Evaluation of anthocyanin corn under various agro-environment in Indonesia

In the last decade, purple corn gain more attention mainly due to its high nutritional value and attractive color appearance. Purple corn contain anthocyanin 350% higher than normal corn. Based on its excellence, the research was conducted to find out of high yield purple opv corn with good resistance to downy mildew. The experiment was conducted by using randomized block design with three replication. The variable observed including agronomic character like vegetative, generative and scored disease of downy meldows. The result showed that two opve candidate were PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 have the highest yield6,80-6,85 t/ha, higher 50% than PLU. C0 (check). PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 showed moderate resistence to downy meldows (20%-35%) and PMU(S1).Synth.D.C1 susceptible (>60%).


Introduction
Corn is one of staple food in the worldafter rice and wheat. Various varieties have been generated to deal with environment stresses and meet human nutrition needs. Therefeore, study about purple corn with high anthocyanin which acts as an anti-oxidant. Purple maize is a specialty corn that contains of higher anthocyanins than white or yellow corn, which can reach 350% higher than normalcorn. Anthocyanins is useful for the treatment of various types of diseases including improving blood circulation, preventing premature aging [1]. Therefore, purple corn in the last decade has attracted a lot of attention of consumer due to high nutritional value and attractive color appearance [2]. Currently, Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI) has purple corn germplasm (anthocyanin) both from local collections and introduced from Vietnam, Thailand, China and CIMMYT.
Purple corngermplasm has actually been planted by farmers, planted for generations but its productivity is still low < 3.0 t/ha. Therefore, ICERI conducted population improvement so that new high-yielding varieties of purple corn were obtained with open pollination. It was explained by [3] that the breeding varieties before being disseminated were first released by the Ministry of Agriculture to determine the superiority of yield, resistance to plant pest organisms, environmental stress, early maturity, yield quality, plant type, value of economy, in addition to optimal locations and according to farmer practices.
The objective of experiment wasdetermine the high yield and selected agronomic character of OPV purple corn under lowland central corn in Indonesia. The hypothesis was be founded of high yield candidate opvpurple corn than two check and resistance of downy meldows : error 3. Three factors interaction were genotype, environment, and the seasons (GxExS) 4. Calculating the value of the regression coefficient (βi) on ten genetic material (G) with the ttest. The regression coefficient of the independent variable (xi) is the environmental index and Y: yield with w.c 15%. 5. The simple regression model is: Y = ɑ + βi x. The coefficient bi (I = 1, 2, .. ., 10) is calculated by the formula: = (∑∑ . ỳ)/∑ ỳ2 ỳ= population mean in all environment ∑ = population mean in each environment The proposed hypothesis is H0 : βi = 1 vs H1: βi≠ 1 in db n -1 6. Finlay and Wilkinson were use criteria to selected of genotype fornew candidate variety are (1) coefficientregressionwas βi >1.0 and (2) average yield> than check.Hypotesis be computing by t-test of H0:β=1 vs H1:β≠1 Data be observed like: plant and ear height (cm), weight of cobs (kg), moisture content of seeds harvested (%) and yield component :length of cob (cm) diameter of cob (cm), weight of five cob and seed, weight 1000 seeds. Yield was to conversion in kg/ha by CIMMYT formula: Ka: seed water content LP: production area B: wet pooled cob weight Wc: water content of seed harvested

Result and Discussion.
The yields under dry and wet season could be shown in (Table 3). Showed that candidate G1 (PMU(S1). Synth.F.C1) and G4 (PPU(S1).F.C1) was the highest yieldrespectively but the comparison variety has the lowest. The seed weight variable showed that there was a difference between the two candidates from 7.8 to 28.7%.

Pooled analysis and yield stability
The anova of interaction by two factors GxE in rainy and dry season shown in Table 6 and 7. Interaction three factors GxExS in Table 6. Yield stability could be founded in Table 6. The interaction GxE was significant in rainy and dry season and could be assume that genotype of opv purple corn was significant different on yield variable in two season (Table 7). [5] reported significant interaction effect of GxE during the experiment. The interaction three factor GxExS was significant and be concluded that there are genotypes included check was founded difference yield on each environment under dry season and rainy season (  Table 8 founded that variable of yield (grain, wc: 15%) shown that genotypes of opv purple corn rejected of H1: β≠1, as long as could be selected for new candidate of new varieties opv (t-calc was significant), the slope of genotype G9.PLU.C0 was same with one. Two candidates (PMU9(S1). Syint.F.C1); PUM(S1)Sint.D.C1 and six non candidate indicates that genotypes have been stable in five environment under rainy and dry season, and could be reccommed that yield be increase if environment more suitable for all genotypes (Table 8). This two candidates have coefficient correlation r: 0.820 to 0.960. [6] that genotype would be recommend as new varieties if founded grain yield is more than check and coefficient of β1 = 1. [7], [8] shown genotype could be as variety which has β = 1 was significant different and grain yield is ore than total average, and β1< 1 was genotypes good adapted in marginal environment. In Table 7 and Table 8 shown that total means in rainy season: 6.04 tha and dry: 5.76 t/ha. The first candidate G1PMU(S1)Syn.F.C1 on rainygrain yield 6.31 t/ha and dry 7.39 t/ha, the second candidate G2.PMU(S1)Syn.D.C1 were 6.81 t/ha and 6.78 t/ha. Check genotypes was not stable has β = 0 and yieldon rainy 6.04 t/ha and dry 5.76 t/ha.

Plant height and ear height
Means data under two seasons shown in Table 9, the two candidates G1. PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 and G2. PMU(S1).Synth.F.C1 were highly significant to check G9. PLU.C0 saat MH and on dry season was not significant ( Table 9). The average of ear height of two candidates were 94 dan 97 cm and not significant with check. The ideal of selection for ear heigh is middle thn plant height [9].

Length and diameter of cobs
The first candidate G1 PMU(S1). Synt.D1.C1 more superior than two check but second candidate was not significant. The two dandidate has length of cob 13-16 cm, and check 12-13 cm (Table 12).

Sheeling percentage and weight of 1000 seeds.
Data and result of analysis could shown in Table 13. The candidate to observed were 77-79% and notsignificant with check. The weight 1000 seeds was significant in rainy season and not significant in dry season.

Evaluation of downy mildew
The result of screening could concluded that first candidate G1.PMU(S1).C1.Synth.F was middle to moderate under 29,8% on 30 days after planting and 30,5% on 40 days after planting. The second candidate was very susceptible >60,0%.