User Aspiration and Design of Functional Architecture in Seafarer’s Certification Management

Maritime (kepelautan) is matters related to manning, education, certification, authority, rights and seafarer’s obligations. In marine transportation activities, there are several main instruments that must be in place, namely transportation facilities (ships), transportation facilities providers (shipping companies / government), ship operator service providers (seafarer), certified seafarers / producers of seafarers (training institutions) and infrastructure, such as ports, channels, warehouses, and so on. The relationship between seafarers and seafarer certification (education and training institutions / government) and shipping companies is a concern in this study, especially in relation to the impact of many falsification of seafarer certificates, despite the implementation of an online database certification system that is centralized in Directorate General of Sea Transportation (DJPL). There are 3 (three) major problems that are still popular at this time, for instance unoriginal of seafarer certificates, unpaid seafarers or late receiving wages for more than 1 (one) wage period, and seafarers have a difficult time to find jobs on board. One of the available instruments to solve this problem is the intelligent transport system (ITS) architecture which is liable to be adopted in mapping the aspirations of marine transportation stakeholders, blockchain technology, such as decentralizing (one of the pillars / characteristics of blockchain technology) seafarer certificate database. A cost benefit analysis will be used in this study to obtain how much does it cost to improve the system and to see the benefit of the product.


Introduction
shortage of seafaring officers [3] As in the Table 1 and Figure 1, it can be seen that in 2015 the world had a shortage of 16,500 officers and in 2020 it is estimated that the world has a shortage of 92,000 officers, until 2025 it is estimated that the shortage of marine officers is 147,500 officers [3]. According to the Baltic and International Maritime Council (BIMCO) report [3], the shortage of seafarers and the high population growth which increase job competition becomes more selective and competitive, furthermore it can be seen as an opportunity by individuals who want to take advantage of it by looking for shortcuts to make seafarers' certificates that can be traded and owned without a process of education and training [9]. Due to the high demanding, the person sellis the illegal certificates with a price range approximately Rp. 700,000 to Rp. 20,000,000 depending on the level of the certificate.it doesn't stop there, the illegal certificate seller also hacked the Indonesian seafarer's website to enter the certificate data they sold so that it gave a genuine impression. and currently there are more than 5041 illlegal seafarers certificates that have entered the Indonesian seafarers' database [9]. in detail we can see in the following table: those cases seriously threatens the existence of Indonesian seafarers on international shipping, where currently there are 300,000 Indonesian seafarers working on foreign ships [19] and if it becomes a serious problem in international law then the worst consequence is that all Indonesian seafarers' certificates will be banned and unable to sail in international seas. The next problem is related to unpaid seafarers by the company that employs them or the company that employs them is late providing wages for more than 1 (one) period of wages [11]. the reports are quite 3. Assignment of responsibility to members, including those relating to licensing, and flags of states employing foreign countries, to ensure seafarers meet the standard requirements of competence. International Labor Organization (ILO), IMO does not have the capacity to make a comprehensive legal instrument on the protection of seafarers, so it is appropriate if the ILO makes the maritime labor convention (MLC) 2006 as an international legal instrument [5]. The MLC provides a legal basis relating to the fulfillment of several rights of seafarers [7], [8], namely: 1. A safe and secure workplace according to proper safety standards; 2. Fair terms of employment; 3. Work and workplace conditions on board are decent; and 4. Work protection, health care, welfare and other forms of social protection (Health protection, medical care, welfare measures and other forms of social protection). Intelligent transport system (ITS) architecture, there are several basic things that are needed [1], [2], [4] [18], namely : 1. Change Stakeholder Aspirations into formal User Needs, whose functions can be expanded; 2. Divide functionality into components that can be produced; 3. Make an outline specification of these components; 4. Submit these specifications to the review team; 5. Compare 'where you are' with 'where you want to be; 6. Develop a placement plan.

Research Location
This study was conducted in several places in Surabaya -Politeknik Pelayaran Surabaya and Port of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. This study was also conducted in Jakarta -Directorate General of Sea Transportation (DJPL) Jakarta.

Data Collection Methods
Data were collected by using 2 (two) methods: 1. Field observations to find out how much does it costs and how long does it takes for seafarers to take education and training until they get a seafarer certificate and work on a ship. 2. Interviews with seafarers to find the information towards the duration in finding a job on board and how they apply for it. All data will be analysed by using the cost benefit analysis.

Case Study
Various problems that arise when falsification of seafarers' certificates continues, are: 1. Indonesian seafarers are no longer trusted in the world shipping company, therefore, it is increasingly difficult to work in international companies; If it is found out that the seafarers working on their ships are using illegal certificates, the company will suffer material losses because the ship is not allowed to sail until there is a replacement seafarer and makes another work contract with the replacement sailor and pays additional mooring fees at the port; 3. All seafarers' certificates issued by the government in Indonesia are doubted in the world shipping company, so that seafarers cannot work, reducing foreign exchange and increasing unemployment.

Observation
In the observation on falsification of seafarers' certificates, it is found that 5041 illegal certificates were successfully sold and the data entered into the database of Indonesian seafarers [9]. Some data obtained from observations, they are: 1. training rates at the politeknik pelayaran surabaya 2. costs and time spent on education and training seafarers 3. the supply data of the number of seafarer each year from the politeknik pelayaran surabaya 4. Minimum standards of wages for seafarers data obtained from observation can be seen as follows Table 3   Table 3 Training Rate at The Politeknik Pelayaran Surabaya (Source: Poltekpel Surabaya 2020, author) The tariff description from the table above is the average cost for education and training at politeknik pelayaran Surabaya. Furthermore, it is shown the amount of money needed for seafarers and the time consumed to obtain a seafarer certificate at the highest level.  Follow the Figure 2, the number of training participants is varied and tends not to be maintained in annual numbers. from the Tabel 5, it can be seen the data related to the minimum wage standard for seafarers : The minimum wage in the Tabel 5 is the international standard recommended by the ITF ILO minimum wage scale [5].

Interview
Interview was conducted to obtain information from seafarers: 1. How do Indonesian seafarers apply for work? 2. How is the process for Indonesian seafarers to obtain the job vacancy information? 3. How do Indonesian seafarers choose the targeted job? From those questions, the following business process diagram is obtained: Figure 3 General processes for seafarers to work on board Following Figure 3 there are 14 steps that a sailor must take to be able to work on the ship, each stage in Figure 3 will be explained in table 6.  Figure 3 and table 6, seafarers carry out the process of looking for work and applying for jobs by visiting the companies they know one by one. So it takes extra cost and time to do it. Likewise seafarers do not know whether the company requires seafarers who meet their specifications or not. And by using this process the average seafarer costs more and takes more than 3 months to get a job on board.

Conclusion
Related to the problems of concern in this study, namely 1. The number of illegal seafarer certificates registered in the Indonesian seafarers database. 2. In Indonesia there is no official facility or institution that can receive complaints from seafarers regarding seafarers not receiving a salary. 3. Seafarers find it difficult to find work onboard. from those problems finding, then the authors conclude that the problem is possible to solve by adopting a work system from the intelligence transport system (ITS framework) and the concept of data server decentralization (blockchain technology). The following can be seen an overview of the intelligent transport system (ITS) architecture so that it is possible to be able to solve the problems in this study. Follow the Figure 4 where in the ITS architecture it accommodates user complaints or user needs so that it can bring together the needs of service providers and users, In data processing, data analysis is needed and one of the components in the ITS architectural framework is the data analysis method, it is called cost benefit analysis [1], [2], [4], [18]. Where the inter-stakeholder needs linkages can be seen in the following figure 5:  Follow the Figure 5 and Table 7 In the diagram of stakeholder needs, the linkage of needs between them can be accurately informed and communicated using the ITS architecture so that every stakeholder's needs can be easily and quickly met. Furthermore, related to the data obtained from this research will be used as follows : 1. Follow the data in Tables 3 and 4 are used for: a. Calculating times and costs required by seafarers to obtain certification to the highest level; b. Calculating seafarers' losses with widespread falsification of seafarer certificates. 2. Follow the Figure 2 shows that it is difficult to maintain the number of training participants so that the difference in numbers is much different from the previous year. in addition, the using of ITS architecture will make it possible for education and training institutions to be able to find sailors who have met the requirements to take training. 3. Follow the data in Table 5 is used to calculate how much currency exchange in one year is contributed by seafarers who receive US dollar wages so that it can be seen how much the state loses through foreign exchange earnings from the export of seafarers. 4. Follow the Figure 3 and the Table 6, the process of seafarers looking for and applying for jobs is very long, so it takes extra cost and time to do it. Likewise seafarers do not know whether the company requires seafarers who meet their specifications or not. It is also discovered that by using this process the average seafarer costs more and takes more than 3 months to get a job on board. Then using the telematics architecture is expected to shorten and make it easier for seafarers to obtain job vacancies and submit the applications