Risk analysis and solution of using graphene: Material, synthesis, and application (Mini review)

Graphene is a nanomaterial with unique physical and chemical properties. The two-dimensional hexagonal sp² structure in the honeycomb lattice has high thermal conductivity, high electricity, mechanical strength, and large surface area. The nano properties are significantly different from the bulk material. The review of the material, synthesis and application aspects of graphene gave rise to risk analysis in each field of study. Graphene material does not yet have adequate information regarding the risk of danger. Because graphene is nano-sized, this material can enter the human body through inhalation, ocular, cutaneous and oral. Graphene synthesis involves using chemicals that will produce hazardous products and reduce agents with high toxicity. The risk becomes more and more when the challenges of mass production of graphene are faced. Graphene can be applied as sensors, nanoelectronics, and biomedical applications. In this biomedical application, graphene has direct contact with humans and can increase reactive oxygen species in the body. The recommendation to overcome the risk is to use personal protective equipment and handle graphene material properly. The toxic materials involve in the synthesis step can be replaced with other environmentally friendly materials. Antidotes substances can reduce the toxicity of graphene materials so that the risks graphene in its application can be overcome.