The potential, wetlands utilization through the social forestry program in Kayan Sembakung Delta, North Kalimantan, Indonesia

Indonesia has approximately 39.6 million hectares of wetlands and almost 894,106 hectares in the Kayan Sembakung Delta, North Kalimantan Province. Despite in illegal status, the wetlands in the Kayan Sembakung Delta for decades have become a location where local people depend for their lives. Therefore, as part of resolving land conflicts, the implementation of Social Forestry (SF) can be offered to the community in the area. This study aims to identify problems in SF implementation in the Kayan Sembakung Delta and efforts to solve them. Data collection was obtained by interviewing the key informants, FGDs, and field observations together with the community member of 5 villages in North Kalimantan namely Liagu Village in Sekatak District - Bulungan Regency, Salimbatu Village in Tanjung Palas Tengah District - Bulungan Regency, Sengkong Village in Sesayap Hilir District - Tana Tidung Regency, Atap Village in Sembakung District - Nunukan Regency and Tepian Village in Sembakung District - Nunukan Regency. The study showed that the implementation of SF in the Kayan Sembakung Delta just in the early phase and facing numerous technical problems such as institutional, facilitating, management plan, funding, human resources, the potential for natural resource development, groups of social forestry business, and support from other parties. This study found that the main problem in implementing SF in the Kayan Sembakung Delta is the weak capacity of the human resources of SF management institution. This condition caused that the implementation of SF programs in this area must receive support from parties, especially in policy support and improving human resources.

As is the case elsewhere in Indonesia, wetlands are attractive to people who can cultivate aquaculture to build ponds. Abandoned land or not managed by anyone, either by the government or the private sector, opens up opportunities for migrants to take advantage of it. This condition occurred in the Mahakam Delta were was initially only a political escape for the Bajau and Bugis people from Sulawesi Island in the second half of the 19th century, but then turned into a shrimp pond area in the 1980s [6]. Problems then arose after the government designated the land as state forest area so that the government forbade any activities without a permit in the area.
SF is one of the programs provided by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia (MoEF-Indonesia) to provide opportunities for local communities to participate in forest management to improve their welfare while maintaining a balance between environmental and socio-cultural dynamics.  [7]. In 2018 the MoEF-Indonesia then revised this target to 4.38 million hectares and reported that until 2019 the implementation of SF in Indonesia had only reached 31.88% of the initial target with 6,403 determination permits and 818,457 business permits [8].
Due to the uniqueness of the wetland area, the Government of Indonesia applies special rules in the implementation of SF in the Peat Ecosystem Area. Under MoEF-Indonesia Regulation No. P.37/MenLHK/Setjen/Kum.1/7/2019 concerning Social Forestry in Peat Ecosystems, the government only allows the use of areas, environmental services, live plants for food needs utility, and the collection of Non-Timber Forest Products/NTFPs. This restriction can hinder the implementation of SF in Kayan Sembakung Delta because not all-natural resource utilization activities can be carried out freely, including land clearing for new ponds. In addition, they also have to deal with conflicts that occur related to the illegal status of their activities carried out in state forest areas.
The challenges of implementing SF is more complicated than the process in obtaining the SF permit. There are numbers of aspect interfere this situation and mostly related to the local condition. This study aims to identify the problems faced in SF implementation in Kayan Sembakung Delta and the suggested solutions to overcome these problems.

Data Collection
Data collection in this study was carried out through meetings in the form of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews, field observations, and secondary data search (reports, publications, and others). FGDs were carried out in each village by collecting 15-20 people representing groupings related to social forestry in 5 villages to find out the development of SF activities, problems that occur in the field and the involvement of other parties in the implementation of SF in Kayan Sembakung Delta. Indepth interviews was conduct with several key informants e.g. Forestry Service of North Kalimantan Province, Regional Development Planning, Research and Development Agency of North Kalimantan Province, Forest Management Unit (FMU) of 5 SF in Kayan Sembakung Delta, Working Group for the Acceleration of Social Forestry in North Kalimantan (Pokja PPS Kalimantan Utara), management institution of 5 SF in Kayan Sembakung Delta, Aquaculture Pond Farmer Organizations in North Kalimantan (Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Tambak Kalimantan Utara), NGOs, head leader of 5 village (Salimbatu, Liagu, Sengkong, Atap dan Tepian) and Social Forestry Business Group in 5 SF permit. Indepth interviews were conducted to find out the role and support of each institution for the implementation of social forestry in Kayan Sembakung Delta.

Data Analysis
The data and information obtained were analyzed descriptively, stakeholder analysis and Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, dan Threats (SWOT) analysis. Descriptive analysis was chosen because it is considered to be able to describe systematically and accurately, facts and characteristics of a particular population or field [9]. Stakeholder analysis is a very important instrument for understanding the social and institutional context of a program activity [10]. Meanwhile, SWOT analysis is a method of systematically identifying various factors to formulate strategies to be achieved from an activity [11].

History and existence of aqualculture ponds in the Sembakung Kayan Delta
For more than 5th decades, hundreds of thousands of local people have depended on the business and results of fisheries in the Kayan Sembakung Delta. The opening of an aquaculture pond in the Kayan Sembakung Delta was first carried out around 1974 on the coast of Tarakan Island by cultivating milkfish. After that, from 1985 to 1990, the cultivation of milkfish and shrimp was also carried out by local people in Tanah Kuning, Bulungan Regency. Since 1990 the opening of ponds has spread to almost the entire Sembakung Kayan Delta region with a mechanical system. By categorizing less than 50% land cover as non-active ponds, out of 149,958 hectares of ponds in the Kayan Sembakung Delta, only around 85,748.42 hectares of ponds are active [3]. Of the total area of the existing ponds, almost 50% or 40,280.47 hectares are in the production forest areas status, and 162.43 hectares are in the convertible production forest areas status (see Table 1).

Implementation Social Forestry in the Kayan Sembakung Delta
The implementation of SF in North Kalimantan Province has entered its 3rd year since it started in 2016. Until 2019 in North Kalimantan Province, MoEF-Indonesia has issued 29 PS permits consisting of 18 Village Forest permits, 7 Community Forest permits, 2 Community Plantation Forest permits, and 2 Forestry Partnership permits with a total permit area of 42,273 hectares [12].
Of the 29 existing permits, 5 SF permits in the Kayan Sembakung Delta were selected to represent this research. The five SF permits include Village Forest in Liagu Village, Village Forest in Salimbatu Village, and Village Forest in Tepian Village, as well as Community Forest for Sengkong Village and Atap Village. Of the 5 SF permits, 4 were supported by local NGOs namely Pioneer Bulungan and Perkumpulan Lintas Hijau Nunukan while 1 permit was facilitated by FMU Tana Tidung (see Table 2).  Table 3).

Problems in implementing Social Forestry in the Kayan Sembakung Delta
In general, the problems faced by the 5 SF permits in Kayan Sembakung Delta are almost the same, such as institutional, facilitating, management plan, funding, human resources, the potential for natural resource development, groups of social forestry business, and support from other parties. The most dominating problem is the lack capacity of human resources in the 5 SF management institutions in Delta Kayan Sembakung. Therefore, the SF management boards are unable to prepare Memorandum of Association/Articles of Association (AD/ART), General Work Plans, Annual Work Plans, and Business Plans (see Table 4).  • because at the beginning of the year the activities of the Social Forestry Business Group had not yet started, the social forestry institution did not have funding • support from MoEF-Indonesia is only provided in the form of noncash • very minimal information on financial assistance from the Public Service Institution Human resources • in social forestry institutions only involve old people • weak in leadership skills, archiving, preparation of work plans etc. Natural resources • the potential of natural resources in the social forestry location has not been maximally utilized • no synchronization of business plans and natural resources potential • ownership of active and inactive aquaculture ponds has not been identified, • the location of social forestry is not in one stretch so that it requires large monitoring and management costs Social forestry business group • no business plan available and no business icon • so far still using traditional technology in the development of natural resources business Involvement of other parties • the involvement of parties outside the village (provincial/district/city governments, companies, NGOS) is still limited • there is no synchronization of social forestry activities with village activities

Efforts to support Social Forestry in the Kayan Sembakung Delta
To overcome the main problem in the SF implementation strenthening the capacity of human resources is crucial. This can be doneby providing assistance in various aspects such as institutional improvement, re-arrangement of work plans, search for financing sources, and network enhancement.  • because at the beginning of the year the activities of the Social Forestry Business Group had not yet started, the social forestry institution did not have funding • apply for support from MoEF-Indonesia only for the most important goods needs bantuan dari pihak luar • forestry assistant and forestry extension should help provide information on financial support from the Public Service Institution for social forestry managers Human resources • involving the younger generation in the implementation of social forestry • it is necessary to increase institutional and personnel capacity in the form training of leadership, archives, preparation of work plans, finance and others Natural resources • explore the potential of natural resources in social forestry sites and discuss their development with the help of other parties • develop a business plan based on the potential of natural resources • compiling a list of potential natural resources at the site • identifying ownership and presence of active and inactive aquaculture pond as the basis for the social forestry implementation • reviewing the existence of aquaculture ponds in accordance with applicable regulations and collaborating with many parties in the activities of protecting and securing social forestry sites Social forestry business group • develop a business plan based on the potential of natural resources and sustainable natural resource management practices • develop appropriate technology for the utilization of natural resources

Involvement of other parties
• involving parties outside the village (provincial/district/city governments companies, NGOs) with an interest in social forestry activities • with the help of forestry assistans and forestry extension to synchronize social forestry activities with village activities have technical assistance or financing problems. Pokja PPS Kalimantan Utara was chaired by the Governor of North Kalimantan. This institution consists of many institutions, including government, traditional institutions, community leaders, NGOs, and others. The Pokja PPS can help expedite the issuance of SF permits by verifying the proposer and the proposed location [8].
The implementation of SF in the Kayan Sembakung Delta requires the support of many parties, especially from the local government, including the village government. For funding support for the implementation of SF, the SF management institution in Delta Kayan Sembakung can get from the village by including it in the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBDes). To financing by APBDes, SF activities must include in the Village Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMDes) and the Village Development Work Plan (RKPDes). For this reason, the forestry assistants/forestry extension can assist the SF management institution in the Village Development Plan Deliberations (Musrenbang Desa) during the preparation of the RPJMDesa and RKPDes. Local government support is very crucial in the SF implementation. District governments have a higher level of interest than companies or NGOs because they can play a role in implementing several development strategies, such as business development, stakeholder involvement, and area management [18]. Moreover, the existence of business and agricultural development is most frequently reported as a driver of change in SF in the literature relative to socio-cultural and demographic factors [19].
The implementation of PS is not the only way of effort legalization of aquaculture ponds in the Kayan Delta Sembakung. Not all pond owners in Kayan Sembakung Delta are willing to join the SF program. They even asked for recognition of ownership from the government through the Land Objects for Agrarian Reform (TORA) program. TORA is an Indonesian government program that certifies land controlled by the state and or community-owned land as long as it meets the requirements to obtain TORA. After knowing that the community's fishpond area was in a state forest area, the local government later revoked letters. These letters include cultivation permits, Land Tenure Statements (SPPT), Transfer of Rights (SPH), fishpond land use permits, and fishery business permits [20]. However, until today, the best option given by MoEF-Indonesia to legalize aquaculture ponds in Kayan Sembakung Delta is through the SF program.

Conclusion
The SF program is one way to promote the sylvosfishery in the Kayan Sembakung Delta. In general, the problem faced in the implementation of SF in the Kayan Sembakung Delta is the weak capacity of human resources in the SF management institution. The support of other parties is needed not only in helping to obtain a SF permit from MoEF-Indonesia, but also in optimizing the potential of existing natural resources while maintaining the balance of the wetland ecosystem in the Kayan Sembakung Delta.