solvents from the extract which we obtained from the Soxhlet Extraction process [3].

Test for Saponins.
In reality, saponins are one of the most well-known classes of naturally occurring emulsifiers, and their biological capabilities (anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, hypo-cholesterolemic) and physicochemical characteristics (amphiphilic nature and high surface activity) extend their use to a variety of applications.After boiling or combining two milliliters of orange peel extract with twenty milliliters of water, the mixture was filtered.10 ml of this filtrate was vigorously shaken with 5 ml of distilled water to produce a stable, long-lasting froth.The appearance of foam is an indication that the extract contains saponins [3].

4.3.2.
Test for Anthroquinones.After adding 0.5 grams of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to the extract, it was heated for 10 milliliters and then filtered while it was still hot.Shaking the filtrate with 5 ml of chloroform was done.One milliliter of diluted ammonia was poured into the chloroform layer.The final solution's color variations were evaluated It has been demonstrated that some common food flavonoids can function as effective stabilisers of oil-in-water emulsions by adhering as water-insoluble particles to the oil droplets' surfaces, i.e., Pickering emulsions.A yellow colour formed after mixing 2 ml of orange peel extract with 1 ml of 2N sodium hydroxide suggests the presence of flavonoids [11].

Test for
Tannin.The extract and 10 milliliters of water in a test tube were used to boil and filter the mixture.Three to four drops of ferric chloride at 1% were then added.After that, a blue-black or brownish-green color was observed [11].4.3.5.Test for Terpenoids. 2 ml of chloroform was added to each 0.5 g of extract.Concentrated H2S04 (3 ml) was carefully added to form a layer.Terpenoids are indicated by the interface's reddish-brown appearance [11].

Extraction of orange peel extract by using various solvents
The yield of this study's soxhlet extraction of orange peel with various solvents varied from one attempt to the next.The yield of the extract varies with the solvent.We obtained a yield of 11 ml with acetone as the solvent and 10.7 ml with methanol.
From Literature we got the yield of acetone and methanol per 100 gm but we here performed for per 50 gm and acetone solvent showed the best results for all the analysis.Table 1.Yield of orange peel extract by different solvent using Soxhlet extractor.

Phytochemical screening of orange peel extract
The results of the phytochemical screening of the various solvent extracts allowed for the identification of terpenoids, flavanoids, saponins, and tannins.As shown in the table Anthroquinones was completely absent in orange peel in the performed method.While on other hand Methanol and Acetone showed the presence of Tannins, Terpenoids, Flavonoids and Saponins.

Testing of solubility of extracts with neem oil
Testing outcomes showed that the extract obtained using methanol solvent is soluble in neem oil while the extract obtained using acetone solvent is insoluble.

UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of orange peel extract
In contrast to a reference or blank sample, the amount of discrete wavelengths of UV or visible light that are absorbed by or transmitted through a sample can be determined using the analytical method of UV-Vis spectroscopy.The UV-Vis absorbance spectrum of orange peel exhibits a maximal 660 nm absorbance that is induced by a localised transition, as well as absorbances at 402 nm and 279 nm [14].

Conclusion and Future Enhancement
Synthetic pesticides have caused soil and air pollution, and some of these chemicals can take years or even decades to degrade.These insecticides are detrimental to human health as well as to animal, microbial, and plant life.Fortunately, there are lots of natural pesticides (called biopesticides) that are also efficient at controlling pests.People need to stop using dangerous pesticides and start utilising biopesticides, which decompose swiftly in the soil and sunlight.In this paper we got the best effective product as pesticide because neem oil is natural oil which works on insect pest and many companies combine it with chemical based emulsifier which is harmful in many aspects but here, we tried to replace the chemical based emulsifier with the orange peel extract which showed the best results.
With the help of different parameters we performed the experiments and tests and we got to know the presence of saponins and flavonoids which are one of the important properties of emulsifier for the emulsification of oil and water.We attempted to emulsify the orange peel with neem oil, and the extract obtained by using methanol solvent emulsified with the oil.Further we can study on different plant extract, gums which can work as emulsifier or stabilizer and after that the final product can be tested on the plants.

Table 2 .
Phytochemical constituents of Orange Peel Extracts by Soxhlet Extractor.Proximate composition of orange peel powderIn TableNo. 1, the approximate compositions of orange peel powder are listed.The shade-dried powdered sample's moisture content was determined to be 9.2%.Protein content on a dry weight basis was between 12% and 13%.(DW).This suggests that the orangepeel might possibly contain significant nutrients.The difference in the amount of carbohydrates was [3].

Table 3 .
Proximate analysis of orange peel powder

Table 4 .
Solubility test of extracts with neem oil.

Table 5 .
Yield of orange peel extract by different solvent using Soxhlet extractor.